SWINE FARMING IN Country Presentation to the WEPA Group Workshop on Pig Wastewater Management in Asia 21‐22 February, Chiang Mai, Thailand

Session 2(2)‐ Pollution Control Measures and Policy Measures for Pig Wastewater

Dinushka Fernando Environmental Officer Central Environmental Authority Sri Lanka Content

1. Introduction 2. Distribution of Swine Farms in Sri Lanka 3. Swine Industry and Sri Lanka Economy 4. Government policy of swine farming 5. Legal aspect 6. Swine farm vs. Environment 7. Pollution Control Techniques 8. Problems associated with Swine Industry

2 1. Introduction

3 Introduction Cont..

• Total land area 65,610 Km² • Total population 21.0 million people • Per capita income USD 3,924 in 2015. • Sinhalese 74.9%, Sri Lankan Tamil 11.2%, Sri Lankan Moors 9.2%, Indian Tamil 4.2%, other 0.5% (2012 est.) • Diverse landscapes range from rainforest and arid plains to highlands and sandy beaches • Diverse climate

4 02. Distribution of Swine Farms in Sri Lanka

5 Population of Swine

DISTRICT 1998 2001 2004 2007 2683 2401 4000 3770 Gampaha 14508 12987 15970 22800 Kaluthara 3668 3284 4800 3800 Kandy 1202 1076 750 800 Matale 2535 2269 3740 3800 Nuwara Eliya 376 337 220 360 Galle 981 878 770 970 Matara 90 81 110 500 Hambanthota 680 609 1340 1580 Kurunegala 14609 13077 11370 15080 Anuradhapura 5328 4769 7230 7210

Polonnaruwa 1173 1050 2900 2260 Kegalla 1090 976 1320 1140 6 3. Swine Industry and Sri Lanka Economy

Item 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Contribution of Agriculture to 233615 241122 262271 289906 333114 417353 GDP (Rs Mn)

Contribution of livestock to GDP 15981 17093 21318 25428 29829 40650 ( Rs. Mn) Contribution to livestock to 6.8 7.1 8.1 8.8 9.0 9.7 Agric. GDP (Rs. Mn) No of pigs slaughtered 25628 29752 29240 30249 20935 30973 Pork production (Mt/year) 923 1071 1053 1089 754 1115 7 Statistics in 2014

• Swine Population 71,838 • Number of Animal Slaughtered 23,764 • Pork Production (MT) 7,080.00 • Per Capita Availability (Kg/year) 0.34

8 Classification of Swine Farms

• Based on number of adult animals per farm • Domestic scale ‐ 1‐4 adult animals • Small scale ‐ 5‐ 25 adult animals • Medium scale ‐ 26‐49 adult animals • Large scale ‐ > 50 adult animals

Age of animal > 4 months consider as adult animals

9 4. Government policies ‐swine farming

. Department of Animal Production and Health, Sri Lanka developed the National Livestock Breeding Policy in 2010. the policy provides; Provisions for setting National Animal Breading Committee  Animal Management System (castles & buffalos, goats & sheep, swine)  Animal types ( draught, meat, dual) Agro climatic zones and animal farming in country

. The Master Plan for Industrial and Investment Promotion in Sri Lanka (2000)  Creation of environmental friendly and sustainable society. . Haritha Lanka (2009‐2016)

10 Government policy on swine farming (pollution Control) . National Environment Policy ‐ 2003 To promote the sound management of Sri Lanka's environment balancing the needs for social and economic development and environment integrity . Cleaner Production Policy – 2004 To incorporate the cleaner production concept and practices into all development sectors of the country . National Policy on Solid Waste Management – 2007 . National Policy on Protection and Conservation of Water Sources, their Catchments and Reservations in Sri Lanka (Ministry of Land and Land Development, February 2014)

11 5. Legal Aspects of Swine Farming

Main regulations . Environmental regulations Controlling environmental pollution caused by swine farms maintaining environmental quality . Livestock productions and health field Breeding and caring of effective animal fleet and producing secure and healthy meat . Addressing nuisance and Amenity Addressing social, cultural matters, issues other than environmental, etc

