83 Housing

Cities of Repetition

JASON F. CARLOW CHRISTIAN JOHANNES LANGE American University of Sharjah The University of

Housing is one of the most fundamental elements of urban is quite remarkable that in most places in the world, when hous- growth and Hong Kong has for decades hosted some of the most ing is left to the private sector, the results are diverse. When intense living environments on the planet. The city’s urbaniza- mass housing is left to the private sector in Hong Kong the resul- tion has without a doubt produced unparalleled living conditions tant architecture has proven to be highly formulaic. in terms of scale and density. As a socio-political microcosm, Cities of Repetition provides a comprehensive graphic docu- Hong Kong has been dealing with the impacts of hyper-dense mentation and analysis of the ten largest Hong Kong housing urban environments since the mid-twentieth century. Due to estates built by private developers from the late 1960’s through lack of space, topological constraints, historical and political the 2000s. The original drawings and diagrams in this exhibition conditions, and the struggle with population density, the city illustrate the ultra-dense, mass produced, highly repetitive built has become an incubator for the development of mass hous- environments in which hundreds of thousands of Hong Kong ing models for high density living. Today, the common approach residents live. Drawings, photographs and models not only dis- to housing developments is based on repetitive, reductive and play the immense scale of the housing estates within the city, profit driven concepts. Much of the city has been built with end- but present the hundreds of similarly planned housing blocks less repetitive canons utilizing formulaic layouts and building and their subtle differences. A detailed graphical analysis com- designs. For better or worse, rapidly growing cities around the pares statistical information to show how the planning of these world, especially in , have followed Hong Kong’s model. massive estates has evolved over the past decades to efficiently Throughout the 20th Century, in Hong Kong and around the conform to building regulations and produce huge profits. The world, the prefabrication of standardized architectural elements project reveals the spatial realities of living in some of the most enabled builders, governments and developers to increase the densely populated, urban environments ever built. scale and pace of construction. This increase in construction efficiency was especially useful in times of need for social hous- ing. During the influx of new residents to Hong Kong in waves throughout the mid-20th Century, new high-rise housing types were invented and built all over Hong Kong, and the . New social housing needed to be built rapidly to safely accommodate thousands of new residents. The hous- ing produced was tall, dense and standardized to house as many residents as possible as quickly as possible. Over the course of the following decades in Hong Kong, the strategy of mass stan- dardization has shifted from social necessity to the pursuit of profit by private developers.

While the history and architecture of public housing has been well researched and documented, relatively little has been done to trace the evolution of Hong Kong’s private housing estates. It The Ethical Imperative 84

MEI FOO SUN CHUEN

Jason Carlow, American University of Sharjah Housing is one of the most fundamental worse, rapidly growing ci� es around the as possible as quickly as possible. Over the by private developers from the late 1960’s Christian J. Lange, elements of urban growth and Hong Kong has world, especially in China, have followed Hong course of the following decades in Hong Kong, through the 2000’s. The original drawings and for decades hosted some of the most intense Kong’s model. the strategy of mass standardiza� on has diagrams in this exhibi� on illustrate the ultra- living environments on the planet. The city’s shi� ed from social necessity to the pursuit of dense, mass produced, highly repe� � ve built urbaniza� on has without a doubt produced Throughout the 20th Century, in Hong Kong pro t by private developers. environments in which hundreds of thousands unparalleled living condi� ons in terms of scale and around the world, the prefabrica� on of of Hong Kong residents live. Drawings, and density. As a socio-poli� cal microcosm, standardized architectural elements enabled While the history and architecture of public photographs and models not only display the Hong Kong has been dealing with the impacts builders, governments and developers to housing has been well researched and immense scale of the housing estates within CITIES of hyper-dense urban environments since the increase the scale and pace of construc� on. documented, rela� vely li� le has been done the city, but present the hundreds of similarly mid-twen� eth century. Due to lack of space, This increase in construc� on effi ciency was to trace the evolu� on of Hong Kong’s private planned housing blocks and their subtle topological constraints, historical and poli� cal especially useful in � mes of need for social housing estates. It is quite remarkable that in diff erences. A detailed graphical analysis condi� ons, and the struggle with popula� on housing. During the in ux of new residents most places in the world, when housing is le� compares sta� s� cal informa� on to show how density, the city has become an incubator for to Hong Kong in waves throughout the mid- to the private sector, the results are diverse. the planning of these massive estates has the development of mass housing models 20th Century, new high-rise housing types When mass housing is le� to the private sector evolved over the past decades to effi ciently for high density living. Today, the common were invented and built all over Hong Kong, in Hong Kong the resultant architecture has conform to building regula� ons and produce approach to housing developments is based Kowloon and the New Territories. New social proven to be highly formulaic. huge pro ts. The project reveals the spa� al OF REPETITION on repe� � ve, reduc� ve and pro t driven housing needed to be built rapidly to safely reali� es of living in some of the most densely concepts. Much of the city has been built with accommodate thousands of new residents. Ci� es of Repe� � on provides a comprehensive populated, urban environments ever built. endless repe� � ve canons u� lizing formulaic The housing produced was tall, dense and graphic documenta� on and analysis of the Hong Kong’s Private Housing Estates layouts and building designs. For be� er or standardized to house as many residents ten largest Hong Kong housing estates built

