UN Secretariat Item Scan - Barcode - Record Title Page 157 ~11\ Date 07/06/2006 '~ i Time 11 :36:04 AM
II Ill llll II IIII II Ill II Ill II Ill II Ill IIIII II Ill II Ill II Ill II Ill IIIII II Ill II Ill I II II II Ill II Ill II Ill 111111111111111 S-0905-0010-01-00001
Expanded Number S-0905-0010-01-00001
Title Items-in-UN Centre for Disarmament - Assistant Secretary-General (ASG), Jan Martenson
Date Created 25/08#1981
Record Type Archival Item
Container S-0905-0010: Political matters - disarmament
Print Name of Person Submit Image Signature of Person Submit --.::=~~L-' ,_ 31 Decerr,be:r. 19 81
Dear Mr~e.t:::: I wish to tha.."lk you for your letter of 31 December 1961 and the kind words you addressed to me with regard to :my endeavours as Secretary~ General during the past ten yea~s. At this time,! should like to e~~ress my sincere appreciation for the valuable assista.~ce you ha.ve given me over the years. In the discharge of your important responsibilities, you have made a sianificant contribution to the efforts of the United Nations to find solutions to some of the major problems confronting tha world community. Ycu have indeed carried out the many demamnu~g tasks entrusted to you with great distinction and I have highly appreciated your advice and judgement. May I also take this opportunity to tha."'lk you for the good wishes you sent rr~ an Kurt Waldheim .Mr. Jan Martenson Assistant Secretary-General Centre for Disarmrunent New York I ,/ J\__ AKU/JH cc · - SG _,[__ n • M,.. yaf tlo/son _ • • .,,.,.·◄ / c-c:_... : --'-----b/f: / 1/MKP/DCC/ / /~ 16 December 81 __ Dear Mr. Caccia, I wish to thank you for your letter of 2 December 1981 transmitting a copy of the newsletter on disarmament which you have distributed in your riding. I was very interested to learn of this publication and highly welcome the initiative which you have taken to increase public awareness of the dangers of the arms race. I have also drawn the booklet to the attention of the United Nations Centre for Disarrnruuent, whose information programme on disarmament has been considerably expanded following the first special session of the General Assembly on disarmament. Since you may be interested in this material, I have given instructions that you receive a set of recent publications9 With best regards, Yours sincerely, Kurt Waldheim His Excellency Mr. Charles Caccia Minister of Labour of Canada Ottawa ..a,.... ¥Ht&@2r·x11cr - r -r usm·--,?m· -r-eae±,AG,-e::,,.,r:• --·· ------··~-· Minister Ministre Labour Canada Travail Canada House of Commons Chambre des communes Ottawa K1A OA6 Ottawa K1A OA6 December 2, 1981 His Excellency Mr. Kurt Waldheim Secretary-General of the United Nations United Nations Headquarters New York, New York 10017 U.S.A. Dear Mr. Waldheim: Following the report to you by the General Assembly dated September 17, 1981, entitled "World Disarmament Campaign" and the call for the U.N. week on disarmament (October 26, 1981), I thought you might be interested in the attached newsletter I have written and distributed by mail to some 25,000 households in my riding of Davenport in the City of Toronto. The response has been moderate to good, from people within and outside the riding, from as far away as British Columbia. With kind regards and best wishes for your good work, Charles Caccia 1 enclosure Canada cc: Ms. I. Lehmann AKU/atk File: Misc.Orgs. xRef: Disarm.Gen. bf: RA/MKP/LCC/GMM/AF/MJS 22 December 1981 Dear llr. Azizullah, Thank you for your letter of 14 December concerning your participation in the second special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament. I have fon,arded a copy of your letter to the NGO Liaison officer in tee Centre for Disarmament and would ask you to kindly get in touch with Ms. Lehmann direct regarding this matter. With best regards, Yours sincerely; Albert Roha.n Director Dr. Mohammed Azizullah Secretary-General Islamic Cultural Centre 21/5 Azamabad Hyderabad-20 (India) UNITED NATIONS INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM TO: The Secretary General A: THROUGH: Mr. Viacheslav Ustinov ~ 5/C DE: Under-Secretary-General /1-~~ / Political and Secu ity Cfilncil Affairs -1,1{/'1-f~ FROM: • L I DE: Jan Martenson L_-' \ Assistant Secretary ~'e al ~M ~ Centre for Disarmame t SUBJECT: OBJET: Treaty on the P}:-Qhib tion of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Sub-soil Thereof 1. An informal meeting of the State Parties to the al::ove-mentioned Treaty was held at UN Headquarters on 8 December 1981, at the initiative of the Depositaries of the Treaty, the Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom and the United States, to consider questions relating to the timing of the next Review Conference of the Treaty. 2. The first Review Conference of the Treaty, which was held in Geneva from 20 June to 1 July 1977, decided that a further Review Conference should be held in Geneva in 1982 unless a majority of the State Parties indicated to the Depositaries that they wished the Conference to be postponed, in which case it was to be convened not later than 1984. ~ 3. Bearing in mind that decision and the calendar of disarmament-related meetings scheduled to take place in 1982, the Depositaries convened the informal meeting to consult State Parties on whether the next Review Conference might be postponed beyond 1982. Ambassador Eugeniusz Wyzner, Permanent Representative of Poland to the United Nations, chaired the meeting in his capacity as President of the first Review Conference. 4. Following a brief exchange of views, the Chairman concluded that the sense of the meeting seemed to be that the next Review Conference should be postponed beyond 1982 and that the matter should be considered again at the time of the thirty-seventh session of the General Assembly. The United Kingdom, on behalf of the Depositaries, stated that further consultations would be held at an early stage during the thirty-seventh session of the General Assembly. 'I "':I,, UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIESJ.f. kl<. INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR · TO: The Secretary General A: REFERENCE: ______THROUGH: Mr. Viacheslav Ustinov S/C DE: FROM: DE: Jan Martenson Assistant Secretary-GeLe SUBJECT: Centre for Disarmament OBJET: Petitions and letter am ai ns related to disarmament 1. In preparing for the second special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, the Centre for Disarmament has reviewed its communications with non-governmental organizations, research institutions and the general public. For your information, a summary of our findings is presented in the paragraphs below. 2. In the second half of 1981, the Centre for Disarmament has received a significantly increased number of communications related to disarmament and peace matters. A brief description of the nature of some of such communications follows: (a) Letter Campaign from the Netherlands, sponsored by the Women for Peace Movement, which has spread throughout 37 additional countries. The total amount of these letters, up to the present date, is 36,200, out of which 35,000 came from the Netherlands alone. (b) Card Campaign from Sweden which has spread to six additional countries. Out of a total of 5,200 signatures on such cards, 3,000 are from Swedish individuals. (c) Card Campaign from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics with 70 signatures. (d) Petition from Italy, with a total of 300 signatures. (e) Petition from the Caravan for Human Survival, U. S. A. co-sponsored by the Campaign for U.N. Reform, the World Federalist Political Education Committee and the Planetary Citizens, with a total of 22,000 signatures. (f) Message delivered to the Secretary General signed by 14 000 children of the German Democratic Republic in connexion with Disarmament Week. -2- ~) Petition from Switzerland, sponsored by the Women for Peace Movement, with a total of 790 signatures. (h) Appeals, messages, statements and resolutions adopted by varied non-governmental organizations throughout the world and addressed to the United Nations. 3. All of the above-mentioned communications have been or are in the process of being officially acknowledged, through reference made to them in the General Assembly documents which list "Communications received relating to General Assembly matters." In addition, those communications which have provided us with return addresses have also been acknowledged by the Centre for Disarmament. 4. Furthermore, the Centre for Disarmament has handled a monthly average of 250 individual mail replies to non-governmental organizations and concerned individuals. 5. The Centre has also distributed current disarmament materials (fact sheets and periodicals) to all non-governmental organizations, research institutions and individuals on the Centre for Disarmament's mailing list, which includes a total of 650 organizations and 300 individuals. 6. The Centre for Disarmament has also been receiving communications from organizations in connexion with the second special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament. Such communications have been acknowledged individually, but they will also be mentioned in the appropriate information documents of the Preparatory Committee, which list "Communications concerninq disarmament received from non-governmental organizations and research institutions." AKU/atk cc: SG File: Disarmament Centre .Mr. -Jari--~rtenson 16 December 1981 Assistant Secretary-General Centre for Disarmament Mr. Viacheslav A. Ustinov Under-Secretary-General for Political and Secutity Council Affairs Rafeeuddin Ahmed Chef de Cabinet 1982 Urd.ted Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament With reference to your memorandum of 15 December 1981, please proceed as proposed. A revised penultimate paragraph for the note verbale is attached...... -.·~· • 'J:'ne Secreta.-ry--General welcomes participation in the Programme and invites His Excellency's Government to nominate a candidate. The rec,ruest to _restric:;t the nomination to one candidate is made in view of the limited number of fellowships available ea.ch year. 'l'he deadline for the receipt of such nomination is 31 March 1982. The Sf-.:"lection of candidates will be based on the criteria as outlined in paragraph 4 of the attached Annex. UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR TO: The Secretary-General DATE: A: Mr. Viacheslav A. Ustinov / REFERENCE, ------THROUGH: s/C DE: Under-secretary-General for )/ //N'f.. I , Political and Security C\N}cil Affairs . '{/06~ FROM: DE: ~i=~:~~re~~JJ1\ [r--- Centre for Dis ent (;,l) SUBJECT: OBJET: 1982 United Nation Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament -0 ••••• 1. Please find attached a copy of General Assembly resolution 36/92A of 9 December 1981 on the above subject, in which the Assembly decided inter alia to continue the programme and commended you for the diligence with which you conducted the programme. ••••• 2. Pursuant to the resolution, I attach for your approval a draft note verbale to be sent to all Member States, inviting Governments to nominate candidates for the 1982 disarmament fellowship programme. The Secretary-General of the united Nations presents his compliments to the Permanent Representative of . . . to the United Nations and has the honour to draw attention to the availability in 1982 of 20 United Nations disarmament fellowships. The United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament was originally established by paragraph 108 of the Final Document adopted by the General Assembly at its tenth special session (A/RES/S-10/2), which reads as follows: "In order to promote expertise in disarmament in more Member States, particularly in the developing countries, the General Assembly decides to establish 11 a programme of fellowships on disarmament ••• • The General Assembly, by resolution 36/92A, dated 9 December 1981, decided to continue the United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament, and requested the Secretary-General to make adequate arrangements relating to the programme for 1982 in accordance with the guidelines approved by the General Assembly at its thirty-third session (A/33/305). The Secretary-General welcomes participation in the Programme and invites His Excellency•s Government to nominate a candidate. In view of the limited number of fellowships, the Secretary-General would very much appreciate it if Bis Excellency's Government, should it decide to apply for participation, would limit itself to the nomination of one candidate.,1\~e selection of candidates will be ••••• based ~ __cri teua--as--0~tlined in parag_ra: . 4 of the attached Annex • ~adlj ~~"'- ½ ~n~-for __ 1:ne ~omination of calididat:es will he 31 March 1982. ------·-- ·------In accordance with the established guidelines for the Programme, the Secretary-General is pleased to provide the ••••• information contained in the attached Annex concerning the award of disarmament fellowships in 1982. '". ANNEX Award of United Nations Fellowships on Disarmament in 1982 1. Ob.1ecti ves The primary objective of the Programme is to promote expertise in disarmament in more Member States, particularly in the developing countries. The purpose of the fellowships is therefore to enable the holders to derive from their training the knowledge and professional competence which will help to increase their ability to f'ulfil their duties upon their return home. 2. Number of fellowships Up to 20 fellows, largely from developing countries, will be selected in 1982. 3. Qualifications United Nations fellowships in general are primarily intended for persons already or soon to be entrusted with responsibilities related to the development of their countries. In the case of disarmament fellowships, candidates are expected to be individuals involved in or earmarked for work on disarmament and related matters. Fellowships shall not be awarded for the pursuit of academic studies leading to degrees. Candidates must be fluent in English or French or, preferably, both. 4. Selection of candidates Disarmament fellowships shall normally be awarded to candidates nominated by their Governments. In considering applications, particular attention shall be paid to the candidates' background, their position in the home country~ and the -2- practical use they expect to make of the knowledge and experience gained on their return home. Other factors which also will influence the selection of candidates will be: (a) the greater needs of developing countries; (b) the over-all geographical balance; (c) the desirability of giving preference, in principle, to candidates from countries whose nationals have not previously been awarded disarmament fellowships. 5. Ages of candidates It is recommended that candidates nominated by Governments be between 25 and 40 years of age. 6. Procedure for submission of apPlications Nominations should be submitted by Governments through their Permanent Missions to the United Nations and addressed to the Co-ordinator, Disarmament Fellowships Programme, Cent.re for Disarmament, Room 3563 F, United Nations, New York, N.Y. 10017, U.S.A. 7. Deadline for submission of applications A Disarmament Fellowship nomination form is attached. It must be received not later than 31 March 1982. Each question must be answered clearly and completely. 8. Duration of programme The training programme will start in Geneva on 9 July 1982 and end in New York on 30 November 1982. -9- 9. Content of programme In order to acquaint the selected fellows with the issues involved, the course will include lectures and seminars; in particular, there will be a series of lectures on disarmament issues that are the subject of current deliberations and negotiations. There will also be attendance at disarmament meetings and visits to organizations dealing with disarmament-related issues. Fellows will submit written papers and reports on various aspects of disarmaaent during the training period. Selected fellows are advised that the training course is a.:rull-time programme. Therefore, during the training period, fellows will be expected to devote their complete attention to the programme. At the end of the course, participants will be awarded certificates of attendance. 