World Day – 19 November 2018

• Official (UN) international observance day to inspire action to tackle the global crisis (SDG 6) • 4.5 billion without safe sanitation and 892 practice open defaecation (pooping in the open) • saves lives! BMJ readers best medical innovation in last 150 years • Lack of sanitation impacts , & safety Rural School Sanitation What are the Challenges? And How Can We Resolve it?

Dr. Sudhir Pillay, Mr Jay Bhagwan & Mr Johson Klu Water Research Commission Today's sanitation solutions EACH HAVE PAIN POINTS

Hanging toilets Pit Chemical solutions Flush: Flush: Sewer

Expensive Foul odors Frequent maintenance Needs running water Poor user experience Poor waste disposal Requires infrastructure Potential safety concerns Difficult to retrofit Time consuming to build Risk of environmental contamination Risk of leakage New Re-Engineered Toilets

• Disruptive Technology • Appliance-model • Addresses Pain-points of current technologies (pits vs sewers) • No requirement for sewers (off-the-grid) • Can operate without constant electrical supply • No requirement for constant piped water supply • Eliminates sludges at point-of-source (major O&M cost) • Engineering Field-Testing in S.A Global Partnership • South Africa is recognised global leader in sanitation: • Leading RDI in On-Site Sanitation • Developed and Leads IWA Group of Non-Sewered Sanitation • Member of Toilet Board Coalition – coalition of businesses aimed at addressing sanitation challenge • Partner with Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation & DST to test new sanitation in South Africa – Beijing Fair 2018 • Engineering Field Testing to test in controlled field settings • Process performance will be compared to ISO 30500 • Innovation for new products and service development • Potential market of 2.4 billion people without sanitation • Opportunity for new supply chains • Sustainability targets • Alignment with IPAP 2017 Water Chapter and DWS 2017 Sanitation Policy (resource efficiency & waste beneficiation) • Support implementation of quality standards

The Challenge – Lessons from Households

 Large infrastructure programmes to build household Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) latrines  Solution used outside sewered boundaries  Tipping point being reached – pits were filling but many municipalities did not O&M budget, policies & procedures for management  Pits filling faster than design life (5-years)  Conflicting advice on what should be put into pits and whether these work  Limited technical know on how latrines function, how to empty & disposal pit contents How to Approach a Challenge • Understand the nature of the problem? Cannot devise a solution without understanding the challenge • Have an understanding of background? What has been done before? • Develop solution based on gaps identified earlier • Test the solutions scientifically and revise accordingly as part of recommendations Provide confidence in new solution • Implement recommendations as part of demonstration-scale • Measure outputs new vs existing models

http://www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/crosscuttings/problem_solving_4levels.html

Infrastructure

Users' needs, experience Management and behaviour WRC’s Faecal Sludge Management Strategy

Strategic RDI to deal with full latrines 1. Characterising faecal sludge to understand (what is the pollutant load and is it filling faster than designed for?) 2. Developing tools to empty sludge easier & faster 3. Innovative ways to treat & dispose of faecal sludge 4. Can we derive value from latrine sludge? 5. New sanitation options that eliminate pain points of current technologies Making Informed Decisions based on Science Key Outputs from WRC Research • Faecal sludge is not the same was domestic wastewater • More concentrated • High pathogen load • Low potential for anaerobic digestion • High detritus content • Lack of technical capacity & solutions to deal with faecal sludge • Landfill appropriate but limited no. of landfills that accept faecal sludge • Pit additives did NOT significantly reduce the rate of sludge accumulation rates. • Detritus can significantly increase O&M frequencies. • Faecal sludge poses a significant health risk. • Faecal sludge is difficult to empty & dispose. • The cost of managing faecal sludges is high and comparable to the costs of installing new latrines.

Sewers may never come in your lifetime but can you develop technologies that addresses these issues? Can we Re-Invent the Toilet system to match our financial & environmental constraints? WRC Invested in Understanding Why School Sanitation was Failing / Succeeding in Rural Areas

130 SCHOOLS VISITED KZN: 40 Limpopo: 33 Eastern Cape: 57 Key Outputs from School Survey

• SAFETY: ½ good condition, ¼ missing pit covers, need to improve lighting • HEALTH: handwashing soap & bin provision limited, 41% had cleaners, lack of cleaning protocols for cleaners • DIGNITY: 36% with windows, 57% with doors, 41% experience form of bullying

Is new latrine Infrastructure infrastructure the silver bullet that will Users' needs, experience Management fix failed and behaviour sanitation?

High school built in 2010

Primary school toilet built in 2013 HOW CAN WE ADDRESS THESE ISSUES AND ENSURE THAT SANITATION PROTECTS LEARNERS’? WRC’s Ecosystem Solution Approach 1. Novel toilets – re-engineered toilets that give same user experience to flush toilets but no requirement for sewers (water) – Eliminates / reduces sludge disposal 2. Innovative management models – extend technical capacity to deal with school sanitation challenges 3. Educational component – implemented with the above that focuses on education, community involvement, menstrual health management Novel Sanitation Options – Re-Engineered Toilets • Toilet design has not changed significantly in over 100 years • Can we re-engineer toilets to meet our people’s expectation, climate variability & water availability, and financial constraints? • The WRC has piloted & demonstrated various innovative toilet systems with partners – Over 1,000 units of the Low Pour Flush – Pilots of Arumloo Microflush (2 litre cistern flush) – Pilot with female – Re-Invented Toilet Systems (closed loop systems) • WRC strategic vision in line with IPAP 2017 Water Chapter • SABS has approved ISO 30500 for Non-Sewered Sanitation

WRC POUR FLUSHPour SANITATION Flush – THE FUTURE Technology OR A FLASH IN THE PAN? Completed installation – note no cistern, no water Splitter box to connection = no enable usage of two 24/7 leakage leach pits 1-2 Litres / Flush NO USER OVER PIT DESIGN Leach pit – easy access for emptying

