The Via Claudia Nova Author(s): Robert Gardner Source: The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 3, Part 2 (1913), pp. 204-232 Published by: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/296226 . Accessed: 13/06/2014 15:06

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FIG. 31. THE VIA CLAUDIA NOVA (pp. 207, 211). Elevations in metres.

This content downloaded from 194.29.185.230 on Fri, 13 Jun 2014 15:06:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE VIA CLAUDIA NOVA. (Plates XV-XIX)

By ROBERT GARDNER.

I. HISTORY AND CONNEXIONS.

At the period when, after a process of development extending over almost five centuries, the road-system of ancient had attained to its maturity, we find that was connected with the central and southern stretches of the Adriatic coast by four highways, the Via Appia, the , the and the . All of these roads were of republican origin, though the Via Claudia Valeria (the extension of the earlier Valeria to the Adriatic) and the Via Traiana did not become viae munitae until the first and second centuries of the empire respectively. It may be desirable to begin with a brief sketch of these roads, in order to make plain the part played by my proper subject, the Claudia Nova. In the south of the region just indicated, the Via Appia was the original line by which communications were maintained between Rome, Samnium and the Calabrian coast. The date at which it was carried as far as the port of Brundisium is not recorded, but a colony was established there about 244 B.C. and the completion of the road may belong to the same period. But after the completion of the conquest of Italy and the decline in importance of the military colonies, the Via Appia, as a means of communication between Rome and Brundisium, found a rival in another route, which shortened the journey from Beneventum to Brundisium by one day. In Strabo's time1 this road was well established as an alternative to the Via Appia, at least for mule traffic. After crossing the massif of the Apennines to the north-east of Beneventum, it traversed the Apulian plain and followed the coast to Brundisium; the principal towns upon it were Herdoniae,Canusium, and Gnathia. In A.D. 109 Trajan constructed a via munita from Beneventum to Brundisium, which followed the line of this earlier route, 2 and this Via Traiana

' Strabo, vi) 3, 7, p. 282, 283: [da Apv iuo- , ad Att. vi, 'i i, refers to this road, while VLK7) 3ta lIeuK6EiWV, oOs HlOt&KXOuS KaXovLr, Kal Horace, Satires, i, 5, followed it in great part from AaudWvP Kal 2;auvu-CPv Aue'Xpt Beveouev-rou, 7/' ? Beneventum to Brundisium. o6w 'E-yvaria wr6Xts,eT-ra KaAXa Kai N?5rtov Kal - KavP6ov KaKalEpwvia- i1 de Taapavros /JKpOv 2 C.I.L. ix, 6003. A description of the Via fv CipUrTepa 66oov J1 /JaCS ?7/dpaS 7repL'OOv KuKXEl- Traiana is to appear in a forthcoming volume 6crTL, '7 'A7r7ria Xeyoyev77, -aXaros yciXXov. (no. vii) of the Papers of the British School at Rome.

This content downloaded from 194.29.185.230 on Fri, 13 Jun 2014 15:06:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 206 THE VIA CLAUDIA NOVA. gave a great impetus to the commercialprosperity of Apulia and of Brundisium. Another celebratedhighroad, the Valeria,established communica- tions between Rome and the mouth of the Aternus, the river which risesamong the northern Sabine hills and flows through the territories of the Vestini, the Paeligni, and the Marrucini. Its construction belongs to two different periods. The earlierportion, known simply as the Via Valeria,was a prolongationof the through the land of the Aequi and the Marsi to the neighbourhoodof the Fucine lake. Carsioli, , and Corfiniumwere served by it, while a deverticulumreached Marsi Marruvium': it followed the only practicableline across the Apennines from the Anio valley to the Fucine lake and the plain of . The date of its construction is disputed, but it is generally assigned to 154 B.C. The Via Claudia Valeria, constructed by the emperor Claudius in A.D. 48-49, was a prolongation of this Via Valeria down the valley of the Aternus to its natural termination on the Adriatic.2 Still furtherto the north, separatedfrom the Valeriaby the rugged summits which culminate in the Gran Sasso d'Italia, Terminillo and their companion peaks, the Via Salaria3runs across the Sabine mountains to Ausculum and drops to the Adriatic at Castrum Truentinum. Archaeologists,past and present, agree in assigning immemorial antiquity to this road. About II7 B.C. an important deverticulum of it, the , was laid out to open up the neighbourhood of the Sabine city of and give access to Interamnia and Hadria. 4 It is natural, also, to suppose that the road through Amiternum and Hadria was prolonged to the coast at ad Salinas, and also that a branch from Interamnia reached the sea at Castrum Novum. 5 The Via Caecilia, intended to establish more direct communica- tions between Rome and the Mare Superum, was itself 'connected more closely with the Via Salaria by a deverticulum from that road which branched to the right at Interocrium (Antrodoco) and merged in the Via Caecilia at Amiternum (plate xv, no. i). The remains of this road which are now extant in the neighbourhood of Amiternum differ from those of the Caecilia and clearly belong to a later period.

1 Strabo, v, 3, II, p. 238: II Ovtacepta and La Via Salaria nei Circondarii di Roma e 6' dpXerat,u gv a&7r6Tt6vupwv, &6yet6' e7rlMapo-ovs Rieti, Rom.Mitteilungenz, I908, p. 275, I909, KCa Koprt/vtov 7riv r73v lIeXi,yvwv p'qrp67roXtv. p. I2i-i69, 2o8 ; Persichetti, Alla ricerca della etl- 6' 'v atvr-q^Aa-rat irXets O'apla re KaL Via Caecilia, Rom. Mitteilungen, i898, p. I93, KapoAoXot Ka't "AXa, VrX-o10ov Ka't 7rA6s I902, p. 277. Ko6KoVXov. cf. C.l.L. ix, p. 586, f. 4 C.I.L. vi, 3824 = 3I603. 2 C.l.L. ix, 5973. 5 cf. Papers of the British School at Rome, i, p. I28. 3 C.l.L. ix, p. 58Z. It has been admirably The Via Salaria (Livy, vii, 9, 6; Pliny, N.H. xxxi, described by N. Persichetti in Viaggio archeologico 89) was said to have been the route by which the sulla Via Salaria nel Circondario di Cittaducale Sabines came to fetch salt from the marshes of (Rome, I893); La Via Salaria nel Circondario di Ostia and the salt-roads of the Veientines near Ascoli Piceno, Rdm. Mitteilungen, 1903, p. 274; Fregenae.

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That, however, this branch of the Salaria, from Interocrium to Amiternum, was not prolonged beyond the latter city is clear from the remains of the roadway to the north of Amiternum. They all show the republican construction of Caecilius Metellus, not the later style which characterisesthe branch of the Via Salariabetween Interocrium and Amiternum. Lastly we come to the road which is the subject of this paper, the Via Claudia Nova. This is not a highway giving access to the east coast of Italy, but a mountain road helping to connect the routes just outlined. It started from Foruli, a Sabine vicus, the scanty ruinsof which are to be seen near the modernvillage of Civitatomassa. Here the river Aterno (the ancient Aternus) flows through a triangularplain, enclosed by mountains. At the northern angle of this plain, where the river enters it, is the village of S. Vittorino, the site of Amiternum. At the western angle, four Roman miles away, rises the low hill of Civitatomassa. The course of the deverticulumof the Via Salaria from Interocrium to Amiternum can be traced below the site of Foruli, while the earlier Via Caecilia passedabove the site to reach Amiternum. From Foruli the Claudia Nova runs eastwardsfor 47 miles to rejoin the Aternus at its con- fluence with the Tirinus (now Tirino), that is, at the Tre Monti near . Along this part of the valley of the Aterno runs the Claudia Valeria towards the Ostia Aterni (CastellammareAdriatico). The Claudia Nova thus connected the Salariaand the Caecilia with the ClaudiaValeria, and formed, as it were, a link between the roads of northern and southern Italy. The Salaria is the southernmost member of the northern system, just as the Claudia Valeria is the northernmostmember of the southern. Our principalknowledge of the Claudia Nova is derived from an inscription found in I7I4 at Civitatomassal: TI CLAVDIVS DRVSI* F * CAESAR AVG * GERMANICVS * PONTIF * MAX TR POT VII * COS - - IIII IMP XI P . P (47 A.D.) CENSOR DESIGNAT * VIAM CLAVDIAM - NOVAM * A * FORVLIS * AD * CONFLVENTIS ATTERNVM * ET * TIRINVM PER - PASSVVM * XXXXVII CLXXXXII * STERNENDAM * CVRAVIT. That is, the Via Claudia Nova, "a Forulis ad confluentes Aternum et Tirinum," a distance in Roman measure of 47 miles I92 yards, was constructed by the emperorClaudius in A.D. 47. The Claudia Valeria, according to another inscription,2 was constructed by the same emperor in A.D. 48-49. Presumablythe two formed parts of the same scheme of Apennine road-making,and the smaller and less importantwas by some chance finished first. The mention of the precise length of the road in yardsis interesting but not exceptional.3