10. Travel and financial arrangements (a) The United Nations will reimburse disarmament fellows for travel connected with the United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament and will pay them a stipend for the duration of the Programme at rates established by the United Nations and designed to cover the cost of food, lodging and certain incidentals. (b) Under existing regulations, payment by the United Nations for travel expenses will be limited to round-trip air economy class, or its equivalent, by recognized public carrier via a direct route from the place of residence to the location where the Programme takes place. (c) Fellows are entitled to receive stipend as follows: (i) Geneva - SFR 2,400/month (ii) Vienna - Schillings 5,025/week (iii) New York - us$ 1,500/month A/RES/36/92A of 9 December 1981 A United rTations programme of fellowships on disarmament The General F~sembly, Recalling its decision, taken at the tenth special session, to establish a programme of fellowships on disarmament, §J Recalling also its resolution 351152 A of 12 :Cecember 1980, in which it requested the Secretary-General to make adequate arrangements rP.latinr to the programme for 1981 in accordance with the f ~essing its satisfaction at the fact that Governments, par~icularly those of developing countries, have continued to manifest serious interest in the programme, Having considered the report cf the Secretary-General or. -:he i!::.plementation of the United Nations programme of fellowships on disarmament for 1981, II 1. :Cecides to continue the United Nations progra..l'!lIC.e of fellowships on dis armament ; 2. Requests the Secretary-General to make adequate arrange~ents relating to the progrrumne for 1902 in accordanc~ with the guidelines apr,roved by the General Assembly at its thirty-third session; 3. Also requests the SecretarJ-General to submit to the General As~embly at its second special session devcted to disarmament a report contai,ing an assessment of the United Nations progranur.e of fellowships on disarmament since its inception in 1979 o 4. Coru::ends the SecretariJ-General for the diligence with which the progrr:i!!JI!le has been conducted: 5. Expresses its anpreciation to the Governments of the Federal ~epublic of Germany, Hungary and Sweden for inviting the fellows to their capitals to study selected activities in the field of disarmament, thereby contributin~ to the fulfilment of the over-all objectives of tt... e prop:rrunme , as we 11 as provi din.!i' additional information sources and practical knowledge for the fellows. §/ General Assembly resolution S-1012, para. 108. II Al361606. OTC.I ~~ FELLOWSHIP NOMINATION FORM I. LETTER OF TRANSMISSION INSTRUCTIONS To be completed in triplicate by a senior official of the nominating Government who will forward three copies of the certified nomination forms to the United Notions, New York, through the office of the UNDP regional or resident director through which its technical assistance requests ore normally channelled• The Government of ______nominates ______for a fellowship to studY------,,,------and certifies that: f (a) the studies to be made under this fellowship are necessary for the advancement of the economic or social development or public administration of the country, and that in the case of a fellowship being granted, full use would be made of the fellow in the field covered by his (her) fellowship; (b) all information supplied by the nominee is complete and correct; (c) the nominee has adequate knowledge, appropriately tested, of a language which can be used for working purposes in the proposed host co•..mtry; (d) the absence of the nominee during his (her) studies abroad would not have any adverse effect on his (her, status, seniority, salary, pension and similar rights. On return from the fellowship it is proposed to employ the fellow as followia: Title of post ______Duties and responsibilities ______ Place and date: ______Signature of responsible Government official Official address: ______Title: ______ II. OBSERVATIONS OF UNDP RESIDENT DIRECTOR 11 PROJECT MANAGER OR EXPERT (Changes suggested by an expert and/or the resident director in the study programme requested by the Government or its nominee have been discussed and accepted)., Place and date:_·______Signature and title: ______ Page 1 of 7 pages UNITED - NA TIO NS ~ FELLOWSHIP NOMINATION FORM !IL PERSONAL HISTORY AND PROPOSED STUDY PROGRAMME Instructions Nomination forms are available in English. French and Spanish. They should be completed by the candidate in typewritten form in whichever of the above languages is most acceptable in the proposed country of study. Three copies are required. Each question must be answered clearly and completely. Detailed answers are required in order to make the most appropriate study arrangements. If necessary, additional pages of the same size may be attached. 1. Family name (surname) First name Other names (underline name by which formally addressed) ,,£. 2. Mailing address 3. Home address 4. City and country of birth Date of birth Age Nationality Marital status Day ·1 ,Month I Year 5. Sex 6. Name and address of person to be notified in case of emergency 0 Male 0Female 7o Languages READ WRITE SPEAK Mother tongue: . Excellent Good Fair Excellent Good Fair Excellent Good Fair 8. Residence in foreign countries in relation to the candidate's professional or study interests Year: Country: Length of stay: 9. Education (start with last attended institution and work backwards) Name of institution and place of study Years of study: From - To Major fields of study Degrees 10. List membership of pr'ofessional societies and your activities in civil, public or inter- - national affairs. 11. List any relevant publications you have written (do not attach) Page 2 of 7 Pages 12. Employment record: It is important to give complete information. For each post you have occupied give details of your duties and responsibilities. A. Present or most recent post Description of your work, including your personal responsibility Years of service: from to Title of your post: Type of organization: Name and address of employer: Name of supervisor: B. Previous post Description of your work, including your personal responsibility Years of service: from to Title of your post: Type of organization: Name and address of employer: .... Name of supervisor: C. Previous post Description of your work, including your personal responsibility Years of service: .from to Title of your post: Type of organization: Name and address of employer: Name of s_upervisor: Page 3 of 7 pages 13. Proposed field of study: (The information given should be precise; the study programme will be based on it) 14. Detailed description of subject matter to be studied: 15. Description of the practical use you will make of this study on your return home in re lation to the responsibilities you expect to assume, and the conc!itions existing in your country in the field of your interests. Page 4 of 7 pages 16. Length of time required for study: 17. Proposed country of study:(*) Organizations, firms, institutions, or projects (You may list in order of preference at which study is preferred: other host countries should facilities not be available in the first). (*) The United Nations reserves the right to propose an alternative host country if in i'ts judgment the desired facilities are equally or more satisfactory in such a country; or if the desired facilities are unavailable in the country proposed by the candidate. The length of time required for study may also be adjusted by the United Nations in ac cordance with its own judtent and the budget possibilities. 18. Earliest date you could start if awarded a fellowship : 19. Is there any definite period you cannot be absent from your home country? 20. Give details of any fellowships or scholarships previously held by you, which you now hold, or for which you are a candidate. I certify that my statements in answer to the_ foregoing questions are true, complete and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. If selected as a fellow, I undertake to: (1) Conduct myself at all times in a manner compatible with my status as holder of a United Nations fellowship ; (2) Spend full time during the period of the award in the study programme as directed by the agency in the country of study and by the United Nations; (3) Refrain from engaging in political, commercial, or any other activities other than those covered by my work programme; (4) Submit reports in accordance with the arrangements made by the United Nations; (5) Return to my home country at the end of the fellowship. Date: ______Signature of candidate: ______ Page 5 of 7 pages IV. RECOMMENDATIONS OF NATIONAL SELECTING AUTHORITY Instructions To be completed in triplicate. 1. Comments on educational qualifications, experience in the subject to be studied, age, health and personality of the candidate: 2. Comments on the linguistic alJ.ity of the candidate: 3. Comments on proposed country of study, preferred institutions in that country and dura tion of fellowship : 4. Comments on use to which fellow's training will be put on his return home: Address: ______Signature and title of responsible official Place:_..;..·•------''------Date: ------1 Page 6 of 7 pages V. MEDICAL REPORT INSTRUCTIONS To be completed in triplicate by a registered medical practitioner ofter thorough clinical and laboratory examination including X-ray of chest. The United Nations reserves the right to require the candidate to undergo a further medical examination before he takes up his fellowship. Name of candidate: Age: Sex: Is the person examined at present in good health and enjoying full working capacity? Is the person examined able physically and mentally to carry on intensive study away from his home? Is-the person examined free from infectious diseases (for example, tuberculosis and trachoma) which could present risks for both the candidate and his contacts during his fellowship? Does the person examined have any condition or defect which might require treatment during his fellowship? Full name and-address of Signature of examining physician: ______examining physician (printed) Date: ------ Page 7 of 7 pages This was in my pending file. We never seemed to have received a copy of the letter that went out from Martenson. I don't know if this can be filed now. D r a f t Dear Lord Noel-Baker, The Sec. Gen. has asked me to carefully examine ttre. : request contained in your letter of 9 November 1981 in connexion with the "World Disarmament Campaign" in the U.K. As you are aware, the Gen. Assembly last year requested the Sec.Gen. to prepare a study on the organization and finanzing of a World Disarmament Campaign under the auspices of the United Nations. This expert study, of which I enclose a copy for your information, has been considered by the First Committee of the Gen. Assembly at its present session. As you will note from the enclosed draft resolution, which the First Committee adopted on 20 November by majority decision, the conclusions of the study were commended. Assuming that the Gen. Assembly Plenary will follow the recommendation of the First Committee, the study will be transmitted to the Second Special Session of the Gen. Assembly devoted to dis armament to take place from 7 June to 9 July 1982. We will therefore have to await the decision of the Special Session concerning the modalities of launching a World Disarmament Campaign in all regions of the world, including questions of financial support for the important contribution which NGO's will undoubtedly make to the Campaign. In conclusion, the Sec.Gen. has particularly asked me to express to you his deep appreciation for your continued support of the United Nations and its vital goal of preserving peace. Yours sincerely, Jan Martenson -·~.._:;-ROUTING'______SLIP FICHE DE TRANSMISSION _ TO:• A: Mr. A. Rohan FROM: DE: Jan Martenson ~ ('- Room No. - No de bureau Extension( Post ,~le 27 Nov. 1981 FOR ACTION POUR- SUITE A DONNER FOR APP ROYAL POUR APPROBATION FOR SIGNATURE POUR SIGNATURE FOR COMMENTS POUR OBSERVATIONS MAY WE DISCUSS? POURRIONS-NOUS EN PARLER? YOUR A TT ENT ION VOTR E ATTENTION AS DISCUSSED COMME CONVENU AS REQUESTED xx SUITE A VOTRE DEMANDE NOTE AND RETURN NOTER ET RETOURNER FOR INFORMATION POUR INFORMATION q'i 1;& ~l-,,w::u, e5, )\ 's COM.6 l2-78J DRAFT 25/11/81 in the United Kingdom. ~.c>.....l~ As you&GW, the lJa.iA.ed: N8'tiens General Assembly la.st year requested the Secretary-General to prepare a study on the organization and financing of a World Disarmament Campaign under the auspices of the United Nations. I o-l -.~ r...of•t.,, Thx ..i:.eJ.e,v,ant expert stu~~hich I encloseLfor your information, has been considered by the First Committee of the General Assembly at its present ~tl( w1,,..~ ri-... .-··········""-' Lsessiol\:)end-, !s you can note from the enclosed draft resolution,\M-S co~~~u- r/\ Ji\--'- / ~~re commended. I ~".'8. be~n ~n~~~~-~-the~es·oi"ntf~we.s(~doptecl' . . ~the First Committee,ori 20 November··oy'niajor1ty decision,.·-Assuming that '"- ,, '--:-, ,, , .. ,. - - - the General Assembly Plenary will follow the recommendation of the First Committee, the study will be transmitted to the Second Special Session of • l,o . the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, whieh as you-a;pe-undoubt-ediy °' awa!'e .wi¼-1 take place from 7 June to 9 July 1982. We-~ill therefore have to -await the decision of the Special Session conc.er--ning the modalities of ______...... --- launching a World Disarmament Campai in all regions of the world~ #' A.. l-tl,·"'- t- f.,v. (,(!.,,-I r~ J'.:., l(i-., f r,:;,,.,, vi-' r.,,. ,,.,1,,. a.i-ke ,,~ 11,,,,.P li,.·l' /<-Uf Let me iiake teis 8J:'!J:'!OAl!Bit¥ o express to you m;y/\appreciation continued support of the United Nations and its vital goal of preserving tlr ·l. 61 th warm personal regard~, ·) ,r Yours sincerely, :' ' :, . ,,. -''\. :)- From: The Rt.Hon. Lord Noel-Baker - 1 - Dr Kurt Waldl1eim 9th November 1981 Secretary-General United Nations United Nations New York My dear Secretary-General, I have just read your powerful message about Disarmament Week. You speak in a way which I greatly appreciate of the work which NGO's can do. As I think you know, Lord Fenner Brockway and I startea a 11 world Disarmament Campaign tt which has had a quite fabulous success. We stand for the fulfillment of the objectives of the Final Document of s.s.n.I - we speak of no partial measures anct demand. the full realisation of the transformation of world society which the policy of the Final Ilocument would mean. For this policy ana for our Campaign, we have received the full entiorse ment of the Labour Party ( the new leader, Michael Foot, speaks of it in every speech); the full endorsement of the Liberal Party, which has recently made such great gains in support; while Mrs Thatcher's gover-ilillent, refering to our Campaign., have said. that they 11 accept general and complete disarmament as the ultimate objective of their policy n. Added to these fantastic success, we have a very strong alliance with Oxfam, the importance of which you lmow; we have marvellous public meetings ( 100's and often 1,000 1 s) wherever we go; and we have strong links with powerful movements in other countries. We are not a membership organisation but we need a lot of money to employ more full-time staff officers. Is it possible that the U.N. Campaign should give us a subsidy for our strictly educational work? Can you suggest Trusts, Foundations or wealthy individuals who might •••••••••• I From: The Rt.Hon. Lord Noel-Baker - 2 - give us money? Is it possible that you should ask these people on our behalf to give us the necessary funds? We shall be most profoundly grateful for any help you can give us. We firmly believe that with the resources we need we could make a world-wide tide of opinion that might prove irresistible. With all gratitude to you for reading this letter and with kindest personal regards. Yours sincerely, Philip Noel-Baker. """' J Ji. a JZ4AW.itli "z, cs $4.;.pa;w...;,w::c;:.;:.q .4 s.,,.,.e-jl/,.,;; I l I UNITED NATIONS INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM DATE, 11 December 1981 TO: The Secretary-General A: Mr. Viacheslav Ustinov EFERENCE: ______Under-Secretary-General for THROUGH: S/C DE: Political and Secur. ty Coumni! ~Affairs Jan M6rtenson ¥\ t . FROM: Assistant-Secretary-Ge eral ~ )f\'- DE: Centre for Disa ent ;usJEcT: Group of .....,..,_~vestigate Reports OBJET: on the Use of Chemical Weapons 1. At its plenary meeting ~n 9 December, the General Assembly_adopted ••••• by a vote of 86 to 20 with 34 abstentions, resolution A/C.1/36/L.54 by which the General Assembly, inter alia, takes note with ••••• appreciation of the report of the Secretary-General (A/36/613) and requests the Secretary-General with the assistance of the Group of Experts, to continue its investigations pursuant to resolution 35/144 c and to report to the thirty-seventh session of the General Assembly. 2. In the course of the debate, it was evident that the report of the secretary-General was very well-received by all sides and many delegations, representing divergent political viewpoints, underscored the objectivity and impartiality of the conclusions contained in the report. Thus, in introducing the draft resolution in the First Committee, the representative of New Zealand commended the experts for the objectivity and integrity of their approach and characterized the report as "a landmark in the history of this organization". 