MEI FOO SUN CHUEN HENG FA CHUEN KORNHILL CITY ONE TAIKOO SHING

PHASE 1 BLOCK 1 PHASE 1 BLOCK 2 PHASE 1 BLOCK 3 PHASE 2 BLOCK 6 PHASE 2 BLOCK 7 PHASE 2 BLOCK 9 PHASE 2 BLOCK 10 PHASE 2 BLOCK 14 PHASE 2 BLOCK 15

PHASE 1 BROADWAY 1-3 PHASE 1 BROADWAY 2-4 PHASE 1 BROADWAY 18-20 PHASE 1 BROADWAY 5-7 PHASE 1 BROADWAY 6-8 PHASE 1 BROADWAY 22-24 PHASE 1 BROADWAY 9-11 PHASE 1 BROADWAY 10-12 PHASE 1 BROADWAY 14-16 BLOCK 1 BLOCK 15 BLOCK 2 BLOCK 4 BLOCK 8 BLOCK 9 BLOCK 13 BLOCK 18 BLOCK 3 BLOCK A 01-08 BLOCK A 09-16 BLOCK B 01-08 BLOCK B 09-16 BLOCK C 01-08 BLOCK C 09-16 BLOCK D 01-08 BLOCK D 09-16 BLOCK E 01-08 PHASE 1 BLOCK 1 PHASE 1 BLOCK 2 PHASE 1 BLOCK 3 PHASE 1 BLOCK 8 PHASE 1 BLOCK 9 PHASE 1 BLOCK 10 PHASE 2 BLOCK 16 PHASE 2 BLOCK 17 PHASE 2 BLOCK 19

PHASE 2 BLOCK 8 PHASE 2 BLOCK 11 PHASE 2 BLOCK 12 PHASE 2 BLOCK 13 PHASE 2 BLOCK 16 PHASE 2 BLOCK 17 PHASE 2 BLOCK 18 PHASE 3 BLOCK 19 PHASE 3 BLOCK 20

BLOCK 5 BLOCK 6 BLOCK 11 BLOCK 12 BLOCK 16 BLOCK 19 BLOCK 7 BLOCK 10 BLOCK 17 BLOCK E 09-16 BLOCK F 01-08 BLOCK F 09-16 BLOCK G 01-08 BLOCK G 09-16 BLOCK H 01-08 BLOCK H 09-16 BLOCK J 01-08 BLOCK M 09-16 PHASE 2 BLOCK 20 PHASE 2 BLOCK 21 PHASE 2 BLOCK 23 PHASE 3 BLOCK 29 PHASE 3 BLOCK 30 PHASE 3 BLOCK 31 PHASE 3 BLOCK 32 PHASE 6 BLOCK 24 PHASE 6 BLOCK 26 PHASE 1 BROADWAY 15-17 PHASE 1 BROADWAY 19-21 PHASE 1 BROADWAY 23 PHASE 1 BROADWAY 25-27 PHASE 1 BROADWAY 29-31 PHASE 2 GLEE PATH 1-3 PHASE 2 GLEE PATH 2-4 PHASE 2 GLEE PATH 19-21 PHASE 2 GLEE PATH 5-7

PHASE 3 BLOCK 26 PHASE 3 BLOCK 21 PHASE 3 BLOCK 22 PHASE 3 BLOCK 23 PHASE 3 BLOCK 25 PHASE 3 BLOCK 24 PHASE 4 BLOCK 27 PHASE 4 BLOCK 29 PHASE 4 BLOCK 31