12 Environmental Law & Regulations . Environmental Law National Environment Act ( No 47 of 1980 as amended by acts No.56 of 1988 and 53 of 2000) . Provisions of the NEA section 23A (2) of the NEA : no person shall discharged, deposit, or emit waste into the environment which will cause pollution except under the authority of a license issued by the CEA and in accordance with such standards and other criteria as may be prescribed under the NEA. . Regulations published under the NEA Prescribed activities – activities in which require Environmental Protection Licenses for operation(published in the Gazette No.1533/16, dated 25.01.2008) Environmental (Protection & Quality) Regulations in which provide procedure & criteria for issuing EPL 13 Environmental Regulations

.Regulatory control Environment Protection License( EPL) 1‐5 animals ‐ need no EPL(backyard farming) 5‐50 animals ‐B category License(3 years) > 50 animals ‐ A category license ( 1 year)

.Administrative control Environment recommendation (ER) The CEA issues prior to establish a farm instructing the way of setting a farm controlling environmental pollution in comply with Sri Lankan standards and criterion. 14 CEA

• Enforcement institute of NEA • Issue EPLs , Site clearance • Monitoring the farms • Wastewater standards and regulations • Legal actions against unauthorized and pollution caused farms • Collaborating with Local Authorities

15 16 Regulations Regarding Livestock Productions and Health field

. Animal Act No 26 of 1958 amended in 1964 . Animal Diseases Act No 59 of 1992 . Animal Feed Act No 15 of 1986 . Veterinary Surgeons and Practitioners Act No 46 of 1956 amended in 1964. Animal fleet and health control mechanism through Vet Surgeon Registration at area veterinary surgeon’s office Consent of veterinary surgeon of are prior to establish a farm Expansion is allowed once veterinary surgeon recommends

17 Regulations Regarding Human Health and Local Authorities

Vaccination for Japanese encephalities is compulsory MOH’s supervision Trade license House keeping Labor facilities and safety Solid Waste disposal

18 Regulations support to address other issues related to swine farming • Criminal Procedure Code No 15 of 1979 (section 98 )‐ public nuisance • Penal Code (Section 261) ‐ public nuisance • Constitution • Police Ordinance, No 16 of 1865 • Nuisance Ordinance, No. 15 of 1982 • Local Authority Acts • Municipal Councils Ordinance, No.29 of 1947 (Part IV –Powers and Duties as to Public Health) • Urban Councils Ordinance, No. 61 of 1939 (Part IV ‐ Powers and Duties as to Public Health) • Pradeshiya Sabhas Act, No. 15 of 1987 (Part IV ‐ Powers and Duties as to Public Health)

19 6. Swine farms vs. Environmental

20 Swine farm vs. Environment..

1. Water pollution( washing water, by fecal materials and food waste) 2. Odor (by fecal materials and food waste) 3. Solid waste ( non degradable materials coming with foods as polythene, plastics, waste from cleaning of farms, waste due to animal breeding) 4. Noise pollution (bellowing of animals) 5. Visual pollution

21 Water pollution

• By washing of animals and pens • Fecal materials of animals • Domestic wastewater generated by workers • Washing of vehicles which used for animal and feeding materials transportation • Cleaning of slaughter houses and equipment

22 23 State of waste water in swine farms

Parameter Non treated Non treated National standards for ( basic water water discharging treated waste parameters ( Swine ( slaughter water to control) farms) houses) Inland surface Irrigation water purposes pH 6.5‐7.5 6.0‐7.0 6.0‐8.5 5.5‐9.0

BOD 3000‐4000 3000‐4500 30mg/L 250mg/L

COD 5000‐8000 5000‐11000 250mg/L 400mg/L

TSS 200‐500 4000‐60000 50 ppm 50 ppm

24 Water pollution Cont. Mitigation of Water pollution

25 Water pollution control Cont. 07. Pollution Control Techniques

• For small scale farms‐ Simple treatment method with a soakage pit • For medium and large scale farms –Advanced treatment methods such as biogas plant

26 Treatment System Without Bio gas plant

27 Water pollution control Cont.

Bio gas Plant

Bio gas‐ mixture of CH4 55‐70% CO2 30%‐ 45% small amount of CO, N2, H2, H2S

Treatment plant

Anaerobic digestion 28 Water pollution control Cont. Digester (Anaerobic digestion)

Organic polymers •(Proteins/ Carbohydrate/ Lipids)

Mono and Oligomers (Amino acids/ Sugars/ fatty acids)