3. In accordance with the provisions of resolution A/C.1/36/L.54, I suggest that the four experts resume their work during the early part of next year. •• ••• 4. In a letter dated 20 November 1981 from the Chairman addressed to the Secretary-General, the Group of EXperts suggested that a number of specific tests be conducted on blood and other~physical samples obtained during the Group's visit to Thailand. They also suggested that experienced dermatologists be consulted for their expert opinion with respect to some photographs showing skin lesions on alleged victims. In accordance with the suggestion of the Group, the Secretariat has already made informal inquiries of the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization to explore the possibility of their undertaking the necessary laboratory analyses. However, the former has notified us that it has neither facilities nor expertise to undertake the analysis, while the latter has provided information only to the effect that one of the WHO experts might be in a position to make suggestions - 2 - on how to go about having the samples analyzed. While other channels are still being explored, it would now appear that suitable facilities might be found in SWeden. It would, however, seem advisable to obtain the Group•s concurrence regarding a final decision on this matter. Pending such a decision, and at the suggestion of the united Nations Security and Safety Service, the Centre has deposited the various samples, for safekeeping, with the united Nations Medical Service. N.4TJONS Distr. GENERAL A/C.1/36/L,54 ASSElv'\BLY 24 November 1981 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Thirty-sixth session FIRST COMMITTEE Agenda item 42 CHEMIC.AL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL (BIOLOGICAL) WEAPO7-IS Australia, Canada, France, Ger::!lany, Federal Republic ,:,f', :'letl::erla.rids, Norway, :New Zealand, Spain: draft resolution The General Assembly, Reealling its resolution 35/144 C in which, inter alia, it decided to carry out an impartial investigation to aseertain the facts pertaining to reports regarding the alleged use of chemical weapons and requested the Secretary-General to carry out such an investigation with the assistance of qualified nedical and technical experts, Taking note .of the report of the Secretary-General conta.:,1ing tl::e report prepared by the Group of Experts to InvestigatP. Reports an the Alleged Use of Chemical Weapons, Noting that, as indicated by the conclusions te its ~eport, the G:coup r.if Ex:;:ierts has not yet completed the investigations called for under paragraph 5 of General Assembly resoluti11n 35/144 C, Noting also the views o:i the Group or Experts concerning the importanee of prompt •n-si te investigation •f allegati11ns of the use of che;.1ie:al weapons, and the need to devise appropriate procedures for impartial collecti~n and analysis of samples that may be •btained in the course of any such investigations, Considering, aecordingly, that the Group of Experts should continue its investigations, 1. Tak.es note with apnreciation of the report of the Secretary-General, 2. Reouests the Secretary-General, ¥ith the assistance of the Group of Experts, to continue his investigations pursuant to resolution 35/14h C and t~ report to the thirty-seventh session of the General Assembly. UNITED NATIONS A General Assembly Distr. GENERAL A/30/613 20 November 19 81 ORIGINAL~ ENGLISH Thirty-sixth session Agenda item 42 CHEMICAL AND BACTEkIOLOGICAL (BIOLOGICAL) WEAPONS Report of the Secretary-General 1. In its resolution 35/144 C of 12 December 1980, the General Assembly decided to carry out an impartiaL investigation to ascertain facts pertaining to reports regarding the alleged use of chemical weapons and to assess the extent oi the damage causea by the use of such weapons~ It requested the Secretary-GeneraL to carry out such investigation with the assistance of qualified medical and'technical experts. 2. In pursuance oi resolution 35/144 C, tne Secretary-General appointed the members of the Group of Experts to Investigate Reports on the Alleged Use of Chemical weapons. Y By a letter ctated 19 November 1~81 the Chairman of the Group of Experts transmitted to the Secretary-General tne report which is hereby suornitted to the General Assemb.Ly • .... Y For the names of the experts, see the letter of transmittal below. 81-31855 3634f (E) °i/36/613 English Annex Pagel ANNEX Report of the Group of Experts to Investig_ate Reports. on the Alleged use of Chemical Weapons CONTENTS Paragraphs FOREWORD BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3 I. INTRODUCTION•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• l J.l 5 II. ORGANIZATION OF WORK AND RECORDS OF PROCEEDINGS ...... 12 23 6 II I. BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEM OF THE ALLEGED USE OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON THE SUBJECT•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 24 - 29 8 IV. GENERAL OBSER\71\TIONS ON CHEMICAL 'WEAPONS AND . . . ~ . PARAMETERS OF THE INVESTIGATION •••••••••••• -~. -••••••••••• 35 47 13 v. EVALUATION OF WRITTEN su:az-ttSSIONS ••••••••••••••••••••••• 48 - 61 21 VI. THE QUESTION OF MYCOTOXINS •••• -~ ••••••••••••••• -~ ·••••••• '·. 62 73 26 --- . . -· _, , . ' - r.-•, VII. ON-SITE COLLECTION AND EXAMINATION OF EVIDENCE ••• ~.-••••• 74 92 30 VIII. CONCLUSIONS ...... ·...... · ••••• • •••• ~ •• ~ ••• 93 9·s 34 ANNEXES I. Questionnaire sent by the "Group of Ex'per"ts tb "the Governments of Canada and the United s·tiites ~f ·America ...... 36 ll. Substantive part's of conuiiu'nicatit>rts reb'e1~ed 'tr~m internation.al org'anizatiohs -• ~ •••••· •••••••• ·• ·••••••• --~ .--•••• ·•••••••••• 37 IV. Questionnaire 'se'n't by the .Groµp of Ex)?,er~s 't,o th'e Govern'ment of the United States of . ~er"ic:ia in . . . .· . . . ' _.. . .- - ~ . : connexion with its submission dated 14 ·September 1981 ...... 44 v. Summary of stateme~ts made duri'ng interviews conducted by the Group of Experts during its visit to Thailand .•.•.•..•...... •.....•. -. • • . • . • . • . • • • • . . . • • . • • • • 46 / ... A/36/613 English Annex Page 2 FOREWORD BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL 1. By its resolution 35/144 C of 12 December 1980, the General Assembly decided to carry out an impartial investigation to ascertain the facts pertaining to the reports regarding the alleged use of chemical weapons and to assess the extent of the damage causea by the use of such weapons. The Assemoly, further, requested the Secretary-General to carry out such investigation, with the assistance of qualified meaical and tecnnical experts in orcier to: (a) seeK relevant information from all concerned Governments, international organizations and other sources necessary, (b) collect and examine evidence, incluaing on-site witn the consent of the countries concerned, to the extent relevant to the purposes of the investigation. 2. In pursuance to the resolution, a group of qualified experts was appointeu after consultations with Member States. The Group held three sessions between April and November 1981. 3. The experts, in their personal capdcities, have submitted to the Secretary-General a report containing their considered views on the subject-matter and conclusions on their findings· with regaru to reports on the alleged use of chemical weapons as stipulated by the General Assembly in resolution 35/144 C. 4. The Secretary-General wishes to thank the experts for their report which, in pursuance of paragraph 5 of resolution 35/144 C, he hereby submits to the General Assembly for its consideration. It shoula be noted tuat the observations anu conclusions contained in the report are those of the experts. :i:n this connexion, the Secretary-General would like to point out that in the complex fiela of disarmament matters, in many instances he is not in a position· to pass JUagement on all aspects of the work accomplished by experts. f - A/36/613 English Annex· Page 3 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 19 Nove1tiber 19 81 Sir, I have the honour to submit herewith the report of the Group of Experts to Investigate Reports on the Alleged Use of Chemical Weapons which was appointeu by you in pursuance of paragraph 5 of.General Assembly resolution 35/144 c of 12 December 1980. The experts appointed by you were the following: Major General Dr. Esmat A. Ezz, M.B., a.Ch., D.M., Ph.D. Reau of Scientific Research Branch Egyptian Armed Forces, Cairo, Egypt · or. Edward E. 1¥11beva, M.D., F.R.c.s. consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon Coast Province General Hospital Mombasa, Kenya . · Lt. Col. Nestor C. Cast:illo, B.S., CH.E., M.B.A. Deputy Chief and ~ecutive Officer Ordnance and Chemical Service Armed Forces of.the Philippines Quezon City, Philippines Dr. Humberto Guerra, M.D., Ph.D., Dr. Mea. Professor Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Lima, Peru The report was prepared between April and November 1981, uuring which period the Group held three sessions: from 20 to l4 April, from 13 to 28 July and from 20 October to 19 November 1981 in New York. During the latter period between 31 October and 10 November, the Group also undertook a visit to Thailand for the purpose of on-site collection and examination of evidence. Mr • . Ku rt Waldheim Secretary-General of the · United Nations •New York A/36/613 ~glish Annex Page 4 The memcers of the Group of Experts wish to express their appreciation for the assistance which they received from members of the Secretariat of the United Nations. They wish, in particular, to convey their thanks to Nr. Sohrao Kheraai, Senior Political Affairs Officer, Centre for Disarmament, who served as Secretary of the Group, to Mr. wioozimierz Wieczorek, Senior Political Affairs Officer, Centre for Disarmament, and to Professor Herbert Marcovich of the Pasteur Institute, Paris, who servea as consuitant to the Secretariat. I have been requeted by the Group of Experts, as its Chairman, to submit to you on its behalt, its report which was unanimously approved. (Signed) Esmat· A. EZZ Chairman of the Group of Experts to Investigate Reports on the Alleged Use of Chemical weapons / ... A/36/613 English Annex Page 5 I. INTRODUCTION l. By its resolution 3~/144 C of 12 December 1980, the General Assembly called upon all States parties to the 1925 Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, 1/ to reaffirm their determination strictly to observe all their obligations under the Protocol, and upon those States which hact not yet done so to accede to the Protocol, and appealed to all States to comply with the principles and objectives of the Protocol. Further, the Assembly decideo to carry out an impartial investigation to ascertain the facts pertaining to reports regarding the alleged use of chemical weapons ana to assess the extent of the damage caused by the use of chemical weapons and requested the Secretary-General to carry out such investigation, inter alia, takiny into account proposals advanced by the States on whose territories the use of chemical weapons had been reportea, with the assistance oi qualified medical and technical experts who shall~ (a) seek relevant information from all concerned Governments, international organizations and other sources necessary, ·(b) collect and examine evidence, incluuing on-site with the consent of the countries concerned, to the extent relevant to the purposes of the investigation. Finally, the Assemply invited the Governments of States where chemical weapons were used to provicte the Secretary-General with all relevant intorrnation they miyht have in their possession, called upon all States to co-operate in this investigation and to proviae any relevant information they might have in their i:X)SSession regaraing such reports, ana requested the Secretary-General to submit a report on the matter to the Assembly at its thirty-sixth session. 2. Pursuant to that resolution, the Secretary-General sent to all the Member States a note verbale dated 26 January 1981 requesting any information that the respective Governments might deem appropriate to provide in that connexion, to which communications were received from 24 Governments. Further communications were received from the Government of tne United States of America on 14 September and 12 November 1981. 3. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the Office of the Uniteo Nations High commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the World Health Organization (WHO) sent their comments in accoroance with operative paragraph 5 (a) of resolution 35/144 C. 4. The Group of Experts to Investigate Reports on the Alleged Use of Chemical Weapons, nominated by the Secretary-General, conducted its investigation during three sessions held between April and November 19 81. '£he organization of work and the proceedings of the Group are summarized in section II of this report. 5 • Section III describes briefly tht= bacKground to the problem and the sources of information upon which the investigation was based. !I League or Nations, Treaty Series, vol. XCIV (1929), No. 2138, p. 65. / ... A/36/613 English Annex Page 6 6. Section IV contains general observations on the use of chemical weapons, ana the question of definition and parameters of the investigation. 7. Section V sets forth an evaluation of written submissions. 8. Section VI deals with the question of mycotoxins which the Group examined, in some detail, in the course of its investigation, in connexion with the Unitea States reports on the alleged use of such toxins as a chemical warfare agent. 9. Section VII contains inrormation concerning the Group's visit to Thailana, which was undertaken with a view to collecting and examining evidence from victims ana/or eye-witnesses of tne alleged use of chemical weapons. 10. The conclusions arrived at by the Group appear in section VIII of the report. 11. The report also contains a 'numoer of annexes which are as follows: I. Questionaire sent by the Group of Experts to the Governments of Canada and the United s~ates of America; II. Substantive parts of the communications by the international organizations; III. Trichothecenes; IV. Questionaire sent by the Group of Experts to the Government of the United States in connexion with its submission dated 14 September 1981; and V. Summary of the interviews conducteu by the Group or Experts auring its visit to Thailand. II. ORGANIZATION OF WORK AND RECORDS OF PROCEEDINGS 12. The Group of Experts to Investigate Reports on the Alleged Use of Chemical Weapons, established by the Secretary-General pursuant to General Assembly resolution 35/144 C, held its first session from 20 to 24 April 1981 at United Nations Headquarters in New York. 13. '4'he se~sion was attendea by MdJor General Dr. Esmat A. Ezz of Egypt ana Dr. Edwara E. Arnbeva of Kenya as well as by the Consultant to the Group, Dr. Herbert Marcovich of the Pasteur Institute, Paris, France. The Group decideu to defer the question of election of a Chairman until the second session, pending the completion of the Group. 14. The Group consiuered its manuate as contained in operative paragraphs 4 ana 5 of the resolution according to which the Secretary-General was requested to carry out an impartial investigation to ascertain facts pertaining to the rej,JOrts regarding the alleged use of chemical weapons and to assess the extent of the damage caused by the use of chemical weapons, and to carry out such investigation. 15. At its first session, the Group carried out a prel1minary examination of the following material: y Y Regarding a detailed discussion of sources of information, see sect. III. I •• • A/36/613 English Annex Page 7 (a) Replies received from Governments .:o the note verbale from the Secretary-General, dated 2ci January 1981, pursuant to resolution 35/144 C. y X .... _ (b) Relevant documents of the thirty-fifth a thirty-sixth sessions of the General Assembly. 16. The Group also took note of the existence of other General Assembly aocuments from previous years which might be of relevance to its work. 17 • After the preliminary examina,tion of the material, the Group felt that in order to ascertain the facts and with a view to reaching scientific conclusions, it was important that a questionnaire, as formulated by the experts, should be addressed to the Governments which had submitted substantive information in response to the note verbale of the Secretary-General, requesting them to furnish further details which might clarify areas of uncertainty concerning the reports where alleged U§~ of chemical agents were mentioned. y Accordingly, at the request of the Group, the questionnaire was transmitted to Canada and the United States of America and the replies V received were available to the group at its second session. 