BLOCK 20 BLOCK 21 BLOCK 24 BLOCK 25 BLOCK 31 BLOCK 26 BLOCK 27 BLOCK 28 BLOCK 34 BLOCK J 09-16 BLOCK M 01-08 BLOCK K 01-08 BLOCK K 09-16 BLOCK L 01-08 BLOCK L 09-16 BLOCK N 01-08 BLOCK N 09-16 BLOCK P 01-08 PHASE 7 BLOCK 36 PHASE 4 BLOCK 37 PHASE 4 BLOCK 38 PHASE 4 BLOCK 39 PHASE 4 BLOCK 40 PHASE 4 BLOCK 41 PHASE 4 BLOCK 42 PHASE 4 BLOCK 43 PHASE 4 BLOCK 44 PHASE 2 GLEE PATH 9-11 PHASE 2 GLEE PATH 15-17 PHASE 2 BROADYWAY 26-28 PHASE 2 BROADYWAY 30-32 PHASE 2 BROADYWAY 44-46 PHASE 2 BROADYWAY 33-35 PHASE 2 BROADYWAY 34-36 PHASE 2 BROADYWAY 37-39 PHASE 2 BROADYWAY 40-42

PHASE 4 BLOCK 32 PHASE 4 BLOCK 28 PHASE 4 BLOCK 30 PHASE 5 BLOCK 33 PHASE 5 BLOCK 34 PHASE 5 BLOCK 35 PHASE 5 BLOCK 36 PHASE 5 BLOCK 37 PHASE 5 BLOCK 38

PHASE 2 BROADYWAY 48-50 PHASE 3 GLEE PATH 6-8 PHASE 3 BROADYWAY 41-43 PHASE 3 BROADYWAY 65-67 PHASE 3 BROADYWAY 45-47 PHASE 3 BROADYWAY 49-51 PHASE 3 BROADYWAY 57-59 PHASE 3 BROADYWAY 61-63 PHASE 3 BROADYWAY 52-54 BLOCK 29 BLOCK 30 BLOCK 3 BLOCK 33 BLOCK 36 BLOCK 37 BLOCK 38 BLOCK 39 BLOCK 35 BLOCK P 09-16 BLOCK R 01-08 BLOCK Q 01-08 BLOCK Q 09-16 BLOCK R2 09-16 PHASE 4 BLOCK 45 PHASE 5 BLOCK 46 PHASE 5 BLOCK 47 PHASE 5 BLOCK 48 PHASE 5 BLOCK 49 PHASE 5 BLOCK 50 PHASE 5 BLOCK 51 PHASE 5 BLOCK 52 PHASE 1 BLOCK 7

WHAMPOA GARDEN

PHASE 5 BLOCK 39 PHASE 5 BLOCK 40 PHASE 5 BLOCK 41 PHASE 5 BLOCK 42 PHASE 5 BLOCK 43 PHASE 6 BLOCK 44 PHASE 6 BLOCK 45 PHASE 6 BLOCK 54 PHASE 7 BLOCK 46

PHASE 3 BROADYWAY 53-55 PHASE 3 BROADYWAY 56-58 PHASE 3 BROADYWAY 60-62 PHASE 3 BROADYWAY 76-78 PHASE 3 BROADYWAY 64-66 PHASE 3 BROADYWAY 68-70 PHASE 3 BROADYWAY 72-74 PHASE 3 BROADYWAY 80-82 PHASE 3 BROADYWAY 84-86 BLOCK 22 BLOCK 23 BLOCK 40 BLOCK 43 BLOCK 41 BLOCK 47 BLOCK 42 BLOCK 45 BLOCK 48 PHASE 1 BLOCK11 PHASE 1 BLOCK 12 PHASE 1 BLOCK 18 PHASE 1 BLOCK 22 PHASE 1 BLOCK 4 PHASE 1 BLOCK 5 PHASE 1 BLOCK 6 PHASE 1 BLOCK 13 PHASE 1 BLOCK 14

PHASE 7 BLOCK 47 PHASE 7 BLOCK 52 PHASE 7 BLOCK 48 PHASE 7 BLOCK 50 PHASE 7 BLOCK 49 PHASE 7 BLOCK 51 PHASE 7 BLOCK 53 PHASE 8 BLOCK 55 PHASE 8 BLOCK 56