Flush testing to international MAP protovol Low Flush Application Savings from 40 to 70% of water compared to normal flush

No difference observed between school users (vs normal flush) Re-Invented Toilet Applications

• No need for sewers • Limited or no constant water supply • Potential for beneficiation of streams Current Binary Technology Model

Conventional WWTW On-Site Sanitation • FLUSH-&-FORGET • DROP-&-STORE • Considered “gold standard” • Most prevalent tech in SSA • Resource intensive (Capital, Sewers, • Little / no water Water, Energy, etc.) • 5-50% cheaper (than activated • Challenge to meet urbanisation & sludge) population growth • Can be scaled at urbanisation rates • Expensive & beyond reach of • Faecal Sludge Management – lack of developing countries policies & standards, disposal routes, • Established technologies (discharge O&M overlooked. regulations, guidelines, policies, etc.) • Viewed as “temporary” solution

SOLUTION?? Innovative Management Solutions Can We Do Better? Pilot Management Solutions Developed by WRC

Source: https://clipartfest.com/categories/view/1d9e97d21211577eada8b212d14f0abfa4e7b86d/cartoon-innovation.html Management of Existing (and Future) Infrastructure Social Franchising

Social Franchising Partnerships for “Going with the Franchising Flow” An Development of a Framework for Operation and Maintenance of Water Exploration of partnerships for the Franchising in the Water Services Sector Services: Lessons and Experiences from an operation and maintenance of water in South Africa Eastern Cape Pilot services infrastructure Kevin Wall, 2005 Kevin Wall & Oliver Ive, 2013 Kevin Wall & Oliver Ive, 2010

Theory Practice based based

 Facilitate PPP  Infrastructure maintenance increase reliability of service  Sustainable job creation and nurturing  Board BEE  Formal training, on-site mentoring, report backs  Transfer of work skills  Extends capacity of municipality  Stimulates small business  Assurance of quality and reliability of service  Ensures proper FSM

Social Franchising Demos in E. Cape Butterworth Pilot Key Statistics:  400 schools  Six microenterprises  Training provided  70 jobs (50 part-time) East London Demonstration

East London Key Statistics:  302 schools  302 Sanitation Clubs & Hygiene Campaigns  90,000 students  Five microenterprises (4 female)  Training provided  70 jobs (50 part-time)  Pilot conversion of sludge to bio- char (charcoal subsititute)

WRC’s Guideline for School Sanitation and School Sanitation Management Book

Turning Theory into Practice School Management Model

• Emphasis on the importance of sanitation as part of school life • Provides the knowledge and expertise to be able to assess, plan, develop tools, implement, monitor and evaluate independently • Provides financial planning for sanitation services • WRC piloted at 8 schools with KZN DBE • FMCG Company saw potential – extended pilot to 150 schools & provides cleaning supplies WHO? Health and Safety Officer – daily cleanings and monitoring Health and Safety Manager – monitor the daily cleaning, inspect infrastructure, report to SGB Principal – visit toilets occasionally, ensure H&S Officer and Manager are respected for their duties and that their duties are clear Staff – occasionally monitor the toilets, discuss needs and ideas for the toilets SGB – act as bridge between school and department, complete minor repairs Department – inspect and repair infrastructure, address management challenges and negligence, pilot new channels of communication/oversight between school/Department

Workshop and training • Participants were trained in the programme: • Broad discussions on learners’ rights and the impact of sanitation on those rights • Laying out roles and responsibilities related to school sanitation • Basic disease transmission training and technical training on HOW to clean toilets, highlighting key areas of concern • Introduction to materials to help with management and carrying out the programme (e.g. reporting forms, budgeting forms, etc.)

• A number of school cleaners have since expressed gratitude for the training, which taught them specifically why a disinfecting chemical is needed and why certain areas need to be cleaned.

Example case studies from our WRC pilot programme Though some HSOs were unwilling to make room for the toilets in their cleaning duties, some schools did effectively adjusted to the new programme with success. What key drivers lead to an enabling environment where effective management of school toilets can take place? Preliminary negative drivers identified

• Issues with HSO’s “job description” • Lack of supervision of HSO • Lack of time for anyone to do their job properly • Learners are not monitored • Lack of ownership of job • Unmanageable infrastructure

Preliminary positive drivers identified

• Ownership of the programme – the HSO is more than just a cleaner! • Principal who values sanitation • Active and responsible HSM • Regular communication between HSO, HSM, and Principal • Monitoring of learners during breaks and class time • Willingness to sacrifice other duties for the sake of maintaining the toilets • Active SGB who allocates funding to sanitation

Cost of supplies for the management programme

Approximately R3.56 per learner per month

Norms and standards: ~R1200 per learner per school year R120 per learner per month

Management programme = 3% of Norms and Standards NEXT STEPS

•Scale up: • Materials shared with DoE as a way of building capacity • Tested the programme with FMCG Company in 150 schools • Possibly scale-up the programme to 1000 schools

BEFORE AND AFTER PHOTOS

Windows Doors Corridors Basins “IMPROVEMENTS” TO THE TOILETS

BEFORE

AFTER

BEFORE

AFTER

BEFORE

AFTER

AFTER

AFTER The Opportunities… • WRC’s has developed innovation solutions across the school sanitation value chain • Solutions have been tested or undergoing field verification • Possibility to include component to apply these novel solutions for the following benefits: • Apply solutions that tackle pain points of current options (financial constraints, cost, resource availability) • Sanitation-linked business opportunities for new toilets & waste- derived products • Alignment with DWS Sanitation Policy 2017 and DTI IPAP 2017 • Potential extension of service options to unserviced