18. Upon the completion of nominations by the Secretary-General, the Group of Experts held its second session from 13 to 28 July 1981. The Group elected Major General Dr. Esmat A. Ezz as its Chairman. 19. During its second session, the Group, after having once again taken note of its mandate as contained in paragraphs 4 and 5 of resolution 35/144 c, undertook an examination of the new material on the alleged instances of the use of chemical weapons. ~ 20. Further, the Group noted that in pursuance of paragraph 5 (a) of resolutio11 35/144 C, the Secretariat, in a communication dated 1 May 1981, had requested the following organizations to provide any information that they might deem appropriate; the International Committee of the Red Cross, the Office of the Unitea Y Conference Room Papers No. land 2 containing, inter alia, a compendium entitled "Reports of the Use of Chemical Weapons in Afghanistan, Laos ana Kampuchea", and its up-date enclosed with the communication of the United States Government, dated 27 March 1981, in reply to the note verbale of the Secretary-General dated 26 January 1981. y For the contents of the questionnaire, see annex I. Y Conference Room Papers Nos. 2 and Aad.l. y Conference Room Paper No. 1, Adds. 3 and 4; Confrence Room Paper No. 2 and Add.l; and documents A/36/81, 104, 121, 157, 173, 207, 229, 232-S/14473, l54 and 312. / ... A/36/613 English Annex Page 8 Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the World Health Organization. The Group studied the replies received from the International Committee of the Red Cross and the World Health Organization. 'J./ 21. In the course of its second session, the Group also considered questions related to the background to the problem of the alleged use of chemical weapons and took a decision on the parameters of its investigation in terms of the documentation on the basis of which the investigation should proceed. ij 22. In addition, the Group of Experts discussed various issues related to the technical and medical aspects concerning the methods of its investigation, including the question of definitions and parameters of its investigation. 23. The third session of the Group was helct from 20 October to 19 November 1981 in New York, with a concurrent visit to Thailand from 31 October to 10 Novmber 1981. During this perioa the Group examined new submissions referred to in paragraphs 62, 63 and 73 below and adopted its report to be submitted to the General Assembly at its thirty-sixth session. The visit to Thailand was made by the Group pursuant to the acceptance from the Government of Thailand to visit the holding centres for refugees from Indochina in pursuance of paragraph 5 (b) of Assembly resolution 35/144 C. III. BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEM OF THE ALLEGED USE OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON THE SUBJECT 24. In the context of the United Nations, allegations concerning the use of chemical weapons have been made in the past t'rom time to time, as reflected in the relevant documents of the General Assembly over the years. General Assembly resolution 35/144 C was, however, the first instance in which the Assembly decided to,. request the Secretary-General to carry out an investigation of reports concerning the alleged use of chemical weapons and to assess the extent of the damage caused by the use of these weapons. 25. In the course of discussing its mandate, the Group considered the parameters of its investigation in terms of the documentation on the basis of which it would conduct its investigation. 26. The Group of Experts was cognizant of the relevant discussion during the thirty-fifth session of the General Assembly concerning questions relating to a possible time frame within which reports of alleged use ot chemical weapons would have to be investigated. i'.t 1/ Conference Room Paper No. 3. For the reply from UNHCR, see para. 50. JY See section III. A/36/613 English Annex Page 9 27. After an intensive exchange of views and elaborate consideration of the question of documentation to be addressed, the Group decided that, for practical reasons, it would be necessary to concentrate, in the first place, on the communications received from Governments by the Secretary-General, in pursuance of paragraphs 6 and 7 of resolution 35/144 c, in which the General Assembly invited the Governments of States where chemical weapons were used to provide the Secretary-General with all relevant information they might have in their possession, and called upon all States to co-operate in this investigation and to provide any relevant information they might have in their possession regarding such reports. 28. Communications were received from the following Member States: Australia, Belgium, Canda, Cuba, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, German, Federal Republic of, Greece, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America and Viet Nam. " 29. Furthermore, the Group deemed it necessary to take account of the relevant documentation and official records of the thirty-fifth session of the General Assembly on the subject, as well as of the relevant documentation on this matter submitted in connexion with the thirty-sixth session of the Assembly. The following documents were considered by the Group; I. Complaints regarding the alleged use of chemical weapons submitted at the thirty-fifth session of th~ General Assembly. (a) Letter dated 22 January 1980 from the Charge d'Affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Viet Nam to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General {A/35/71); (b) Letter dated 11 February 1980 from the Permanent Representative of Democratic Kampuchea to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/35/96-5/13790)) (c) - Letter dated 11 April 1980 from the Permanent Representative of Democratic Kampuchea to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/35/173-S/13891) i (d) Letter dated 24 April 19 80 from the Permament Representative of Democratic Kampuchea to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/35/185-S/13906)i (e) Letter dated 12 May 1980 from the Permanent Representative of Viet Nam to, the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/35/226); j (f) Letter dated 10 June 1980 from the Permanent Representative of Democratic Kampuchea to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General . (A/35/288-S/13992) i -t' A/36/613 lI English ! Annex Page 10 I I (g) Note verbale dated 4 September 1980 from the Permanent Mission of Afghanistan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/35/430); (h) Letter dated 17 September 1980 from the Permanent Representative of Democratic Kampuchea to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/35/462-S/14178). ';II. Official records of discussion at the thirty-fifth session of the General Assembly on the subject under agenda item 34. III. Complaints regarding the alleged use of chemical weapons submitted at the thirty-sixth session of the General Assembly. (a) Letter dated 26 January 1981 from the Permanent Representative of Democratic Kampuchea to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/36/81); (b) Letter dated 17 February 1981 from the Permanent Representative of Democratic Kampuchea to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/36/104) ; (c) Le~ter dated 9 March 1981 from the Permanent Representative of Democratic Kampuchea to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/36/121)1 (d) Letter dated 27 March 1981 from the Permanent Representative of Democratic Kampuchea to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General {A/36/157) J (e) Letter dated 6 April 1981 from the Permanent Representative of Democratic Kampuchea to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/36/173); (f) Letter dated 14 April 1981 from the Permanent Representative of Democr~ic Kampuchea to. the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/36/207) ; (g) Letter dated 27 April 1981 from the Permanent Representative of Democratic Kampuchea to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/36/229); (h) Letter dated 5 May 1981 from the Permanent ·Representative of Democratic Kampuchea to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/36/232-S/14473) ; . (i) Letter dated 14 May 1981 from the Permanent Representative of Democratic Kampuchea to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/36/254); (j) Letter dated 8 June 1981 from the Permanent Representative of Democratic Kampuchea to the United ·Nations· addre-ssed to the Secretary-General (A/36/312) 1 (k) Note verbale dated 14 September 1981 from the Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations addressed to Secretary-General (A/36/509) J I ••• A/36/613 English Annex Page 11 (1) Letter dated 22 September 1981 from the Permanent Representative of Viet Nam to the Unitea Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/36/549); (m) Letter dated 30 September 19 81 from the Permanent Representative of Cuba to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/36/566-S/14713); (n) Letter dated 5 October 1981 from the Permanent Representative of UJba to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General transmitting Inter-Parliamentary Conference resolutions (A/36/584); (o) Letter dated 9 November 1981 from the Permanent Representative of Democratic Kampuchea to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/36/664)J (p) Letter dated 13 November 1981 from the Permanent Representative of Democratic Kampuchea to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/36/687)1 (q) Letter dated 9 October 1981 from the Permanent Representative of Viet Nam to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/C.l/36/5)1 {r) Letter dated 12 November 1981 from the Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/C. l/36/10) • 30. In addition, the Group noted that in the preambular paragraphs or resolution 35/144 C the General Assembly had•taken note of the statements of various internatiqnal organizations concerning certain reports of the alleged use of chemical weapons. Also, in paragraph 5 of that resolution, the Assembly requested that relevant information on the subject be sought, inter alia, from international organizations. Accordingly, as noted in paragraph 20 above, the Secretariat, in communications dated l May 1981, requested the International Committee of the Red Cross, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the World Health Organization to provide any information that they might deem appropriate. Replies were received from the ICRC, UNHCR and WHO and were examined by the Group. V 31. The Group recognized that in carrying out its task it could explore other necessary sources of information as stipulated in paragraph 5 (a) of resolution 35/144 c. 32. After a thorough examination of the relevant documentation, the Group found that various statements containing allegations of the use of chemical weapons in recent wars and in military operations were related to a number of areas of the world, but that in a majority of instances the claims were not pursued in ~e communications submitted in reply to the note verbale of the Secretary-General. 33. With regard to complaints by Viet Nam, the Group took note of the -retter dated 22 January 1980 from the Charge d'Affairs a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Viet Nam 2/ For the text.of the substantive parts of the replies, see annex II. I ••• A/36/613 English Annex Page 12 to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/35/71), the annex to which contained a "Memorandum of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam on the U.S. criminal use of toxic chemicals in Viet Nam, Laos and Kampuchea". This stated, inter alia: "In its war of aggression against the peoples of Viet Nam, Laos and Kampuchea, besides bombs and shells and war means of various kinds, the United States used systemically and on a large-scale toxic chemicals and gases to kill civilians and destroy the environment in the three Irtdochinese countries. "The United States sprayed more than 100,000 tons of toxic chemicals on almost all provinces of South Viet Nam, where 13,000 km2 (43%) of land areas and 25,000 km2 (44%} of forests were targets for one to several sprayings. "70% of coconut orchards, 60% of rubber plantations, 110,000 hectares of pine-woods along the coast and 150,000 hectares of mangrove forests were sprayed for defoliation, an amount of food enough to feed millions of people was destroyed as a result of this chemical warfare. "There were 2,000,000 victims of toxic chemicals among whom 3,500 were dead. n "Of late, in close collaboration with China and its henchmen, the United States has circulated fabrications and slanderous allegations about what is called 'Viet Nam's use of toxic chemicals in Laos and Kampuchea•. "In so doing, the United States, obviously, tries to mislead public opinion, cover up and blot out its genocidal crimes in the Indochinese peninsula and shirk its responsibility for the crimes it committed against the peoples of Viet Nam, Laos and Kampuchea, &nd its responsibility towards victims of chemical warfare who were U.S. servicemen and soldiers of U.S. allies engaged in the war of aggression against Viet Nam. "While striving to stage this scene of 'Viet Nam's use of toxic chemicals', the United States deliberately conceals the war crimes against the Vietnamese people in February 1979 by Chinese troops including the use of toxic gas in some populated areas and the poisoning of drinking water sources in the areas they set foot in." 34. (a) Furthermore, the Group studied the reply of the Government of Viet Nam, dated 18 April 1981, to the note verbale by the Secretary-General dated 26 January 1981 the relevant part of which referred to the subject examined by the Group and stated the following: "Of late, the United States has, in coordination with the Chinese ruling circles, slanderously charged Viet Nam of resorting to the so-called 'use of chemical weapons' in order to cover up the criminal u.s. chemical war waged against.the Vietnamese people and the crime of genocide perpetrated by the Cbinese ruling circles against the Karnpuchean people through the hands of tbeiJ: henchmen, the Pol Pot clique of bourreaus. A/36/613 English Annex Page 13 "At the thirty-fifth session of the General Assembly, the delegation of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam, together with many other delegations, rejected this vicious political design and voted against resolution 35/144 C. "The Socialist Republic of Viet Nam, in co-operation with other countries, is making great efforts to correctly assess and gradually overcome the consequences of the use of U.S. chemical weapons caused to the people and the environment of Viet Nam. However the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam will not engage in any activities in the framework of the ill-intentioned resolution 35/144 c. 11 {b) The Group of Experts also took note of the reply by the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic dated 31 August 1981 to the note verbale of the Secretary-General dated 26 January 1981 in pursuance of resolution 35/144 C, the relevant part of which stated inter alia: "During the debate in the First Committee on questions of arms limitation and disarmament at the thirty-fifth session of the General Assembly, the delegation of the Lao People's Democratic Republic vigorously refuted ana condemned the totally unfounded allegatins brought against its country by the delegation of the United States on the subject of chemical weapons. "While continuing its efforts, together with all countries which value peace and security, towards the conclusion of an international treaty on the banning of chemical weapons, the Lao People's Democratic Republic reaffirms its unmoving opposition to resolution 35/144 C and categorically rejects the so-called 'Group of Experts' envisaged in that resolution." (c) Under the circumstances, the Group felt unable to undertake any investigation of the allegations concerning the use of chemical weapons on the territory of Viet Nam and Laos. IV. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON CHEMICAL WEAPONS AND PARAMETERS OF THE INVESTIGATION 35. In its enoeavours to examine impartially the reported i3,llegations regarding the use of chemical weapons, the Group of Experts had to compare the materi~l submitted for its consideration with the accessible body of available up-to-date information on such chemical weapons. Presented below is the background iriformation on this subj~ct as aiscussed by the Group during its proceedings. A. Existing prohibitions on the use of chemical weapons 36. From a military point of view, chemical warfare is highly effectivef but it has been considered an uncivilized anq immoral torm of warfare, especially since its use in world War I. Attempts to outlaw chemical warfare were made in the Brussels Declaration of 1874 and at the Hague International Peace Conference of 1899, which condemned the use of asphyxiating gases. When casualties of gas I ••• _j A/36/613 English Annex Page 14 attacks returned home after the First World War, their physical condition raised great concern and caused horror towards the use of chemical warfare agents. The Versailles Peace Treaty contained a section which outlawea the use of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases and all analogous liquids. As a result of various efforts of the International Committee of the Red Cross and under the pressure of general public opinion, the Geneva Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare 10/ was concluded in 1925. This Protocol is considered by many governments as prohibiting the first use of chemical weapons, since a number of signatories of the Protocol reserved the right to retaliate in kind. Other States consider that only States parties to the Protocol are entitled to benefit from its restrictions. The Protocol does not prohibit the production of chemical weapons, nor does it include verification provisions. B. Combat characteristics of chemical weapons 37. Chemical weapons possess the following combat characteristics: (a) Large area coverage, (b) Penetration into shelters, bunk~rs, buildings, personnel carriers, tanks, interior of aircraft and ships, (c) Covertness, (d) Ability to pollute water and food suppliesi (e) Ability to continue to produce their·effect for some time after their use, depending on the nature of the agent usedJ (f) Wide range of optional effects extending from rates and degrees of incapacitation of various kinds to lethality, the onset of which may occur after varying periods following exposurei (g) Ability not to destroy territory, buildings or equipments and to be utilized for neutralizing areas whose resources are to be kept completely intact for use after occupation, (h}- Ability to render areas temporarily impassable or untenable1 (i) Ability to render material and equipment temporarily unusable, (j) Ability to. produce panic and horror among troops, especially if they are not well trained, or equipped with protective meansi (k) Troops are forced to put on protective masks and clothes, which greatly reduce their combat effectiveness. !QI League of Nations, Treaty Series, vol. XCIV (1929), No. 2138, p. 65. I ••• A/36/613 English Annex Page 15 c. Methods of .disseminati,on 38. Chemical agents are usually stored in liquid, powder or gaseous form. The agents can be loaded into most of the tactical and strategic munitions and delivery systems. Chemica 1 munitions include artillery shells, mortar bombs, mines, aerial bombs, grenades, _ ..... ckets and cannisters for aerial spraying. Some aerial bombs or missile warheads are filled with bomblets or submunitions which are scattered across the target area, exploding in mid-fall or by delayed action once they reach the ground. Chemical agents can be disseminated by aerial spraying, creating chemical clouds whose life span would depend on the particle size of the aerosal producea and also on the speed of the wind and other weather conditions. Chemical ammunitions pose great risks in storage, transport and handling; in addition some of these ammuhitions may leak when old. These considerations have led to the introduction of binary munitions, which contain-two separate compartments, each containing an agent which by itself is practically non-toxic. After a projectile has been fired the two substances mix and thus generate the toxic agent while i_n flight. such chemical ammunition is safer to hanctle and can be stored indefinitely. D•. Routes of entry 39. Chemical warfare agents gain access to the living organism through breathing and feeding or through the skin and/or mucous membranes. Plants can be toxic after absorbing herbicides or defoliants through their leaves or roots. Humans and animals can be injured or killed when they breathe the air, eat food or drink water which has been contaminated with a chemical warfare agent. Disease or death may also occur if such agents enter the body via cuts, wounds or the bare skin. Incapacitating or harassing agents are prone to produce their effect by entering the eyes and/or the respiratory tract. E. Effects of the use of chemical weapons from the point of view of medical signs and symptoms 40. The following generally recognized effects of the commonly known chemical warfare agents on the major organs and systems of the body were taken into account by the Group in its investigation, drawing on th publicly accessible sources of professional literature, notably: the report of the Secretary-General entitled "Chemical and Bacteriological (Biological) Weapons and the Effects of their Possible Use," 11/ the WHO Report on Health Aspects of Chemical and Biological Weapons, 12/ Stockholm International Peace Research Institute and others, such as military manuals and military journals. 1. Effects on the eyes 41. Practically all ch.emical warfare agents affect the eyes to some extent, dependent on the nature of te agent and its concentration • .!!/ United Nations publication, Sales No. E.69.I.24. ,W Health Aspects of Chemical and Biological Weapons, report of a WHO Group of consultants (World Health Organization, Geneva, 1970). I •. • A/36/613 English Annex Page 16 (a) Vesicants (mustard, nitrogen mustard and lewisite), if brought into contact with the eyes, cause great damage. The symptoms begin with redness and oedema of conjunctiva, a severely painful gritty sensation, swollen eyelids and blepharospasm, and increase to include photophobia, excessive lacrimation and ulceration of the cornea. In severe cases the pupil may be slightly constricted but light reflex is still present. The effects of lewisite occur immediately after exposure, while those of mustard are delayed for several hours and may not reach their peak except after 2 to 3 days after initial contact. (b) Nerve agents in vapor or liquid form cause constriction of the pupil (pin-point) which is nonreactive. '!hey cause redness of the conjunctiva, pain behind the eye and dimness of vision. (c) Phosgene may produce some lacrimation, but the respiratory symptoms overshadow this effect. (d) Sternutators irritate the eyes and cause lacrimation but they are mainly recognized by the concomitant sneezing and coughing. (e) Lacrimators cause irritation of the eyes, pain, redness, photophobia, pelepharospasm and profuse lacrimation. (f) Cyanogen chloride vapor causes irritation of the eyes and lacrimation. 2. Effects on the nose and throat Such effects include the following: (a) Sternutators cause violent sneezing, pain, a feeling of fullness of the nose and rhinorrhea. (b) Vesicants cause local irritation and severe pain, followed by swelling, discharge and local ulceration. These symptoms are more severe when lewisite is involvedJ the effects of the use of this agent occur immediately after exposure. (c) Nerve agents produce no local action on the nose and throat but as a part of their general action they produce watery discharge, excessive salivation and a feeling of tightness in the throat. (d) Lacrimators cause local irritation lasting during the period of exposure only. (e) Cyanogen chloride vapor, if inhaled, caused nasal irritation and rhinorrhea. (f) Diphenylcyanorsine (DC) may produce bleeding through the nose and mouth. 3. Effects on the respiratory system (a) Lacrimators, if inhaled in high concentration, produce ~ocal irritation and tightne·ss of the chest. I ••. A/36/613 English Annex Page 17 (b) Sternutators, if inhaled, cause local irritation and pain, and besides sneezing, cause violent coughing. (c} Inhalation of cyanogen chloride causes irritation of the respiratory system, coughing, choking and tightness of the chest. (d) Inhalation of hydrocyanic acid causes deepeningr of the respiration at first, followed by dyspnea, gasping and cessation of respiration. (e) Inhalation of phosgene causes tightness of the chest, excessive coughing, choking, increasing dyspnea, frothy sputum and cyanosis and finally lung oedema. (f) Vesicants, inhalation of mustard and nitrogen mustard cause a slowly developing irritation, tightness of the chest, cough and hoarseness of the voice and dyspnea. When lewisite is used the symptoms develop and progress very rapidly. (g) Nerve agents, if inhaled, do not produce local action, but they are rapidly absorbed. As a part of their general effects they produce bronchorrhea bronchospasm, cough and dyspnea. Secretions may become so excessive that the casualty may be drawn in his own secretions. At lethal levels, respiratory failure due to paralysis of the respiratory muscles may occur. 4. Effects on the gastrointestinal tract Such effects include the following: (a) Sternutators may produce excessive salivation. (b) Cyanogen chloride may produce nausea. (c) Phosgene may cause nausea, but this is usually overshadowed by the respiratory effects. (d) Vesicants, if ingested, cause severe vomiting and diarrhea. (e) Nerve agents affect the gastrointestinal tract through their general effects. They cause excessive salivation, abdominal cramps, heartburn, eructation diarrhea, tenesmus and involuntary defecation. 5. Effects on the cardiovascular system Such effects include the following: (a) Phosgene has effects on the cardiovascular system that are secondary to those it exerts on the respiratory system and to the development of lung oedema. (b) Vesicants may induce shock, owing to loss of body fluids through the damaged skin. As vesicants cause depression of the bone marrowafter systemic absorptio•n they cause anaemia and haemorrhages. (c) Nerve agents may cause pallor and elevation of the blood pressure. Later, shock may occur with the development of respiratory failure. -- A/36/613 English Annex Page 18 .I 6. Effects on the urinary system I Nerve agents may cause incrased freuqency of micturition and in severe cases i involuntary micturition may occur. 7. Effects on the skin Such effects include the following: (a) Lacrimators and sternutator may produce mild stinging in the skin of the face. When the skin is not healthy, dermatitis may occur. Blisters do not arise. (b) When phosgene produces respiratory embarrassment, it causes cyanosis of the skin. (c) Hydrocyanic acid makes the skin more pink than normal, because of the inability of the tissues to remove oxygen from the blood. However, the skin becomes cyanotic when respiration stops. {d) Vesicants cause redness, burning, blisters and, later, necrosis at the sites exposed. Mustard and nitrogen mustard produce delayed and less pronounced discomforts, while arsenical vesicants such as Lewisite and phosgene oxime produce immediate pain and irritation. (e) Nerve agents, although readily absorbed through the skin, do not have irritant local effect. As a part of the general effects of a nerve agent, increased sweating and muscular twitches may occur at the site of absorption. When the case progresses, profuse perspiration and extensive muscle tightening may be noted. 8. Effects on the skeletal muscles: ... Of all the chemical warfare agent agents only the nerve agents affect the skeletal muscles. Muscle twitches may occur at the sites of skin absorption. Besides easy fatigability and progresive general weakness, systemic nerve agent poisoriing causes muscle cramps ~md twitches. Generalized convulsions occur before death. 9. Effects on the central nervous system Such effects include the following: (a) Exposure to lacrimators may be followed by a headache. . . (b) Sternuta·tors may cause headaches and slight mental depression. (c) PJ:iosgene may cause malaise, headache and depress•ion in severe cases. (d) Vesicants can produce mental depression after severe exposure. I ••• A/36/613" English Annex Page 19 (e) Depending on the dose absorbed, nerve agents may have effects on the central nervous system. ~hese start with giddiness, headache, drowsiness, insomnia, incoherence and a loss of memory. Severe effects include confusion, slurring of speech, ataxia, generalized muscular weakness including respiratory muscles, coma, loss of reflexes, convulsions and death. F. Question of definition and parameters of the investigation 42. The group addressed itself to th question of definition of chemical weapons so as to be able to evaluate the allegations presented. In the course of its deliberations it, inter alia, considered the definitions of chemical weapons contained in the report of the Secretary-General on chemical and biological weapons in the World Health Organization report on health aspects of chemical and biological weapons, as well as discussions held in the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament and the Committee on Disarmament on a ban on chemical weapons. ~ 43. In the report of the Secretary-General Qi, chemical agents of warfare were defined as "chemical substances, whether gaseous, liquid, or solid, which might be employed because of their direct toxic effects on men, animals and plants" (para. 17). This report considers toxins as chemical warfare agents because, although they are produced by living organisms, they themselves do not multiply. 44. Similarly, the World Health Organization Report entitled "Health Aspects of Chemical and Biological Weapons" contains a similar approach to the definition of chemical warfare agents. Besides the definition, it addresses certain criteria regarding the categories of chemical warfare agents. It provides the following: (a) Chemical agents of warfare include all substances having harmful toxic effects on men, animals or plants; (b) A lethal agent is one intended to cause death when man is exposed to concentrations well within the capability of delivery for military purposes; (c) An incapacitating agent is one intended to cause temporary disease or to induce temporary mental or physical disability, the duration of which greatly exceeds the period of exposure; (d) A harassing agent (or short-term incapacitant) is one capable of causing a rapid disablement that lasts for little longer than the period of exposure. Furthermore, the report proceeds to point out that no sharp line of demarcation can be drawn between lethal and incapacitating agents used in chemical warfaree, because incapacitating agents can be lethal or permanently disabling under certain circumstances (e.g., in the presence of malnutrition or pre-existing· diseases, in infants or the aged, or when there is exposure to unusually high doses, as in enclosed spaces or in close proximity to functioning chemical weaponSJ. - For similar reasons, no sharp demarcation line can be drawn between harassing agents and other anti-personnel chemical agents. Furthermore, harassing agents may be used in war in conjunction with high-explosive, fragmentation or other weapons to increase the lethal effectiveness of the latter, as distinct from their employment in riot control in order to reduce injuries and to save lives. ldf See foot-note 11. / ...... " A/36/613 English Annex Page 20 45. The definitions proposed in the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament and in the Committee in Disarmament included different points of view dealing with evaluation of toxj~ity, single and dual purpose agents precursors, binary weapons and other areas that the group felt have no direct bearing on the current investigation. Besides, no consensus has emerged as yet on any one single definition. • 46. In view of the above considerations, the group, in defining the parameters of its investigation, took into account, inter alia, the following: Delivery systems (a} The chemical weapon system includes a delivery system for chemical warfare agents; (b} Any delivery system can be used for this purpose; (c) The design of delivery systems of chemical weapons can also be specific. Thus, for example, the thickness of the wall of the chemical projectile is usually less than that of a highly explosive projectile. On the other hand, a standard highly explosive projectile can also be filled wit:1 chemical agents. In any case, perhaps the only way to determine whether a projectile used in warfare is a chemic~l weapon or not is by having access to such projectile or its remnants and to conduct a technical examination and, if necessary, even laboratory tests for chemical agents or degradation products that might be present; (d} Perhaps, the binary chemical ammunition would be the only type which could be exclusively used for chemical warfare. The presence of remnants of such ammunitions would probably yield conclusive evidence of a chemical attack; (e} Aerial spraying can only be used in the case of chemical and biological warfare and hence incidents where such a method is being used can be taken as evidence of such types of warfare. The only way to differentiate between such types of warfare, besides studying the effects and their onset, would be laboratory analysis. It is known that whereas in the case of chemical attack the effects produced occur either immediately or shortly thereafter, in the case of biological warfare, a much longer period. o·f incubation is involved. Chemical agents 47. The group decided to take into account the chemical agencs which were considered in the reports of the Secretary-General and. WHO and decided that the agents to be considered were the groups and types of chemical agents which are commonly known to include lethal agents, incapacitants, and harassing agents. Toxins were also considered, in this context because they are poisonous chemicals regardless of methods ofe production, be they biological or synthetic: it is known that some toxins which are normally produced by micro-organisms can be synthesized without the benefit of any living organism. 