BLOCK 50 BLOCK 46 BLOCK 49 PHASE 2 BLOCK 15 PHASE 3 BLOCK 33 PHASE 5 BLOCK 27 PHASE 5 BLOCK 28 PHASE 6 BLOCK 25 PHASE 7 BLOCK 34 PHASE 7 BLOCK 35 PHASE 3 BROADYWAY 88-90 PHASE 4 BROADYWAY 69-71 PHASE 4 BROADYWAY 81-83 PHASE 4 BROADYWAY 75-77 PHASE 4 BROADYWAY 85-87 PHASE 4 BROADYWAY 97-99 PHASE 4 BROADYWAY 89-91 PHASE 4 BROADYWAY 93-95 PHASE 4 BROADYWAY 101-103

KINGSWOOD VILLAS

PHASE 8 BLOCK 57 PHASE 8 BLOCK 58 PHASE 8 BLOCK 59 PHASE 8 BLOCK 60 PHASE 8 BLOCK 61 PHASE 8 BLOCK 62 PHASE 8 BLOCK 63

PHASE 5 NASSAU 10-12 PHASE 4 BROADYWAY 105-107 PHASE 4 BROADYWAY 109-111 PHASE 4 BROADYWAY 113-115 PHASE 4 BROADYWAY 117-119 PHASE 5 HUMBERT 1-3 PHASE 5 NASSAU 5-7 PHASE 5 HUMBERT 5-7 PHASE 5 NASSAU 2-4

PHASE 5 NASSAU 22-24 PHASE 5 NASSAU 1-3 PHASE 5 NASSAU 6-8 PHASE 5 NASSAU 9-11 PHASE 5 NASSAU 14-16 PHASE 5 NASSAU 18-20 PHASE 6 HUMBERT 2-4 PHASE 6 HUMBERT 6-8 PHASE 5 NASSAU 15

PHASE 6 NASSAU 17-19 PHASE 6 HUMBERT 9-11 PHASE 6 NASSAU 25-27 PHASE 6 HUMBERT 15-17 PHASE 6 NASSAU 21-23 PHASE 6 NASSAU 26-28 PHASE 6 NASSAU 42-44 PHASE 6 NASSAU 30-32 PHASE 6 NASSAU 34-36 LAGUNA CITY

PHASE 6 NASSAU 38-40 PHASE 7 STIRLING 1-3 PHASE 7 STIRLING 5-7 PHASE 7 STIRLING 9-11 PHASE 7 STIRLING 15-17 PHASE 7 LAIWAN 10-12 PHASE 7 LAIWAN 14-16 PHASE 8 BROADWAY 94-96

PHASE 6 NASSAU 46 SOUTH HORIZONS

PHASE 8 BROADWAY 98-100 PHASE 8 BROADWAY 102-104 PHASE 8 BROADWAY 106-108 PHASE 8 BROADWAY 110-112 PHASE 8 BROADWAY 114-116 PHASE 8 BROADWAY 118-120 PHASE 8 BROADWAY 122-124 PHASE 8 BROADWAY 126-128 PHASE 8 BROADWAY 130-132

PHASE 1 BLOCK 1 PHASE 1 BLOCK 2 PHASE 1 BLOCK 3 PHASE 1 BLOCK 4 PHASE 1 BLOCK 5 PHASE 2 BLOCK 1 PHASE 2 BLOCK 2 PHASE 2 BLOCK 3 PHASE 2 BLOCK 4 BELVEDERE GARDEN

PHASE 2 BLOCK 5 PHASE 2 BLOCK 6 PHASE 2 BLOCK 8 PHASE 2 BLOCK 7 PHASE 2 BLOCK 11 PHASE 2 BLOCK 9 PHASE 2 BLOCK 10 PHASE 2 BLOCK 12 PHASE 2 BLOCK 13

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PHASE 1 BLOCK 10 PHASE 1 BLOCK 11 PHASE 1 BLOCK 12 PHASE 1 BLOCK 13 PHASE 1 BLOCK 14 PHASE 2 BLOCK 1 PHASE 2 BLOCK 2 PHASE 2 BLOCK 3 PHASE 2 BLOCK 4 PHASE 4 BLOCK 5 PHASE 5 BLOCK 1 PHASE 5 BLOCK 2 PHASE 5 BLOCK 3 PHASE 5 BLOCK 4 PHASE 5 BLOCK 5 PHASE 5 BLOCK 6 PHASE 5 BLOCK 7 PHASE 5 BLOCK 8