1 C.l.L. ix, 5959 Dessau, 209. A.D. I23 between Beneventum and Aeclanum, a 2 C.1.L. ix, 5973. distance of I5 Roman miles, 750 yards, and C.l.L. 3 Comparethe record (C.l.L. ix, 6072) of the Viii, 22I73 (of the same year). reconstruction of the Via Appia by Hadrian in

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Of the original milestones erected by Claudius, we possess only one, the inscription of which is quoted above. It is a cippus, stating the extremities of the road and its length. The mileage was reckoned from Foruli, not from Rome. Three more milestones are known, all of late date. The next in order of topographical and partly chronological sequence was discovered by the Marchese Persichetti at Pile, 1 a village on the probable course of the road, about a kilometre west of Aquila. It bears two inscriptions, the first of which records a re3toration of the Claudia Nova by Magnentius (A.D. 350-353), the second a restoration by Valentinian, Valens and Gratian (A-D- 367-375). The first reads: OTBIS ROMANI RESTITVTORI LIBERTATIS ET R-P CONSERVATORI MILITVM ET PROVINCIALIVM D N MAGNENTIO INVICTO PRINCIPI INVICTORI (Sic) ET TRIVMFATORI SEMPER AVGVSTO. The second is: DD NNN FLAVIIS VALENTINIANO VALENTI ET GRATIANO PIIS FELICIBVS AC TRIVMPHATORIBVS SEMPER AVGGG BONO REIP naTIS.

A second milestone, presumably belonging to the Claudia Nova, is said to have been seen long ago "in castello agri Aquilani Camponisco," 2 probably at Castello di Prata, west of Ansidonia. It recorded a restoration of the road by the emperor Julian (A.D. 36I-363), but no mileage number. Thirdly, in the church of San Pellegrino at Bominaco, six kilometres SSE. of Ansidonia (Peltuinum) and half as far from the probable course of the Claudia Nova, there exists a milestone3 erected in honour of Magnus Maximus and Flavius Victor (A.D. 383-388). These stones are chiefly useful in that they suggest by their provenance that the Via Claudia Nova passed through Peltuinum (Ansidonia), where its known traces actually occur. 4 There is no mention of the Claudia Nova in classical literature, but inscriptions from Prata, (Aufinum), and S. Eusanio Forconese5 record four of its curators.

EVIDENCE OF THE PEUTINGER TABLE.

The Via Claudia Nova, ignored by the Antonine Itinerary, is partially and confusedly represented by the Peutinger Table. 6 The section of the latter, which represents the road and its connexions, reads as follows:

1 Persichetti, Viaggio archeologico,pp. 135-137. 4 See below. The stone is now in the museum at Aquila. 5 C.I.L. ix, 3434; ix, 3384, 3385 ; ix, 3613- 2 C.I.L. ix, 5960. ',ibid. ix, pp. 204, 412, 585; E. Albertini, 3ibid. ix, 5961. Meanges d'archeologie et d'histoire, 1907, p. 47I-477.

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Marrubio XIII Alba XVIII Frustenias II Aveia AMITERNVS VII XII PRIFERNO XII Pitinum VII Erulos III Fisternas x I NTEROCRIO.

Marrubio (Marsi Marruvi'tm) and Alba were connected with Rome by the line Via Valeria and Via Claudia Valeria, the former being reached from Cerfennia (), the caput of the Claudia Valeria, by a branch road, the latter being a station upon the Via Valeria. On the other hand the three final stations, " Erulos, Fisternas, Interocrio," clearly belong to the road which branched off from the main Via Salaria at Interocrium (Antrodoco) and continued through Amiternum towards the Adriatic. " Erulos," of course, is a copyist's error for " Forulos." The natural inference would be that the intermediate stations Frustenias, Pitinum, lay upon some road linking the Salaria to the Claudia Valeria, but the inscription,l which says that the Claudia Nova ran from Foruli to the confluentes Aternum et Tirinum, reveals the inaccuracy of the Table. Marsi Marruvium is far from the confluentes Aternum et 'Tirinum, which are to be sought below the Tre Monti, half-way between Corfinium and Interpromium on the Claudia Valeria, while Alba Fucens is even further removed from the course of the Claudia Nova. Actually, the known traces of the Claudia Nova and the milestones of Prata and Bominaco show that this highway followed a depression to the north-east of the valley of the Aternus, now followed by the modern road from Aquila to Popoli, passing the colony of Peltuinum, the ruins of which exist at Ansidonia. But there is no mention of Peltuinum in the Peutinger Table. Of the other stations here mentioned by the Table, all are known sites except Prifernum and Frusteniae. Fisternae, 2 on the Via Salaria a C.I.L. ix, 5959. and funeral objects (including a coin of Anitoninus 2 cf. Not. d. Scav. 1902, P. 579. 200 metres Pius) were found. The discovery throws light upon south of Vigliano railway station inhumation tombs the site of the ancient Fisternae.

This content downloaded from 194.29.185.230 on Fri, 13 Jun 2014 15:06:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 2IO THE VIA CLAUDIA NOVA. between Interocrium and Foruli, is to be sought near the modern village of Vigliano, five kilometres west of Civitatomassa. 1 The Madonna di Pettino, at the foot of Monte Pettino, WNW. of Aquila, is the modern representative of the ancient Pitinum, while Aveia2 has been identified with Fossa, south-east of Aquila. The ruins of Amiternum, a large Sabine city, are to be sought at S. Vittorino, which occupies a summit at the north-west corner of the triangular plain mentioned above. With this knowledge it is possible to correct and reconstruct the Peutinger itinerary of the Via Claudia Nova. In the first place, it is a mistake to place Amiternum at the end of a deverticulum from this road, for it was clearly linked with Foruli by the branch which left the Salaria at Interocrium. The Table ought to connect Foruli and Amiternum by a stretch some m.p. v long, and continue the line of the road towards Interamnia and the coast. Secondly, as to the stage Foruli-Pitinum-Prifernum-Aveia. Since the estimated distance between Civitatomassa (Foruli) and the Madonna di Pettino (Pitinum) along the probable line of the road is not more than m.p. v, we must, with Mommsen, 3 change the VII of the Table into v. The next step presents more serious difficulties. The distance between the Madonna. di Pettino and Fossa (Aveia), along the probable course of the road, by the map is about m.p. IX, but the table gives m.p. XIX (XII + VII) and introducesan-intermediate station, Prifernum, which cannot be satisfactorily located anywhere in the valley of the Aternus. 4 Perhaps the best solution is that suggested by Albertini. 5 The original Tabula Peutingerana placed in their correct sequence the stages Foruli-Pitinum Pitinum-Aveia, and. at Pitinum it marked a deverticulum, m.p. xii long, which terminated at Prifernum. In our edition of the Table the deverticulum Pitinum-xii-Prifernum has been transferred to the main road between the stages of Foruli- Pitinum Pitinum-Aveia, while a stage from the Via Salaria, Foruli-Amiternum, has taken its place. Thus, while the whole of the Salaria beyond Amiternum disappeared, the imaginary stage Priternum-Amiternum was introduced, flanked by the number xii, which really belonged to the branch Pitinum-Prifernum. The stage, Pitinum-Aveia, which has now (by interpolation) become

I C.I.L. ix, p. 412. following Bunsen (Annali dell' Instituto 1834, p. I 59), da 2 Giovenazzi, Della cittd di Aveia ne' Festini ed and Camilli (La Strada regia costruirsi per altri luoghi di antica memoria (Roma, 1773); C.I.L. l'Abbrszszo, Aquila, 1790) puts Prifernum at Assergi, a village away to the north at the foot of the Gran iX, p. 341. Sasso. This site was certainly inhabited late in 3 C.I.L. ix, p. 585. imperial times, and the identification may be 4 Mommsen (C.I.L. ix, P. 586) puts m.p. IIII accepted as that least improbable in the absence between Pitinum and Prifernum, thus making the of more precise indications. Desjardins thinks that distance between Pitinum and Aveia m.p. xi the Table leaves the Via Claudia Nova at Pitinum, (iv+vii). Thus Prifernum would be found near and, making a long detour on the left to Prifernum, the modern Bazzano, an identification which cannot returns to the main road at Aveia. be supported by facts. Desjardins (p. i68, col. 3), 5 op. cit. p. 475.