14/ W' For further elaboration regarding the chemical agents under consideration, se,e section VI and annex III. / ... A/36/613 English Annex Page 21 V. ·EVALUATION OF WRITTEN SUBMISSIONS A. Methods 48. TO investigate an allegation of chemical attack, the ideal approach for experts would be to conduct an on-site examination of the alleged attack as soon as possible. This would enable a thorough and technical examination of the site, particularly of any remnants of alleged chemical ammunitions. This would also allow the collection of samples of contaminated soil, vegetations, water and objects for laboratory analysis for any chemical agent or its degradation products. Being on the site immediately after the alleged attack would permit examination of the alleged casualties while there are still some fresh signs and symptoms produced by the chemical agent. It would also afford the opportunity to question the medical staff who attended such casualties and examine the medical records and laboratory investigations which were conducted and the type of treatment which was given. Such on-site investigation would enable post-mqrtems to be carried out and the possible collection of samples tor further investigation. Furthermore, being on the site shortly after an alleged chemical attack would make it possible to question eye-witnesses while facts are still fresh in their minas. All these procedures would help.in deciding, with a good degree of certainty, whether a chemical warfare agent was used or not and, perhaps, even the nature of the alleged agent involved. 49. The actual situation with which the group was confronted was, however, a different one. The allegations submitted referred only to incidents which were said to have occurred some time ago. However, despite the constraints involved as a result of having to base itself initially only on documentary material and the general constraints involved in an ad hoc exercise of this type, the group worked out certain modalities for a careful investigation of the allegations presented. After a preliminary examination of the material, the group decided that the first step should be to transmit a questionnaire, which the group prepared, to those States which had submitted substantive information in reply to the note verbale of the Secretary-General, namely Canada and the United States. The purpose of the said questionnaire was to seek further clarification and amplification of some of the data presented. '!he replies received underlined the fact that the previous submissions had included as much detail as possible nnd the United States specifically urged the Group of Experts to visit refugee camps as well as the areas of reported attacks in order to obtain testimony and evidence first hand f~om the relevant sources. 50. After studying the communications received from ICRC, UNHCR and WHO, the group decided that further approaches should be made to ICRC and UNHCR with a view to ' eliciting additional information and co-operation, as relevant. After considering the replies from these organizations, the G:roup felt that further co-operation from them would be appreciated. 51. In view of the above, the following method of study was employed: (a) The first step was to evaluate the degree of reliability of the source and the credibility of the information. In this respect, it was decided to give greater attention to information provided by eye-witnesses of the alleged attack or / ... i .I A/36/613 English Annex Page 22 by the victim of such an attack. Greater attention was also given to information gathered by technical people, such as medical and military personnel. (b) The second step in examining the allegations of chemical attacks was to evaluate the information with respect to alleged methods of attack in terms of the generally accepted tactics and practices of chemical warfare. In this connexion, the Group agreed to devote special attention to attacks which were found to be allegedly conducted in conformity with such tactics and practices. (c) The third step in the evaluation of the allegations was to study the signs and symptoms reported to have been experienced by casualties, following exposure to the alleged chemical attacks, and to try in each case to find out if such signs and symptoms could be produced by any particular known chemical agent. In this evaluation, the group agreed to use as a reference the generally accepted signs and symptoms produced by various individual chemical warfare agents on different organs in the body as described in paragraph 41 above. 52. Various environmental and individual factors which could modify the clinical picture were taken into consideration, for example, weather conditions, temperature, humidity and also the general health of the victim, as well as his or her age and sex. B. General evaluation of the written submissions 1. The reliability of information 53. After reviewing the material before it, the Group addressed itself to the reliability of the information. The Group did not find any reason to doubt the integrity of those who reported on the chemical attacks. On the other hand, it could not overlook the fact that it was difficult to determine the objectivity of alleged victims or witnesses. Technical aspects 54. In reviewing the reports, certain allegations of the use of chemical weapons could not be accepted outrightly, e.g., the supposed dissemination of chemical agents by aircraft flying at an altitude of 7,000 feet, since at that altitude such agents would be dispersed by the wind and diluted to such an extent that no effective concentration could reach a target. Similarly, such aerial spraying could not possibly affect - as it was alleged to have done - water supplies to produce toxicity and death, produce holes in the leaves of the trees or destroy soft tissues down to the bone. There was also repeated mention of the colours of the chemical agents used. Most chemical warfare agents are colourless, however, and, although different colours may be added to some of the harassing agents, it was the judgement of the Group that it was difficult to consider colour as a factor in identifying the nature of chemical agents. Some mention of grenades or remnants of chemical ammunition was reported, but no elaboration was provided of such samples which could have contributed to the identification of the alleged chemical attack. / ... A/36/613 English Annex Page 23 3. Medical aspects 55. The Group found it dfficult, in most cases, to pinpoint any chemical ~gent as being the probable cause of alleged signs and symptoms mentioned, the reason being that in most oft , cases in question the signs and symptoms qescribed could not possibly have been produced by a single chemical agent, even after the individual variations in responses to a chemical insult and the modifying effects of the constitution or general health and the degree of tolerance of each individual involved have been taken into consideration. 56. This evaluation is based on an assessment of the medical aspects of each case as reported. The clinical accuracy depends very much on the way the information was collected. In some instances this collection was done by a medically trained person, and the reliability is therefore greater. However, since the data were obtained by people with limited knowledge of chemical agents used in warfare, many signs and symptoms could have been ignored or described incompletely and subjectively, specially since the alleged victims might have biased their reports. 57. A simplified description of symptoms attributable to chemical warfare agents has been established to systematize ~he reported symptomatology. Death and non-specific symtoms such as dizziness, headache or unconsciousness could not be systematized. In view of the imprecision of many reports, no conclusion could be reached from them. 58. The specific identification of the chemical agents, because of vagueness of the whole symptomatology and also because of the lack of full medical assessment and investigations as well as any chemical analysis, is impossible. The only conclusion which could be drawn would be to ascribe a given symptomatology to a type of agent. 59. Diphenylcyanoarsine (OC) was used as a harrassing agent against the Chinese during the Chinese-Japanese war of 1934-1945. Some seriously affected persons bled through their noses and mouth and died from asphyxiation. This might explain some of the symptomatology in some of the cases described in the United States submission with similar signs and symptoms. 60. The following is a classification of the cases, in terms of the possible agents which could allegedly have produced the signs and symptoms as presented in the Canadian and United States.submissions. The cases have been considered one by one but are grouped according to their common symptomatology for this summary. A. No correlation with chemical agents (no symptoms given, imprecise reports, serious inconsistencies) 15/ Afghanistan (United States submission): Cases 15/ 1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 9b, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32. l2/ The numbers correspond to those appearing in the submissions of the United States and Canada. I ••• A/36/613 English Annex Page 24 Afghanistan (United States update): Cases 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28B, 31, 32, 33. Laos (United States submission): ~ 1, 3, 4, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 25, 26, 27B, 30, 34, 36, 36B, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 52, 58, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68B, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 80, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102,104,105,106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114. ~ (United States update): Cases 1, 3, 4, 5, 6. ~ (Canadian submission): Cases 4, 5, 6, 7~ Kampuchea (United States submission}: Many of the reported cases,lack any reference to symptoms. The following is the list of symptoms which are most often referred together in the submission. This list does not fit any known chemical warfare agent: dizziness, weakness, headache, dyspnea, suffocation, nausea and vomiting, and sometimes bloody diarrhea and/or skin lesions described as "burns" Submissions by Democratic Kampuchea: The submissions by Democratic Kampuchea contained allegations of use of chemical warfare agents which are claimed to have caused casualties, but no significant clinical data were provided which could have helped in reaching an adequate assessment of the situation. B. Harassing agents (1) Possibly adamsite, characterized by upper respiratory tract irritation, nausea and vomiting, eye irritation and in some cases death. Afghanistan (United States submission): Cases 2, 8, 20, 23. Afghanistan (United States update): Cases 11B, 29. ~ (United States submission): Cases 9, 11, 13, 14, 19, 20, 21, 24, 31, 37, 49, 50, 51, 54, 55, 61, 76, 79, 81, 83, 87. I ••• A/36/613 English Annex Page 25 Laos (United States update): cases 2, 7, 9B, 9C. Laos (Canadian submission):. Cases 1, 2, 3, 9, 10. (2) Possibly tear gas, characterized by eye irritation, coughing, upper respiratory tract irritation, rhinqrrhoea (runny nose). Afghanistan (United States submission): Cases 3, 14, 17. Afghanistan (United States update): Cases 7 A, 11, 12, 28A, 29A, 30. .. Laos (United States submission): Cases 2, 5, 7, 23, 27, 28, 32, 35, 36A, 37B, 53, 56, 57A, 57B, 62, 64, 69, 77, 78, 82, 90, 91. Laos (United States update}: Cases 8, 9A. Laos (Canadian submission}: Case 8. c. Blistering agents Not specifically identified Afghanistan (United States update): Cases 7B, SB, 9B. D. Nerve Gas Not specifically identified Laos (United States submission}: Cases 6, 100, 103. 61. It was the feeling of the Group that the above classification of the cases, in terms of the alleged signs and symptoms suggestive of the most probable chemical agent which could have produced a particular clinical picture, in no way establishes that the Group was in a position to suggest that such agents might have actually been used. I ••.• A/36/613 English Annex Page 26 VI. THE QUESTION OF MYCOTOXINS 62. As referred to in paragraphs 10, 12, and 18 above, after consideration of the reply by the Government of the United States of America to the note verbale of the Secretary-General and the replies of Canada and the United States to the questionnaire prepared by the Group (see annex I), the Group considered a note verbale dated 14 September 1981 from the Permanent Representative of the United States to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General. This contained a new submission involving the question of the alleged use of mycotoxins and was considered although this submission was received during the concluding stages of the Group's work. This submission stated, inter alia, as follows: "For several years, the United states has been concerned about reports that lethal and incapacitating chemical weapons are being used in the conflicts in Laos and Kampuchea and, since the Soviet invasion in December 1979, in Afghanistan. As a result of this concern, the United States has actively endeavoured, as have other concerned members of the international community, to obtain information which might enable us to ascertain the facts pertaining to these reports. "Since 1979, the United States ha5i been reviewing and carefully analysing information and evidence obtained relating to alleged chemical attacks in these regions. We now believe we have information which will answer some of the questions raised by the reports. "Reports about exposure to the cloud describe bizarre effects which, in rapid sequence, caused dizziness, nausea, coughing of blood-tinged material, choking, vomiting of massive amounts of blood, bloody diarrhea, formation of multiple small hard blisters, followed by shock and death in those directly under the sprays. For those on the periphery of the attacks or who ate or drank contaminated food, or water, symptoms took longer to develop (days, father than minutes to hours) and usually led to death within two weeks if no treatment was given. "United States experts have studied and evaluated the symptoms described in these reports in an effort to form a judgement about what agent or agents might have caused such effects. The conclusion reached was that no known traditional chemical warfare agent alone or in combination with others could produce all of the symptoms described or cause death to occur as rapidly as has been reported. "Recent analysis of a leaf and stem sample from the area ·of a reported chemical attack in Kampuchea has revealed the presence of substances which are not traditional chemical warfare agents, but which cause the specific symptoms and effects which have been described. Specifically, tests on the sample · identified --abnormally higli -levels of--th.t-ee potent mycot-oxins -of the trichothecene group: nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin. Levels of deoxynivalenol and niv,alenol detected were up to 20 times greater than that reported to occur as a result of natural intoxication. A report on the tests is annexed to this letter. I ••• A/36/613 English Annex Page 27 ~·$:ylll.P~ID~_;a~$,,~l~!5~~ .. ~i·;R;1J.fi8g (a) Many of the signs and symptoms of the allegation in the United States submissions were consistent with trichothecene intoxication; (b) In cases of death within one hour, some other chemical warfare agent might be involved; (c) LDso for mycotoxin was not known; (d) They had more samples which were being analysed; (e) Estimations of the required amount of trichothecene used in aerial attack was not calculated, (f) Mixture of nivalenol and T2 was perhaps meant to increase the percutaneous absorption of the trichothecene via the skin. 64. The Group took note of the letter dated 22 September 1981 from the Permanent; Representative of Viet Nam to the United Nations addressed to the secretary-Generl (A/36/549) transmitting a statement by the spokesman of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in which the Government of Viet Nam rejected the United States charges concerning the alleged use of Soviet-supplied toxic chemicals in Laos and Kampuchea. The Group also considered the letter dated 9 October 1981 from the 16/ For the text of the questionnaire, see annex IV. . I A/36/613 English Annex Page 28 Permanent Representative of Viet Nam to the U~ited Nations addressed to the Secretary-General <-;c .1/36/5) transmitting an article by a Vietnamese authority on the subject of chemical warfare. In this connexion, the Group felt that some substantive questions in this article had already been raised by the Group in the questionnaire addressed to the Government of the United States in relation to its submission of 14 September 1981. 