PHASE 2 BLOCK 5 PHASE 2 BLOCK 6 PHASE 5 BLOCK 1 PHASE 5 BLOCK 2 PHASE 5 BLOCK 3 PHASE 5 BLOCK 4 PHASE 5 BLOCK 5 PHASE 5 BLOCK 6 PHASE 5 BLOCK 7 PHASE 5 BLOCK 9 PHASE 7 BLOCK 1 PHASE 7 BLOCK 4 PHASE 7 BLOCK 2 PHASE 7 BLOCK 3 PHASE 7 BLOCK 5 PHASE 9 BLOCK 1 PHASE 9 BLOCK 2 PHASE 9 BLOCK 3 PHASE 1 BLOCK 1 PHASE 1 BLOCK 2 PHASE 1 BLOCK 3 PHASE 1 BLOCK 4 PHASE 1 BLOCK 5 PHASE 1 BLOCK 6 PHASE 1 BLOCK 7 PHASE 1 BLOCK 8 PHASE 1 BLOCK 13

PHASE 5 BLOCK 8 PHASE 5 BLOCK 9 PHASE 5 BLOCK 10 PHASE 3 BLOCK 1 PHASE 3 BLOCK 2 PHASE 3 BLOCK 3 PHASE 3 BLOCK 4 PHASE 3 BLOCK 5 PHASE 3 BLOCK 6 PHASE 1 BLOCK 14 PHASE 1 BLOCK 15 PHASE 1 BLOCK 16 PHASE 1 BLOCK 17 PHASE 3 BLOCK 32 PHASE 3 BLOCK 33 PHASE 3 BLOCK 34 PHASE 3 BLOCK 35 PHASE 3 BLOCK 36 PHASE 1 BLOCK 1 PHASE 1 BLOCK 2 PHASE 1 BLOCK 3 PHASE 1 BLOCK 4 PHASE 1 BLOCK 5 PHASE 1 BLOCK 6 PHASE 2 BLOCK 7 PHASE 2 BLOCK 8 PHASE 2 BLOCK 9 PHASE 9 BLOCK 4 PHASE 9 BLOCK 5 PHASE 9 BLOCK 6 PHASE 9 BLOCK 7 PHASE 9 BLOCK 8 PHASE 9 BLOCK 9 PHASE 9 BLOCK 10 PHASE 10 BLOCK 1 PHASE 10 BLOCK 2

PHASE 1 BLOCK 1 PHASE 1 BLOCK 2 PHASE 1 BLOCK 3 PHASE 2 BLOCK 1 PHASE 2 BLOCK 2 PHASE 2 BLOCK 3 PHASE 2 BLOCK 4 PHASE 2 BLOCK 5 PHASE 2 BLOCK 6 PHASE 6 BLOCK 1 PHASE 6 BLOCK 2 PHASE 6 BLOCK 3 PHASE 6 BLOCK 4 PHASE 6 BLOCK 5 PHASE 6 BLOCK 6 PHASE 6 BLOCK 7 PHASE 6 BLOCK 8 PHASE 7 BLOCK 1 PHASE 1 BLOCK 3 PHASE 10 BLOCK 4 PHASE 10 BLOCK 5 PHASE 11 BLOCK 1 PHASE 11 BLOCK 9 PHASE 11 BLOCK 2 PHASE 11 BLOCK 3 PHASE 11 BLOCK 10 PHASE 11 BLOCK 11 PHASE 3 BLOCK 37 PHASE 4 BLOCK 9 PHASE 4 BLOCK 10 PHASE 4 BLOCK 11 PHASE 4 BLOCK 18 PHASE 4 BLOCK 21 PHASE 4 BLOCK 22 PHASE 2 BLOCK 24 PHASE 2 BLOCK 25 PHASE 2 BLOCK 11 PHASE 2 BLOCK 12 PHASE 2 BLOCK 13 PHASE 2 BLOCK 13A PHASE 2 BLOCK 15 PHASE 2 BLOCK 16 PHASE 3 BLOCK 17 PHASE 2 BLOCK 10 PHASE 3 BLOCK 18