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Prifernum-Aveia, ought to be accompanied by the number XII (or rather Ix, according to scale-measurements), which a copyist wrongly changed into VII. At Aveia the Table leaves the Claudia Nova. That road actually continued through Furfo (S. Maria di Forfona) and Peltuinum (Ansidonia) to the confluentes Aternum et Tirinum. The Tabula substitutes a road which follows a south-easterly course over the hills towards the Fucine lake. The modern highway from Aquila to may be considered to have replaced this ancient road, of whose name and date we are in ignorance. Frusteniae is not mentioned outside the Tabula Peutingerana. In conclusion, we may say that the Tabula is doubly deficient in the region with which we are dealing. It fails to give either the prolongation of the Salaria beyond Amiternum or the continuation of the Claudia Nova from Aveia to its conclusion ad confluentes Aternum et Tirinum. The stretch Prifernum-Amiternum really belongs to the Salaria; it ought rather to join Foruli and Amiternum and be accompanied by the figure v. The stage Pitinum-Priferno represents a deverticulum to the left of the direction of the Claudia Nova, and the stage Pitinum-Aveia ought to replace that of Priferno- Aveia. The distance of m.p. vii ought to be changed to m.p. v and m.p. IX for the stages Foruli-Pitinum and Pitinum-Aveia respectively. The Itinerary of the Via Claudia Nova, adapted to the present writer's view of its probable course from the confused indications of the Tabula Peutingerana, is as follows:

Forulis (Civitatomassa) Pitinum (Madonna di Pettino) m.p. v. Pitino Aveiam (north-east of Fossa) m.p. IX. Aveia Peltuinum (Ansidonia) m.p. IX. [Peltuino Aufinum (Ofena) m.p. XI.] [Aufino confluentesA4ternum et Tirinum (Tre Mlonti) m.p. XIII.]

The total distance, m.p. XLVII, agrees with that recorded by the inscription C.I.L. ix, 5959.1 The course of the Claudia Nova is largely determined by geo- graphical circumstances (figs. 3I and 39). From Foruli to Aveia the valley of the Aterno forms its only possible line of passage. At Aveia, however, the road leaves the valley and advances over slowly rising but not difficult country to a summit-level at Peltuinum, whence it descends towards the plain which converges upo-n Civita- retenga. At first sight it would seem that it passed through the ravine below Civitaretenga and, continuing along the depression, passed through the Valle Parata to Bussi in the valley of the Tirino, but we

I Mommsen, C.I.L. ix, pp. 585, 586, gives [Aveia Peltuinum m.p. x]; [Peltuino ad confluentes Forulis-Pitinum m.p. VIi [intmo v]; Pitino Prifernum Aterpum et Tirinum m.p. XXIII]. For our conjecture m.p. xiI [potius IIII]; Prifernio Aveiarn ni.p. vii; as to the inclusion of Aufinum, see below.

This content downloaded from 194.29.185.230 on Fri, 13 Jun 2014 15:06:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 2I2 THE VIA CLAUDIA NOVA. conjecture that it struck over the ridge north of straight into the valley of the Tirino and reached Aufinum before descending to the watersmeet of the two rivers.

II. THE TOPOGRAPHY OF ITS COURSE, AND THE REMAINS ALONG IT.1

(A) FROM FORULI (CIVITATOMASSA) TO AVEIA (FOSSA).

The site of the Sabine vicus of Foruli is fixed by inscriptions, 2 and by the indication in the Tabula Peutingerana. In classical literature Virgil, Livy, Strabo and Silius refer to it. 3 Even though it always remained a vicus, it was of considerable antiquity and reputation. It was not until the construction of the Via Caecilia about II7 B.C. that Foruli was served by a via munita. This road, which seems to have left the Salaria at the thirty-fifth milestone from Rome, in the valley of the Farfa, passed through Trebula Mutuesca (Monteleone) and Cliternia (Capradosso), and, after describing a long curve over the mountains above the valley of the Salto, it descended to the low land south of the Aternus. Slightly west of the twelfth kilometre-stone on the highroad from Aquila to Antrodoco, it cuts the course followed later by the branch of the Via Salaria from Interocrium (Antrodoco) to Amiternum (S. Vit- torino), with which the modern highroad generally corresponds. The next fixed point upon its course is the Ponte Nascoso,4 which being undeniably of republican construction, is to be assigned to this road rather than to the later branch of the Salaria. From the Ponte Nascoso the Via Caecilia can be traced past the Madonna dei Mazzetti, 5 and between the villages of Cese and Collettara to the base of Monte La Torretta at Preturo. Between Preturo and Amiternum its course was singularly tortuous; it can now be seen both above and below the line of the present highroad, but generally above. According to the Marchese Persichetti its. use as a modern road goes back to a date within living memory; such stretches of its pavement as were discovered were considerably narrower than those of the Via Salaria.

I The general map (fig. 39) includes all the more ForF the bridge see Persichetti, Viaggio archeo- important names in the topography of the road. logico, p. I29 ; for further references to its peculiari- It is reduced from the Italian staff map (s : 50.000), ties and importance see RomischeMitteilungen, i898, sheets of Aquila, Borgocollefegato, Gran Sasso p. 213; I902, p. z8z. Kiepert's map in C.I.L. ix d'Italia, , Popoli. indicates the correct course of the Salaria and does 2 C.I.L. ix, 4395, 4401) 5959. not take it across the Ponte Nascoso. A. de Nino 3 Virgil, Aeneid, vii, 714; Livy, xxvi, i I, i I (Not. d. Scav. 1885, p. 481) wrongly regards the (where it is mentioned by Coelius Antipater); Ponte Nascoso as being upon the Salaria. Strabo,v, 3, I, p. 228; Silius, Pun. viii, 415. All our available information about Foruli may be found 5 Not. d. Scav. i902, p. Izz. Inhumation tombs in C.I.L. ix, p. 4I7, and Pauly-Wissowa, ii, p. 55. of the imperial period and three sepulchral inscrip- Persichetti, Viaggio archeologico, pp. I27-I4I de- tions were discovered between the Madonna dei scribes the ancient roads near Foruli. Mazzetti and Civitatomassa.

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On the other hand the Salaria between Interocrium and Amiternum followed a course approximately that of the present highroad. From Fisternae (Vigliano) it descended through the ravine followed by the modern road and the railway to the Madonna della Strada. 1 Not only does the name of this church testify to the existence of an ancient road in the neighbourhood, but road-pavement and sustaining walls were unearthed in a vineyard near the church. The track which leads north-east from the Madonna della Strada towards Civitatomassa may be regarded as representing the course of the Salaria. After surmounting the shoulder of the hill upon which Civitatomassa stands and passing by the tomb known as Casa la Ie, the road descended to the low ground and advanced to Amiternum in a perfectly straight line. Beyond Amiternum the Caecilia and the Salaria unite into one course, that of the older, the Caecilia.

RUINS OF FORULI.

The scanty and unimposing ruins of Foruli are to be seen upon the small hill crowned by the modern Civitatomassa, immediately to the west of the ninth kilometre-stone on the highroad from Aquila to Antrodoco. The summit commands a fine view. To the west rise the peaks of Monte Calvo and Monte Pina. To the north the modern road, following the ancient course of the Via Salaria, runs past the base of Monte La Torretta to the site of Amiternum, whence the eye sweeps across the triangular plain watered by the Aternus to Aquila, flanked on the north by Monte Pettino and on the south by Monte Luce. The horizon to the north-east is formed by the crags of the Gran Sasso. The ruins, which are seen here and there in vineyard and pasture, are best approached by either of the steep paths which ascend from the highroad just near the osteria. On attaining to a height of about a hundred feet above the modern road a path is crossed, which strikes the highway about a quarter of a mile nearer the railway. On the south side of this. path is the most conspicuous monument that Foruli has to present to us, the concrete core of a large tomb (Casa la Ie), with all its facing gone. Near by are the remains of villa-substructions and another concrete tomb-core. More concrete foundations are seen as the village is approached ; just below the church of S. Giovanni, mosaic and a brick-face seem to point to the existence of a villa. Some excavations have made upon the site of Foruli, 2 but they have yielded no conspicuous results.

2 I Persichetti, Viaggio archeologico, p. 132. Here Not. d. Scav. 1877, p. 2IO; i888, pp. 255, 480 ; were found C.I.L. ix, 4413, 4445. 1893, pp. 436, 437.

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The picturesque church of S. Giovanni,1 which overlooksthe ruins, contains many inscriptions and an interesting architectural fragment. I was told that, just below S. Giovanni, pavement had been unearthed, running south-west by north-east, and it does not seem at all improbablethat the path flankedby the tomb and running down to the highroad is ancient in origin. There are no traces of walls on the site of Foruli, and, save for a few inscriptions2 built into houses, the village of Civitatomassapresents no visible signs of antiquity. By the kindnessof the priest I was able to copy an unpublished inscription, which had recently been discovered. It is a rectangular slab of marble (34 by i8 cms.) bearing the inscription(fig. 32, no. i), in fairlygood letters, .z5 cms.high.

(I) C-POLILVSCFAFRICANR POLLIACF POLLITTA CPOLLIVS FEUXPATER SILVANAPRIMAM MAER

(2) IVCIOSILLVANo saCRVrA'- /LIVSAaA/ VARI Vs FIG. 32. INSCRIPTIONS FROM (I) FORULI AND (2) FORCONA (pp. 214, 217).