Volatile fatty acids ( Lactate/ Ethanol)

H2/ CO2 Acetate

CH 4/ CO2 29 Water pollution control Cont. Digesters Types

Digesters

Microbial Feeding attachment Type

Suspended Attached Continuous Batch growth growth

CH4+CO2 CH4+CO2

Effluent Effluent Filter Sludge bed blanket 30 Effluent Microbial attachment types digesters

• Suspended growth • Apply bacteria suspension in to the digester

• Attached growth • Provide media to adhere microorganism Ex : Metal/ Plastic media / Coir fiber media

31 Water pollution control Cont.…..

• Feeding type Continuous type ( vertical tank system/ horizontal tank system/ multiple tank system) • Complex • Organic material constantly feed into digester Batch type • Simple • Load digester with organic materials , allow to digest. Once digestion is complete , the effluent is removed and process is repeated • Retention time is dependent 32 Water pollution control Cont.….. Conditions for swine farms

• All wastewater should be directed into biogas plant or to treatment plant • Treated wastewater should be used for washing purpose /irrigation purposes / discharge in to inland surface water ( 1:8 dilution) when comply with CEA standards • Should be construct a separate drainage system for storm water • Zero CH4 emission for environment and need to be completely burnt

33 Solid waste management in swine farms Solid waste in swine farms

• Fecal materials • Dead animals • Domestic waste Improper discharge of • Polythene solid waste cause water pollution • Paper waste • Food waste • Sludge in biogas plant 34 Solid waste management in swine farms

• If use swill as feeding material • Separate place for swill storing • Always keep in a enclosed vassal • Prevent use of poultry feathers as feeding material • Avoid usage of swills for more than one day • Cooked swills is recommended for prevent odor

• Other solid waste • Store separately within a covered place • Dispose via Local Authority 35 36 08.Problems Associated with Swine Industry

• Cultural behavior and living style of small and medium scale farms is an issue for effectively controlling farms in means of environment. • Their socio economic background is affecting to the pollution control

37 08.Problems Associated with Swine Industry Cont.

Example Piggeries in Ja‐ela Area (Dandugama)

• Total land area 2.83 km² • Total households ‐916 around 500 householders are engage in to pig farming. • Waste water discharge in to wetland and it is connecting with lagoon and Muthurajawela.

38 Unauthorized constructions and encroachments ex.:‐ wet lands

39 Problems in Sri Lanka related to Swine Industry Cont..

Lack of money to mitigate the pollution most farm owners having low income level

Monthly income of farmers 50 45 40 35 30 families(%) 25 of 20 系列2 15

Number 10 5 0 < 10,000 10,000‐ 20,000 20,000‐30,000 30,000‐40,000 not presented monthly income (Rs)

40 Source: piggery survey in Ja‐ela Area Problems in Sri Lanka related to Swine Industry Cont..

 Lack of education to mitigate the pollution Ex:‐ In Ja‐ela Area

Educational Qualifications of farmers 60

50

40

30 farmers(%) 20 of

10 Number 0 Grade 1‐5Grade 5‐10 O/L A/L Higher studies Educational levels

Source: piggery survey in Ja‐ela Area 41 Problems in Sri Lanka related to Swine Industry Cont..  Open dumping of solid waste discharging of untreated effluent done by some farmers

42 Policy Issues related to groundwater pollution

• Absence of policy for the industrial pollution of groundwater • Lack of facilities to measure the amount of water pollution • Difficult to monitor the effectiveness of protection measures • Lack of coordinated groundwater information program and proper groundwater planning system • Not identified the vulnerable area • The ownership of groundwater is not defined clearly in legislations • Institutional disagreements & lack of inter coordination among responsible agencies Lack of public information or awareness

43 Proposed solution

• The establishment of environment friendly sustainable development swine farming area ‐to minimize the bad social and environmental effects. • The ecofriendly way such as Eco‐Industrial Park System including common bio gas plant • The separation of farming/ industrial area from residential area is good for minimizing the social and health effects. • It is better to strengthen the existing rules and regulation

44 Ongoing Activities to Mitigate the Problems

• Issue EPLs and monitoring • Awareness programs for farmers • Funding to farmers through the Department of Animal Production & Health EX:‐ Bio gas fund • Legal action against authorized farms done by NEA and Under the public nuisance • Guidelines and publications

45 Thank You

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