PHASE 2 BLOCK 7 PHASE 2 BLOCK 8 PHASE 2 BLOCK 9 PHASE 3 BLOCK 1 PHASE 3 BLOCK 2 PHASE 3 BLOCK 3 PHASE 3 BLOCK 4 PHASE 3 BLOCK 5 PHASE 3 BLOCK 6 PHASE 7 BLOCK 2 PHASE 7 BLOCK 3 PHASE 7 BLOCK 4 PHASE 7 BLOCK 5 PHASE 7 BLOCK 6 PHASE 7 BLOCK 7 PHASE 7 BLOCK 8 PHASE 7 BLOCK 9 PHASE 7 BLOCK 10 PHASE 11 BLOCK 12 PHASE 11 BLOCK 4 PHASE 11 BLOCK 13 PHASE 11 BLOCK 5 PHASE 11 BLOCK 7 PHASE 11 BLOCK 6 PHASE 11 BLOCK 8 PHASE 12 BLOCK 1 PHASE 12 BLOCK 3 PHASE 4 BLOCK 26 PHASE 2 BLOCK 27 PHASE 2 BLOCK 28 PHASE 2 BLOCK 29 PHASE 2 BLOCK 30 PHASE 2 BLOCK 31 PHASE 2 BLOCK 32 PHASE 4 BLOCK 12 PHASE 4 BLOCK 23 PHASE 3 BLOCK 19 PHASE 3 BLOCK 20 PHASE 3 BLOCK 21 PHASE 3 BLOCK 22 PHASE 3 BLOCK 23 PHASE 3 BLOCK 23A PHASE 4 BLOCK 25 PHASE 4 BLOCK 26 PHASE 4 BLOCK 27

PHASE 3 BLOCK 7 PHASE 7 BLOCK 11 PHASE 7 BLOCK 12 PHASE 7 BLOCK 13 PHASE 7 BLOCK 14 PHASE 12 BLOCK 7 PHASE 12 BLOCK 2 PHASE 12 BLOCK 6 PHASE 12 BLOCK 4 PHASE 12 BLOCK 5 PHASE 12 BLOCK 8 PHASE 12 BLOCK 9 PHASE 4 BLOCK 19 PHASE 4 BLOCK 20 PHASE 4 BLOCK 28 PHASE 4 BLOCK 29 PHASE 4 BLOCK 30 PHASE 4 BLOCK 31 PHASE 4 BLOCK 32 PHASE 4 BLOCK 33 PHASE 4 BLOCK 33A

LEGEND MEI FOO SUN CHUEN HENG FA CHUEN KORNHILL CITY ONE TAIKOO SHING WHAMPOA GARDEN BELVEDERE GARDEN LAGUNA CITY SOUTH HORIZONS KINGSWOOD VILLAS

ESTATE TOWER CONFIGURATION

1,148,732 1,024,253 930,637 738,965 858,253 537,739 621,025 BUILT AREA (SM) 462,334 478,343 419,780

3.54 2.96 8.83 SITE AREA (SM) 130,520 161,457 3.51 47,549 4.07 FAR FAR 153,197 4.02 FAR 152,628 7.29 5.06 FAR 4.82 183,617 FAR 1.00 202,517 193,107 FAR 117,716 9.32 FLOOR AREA RATIO FAR FAR FAR 123,189 FAR FAR

26 27 26 24 27 29 ESTATE RESIDENT 22 25 23 POPULATION 21 1 ICON = 1,000 RESIDENTS BUILT AREA PER RESIDENT (SM) SITE AREA PER 38,974 5 18,912 7 18,450 9 24,758 6536,796 31,613 620,423 2 23,354 7 31,496 4 39,361 3 RESIDENT (SM) 42 42

99 38 88 35 31 33 TOTAL NUMBER OF 38 30 28 TOWERS PER ESTATE 61 27 ONE ESTATE TOWER 25 25 52 24 58 21 21 21 48 19 UNIQUE TOWER TYPES 17 16 32 15 38 34 TOTAL NUMBER OF 12 14 UNIQUE TOWER TYPES 19

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF TOWER FLOORS MINIMUM NUMBER 40 22 9 10 32 41 3 4 13 2 OF TOWER FLOORS

TOWER UNIQUENESS 25 40 45 28 19 52 46 15 10 38 3 RATIO

TOTAL TOWERS 1,345 = UNIQUE TOWERS