The lettering, though regular, seemed to me late. Below the last line was a band of ornament,4 cms. deep, in a conventionalleaf-design. Near the modern Ponte S. Giovanni, which crosses the Torrente Raio to the south-east of Civitatomassa,are the scanty remains of an ancient bridge, running at right-angles to the course of the Via Salaria: by this the Via ClaudiaNova left Foruli.3 After crossingthe stream the road coasted along the slope of the hill below the small church of S. Carlo and then advanced straight towards Sassa,4 the modernpath approximatelyrepresenting the courseof the ancient road. From Sassa it continued past the Madonna delle

'In the fabric of the church I saw C.I.L. ix, 3 Persichetti, Viaggio archeologico, p. I34. Of 440I, 4408, 44I2, 4428. At the south-east corner the bridge there remain only three blocks, a metre was a fine piece of an ancient cornice, decorated with from the shoulder of the modern bridge, and masses a floral design; below was a series of triglyphs and of concrete from a pier. metopes, the latter containing reliefs of an eagle, 4 At Paule, in the commune of Sassa, a fragment a wreath and conventional circular designs. of a Latin sepulchral inscription has turned up 2 In the village itself I saw C.I.L. ix, 4395, 44I8. (Not. d. Scav. r9o8, p. 298).

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Pigliari and the Crocefisso di Genzano to the Ponte Peschio,I by which it again crosses the Raio, and then, describing a curve below the hill on which the Madonna delle Grazie stands, reached the locality of the Madonna di Pettino, the ancient Pitinum. 2 At the Madonna di Pettino there were no visible traces of antiquity, except an inscription3 embodied in the fabric, but, in the absence of contradictory evidence, we may place Pitinum here. 4 In ancient times it was connected by road with Amiternum, as is indicated by remains in the district Aquadoria, 5 a kilometre distant from S. Vittorino. These remains consist of three stretches of wall composed of large irregular blocks of limestone laid without cement, and, as is shown by their direction, clearly represent the lowest course or foundations of the sustaining walls of an ancient road, which ran between Amiternum and Pitinum. From Pitinum the Via Claudia Nova probably struck south-east towards the narrow defile below Aquila, between the hill of Monte Luce and that upon which the modern city itself stands. The district of S. Antonio and the village of Pile (plate xv, no. 2) are points upon its course; traces of sustaining walls can be seen opposite the railway station of Aquila. At Pile was discovered a milestone recording fourth-century restorations of the road, which has been mentioned above (p. 208). Pile itself, apparently was an inhabited site in Roman times. 6 Some three kilometres further on, the road would emerge from the defile of the Aternus into a broad valley, along which it would run, keeping fairly close to the edge of the hills on the south-west side. Indeed, its course may well be represented by the modern road from Aquila to Monticchio, which diverges -from the main highway at the end of the defile. Along the adjacent road to Civita

1 Persichetti does not say if there are ancient 6 Not. d. Scav. I892, p. 429; Persichetti, traces along this course. It is tempting to suppose Viaggio archeologico, pp. 140, I41. The first two that the road crossed the Raio about 400 metres stretches, I5 m. and 35 m. long respectively, were above the Ponte Peschio, and that its course is part of the left sustaining wall; the third stretch, represented by the path running in the valley west 23 m. long, was on the right of the road. The of the hill upon which the Madonna delle Grazie width of the road was 6 metres, and its course was stands and leading to Coppito: the path continues 4 metres distant from and parallel with the modern past the Laghetto Vetoio to the Madonna di Pettino. road. Liberatore (Opuscoli vari, Aquila, 1834, i, A tomb and fragmentary dolia were discovered at p. 93) refers to such a road as existing at his time Coppito in I893 (Not. d. Scav. I893, p. 24I). " for more than a mile, with hard stones at the sides, 2 Not. d. Scav. I 903, p. 62 I, records architectural going east to Aqua Oria and beyond to Pitino." fragments, etc. of the Roman period near the This road is marked by Kiepert in his Tabula Italiae, Madonna delle Grazie, south of Coppito. Regio iv (C.I.L. ix). See also Not. d. Scav. I907, 3 C.I.. ix, 433I- p. I45, f. 4 Mommsen, C.I.L. ix, p. 412 says: Hic (Monte Pettino) collocari solet viae Alba Interocrium 6 Tombs of the Roman period have been pergentis mansio Pitinum, nominata in itinerario discovered in the district of Colle di Gioia, near Peutingerano distans a Forulis m.p. vii, recte puto Pile (Not. d. Scav. 1897, p. zoo). Theywere those (cf. Nissen, Ital. Land. ii, p. 470). Not. d. Scav. of poor country people, buried without adornment. I893, p. z66, describes two tombs discovered on the This may confirm Persichetti's theory (Viaggio, site of Pitinum and to be attributed to the first pp. 134, I3 5 207) that Pile was inhabited in Roman Iron age. times.

This content downloaded from 194.29.185.230 on Fri, 13 Jun 2014 15:06:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 2I6 THE VIA CLAUDIA NOVA. di Bagno, which runs right at the foot of the hills, distinct traces of antiquity were to be seen about 300 metres west of the picturesque church of S. Raniero. Here, on the edge of a steep escarpment, about 200 metres to the right of the carriage-road and perhaps twenty-five metres above it, is a line of foundations, probably a villa, occupying the north-west angle of the escarpment. They are concrete, faced with opus reticulatum of local limestone (fig. 33),

FIG. 33. WALL AT FORCONA (p. 2I6). with buttresses and apses (plate xv, no. 3)1 At right-angles to the line of this wall, a rough concrete face runs back into the hill-side, almost in a line with the buttress. Immediately behind this is another apse (5 m. diam.), faced like the others with opus reticulatum; twenty-

1 The concrete was very gritty, being full of respectively8 5 by 12v5; i I by g; i I by Io cms. fragmentsof bricksand flint. The opus reticulatum and resembledthat in the theatresat Amiternum was large and irregular, three blocks measuring and Peltuinum.

This content downloaded from 194.29.185.230 on Fri, 13 Jun 2014 15:06:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE VIA CLAUDIA NOVA. 2I7 five and fifty-five metres away along the same line are traces of two more apses. These remains would serve as substructions for a large villa, and indeed the escarpment above the ruins was covered with debris of brick and terracotta. Within the enclosure of the church of S. Raniero, the cathedral of the mediaeval Forcona, some remains were found in I90-iO90I in the course of clearing an area for a cemeteryl -three inscriptions, two sepulchral, the third referring to the local magistrates, an earthern- ware lamp, said to be stamped L- CAESAE, and part of a votive altar. Near the church was also discovered, in I892, 2 a sepulchral inscription, evidently from the neighbouring necropolis of the Roman site -known in the earliest middle ages as Forcona. This place, as Giovenazzi has shown from mediaeval documents, was situated to the north-west of Aveia (Fossa), approximately upon the site of the village of Civita di Bagno.3 Two kilometres north-east of Civita di Bagno, lies the village of Monticchio at the point of a mountain spur which juts out sharply northwards into a plain watered by the Aterno. The only trace of antiquity I saw there was a fluted Doric column, I'5 m. in height, I m. diam. We possess no evidence that the Claudia Nova passed through Forcona, and we may rather suppose that it ran roughly parallel with, and about half a kilometre to the south of, the Aterno, thus following the branch road, which diverges to the left from the main road between Aquila and Civita di Bagno, and leads to Monticchio. In the level plain immediately north of Fossa, between the Aterno and the Fiume di Fossa, we must place Aveia Vestinorum. 4 Of this place we know very little from literary sources. 5 More important than these are inscriptions relating to Aveia, which, however, do not all come from the same site. In C.I.L. ix, 4206, from S. Vittorino, we read of a certain C. Sallius Proculus, patronus decurionum et populi Aveiat(ium) Vestinorum; the same C. Sallius Proculus is recorded upon C.I.L. ix, 4399, from Civitatomassa.

1 Nov. d. Scav. I900, p.6 43; 190I, p. 406 (fig. 32, questa, e di altre ville intorno ad una gran pianura, no. z). che resta tra '1 settentrione, e levante della suddetta 2ibid. 1892, p. 208. terra danno appunto fino in oggi il nome di 3 Giovenazzi, Della citta di Aveia ne' Vestini, Aveia; e ci6 di una voce pubblica, e consenziente. pp. 46-48, I39; Mommsen, C.I.L. ix, p. 341: . . . Dico piu innanzi, come in questo luogo si Id (Civita di Bagno) medio aevo claruit sub Forconae osservano non pochi rimasugli di antiche fabbriche, nomine, quod habet jam Paulus Diaconus hist. di archi, di ponti, di aquedotti, e sopratutto di un Lang. 2, 20, diuque habitum est pro ipsa Aveia . . . grande edifizio che chiamano volgarmente il Palazzo Posteriore tamen Furcona nomen mutavit, dicta del Re." cf. also Mommsen, C.I.L. ix, p. 34I ;. primum ab ecclesia primaria Civitas S. Maxima, Hiulsen in Pauly-Wissowa, ii, 2280; Nissen, op. cit. mox a castello Bagni vicino (Franchi, difesa dell' ii, p. 442. Aquila, p. 40). Among others, Holste (ad Cluv. 5 It is mentioned in the Tabula Peutingerana; p. 139) wrongly identifies Civita di Bagno with Aveia. Ptolemy (iii, I, 59) places it in Vestinis; the Liber 4 Giovenazzi, op. cit. see especially p. 39: Coloniarum puts it in the provincia Valeria. In "il vero sito adunque della citta di Aveia non Silius Italicus (viii, 5I7) "Vestina iuventus . altrove pare a me, che dobbiamo fissarlo che nelle quae . . . pascua haud tarde redetuntia tondet wicinanze della terra di Fossa. Qui gli abitanti di Avellae," Aveiae has been restored.