65. The Group decided to address i'tself to the question of mycotoxins in accordance with the discussion of this subject as reflected in paragraph 43 above, specifically in view of the fact that toxins are poisonous chemicals regardless of methods of production, be they biological or synthetic. At the same time the Group i was aware of the limits of its mandate with regard to the relevant provisions of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin weapons and on their Destruction. 66. In its study of the United Stgtes submission of 14 September 1981, the Group considered the responses of the United States Government to the questions submitted by the Group in light of the background information about mycotoxins which was collected from various scientific sources including discussions with some experts of the International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals in the World Health Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme in Geneva. 17/ I 67. The Group felt that, whereas on an a priori basis it would not wish to question that the samples were collected from an area in Kampuchea which was alleged to have been exposed to a chemical attack, it nevertheless was of the opinion that the optimum procedure in this respect would be for a competent impartial party .to have immediate access to the area of the alleged chemical attack and to be able to collect samples which are to be sent to impartial laboratories where the necessary investigations can be conducted. Furthermore, such an impartial party would be able, being on-site, to collect any relevant information on the alleged attack and observe any effects on human, animals or plants • . .,. 68. With respect to sampling, the Group was of the opinion that since there had been access to the area, besides vegetation, samples from soil and water should have been obtained. In this respect, it was later pointed out by the United states experts that such samples had in fact been acquired and the results of their analysis would be provided subsequently to the Group. 69. With respect to the analysis of the leaf and stem sample, the Group felt that it was necessary to prove definitively whether or not the sample contained any mycotoxin-producing fungi, in order to exclude the possibility that the mycotoxins found were of natural origin. Likewise the soil should be tested for theepresence of mycotoxin-producing fungi and the presence of mycotoxins in order to rule out the possibility of transl6cation· of the mycotoxins to the leaf via the roots of the plant. 17/ See annex III for backg1ound information on trichothecenes. I •• • A/36/613 English Annex Page 29 70. Again, the Group felt that morphological study of the leaf in question was necessary in order to ascertain the effects of mycotoxins on the structure of the leaf, especially since these mycotoxins had remained on the leaf for some time before it was picked. 71. with respect to the area from which the sample was collected, it was important to have detailed information about the survivors of the alleged chemical attack including their present place of residence and any available medical records. Such information would be necessary to determine whether or not a chemical attack had I ocpurred as well as the possible agent that might have been used. 72. Subsequent to the receipt of the new United States submission of 14 September 1981, the Group felt that it was necessary once· again to review the allegations previously submitted by the United States and canada with a view to determining whether the signs and symptoms reported could be co-related to the possible use of~ mycotoxins. In this respect, it should, however, be pointed out that the available literature on mycotoxins referred only to· cases of sub-acute and chronic effects in humans resulting from oral intake. In experimental work on animals, acute and chronic toxicity studies have been carried out but none of the studies covered inhalation toxicity as would be the case in chemical warfare activity. 73. The Group also examined the note verbale dated 12 November 1981 submitted by the Permanent Representative of the United States to the United Nations and took note of the following: the latest submission provided answers to some of the inquiries of the Group, as presented in its questionnaire pertaining to the issue of mycotoxins and in the interview with the United States experts, namely (a) control samples collected from the region outside the area of alleged chemical attack were obtained and found not to contain mycotoxins; (b) sample of water collected from the area of alleged chemical attack was tested and found positive for trichothecenes. The Group points out that the following questions could still be raised with respect to the United States submissions; (a) The question of attempting the isolation of mycotoxin-producing fungi in the samples which were collected, to discard the possibility that the mycotoxin detected originated from a natural· source; (b) The question of the presence of mycotoxin-producing fungi in the soil to discard the possibility of translocation from the soil to the stem and leaf; (c) The question of the effect of trichothecenes on the leaf sample, s-ince-at least 10 days passed between the alleged chemical attack and the collection of the leaf; (d) The question of the climate of South-East Asia as related to the geographical distribution of mycotoxin-producing fungi and the biosynthesis of trichothecenes, many scientific publications report production of these mycotoxins at temperatures of 20-30° C, and in warm areas; (e) The question of the development of a hemorrhagic syndrome through exposure to T2 toxin and some other trichothecenes is currently controversial, I ••• A/36/613 English Annex Page 30 since there is experimental evidence according to which these toxins were unable to cause a hemorrhagic syndrome by oral administration (chronic and acute); (f) The question of the time intervals between alleged attacks and the dates of collection of the samples, which related to the matter of stability of these compounds. For example, the latest submission states that sample F was collected from the site of an alleged attack occurring 2 April 1981, but does not provide the ~, date of collection. VII. ON-SITE COLLECTION AND EXAMINATION OF EVIDENCE 74. At the end of its second session, on 28 July 1981, the Group, having examined the submissions-containing reports of the alleged use of chemical weapons, decided that on-site investigation in accordance with its mandate would be necessary in order to collect and examine evi?ence. The object of such visits would be to collect and examine evidence, including on-site, with the consent of the countries concerned, to the extent relevant to the purposes of the investigation, and more specifically, to examine the areas where the chemical attack had allegedly occurred; to collect remnants of any chemical ammunitions and to collect samples of any chemical agents that might have been used; to collect any contaminated objects like foliage, soil and water; to interview and conduct full medical examinations and investigations on the alleged victims of chemical attack; to interview alleged witnesses of chemical attack; to interview medical personnel who had attended the alleged victims and examine the pertinent medical records, where availableJ to gather other observations and data from other sources, as appropriate and to assess the extent of the damage caused by the chemical attack. 75. Accordingly, the Group requested that approaches concerning respective visits be made to the Governments of those countries where alleged use of chemical weapons had taken place, as well as of those where victims of alleged attacks were hosted in refugee.. camps • 76. In a letter dated 9 October 1981, the Group received an acceptance from the Government of Thailand to visit the holding centres for refugees from Indochina in pursuance of paragraph 5(b) of G~neral Assembly resolution 35/144 C. On this occasion, the Government of Thailand declared its understanding that no on-site inspection would be conducted on Thai territory, as such weapons had not been used in Thailand itself. The Group, holding at that moment its final session at United Nations Headquarters in New York, with the purpose of drafting its report to the General Assembly, decided to visit Thailand for the purposes stated above. 77. In a letter dated 23 October 1981, the Group was informed by the Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations of its Government's willingness to accord the necessry co-operation for the purpose_of on-site investigations in accordance with-paragraph 5(b) of the above-mentioned resolution. After considering the reply of the Government of Pakistan, the Group of Experts took the following decision concerning the matter which was transmitted to the Government of Pakistan: . I ••. A/36/613 English Annex Page 31 (a) The Group acknowledged receipt of the above-mentioned letter and expressed deep gratitude to the Government of Pakistan for its offer to co-operate with the request of the Group of Experts to visit Pakistan in connexion with the implementation of resolution 35/144 C. (b) However, in considering this matter, the Group of Experts was also cognizant of: (a) the stipulation in resolution 35/144 C which required that the report of the Group of Experts be submitted to the Assembly at its thirty-sixth session, which imposed definite time-constraints for the completion of the exercise; (b) the reply of the Government of Pakistan was formally received after the decision of the Group of Experts to accept the offer of the Government of Thailand to comply with the Group's request to visit Thailand in connexion with the implementation of resolution 35/144 C and after· the various necessary arrangements had already been initiated in that respect, including the specific time-frame involved. ~ (c) Accordingly, the Group of Experts was of the opinion that in view of the above, the Group initially should proceed to complete its visit to Thailand for the purpose mentioned above and that it would consider the question of a possible visit to Pakistan at a later stage. 78. The Group of Experts visited Thailand from 31 October to 10 November 1981. The members of the Group of Experts were Major General Dr. Esrnat E. Ezz (Chairman), Mr. Edward Ambeva, Dr. Humberto Guerra and Colonel Nestor Castillo. The Group of Experts was also accompanied by members of the Secretiariat staff: Mr. Sohrab Kheradi, Senior Political Affairs Officer (Secretary of the Group); Professor Herbert Marcovich (Consultant); Mr. Wlodzimierz Wieczorek, Senior Political Affairs Officer and Ms. Margaret Headley (secretary to Mr. Kheradi). · In addition, the officials from the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) provided all the necessary facilities and assistance to the Group during its visit in Thailand. The local officers of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees assisted the Group during its visits to the refugee camps at Nong Khai and Ban Vinai. 79. At each stage of its work in Thailand, the Group was accorded all the necessary assistance from the Government of Thailand and the local authorities, including means of transportation and security. Upon arrival the Group had a briefing by officials of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and the Interior, and of the National Security Council. 80. During the period of its visit to Thailand, the Group carried out collection and examination of evidence in the two refugee camps of Nang Khai and Ben Vinai, close to the territory of Laos, and one refugee processing centre at Panatnikhom, closer to Kampuchea. The Group made every effort to interview the available witnesses of the alleged use of chemical weapons coming from Kampuchea, and underscored the importance of reaching Kao I Dang Camp, near the border between Thailand and Kampuchea, where it expected to interview more refugees from the area /. V36/613 !!nglish mnex ?age 32 ,f Kampuchea, according to the schedule initially prepared by the Thai authorities. The Group was told that the visit to this camp could not be carried ~ut because of security reasons, and that the refugees would be brought to the processing centre instead. However, no refugees came from Khao I Dang to Panatnikhom. 31~ The Group interviewed, in person, alleged victims and eye-witnesses of alleged =hemical attacks. Summaries of the statements made during interviews are presented in annex v, and a general evaluation of the interviews appears in paragraphs ~5 to 92 below. 32. During its visits to the above-mentioned refugee centres, the Group also interviewed medical personnel. The Group collected some blood samples and received, as well, other samples of blood, alleged chemical powder, and leaf and stern samples which came from an area allegedly subjected to a chemical attack. 83. In addition, the Group had access to some other sources of information as reflected in annex v. B4. In the course of its on-site investigation, the Group was handicapped by ~arious shortcomings with respect to data collection, of which the most significant ~ere the following: (a) The time factor was an important element which first appeared in the planning stage. The Group had to undertake the visit at short notice without benefit of optimal preparation. Further, in the execution stage, the limited time allocated to ea9h camp precluded more thorough interviews and exploration and the '".ime schedule was further reduced by circumstances beyond the Grou"'p's control, including weather and security conditions, as well as time spent on travelling. (b) The difficulty of conducting meaningful i'nterviews through interpreters, e.g. from .Hmong to Thai and from Thai to English and vice-versa, compounded by the lack of medical and technical training of interpreters, adversely affected the efficiency and accuracy of the interviews. (c) In most cases, the interviews were conducted after a considerable lapse of time following an alleged chemical attack, thereby resulting in the disappearance of most of the signs and symptoms which might have been present and adversely affecting the accurate recollection of the events. (d) The Group noted that given their particular background, some of the people interviewed were not fully orientea towards providing quantifiable information such as time and distance, which could assist the Group in reaching accurate assessments. {e) Although the Group availed itself of the help of the representative of the United Nations High Commission for Refugees in Bangkok and the authorities of the.refugee centres visited, it.was unable to locate in the camps that the Group visited any of the alleged victims whose names appeared in the United States s ubrniss ions. I ••• A/36/613 English Annex Page 33 A. General evaluation of the interviews 1. The reliability of information 85. The Group did not find any reason to doubt the integrity of those who were interviewed. On the other hand, it could not overlook the fact that it was difficult to determine the objectivity of alleged victims or witnessess. Technical aspects 86. some of the descriptions given by the refugees on the technical aspects of alleged chemical attacks in general did not conform with the known practices for the dissemination of chemical warfare agents. Most instances involved dissemination of agents by aerial spray from high altitude, against small-sized targets. It is the feeling of the group that most probably the alleged victims or eyewitnesses sometimes did not have proper appreciation of space and time because they mentioned different periods of time for the settling of the chemicals. Varying sizes have been described for apparently the same· 11 yellow substance": dry powder, sugar grains, pollen, corn flour, and even rice. 87. In the instances where bombs or rockets were mentioned, no samples of the remnants of such delivery systems, which could have helped in the identification of the types of chemical weapons used, were pro~ided. 3. Medical aspects 88. The signs and symptoms described by the refugees being interviewed were similar to those found in the reports on alleged chemical attacks submitted by the United States and Canada. 