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C.I.L. ix, 4208, also from S. Vittorino, mentions a patronus Aveiatium et Peltuinatium. Q. Concordius Q.f. Aven (? Aveia) Verecundus Vest. (C.I.L. vi, 3884, iii, 5) probably came from Aveia. A frag- mentary sepulchral inscription was discovered in the commune of Fossa in I89I, and a third-century epitaph of a soldier in I902. 1 Three kilometres to the north-east of Fossa, near the railway station of S. Demetrio, a small plain expands in a north-westerly direction. On the north it is bounded by the low elevation, covered with travertine quarries, known as Il Petraro, and on the south by Monte di Cerro, on the eastern extremity of which lies the village of S. Eusanio Forconese. This locality, known as S. Lorenzo, is crossed by a road called Viarella, which is probably of ancient origin, and, coming from Bazzano (Vicus Offidius), crossed the plain of Fossa and continued past the site of S. Eusanio. Only scanty traces now exist of this road. In 18982 a field (near casello II4 on the railway) yielded architectural fragments of travertine, a fragment of a column and a cornice block with dentils: a large building must have stood there in Roman times. Below the Viarella two sepulchral inscriptions were discovered, and, just above, more remains of buildings and about forty inhumation tombs. This must be the necropolis of Aveia. To the south of S. Lorenzo, in the Feminamorta, a Roman cistern (3 by I7 m.) was excavated; it is locally known as the Grotta di Bacco. Along the Via del Molino,3 which diverges from the carriage- road between Monticchio and Fossa, and leads to a threshing-floor, called the Aia dell' Osteria, are large limestone blocks sustaining an ancient road, which may be that of the Tabula Peutingerana from Aveia to Alba via Frusteniae; road-pavement bearing wheelmarks. was also discovered. Along this road were numerous tombs, but the greater *part of their contents had been destroyed. In the ' Palazzo del Re,' just to the north of Fossa, remains of old buildings were noticed by Persichetti, and the funeral inscription, mentioned on p. 2I 8 note i, was unearthed in the same locality. I was told that the Madonna delle Grotte, which was remarkable for a fine Gothic west door, contained fragments of statuary. Above Fossa, on the precipitous slopes which culminate in M. Cagno (2I20 m.), are the ruins of a large mediaeval castle. At the bridge across the Fiume di Fossa, just to the west of the miserable hamlet of Cerro, lay a large marble Doric capital, in an almost perfect state (o 5o m. diam. between the necking). When, two kilometres further on, the road from Cerro meets

'Not. d. Scav. i89i, p. 344, and I902, pp. 67, 68. 3 Not. d. Scav.I901, p. 304-306. The latter inscription, of which we possess only a 3 Not. d. Scav. i902, pp. 67, 68. bad copy and which seems in additon to have been badly cut, appears to spell Aveia Habae[ia].

This content downloaded from 194.29.185.230 on Fri, 13 Jun 2014 15:06:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE VIA CLAUDIA NOVA. 2I9 the highroad from Aquila to S. Demetrio ne' Vestini, there begins a wide tratturoor sheep track, which runs eastwardsacross the defile between S. Demetrio and Barisciano,and then ESE.through Ansidonia. After passing the highway between Aquila and Popoli, at m. iIS, it divides: one branch leads acrossthe hills to the north and, after passing into the plain between Ofena (Aufinum) and , terminates at the Forca di Penne; while the other climbs up the

FIG. 34. TOMB AT ANSIDONIA (P. 223). hill above Civitaretengaand is lost at L'Annunziata,between Civita- retenga and Navelli. If one may judge from the fate of the Via Appia between Venusia and Tarentum, it is likely that this trattura has swallowed up all traces of the Claudia Nova, especially as it runs straight through Ansidonia (Peltuinum). As has been noticed above (p. 209), the Tabula Peutingerana omits the continuationof the Via Claudia Nova from Aveia to the confluentesAternum et

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Tirinum, but Peltuinum must have been upon the road, and we have therefore some justification for supposing that the Claudia Nova, after emerging from the defile at Aquila, passed just below Monticchio, crossed the valley of the Aterno, and reached the point where the tratturo begins. East of Monticchio it passes through the site of Aveia, and then it exchanges the valley of the Aterno for a depression which runs parallel with it to the north-east, terminating just below the village of Collepietro, at the beginning of the rugged massif above Popoli. Five kilometres north of Monticchio, where the escarpment descends to the valley of the Aterno, is the village of Paganica. This site was certainly inhabited in Roman times; most probably it was the Pagus Fificulanus.1 The hamlet of Bazzano on the highroad between Aquila and Barisciano, belonging to the commune of Paganica, was inhabited in the Neolithic and Iron ages, and has also signs of Roman occupation. 2

(B) FROM AVEIA (FOSSA) TO THE MADONNA DELLE CENTURELLE.

The tratturo, which we imagine to have absorbed the Via Claudia Nova, at first surmounts the low hills of I1 Petraro. It continues to rise through the district called I1 Mariale and reaches a summit- level of some 8oo metres, before it descends into the narrow and beautiful defile through which runs the path from S. Demetrio to Barisciano. To the north of this stretch of the tratturo lies the district of Forfona, called after the ancient Furfo. 3 The old church of S. Maria is the representative of the Roman vicus, and contains numerous inscriptions embedded in its fabric. Furfo is chiefly interesting on account of a temple of Juppiter Liber dedicated in 58 B.C. by L. Aienus and Q. Baebatius. 4 The place itself was dependent upon the neighbouring and powerful Peltuinum. Just below the point where the road to Barisciano leaves the high- road from Aquila to Popoli, a single-arched bridge may be seen in good preservation. It is mediaeval, without any traces of Roman work in it, and we cannot connect it with the Via Claudia Nova. Barisciano, the picturesque village on the lower slopes of the hills to the north, is not known to represent any ancient site. Besides the mediaeval castle there are mediaeval fortifications at S. Lucia and on the hill called Fortini di S. Basilio. Slight traces of polygonal

1 Mommsen, C.1.L. ix, p. 338; compare C.I.L. 3 Mommsen, C.I.L. ix, p. 333; Weiss in Pauly- lix, 3578- Wissowa, vii, 308; Nissen, op. cit. ii, p. 442; 2 Not. d. Scav. 1876, 134, 135, and zi'I ; 1878, Giovenazzi, op. cit. pp, 138-141. I53 (coltellini litici), 290-292 (objects from the Iron and Roman ages), 305-3 10 (statuettes and other 4 The lex of the temple is given in C.I.L. ix, objects of various ages), 1893, 72 (sepulchral inscrip- 35 13. tion), 383, 384, (Roman walls, dolia, aqueduct).

This content downloaded from 194.29.185.230 on Fri, 13 Jun 2014 15:06:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE VIA CLAUDIA NOVA. 221 walls are, however, visible on the same hill, and in the district known as Castellucio, and, to judge from the debris, a Roman vicus existed near the Laghetto di Valle. Behind Barisciano, in the district known as S. Angelo, there are also scattered Roman and mediaeval remains. Inhumation tombs were found in the same region and also a Latin inscription. 1 In i8962 an inhumation tomb of the Iron age was discovered near Barisciano in the region of La Villa. After crossing the defile belo'w the site of Furfo, the tratturo turns sharply to the SSE. and then runs almost parallel with the modern road through the district of S. Lorenzo for some two and a half kilometres, until it again reaches a summit-level (877 metres) at Ansidonia.

PELTUINUM (ANSIDONIA).

The site of Ansidonia commands splendid prospects. From the west gate the traveller looks across undulating uplands and through the ravine below Aquila to the broad plain of the Aterno and the summits of Monte Calvo and Terminillo, beyond Amiternum. As the eye travels along the chain of hills which lie to the north and north-west, Barisciano, half hidden by the sharp peak of the Colle Cicogna, nestles at the foot of the slope which terminates far away in the Gran Sasso, while, on the other side, the mediaeval ruin above Fossa leads up to the heights of Monte Cagno (plate XVI) and the hills behind the Velino. Castelnuovo rises on its isolated hill across the depression to the north, between Ansidonia and the road to Popoli. Corresponding, on the south side, is the village of Prata d'Ansidonia, but it is rather more distant and lies on lower ground. On the east the prospect is even more magnificent (plate XIX, no. i). The tratturo, 200 metres broad in places, is seen passing through the valley between heights which abruptly enclose it on the north and south sides. Beyond , to the south, and Monte Castellone, to the north, the valley contracts into a narrow defile guarded by Civitaretenga. Again it widens into an extensive plain below Navelli, only to terminate below the heights of Collepietro in the mountain barrier, over which the modern road descends to Popoli. Far away to the east the Morrone and the Maiella, which look down upon Corfinium and , form a majestic background to this fair scene. The remains of the city walls, preserved only on the north and west sides, suggest that this city covered the whole of an oval-shaped plateau, measuring about 500 by 750 metres, the longer of the two axes running along the tratturo almost due east and west. To the west gate the ascent is extremely gentle, as the tratturo runs upon

I Not. d. Scav. 1894, p. z88. 2 ibid. I896, p. 490.

This content downloaded from 194.29.185.230 on Fri, 13 Jun 2014 15:06:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 222 THE VIA CLAUDIA NOVA. a ridge, which slopes sharply to the lower ground north and south of it. The highest point of the site is just inside the west gate; the site itself slopes very slightly from the centre to the lines of the enceinte, so that the whole surface is somewhat convex, with the lowest point at the north-east corner. On the north and south

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sides the descent to the plain is very steep; towards the east it is less sharp, although there are shaly cliffs just outside the site of the east gate. It is a strikingsite for a hill-town. The visible ruins of Peltuinum (see plan, fig. 35) consist of a tomb, the walls, an unknown structure near the west gate, and a theatre. (i) Some I20 metres from the west gate, on the left side

This content downloaded from 194.29.185.230 on Fri, 13 Jun 2014 15:06:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE VIA CLAUDIA NOVA. 223 of the tratturo,as one approachesthe city, stands the concrete core of a large tomb (fig. 34). Its base, rectangularin shape, measures four by three metres; to judge from the ruin, the top was probably rectangularas well, and the total height about seven metres. The

FIG. 36. ANSIDONIA: FACING OF CITY WALLS (P. 224). concrete is very good; every trace of facing has been removed. (2) Where the tratturo enters the area of the city, the west gate (plate XVII) would originallyhave stood. No remainsare left: a gap in the walls, I 3 metres wide, alone indicates its position. The

This content downloaded from 194.29.185.230 on Fri, 13 Jun 2014 15:06:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 224 THE VIA CLAUDIA NOVA. conformationof the groundimplies that the walls must have continued approximatelyalong the edge of the escarpment, but there are no further signs of them on the south side of the site. On the north side they are much befter preserved. North of the site of the west gate the line of the wall continues for some distance after the I3-metre gap, but its varied and often angular course can best be seen from our plan (fig. 35). At one point in it are the only remainsof facing which are to be observedin the walls of Ansidonia (fig. 36). This facing (height 3 m.) is of opus quadratum,in grey limestone, but near the ground a polygonal tendency is plain. The courses of opus quadratumare composed of alternate headers and stretchers, and are well laid. The average external dimensions of the blocks (o03o by OI5 im.) are extremely small.' The height of the walls, as preservedon the north side, variesfrom I'5 to 3 metres the average thickness, excluding facing, is about one metre. The same averagethickness is maintainedin the remainson the west side, but some circular corners are much more substantially built and survive to a height of four metres. The original height of the walls would be about four metres their thickness, with facing, between 1-20 and I40 metres. (3) Inside the site are the remainsof a building of unknown use, a roughly rectangularheap of concrete debris (i6 by i8 m.). Traces of a cross barrel-vaultare visible at the north-east corner, and the building may have been a large cistern (plate XVIII). There are no traces of facing or of materialsother than concrete. (4) On the south edge of the tableland upon which Peltuinum stood, and probably within its walls, about half-way between the east and west extremities, are the remains of the theatre. It faces directly east, and its cavea commands a splendid panoramaof the valley below, which convergesupon Civitaretengaand finally becomes merged in the rocky massil above Popoli; the Maiella, beyond that, is seen rising far into the sky. Of the cavea only the general shape and dimensionssurvive, the seats are lost, the substructionsinvisible. At the north extremity are four piers, supporting the upper seats; they are faced with opusreticulatum, but bear traces of late and bad restoration. At the south corner (fig. 37), the materials are a combination of concrete opus quadratumand opusreticulatum. The former, of grey local limestone, is carefully laid and well bossed: it is distinctly massive, one block measuring o056 by o 85 by 0o30 m. and occurs where strength is most required, at corners and foundations. Opus reticulatumis extensively used as facing. It is

I According to Dr. Esther Van Deman the facing not prolong an opus reticulatum facing right up to is early and, in all probability, the opus quadratum an angle, but formed the angle itself of opus quad- at the angle almost immediately terminated and ratuns. This curious phenomenon is seen in the was replaced by opus reticulatum. In that early theatres at Ansidonia and Amiternum. period (the exact date is unknown) the Romans did

This content downloaded from 194.29.185.230 on Fri, 13 Jun 2014 15:06:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE VIA CLAUDIA NOVA. 225 of limestone and is large and occasionally irregular. Here, too, signs of late and bad restorationare visible. The stage ran practically north and south, and was 6o metreslong. The site has not, of course, been excavated, but casualdiscoveries have been made by peasants. For instance, in I894 remains of an ancient building were found, including a terracotta antefix and the base of a Doric column, and an inhumation tomb was also brought to light. 2 In the same year three fragments of inscriptions were observedat Castelnuovo,one of which recordeda FVLGVR CONDITVM. In I9OI, on the hill known as Campo Fame, 2 kms. from Ansidonia across the valley towards Barisciano, an inscription was found referring to the restoration of an aqueduct which would supply

FIG. 37. ANSIDONIA: REMAINS OF THEATRE, SOUTH-WVEST CORNER (P. 224).

Peltuinum.3 The inscription reads: SEX * VITVLASIVS L F* QVI- NEPOS * COS * AQVAM AVGVSTAM * ADIECT * FONTIBVS * NOVIS SVA PEC PERDVXIT - ET * ARCVS NOVOS0 FECIT. The aqueduct would naturally be servedfrom the watershedlying behind Barisciano,and would cross the Valle Badarci before reaching Peltuinum, but no visible traces of it seem to survive. Inhumation tombs have also come to light on the hill of Campo Fame. The history and constitution of Peltuinum are summed up in

2 1 Five blocks measured I2 by ii; i6 by I5; Not. d. Scav. i894, p. 289. 12 by II; IS by 14; xI by io cm. 3ibid. 1903, P. 514.

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Mommsen's preface to its inscriptions. We do not know when it became Roman, and it played no part in history. It was one of the chief towns of the Vestini; its territory was bounded on the north by that of Aveia; numerousvici were dependent upon it, even the distant Aufinum (Ofena), according to Pliny,2 and its territory and power must have been considerable. The ruins3 seem to point to an early, possibly to a republican construction. The depressionin which the tratturoruns is separatedfrom the valley of the Aterno by rugged uplands. In the valley of the Aterno there are signs of the presenceof human beings in the Roman period, for example, at the village of , on the highroad which runs in the valley of the Aterno, while the church of the Madonna della Vittoria stands upon the foundations of a Roman temple, and three inscriptions (one republican) have been noted in its fabric.4 At S. Pio, a cluster of houses north of Fontecchio, a Latin sepulchralinscription was excavatedfrom a tomb which also contained various grave-objects of iron..5 These sites would be under the control of Peltuinum, whose influence, according to the evidence of inscriptions,was widely felt. Shortly after emerging from Ansidonia, the tratturoreaches the level of the surroundingplain and continues ESE. until it cuts the modern road just below the Ii5th milestone. At the church of S. Stefano, two miles nearer Aquila on the highroad, I noticed the inscription C.I.L. ix, 3479, built into the south-west corner.6 Beyond the intersectionof the tratturoand the highroad (immediately above the point 756 on the staff map), architecturalfragments and debris of pottery and brickworkhave recently been unearthed in the course of ploughing operations (fig. 38). I noticed two fine architectural blocks of limestone. One, part of a frieze (op44 by 0o72 by o6oi m.), was decorated in low relief with a conventional flower scheme; the other, from a cornice (o.6o by 0o30 by 0.40 m.), had carefully executed mouldings. I was told that many such fragments were discovered here and removed to the surrounding villages as building material. To the left, at the foot of the hills, stands the picturesque but dilapidated church of Madonna delle Centurelle, dedicated to SS. Peter and Caesidius in i558. In the adjoining " contrada

1 C.I.L. ix, p. 324- Nova. Die vorhandenen Ruinen der Stadtmauer, 2N.H. iii 107: "Vestinorum . . . Peltuinates eines Amphitheaters [he means theatre] aus quibus iunguntur Aufinates Cismontani " (cf. p. 230). Netzwerk und anderer Gebaude kiunden dies schon 3 Giovenazzi, op. ci t p. izo, quotes from Franchi, an." Dilesa dell' Aquila, p. 35: " ne rimangono molte 4 Not. d. Scav. I899, p. 65. vestigia in piano rilevato a I4 miglia, e all' oriente 5ibid. p. 67. dell' Aquila, e che si veggono pubbliche mura, i899, rimasugli di fabbriche grandi, e sopratutto un 6 It is on a block of local limestone, measuring nobilissimo avanzo di un circo." Nissen (ii, p. 441) 0o77 by o-67 by 0o44 m. The lettering is good and writes: " Die Hauptstadt des ganzen Bezirks west deep (0-20 m.). There is no s visible, as Dressel vom Appennin ist Peltuinum an der Via Claudia has already observed.

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Centurelle "1 remains of Roman buildings are said to exist, while in the Valle da Seno, which runs through the hills between Civita- retenga and Capestrano in the valley of the Tirino, traces of a Roman road have been observed cut in the rock. On the Monte Castellone, above Civitaretenga, polygonal walls remain. At the foot of a spur, which projects into the widening plain from the range of hills on the north, two kilometresfrom Civitaretenga,is the village of Navelli. At l'Annunziata,where the lower branchof the tratturo ends, I saw a broken fluted column of limestone (diam. 0.70 m.) the fillets between the flutes being themselves fluted.

FIG. 38. ANSIDON IA: ARCHITECTURAL FRAGMENTS (p. 226).

(c) FROM MADONNA DELLE CENTURELLE TO THE WATER5MEET OF ATERNUS AND TIRINUS.

From Civitaretenga I followed the path which leads across the north of the plain just below Navelli, the Capo di Colle and Collepietro, until the modern highroad is again reached. At the base of the hill upon which Collepietro stands, this path divides ; one branch circles round the slope of the hill and descends through the Valle Parata to Bussi on the Tirino, the other cuts the modern road near the

1 Not. d. Scav. I896, p. I69. The traces of the ultimo, seguendoil corso del fiume Tirino, andava road are thus described: " In Valle da Seno,verso a recongiungersicon la Claudia Vlaleria,come da Capestrano,sono ancoravisibili, nella viva roccia, altre tracce dame osservatee gii notate, di rimpetto alcuni tratti di via romana,forse la ClaudiaNova, a Bussi." che da Furfo andava ad Aufinum, la quale, in

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Lago di Collepietro. The modern road thence to Popoli reaches its summit-level (some 790 metres) near Monte Croce and thence descends in zigzags. That it follows the course of the old road is improbable. Ancient and modern road engineers conquered their difficulties in different ways, and, often as a Roman roadl can be proved to have followed precisely the same course as a modern road in flat country, it is less common, at least in Italy, for the two to coincide in crossing a ridge or mountain chain. We may suppose that from Ansidoniathe Via Claudia Nova is followed by the course of the tratturoas far as Civitaretenga. At that point the tratturo (the lower branch) climbs over the hill beyond the village, but is lost on descending to the low ground on the other side. The road, more probably, would have cut through the narrow ravine below Civitaretenga, and it would seem at first sight likely that it is representedby the path above describedwhich leads below Collepietro and through the Valle Parata to Bussi,2 whence it would follow the course of the Tirino down to the confluentes Sternum et Tirinum. The path, as far as Collepietro, presents no traces of antiquity, and it is improbable that any are to be seen between Collepietro and Bussi. That such was the courseof our road is the usual hypothesis. It is credible, so far as gradients go, but it is impugned by the fact, stated upon an already cited inscription (C.I.L. ix, 5959), that the Claudia Nova measured 47 miles I92 yards between its beginning at Foruli and its termination ad confluentesAternum et Tirinum. This statement of the distance cannot be overlooked. From Foruli to Peltuinum the course of the road may be called fairly certain. Scale-measurementsgive the distances as follows:

i. From Foruli to Pitinum 5 5 Roman miles. 2. From Pitinum to Aveia 9 ,. 3. From Aveia to Furfo 5 ,. 4. From Furfo to Peltuinum 3.5

Thus the total distance from Foruli to Peltuinum is m.p. 23, and, as the length of the whole road is m.p. 47 and a fraction, the road must cover about m.p. 24 between Peltuinum and the end. But the estimated distanceof the route Peltuinum-Civitaretenga-Navelli- Collepietro-ValleParata-Bussi-confluentes is m.p. I7. A discrepancy of m.p. 7 is too serious to be accounted for by the inaccuracies

1 For example, the Via Valeria between is totally different from that of the modern road, and , where it crosses the pass below being much more direct, and, naturally, much Monte Bove, follows an entirely different course more steep. from the modern road, though from Tivoli to Carsoli, along the Anio valley, the lines generally 2 I was told at Bussi that an old road led up coincide. Similarly, the course of the Claudia through the Valle Parata and below Navelli to Valeria from Cerfennia (Collarmele) across the Forca Aquila, but I could not examine it. It seemed, Caruso (Mons Imeus) to Statulae () however, to present no serious difficulties.

This content downloaded from 194.29.185.230 on Fri, 13 Jun 2014 15:06:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE VIA CLAUDIA NOVA. 229 which must result from a scale-measurement along a probable line. On the score of this discrepancy we must reject the usual hypothesis that the Via Claudia Nova passed below Collepietro and through the Valle Parata to Bussi on the Tirino. Another theory which presents itself is that the Via Claudia Nova may be represented by the modern road from Civitaretenga along the plain to the point, near the Lago di Collepietro, where it begins to ascend the massif north-east of MQnte Croce. From the Lago di Collepietro there is a path which follows a convenient valley up to the village of S. Benedetto in Perillis. Thence through the depression to the east between the heights of Monte Croce and I1 Morrone the path is continued down to the Valle del Canestro and so to Popoli. Since the Claudia Nova was constructed in A.D. 47, a year before the Claudia Valeria, we may suppose that the Claudia Nova, if it did pass along the- course Laghetto di Collepietro- S. Benedetto in Perillis-Valle del Canestro, reached the valley of the Aterno precisely at the spot where Popoli now stands, and followed the river through the Gola di Popoli to the confluentes. When the Claudia Valeria was constructed in the next year, it is easy to suppose that it became merged in the Claudia Nova at Popoli, and that, between Popoli and the confluentes,both roads had the same course. But the estimated distance of such a course Peltuino ad confluentesis I9 m.p. which makes the length of the whole road from Foruli only 42 m.p.' In the communes of Collepietro and San Benedetto in Perillis traces have been found of ancient roads in various places, and it is to be noticed that their existence is deduced from signs of cuttings in the limestone rock and from wheel-marks; there is no mention of ancient pavement. They were probably deverticula branching off from the Via Claudia Valeria in the neighbourhood of Popoli, and there is not much reason to regard any one of them as being the Claudia Nova. A third possibility is that, at the point where the tratturo divides north-west of Civitaretenga, the Claudia Nova struck north-east across the ridge into the valley of the Tirino and went up to Ofena (Aufinum). Thence, doubling abruptly ~upon itself, it followed the Tirino past Capestrano and Bussi to the confluentes. That is, in detail, the first part of the road would be represented by the upper branch of the tratturo from the north-west of Civitaretenga across the Piano di Nasilli, and in the depression between Monte Rotondo and Monte Morrone to the extreme west corner of the broad valley of the Tirino, known as Santa Plaia. After the descent, the path which diverges north-east from the tratturo through the district

1 Not. d. Scav. I892, p. 484: " Dalla via Claudia in these parts, but none bears upon the course of Valeria, nelle valle Peligna, si diramavano due strade the Claudia Nova. diverse." Roman antiquities have been discovered

This content downloaded from 194.29.185.230 on Fri, 13 Jun 2014 15:06:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 230 THE VIA CLAUDIA NOVA. called Chiancarelli and continues almost due north through the Forca del Casale and I1 Piano to Ofena, would represent further its course. South of Ofena a path runs down the valley, at the base of the slope to the east, through I1 Pantano and Piano Colletroni. A short distance above Bussi the valley narrows; between Bussi and the confluence of the Aterno and Tirino it becomes a gorge' (plate XIX, no. 2). The only physical difficulty presented by such a course is the ridge between the Piano di Nasilli and Santa Plaia, but it is insignificant compared with the descent from the Lago di Collepietro to Popoli involved in the ordinary theory. As Mommsen observes, both the similarity of the names and the proximity of Ofena to Peltuinum, mentioned with it by Pliny, justify the identification of Ofena with Aufinum. 2 Numerous inscriptions exist here, but none are of topographical importance. In the contrada S. Valentino, 3 at the foot of Ofena, are the remains of ancient masonry. The church of S. Pietro in Cryptis stands upon the foundations of a Roman building. A lead conduit also was found coming from the fountain of S. Pietro, and traces of an old cutting for a channel have been found in the rock of the fountain. A circular tank with slight remains of mosaic and inscriptions has also come to light, and ancient walling on the hill to the west of S. Pietro In I900 a sepulchral inscription was discovered in the contrada S. Silvestro,4 where many objects have been found. Capestrano,5 too, south of Ofena, appears to have been a vicus in the Roman period, and inscriptions exist in the walls of the buildings of the village. In the commune of Castelvecchio , 6 four kilometres directly north of the Madonna delle Centurelle, Roman remains have also been found, including tooled blocks of limestone, which point to a Roman road or Roman buildings. Near the ruined church of S. Lorenzo a Latin inscription was discovered.

'At the Madonna delle Centurelle, where the ceterum cognomine oppidum trans Apenninum nos tratturo divides, the altitude is 749 metres. In the certe nullum novimus. Piano di Nasilli, I kilometre farther on, it is 830 3 Not. d. Scav. I897, p. 403. metres, and at the summit-level below Monte Rotondo 902 metres. Within the next kilometre 4ibid. I900, p. i52. it drops to 66o metres, and in the next, to the point 5 C.I.L. ix, p. 320, where Mommsen says: where the path to Ofena leaves the tratturo, it is "In valle fluvii olim Tirini (n. 3373), hodie Tritani, 460 metres, a gradient of roughly I in 5. The Capestranum quod nunc est Romana aetate pagus descent of the Via Claudia Valeria from Mons Imeus videtur fuisse satis celeber; nomen ignoratur, (Forca Caruso) to Statulae (Goriano Sicoli) is neque quidquam dandum est coniecturae satis levi, almost as straight as an arrow and quite as precipitous quae propter titulum n. 35I5 Bussi eiusdem vallis as that described here. vicum Busutrum nuncupavit. Tituli argumenti 2 C.I.L. ix, p. 320: " Peltuinatibus iungi privati omnes cum rempublicam nullam hoc loco Aufinates cismontanosPlinius scribit (N.H. iii, 107); fuisse declarent, pastores eo loco tamquam concili- significari Ofenam quae nunc est et nominis abulo usos esse indicat porticus ibi facta ex pecunia similitudo et quod vere Ofena ut proxima Peltuino, saltuaria vel saltuariorum (n. 3386). Comprehensa ita inde iugo montium separata est; denique Ofena, autem videtur fuisse vallis haec finibus Peltuinatium." episcopium vetustum habuit. Cismontani propterea 6 Not. d. Scav. I897, p. 430. The inscription appellari videntur, quod summum iugum Apennini C.LL, ix, 3524, was (I found) in the clock-tower montis (Forca di Penne) Aufinum et Pinnam separat; at Castelvecchio.

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Excavations suggest that the neighbourhoodof Bussi has been inhabited since the Iron age.' The Piano di S. Rocco, opposite Bussi to the south-east on the right bank of the Tirino, was occupied in prehistoric times. There are traces there also of the track and rock-cuttingof a Roman road. At the Madonnadi Ponte Marmore, near Piano le Case, a fragmentaryLatin dedicatory inscription was discovered. In the contrada Necchia, a depression between Bussi and the hills to the north-east, inhumation tombs were discovered in I894. Here was probably the site of mediaeval Bussi, whereas Bussi vecchio, which may be regarded as the vicus of the Roman period, lies several'kilometres away to the NNW. In view of the Roman remains known to exist in the valley of the Tirino above the confluentes,and especiallyat Ofena, it does not seem impossiblethat a Roman road should have run down the valley. And, in fact, if the Via ClaudiaNova reachedAufinum from Peltuinum by the route described above and then continued down the valley of the Tirinus to the confluentes,the length of this course is precisely 24 m.p. This distance, added to the 23 m.p. between Foruli and Peltuinum, makes up 47 m.p. the amount stated by the inscription. On the score of distance there can be no objection to this route, but the abrupt turn northwards towards Aufinum out of, the convenient valley seems unnatural. The tratturo,however, which the road follows from Aveia through Furfo to Peltuinum, does cross the hills and the valley of the Tirino to the Forca di Penne, and, if we take the tratturoas representingthe road all the way from I1 Petraro to the Madonna delle Centurelle, there seems to be no reason why we should not continue the identification of the two acrossthe ridge into the Tirino valley and then take the road up to Aufinum, clearly the most important centre of population in the district. It is to be regretted that no milestone or other sure proof of the road's course has come to light between Peltuinum and the confluentes. Kiepert, indeed, in his map of the district, takes the Claudia Nova between Civitaretengaand Navelli below Collepietro and, apparently,down the course of the modern road as far as the sharp bend east of Monte Rosa, whence it descends through the valley west of Castiglione to the confluentes. It would seem probable that the Pons Aterni, which, according to Caesar2and Strabo, was a bridge acrossthe Aternus three miles from Corfinium,is to be placed near the town of , where the riverleaves a long-ravine and enters the plain above Corfinium. I'his being so, Caesar's march from Ausculurm(loc. cit.) would follow

1 p. Not. d. Scav. I894, 179. oppido m.p. circiter iii." Strabo, v, 4, 21 p. 241: 2 Caesar, B.C. i, i6: " recepto Asculo . . 'Areppos . . . {E6ykaTrt vepar6s . . a&dXet UrT Caesar . . . Corfinium contendit; eo cum venisset, {EPUy/haLr&o-epas Kal eRKoTI o-ra&ovs airb Kopq5viov. cohortes quinque praemissae a Domitio ex oppido Nissen, op. cit. ii, p. 447, rplaces the Pons Aterni pontem fluminis interrumpebant, qui erat ab below Corfinium near Popoli.

This content downloaded from 194.29.185.230 on Fri, 13 Jun 2014 15:06:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 232 THE VIA CLAUDIA NOVA. the line of an older road from Amiternum straight down the valley of the Aternus. At Aveia he would leave the course later taken by the Via Claudia Nova and march down the valley till he reached the Pons Aterni, where Domitius' troops in vain attempted to bar his advance by destroying the bridge. The question, however, belongs more properly to the topography of the Via Claudia Valeria. To sum up. According to an inscription, the emperor Claudius constructed in A.D. 47 a highroad from Foruli (Civitatomassa) to the confluentes Aternum et Tirinum, a distance of 47 miles, I92 yards. Foruli had been originally served by the Via Caecilia, constructed in II7 B.C. which branched off from the Via Salaria at the thirty-fifth milestone in the valley of the- Farfa, crossed the southern Sabine mountains to Foruli and Amiternum, and ran on to Interamnia and the Mare Superum. Later on, a branch of the Via Salaria was constructed from Interocrium to Amiternum through Foruli. In the neighbour- hood of Foruli this branch is quite distinct from the older Via Caecilia, but after Amiternum the two unite. At the confluentes Aternum et Tirinum (plate xix, no. 3) the Claudia Nova met the Claudia Valeria, built in A.D. 48-49, and thus linked the road-systems of northern and southern Italy. From Foruli the Claudia Nova passed through Pitinum (Madonna di Pettino) after m.p. 5, and continued along the valley of the Aternus (Aterno) to Aveia (north-east of Fossa), m.p. 9 distant from Pitinum. On the right of the road, before Aveia is reached, lies the vicus of Forcona'(Civita di Bagno). At Aveia the road left the valley of the Aternus, and passing through Furfo (S. Maria di Forfona) reached Peltuinum (Ansidonia) after ii m.p,. From Aveia to the Madonna delle Centurelle, beyond Ansidonia, its course is certainly represented by the tratturo. Its exact li'ne thence to the confluentes Aternum et Tirinum (Tre Monti) is in dis- pute ; it may be suggested that, like the tratturo, it crossed a ridge into the valley of the Tirinus (Tirino), rea'ched Aufinum (Ofena) and, doubling sharply back upon its course, followed the valley of the Tirinus past Bussi to the con/luentes. Such a course is approxi- mately m.p. 47 in length, the distance stated by the inscription from which we derive our main knowledge of the Via Claudia Nova.

This content downloaded from 194.29.185.230 on Fri, 13 Jun 2014 15:06:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions J.R.S. vol. ini (1913). PLATE XV.

NO. I. THE VIA SALARIA AT AMNITERNUNI (p. 206).

NO. 2. VIEW TOWVARDS AMITERNUNI FROM NEAR PILE (p. 215).

NO. 3. BUTTRESSAT FORCONA (p. 2I6).

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This content downloaded from 194.29.185.230 on Fri, 13 Jun 2014 15:06:59 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions J.R.S.vol. In (19q3). PLATE XX

NO. I1. VIEW TOWARDS THE EAST FROM ANSIDONIA (P. 221).

NO. 2. VALLEY OF THE TIRINO BELOW BUSSI (P. 230).

NO. 3. AD CONFLUENTE3ATERNUM ET TIRINUM (P. 2 32).

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