89. The main symptomatology described to us, as may be seen in annex V consists of coughing, occasional eye irritation, nausea, intense vomiting and diarrhea sometiwes mixed with blood. These sypmtoms appeared from less than an hour to several hours after the alleged exposure, sometimes correlated with eating or drinking "contaminated" food or water. Deaths of people were often reported, as occuring from within 30 minutes to several hours or days, most commonly those exposed in the open. Skin lesions variously described as rashes, blisters of different sizes, and ulcerations were also reported to occur. Extensive animal deaths were also reported and less often, damages to leaves and crops. Most of the refugees interviewed stated that opium mixed with garlic was an effective curative agent, not only alleviating the symptomatology but also preventing death. 90. Although some of the above-mentioned signs and symptoms could be caused by one or another of the known chemical warfare agents, the Group was not in a position to reach a final conclusion due to lack of hard evidence. As an example of the evaluation process, the Group wishes to cite the cases of the six alleged victims (see annex V) who had supposedly been exposed to the "yellow powder" as recently as 23 days prior to being interviewed. I .. . A/36/613 English Annex Page 34 91. This group of six people, a girl and five men, had a common history of alleged exposures to the "yellow powder" while they were fleeing in Laos. They reported having walked on a field covered with this material for about 50 meters before noticing it, then turning around and leaving the area, whose dimensions could not be determined with any degree of prec1s1on. Four reported having had dizziness and diarrhea which occurred about five to nine days after the exposure, and three displayed skin lesions which they attributed to the same exposure, in the lower limbs. The remaining two refugees, a girl (18) and a boy (17), reported on what they claimed to have been ~ifferent occasions of exposure to chemicals. About a month before the interview, the girl ate some leaves which had had some yellow material on them, after having washed them in the stream, and had dizziness, coughing, and vomiting: the boy referred to an episode in his childhood, which, in turn, had been recounted to him, and to a second one about a year previously, in which he had dizziness, headache, vomiting and diarrehea, and had developed some lesions ("weeping wounds") on his skin. The general clinical appearance of the six was acceptable. The most remarkable findings were a goiter and an enlarged spleen in the girl, and several skin conditions in both the girl and several of the men, which were compatible with scabies, superficial pyogenic infections, and contact dermatitis. some scars were also noticed. Blood and urine analyses, performed by the laboratory of the military hospital provided no evidence of salient abnormalities, except for a moderate leucocytosis (16,200 WBC per MM) in one man and eosinophilia {18 per cent) in another of the men. 92. The Group felt that these persons, if exposed to a chemical agent at all, had minimal contact with it and that none of the symptomatology described can be attributed to this "yellow powder". VIII. CONCLUSIONS 93. In pursuance of General Assembly resolution 35/144 c, the Group of Experts addressed itself to the submissions at hand and, in the course of assessing the indiyidual ·cases presented therein, found itself unable to reach a final conclusion as to whether or not chemical warfare agents had been used. 94. Since the symptomatology in some of the cases as presented in the submission could suggest a possible use of some sort of chemical warfare agents, the Group, therefore, expressed the desire to carry out investigations on the territories where chemical attacks had allegedly occurred and also in the territories where alleged victims and eyewitnesses of such attacks were being hosted. Up to the time of the submission of this report, however, the Group had only been able to visit some refugee camps in Thailand. 95. During_ its visit to the refugee camps in Thailand, the Group made an effort to meet the particular individuals who were mentioned in the United States submissions but was unable to locate them in those camps. The medical personnel interviewed in the refugee camps stated that they did not come across cases which could be attributed to chemical warfare agents. The refugees who were interviewed by the Group related stories similar to those appearing in the submissions of Canada and the united States, which reflected some aspects of their problems as persons I •• • A/36/613 English Annex Page 35 displaced from their respective homelands, as well as those more pertinent to the issue of the alleged chemical attacks on which most were able to report. 96. It must be pointed out that all the cases interviewed related alleged chemical attacks which occurred several months earlier, and consequently the Group was unable to detect signs and sypmtoms which would be suggestive of exposure to chemical warfare agents. The only alleged victims of recent exposure (23 days prior to the interviews) to alleged chemical warfare agents claimed that they walked through an area contaminated by "yellow powder". No clear characteristic physical findings of exposure to chemical agents could be recorded, and routine blood biochemical, hematological, and urine analyses obtained by the Group yielded no significant abnormalities. Nevertheless, blood samples were taken to test for any chemical warfare agents or their degradation products. 97. In the course of its interviews, the Group was given some physical samples, supposedly related to the alleged use of chemical weapons. These samples have been handed over to the United Nations for analysis by qualified and impartial laboratories. Since the Group cannot ascertain the actual source of these samples it cannot base ~ts final conclusions on the results of such analyses. The Group expresses the hope that appropriate procedures will be devised in the future for the impartial collection and analysis of any samples that might be involved in this context. 98. Finally, in the opinion of the Group, this report is inconclusive. Any investigation designed to lead to definitive conclusions regarding the alleged use of chemical weapons and to an assessment of the extent of the damage caused by such chemical weapons would require timely access to the areas of alleged use of chemical warfare agents in order to establish the true facts. Such an exercise has so far not been possible • .. I ••• A/36/613 English Annex Page 36 ANNEX I Questionnaire sent by the Group of Experts to the Governments of canada and the United States of America I. If you have personally witnessed the use of chemical weapons: l. (a) can you specify whether it was by means of air delivery, bombs, cannisters or sprays, artillery ammunitions, air bursts or impacts? (b) What were the features of the attack with the chemical agent with respect to the color, if any, and the prevailing weather conditions? (c) If there were clouds of gas, how long did they last before complete dissipation? (d) Were you in the open air or under cover? 2. (a) If you were exposed to the attack, what was the distance between you and the site of detonation? (b) What was your immediate reaction? (c) After how long a period 'of time did the first symptoms begin to appear, what was the sequence of the various symptoms and how long did they last? (d) Did you receive any medical treatment and if so, where and how soon was it given? (e) What was the nature of the treatment and how long did it take before you completely recovered? 3. (a) If there we,re other casualties, how far from the site of detonation were they located? (b) What signs and symptoms did you observe in such cases and what was the sequence in which they occurred? (c) Pid you witness any fatalities and if so, how many? (d) Did you notice any correlation between the age, sex and general health of the victims and the intensity of the symptoms involved? (e) .How long were the victims exposed to the chemical agent? (f) Was any treatment administered? (g) How long did it take for the victim to recover? (h) Have yo~ spoken to any of the attending medical staff and what were their comments? II. If the information that you have reported was of a hearsay nature, can you identify your sources and indicate their reliability? I ••• A/36/613 English Annex Page 37 ANNEX II Substantive parts of communications received from international organizations 1. Reply from the world Health Organization dated 1 June 1981 We have not received any information directly from WHO Member States concerning the use of chemical weapons. The information at our disposal is that reproduced by the United Nations from certain Governments and I believe, therefore, the United Nations already has more information available on this question than WHO. 2. Reply from the International Committee of the Red Cross dated 19 June 1981 In conclusion, the nature of ICRC's work and the extent of its involvement in the conflicts which have occurred since the Second World war do not provide it with sufficient evidence to conclude that chemical weapons have or have not been used. The only evidence it can offer - which is not, of course, conclusive from a wider standpoint - is that, in the places where its delegates have been able to operate, they have not by themselves established the flagrant and massive use of chemical weapons. 3. Reply from the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees dated 30 July 1981 Our Office is gravely concerned by this issue. However, owing to i·ts eminently humanitarian and non-political character, UNHCR would not be in a position to participate actively in such an investigation. A/36/613 English Annex Page 38 ANNEX III Trichothecenes A. Introduction •l. outbreaks of fatal toxicity in man and animals have long been correlated to consumption of mouldy grain and other agricultural products. In general, these products were harvested under wet conditions and not properly stored. They were found to be contaminated with toxin-producing moulds. High concentration of Fusarium rnycotoxins were found in many of these products. 2. The biggest recorded outbreak of such toxicity was in Orenburg, Union of soviet socialist Republics (1942-1943) y y where eating of bread made of over-wintered grain produced a disease called alimentary toxic aleukia, characterized by gastrointestinal disorders, haemorrhage, skin lesions, neurological disturbances, leucopenia and septic angina. In 1965-1966 similar conditions were recorded in Canada, the United States of America and Belgium due to contamination of beer and the disease was called cobalt beer cardiomyopathy. 3/ 4/ In Wisconsin, the united States of America, an outbreak of toxicity occurred imo~g cattle which consumed mouldy maize in 1968. The cases were charactered by gastroenteritis an haemorrahage and were called haemorrhagic diathesis. y ~ In Hokkaido, Japan, mycotoxins were detected in bean.hulls used as feed for horses and caused great losses in 1970. 2/ In Scotland, Petrie et al in 1977 detected mycotoxins in mouldy brewer's grain which were used as feed for dairy cattle and caused haemorrhagic diathesis. y IJ 1/ Joffe, A. z. in Mycotoxic Fungi, Mycotoxins, Mycotoxicoses: An Encyclopedic Handbook, Wyllie, T. D. & Morehouse, L. G., eds., Vol. 3, pp. 21-86 (Marce~~Dekker, New York, 1978). y Gajdusek, D. C. "Acute Infectious Hemorrhagic Fevers and Mycotoxicoses in Union of Soviet Socialist Republics", Washington Medical Science Publication, No. 2 (1953) (Army Medical Servi"ce Graduate School). V Morin, Y. L. and Daniel, P. Canadian Medical Association Journal: 97 (1967) , pp. 926-928. I i 4/ Morin, Y. L. and Folly, A. R. Martineau, G. and Roussel, J. Canadian I Medical Association Journal :97 (1967), pp. 881-883. I, :1 ~ Bamburg, J. R., Riggs, N. v. and Strong, F. M. Tetrahedron: 24 (1968), · pp. 3329-3336. §/ Hsu, L. C., Smalley, E. B., Strong, F. M. and Rebelin, W. E. Applied Microbiology: 24 (1972) , pp. 684-690. y Ueno, Y•. , Ishii, K. Sakai, K., Kanaeda, S., Tsunada, H. Tanaka, T. and Enomoto, M. Japanese Journal of Experimental Medicine: 42 (1972), pp. 187-203. !!f Petrie, L. Robb, J. and Stewart, A. F. Veterinary Review: 101 (1977), p. 326. I ••• A/36/613 English Annex Page 39 B. Tr ichothecenes 3. These are a chemically related group of low molecular weight, metabolically active metabolites of fungi. They are produced in the culture of the following genera: (l) Fusarium (2) Cephalospori um (3) M:.z:::rothecin (4) Trichothecium (5) Trichoderma · i (6) Stach;tbotr:.z:::s They are reported to be the cause of the following diseases: (a) Low temperature mouldy corn intoxication (haemorrhagic disease); (b) Mouldy cereal emesis; (c) Alkabibo toxicosis~ (d) Alimentary toxic aleukia; \ i (e) Mouldy bean hull intoxication; (f) Stachybotryotoxicosis; (g) Dendrodochiotoxicosis (myrotheciotoxicosis); (h) Fusariotoxicosis. 4. All these diseases are considered primarily tricothecene intoxications. I I Trichothecenes were divided into two groups with respect to solubility: Group A, which is highly soluble in most aprotic solvents such as ethyl acetate, acetone, chloroform and diethyl ether. T2 toxin belongs to this group. Group B comprises the highly hydroxylated trichothecenes, which are relatively polar and are soluble in either very polar solvents or protic solvents such as methanol and ethanol. The: members of this group may be extracted with methanol, aqueous ethanol or water. Nivalenol and. deoxy-nivalenol are members of this group. c. Natural occurence of trichothecenes 5. Mycotoxin-producing fungi are widely distributed all over the worid, and in recent years with advancement in analytical methods various mycotoxins have been A/36/613 English Annex Page 40 isolated from fungus-infected grains and other vegetable products all over the world. Although it is generally accepted that cold and humid weather is optimal for the production of most trichothecenes, various authors have demonstrated the presence of mycotoxin-producing fungi and the production of mycotoxins in rather warm climates. 9/ 10/ 11/ In particular, it appears-that the trichothecenes nivalenol, deoxynivalenol and T2 toxins are worldwide in distribution as natural ~ontaminants. 12/ The natural occurrence of trichothecenes in feedstuff was reported by different authors to reach high values; deoxynivalenol was up to 1800 g/kg in sample from Michigan and 1000 g/kg in samples from Iowa, Indiana and Minnesota. 13/ It was also reported by Vesonder et al in 1973 that F. roseum No. 117 strain from infected barley-produced deoxynivalenol in large quantities at high temperature. 14/ It is important to mention that fungi may produce in laboratory culture, toxins which are different from those produced in field crops because the nutrient supply and the ecology of the fungi under laboratory conditions are quite different from those found in field conditions due to the action of micro-organisms and/or living plants. Mf It was also reported that toxins in the soil can be translocated via the root to other parts of the plant 11/ and that some trichothecenes are taken up, chemically modified and stored by some""""higher plants. 15/ D. Production of trichothecenes' in the laboratory 6. Using a sterile corn seed medium with low incubation temperatures, Ikediobi et al~ obtained a yield of 1515 mg.T2 toxin per kg. of dried corn when 9/ Rikmini, C. and Bhat, R. V. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry: Vol. 20 (1978), No. 3, p. 647. 10/ Ghosal, s., Chakrabarti, D. K. and Basu Chaudhary, K. C. Experientia: 33 (1977), No. 5, pp. 547-575. 11/ Chakrabarti, D. K., Basu Chaudhary, K. C. and Ghosal, s. Experientia: 32 (1976), No. 5, pp. 608-609. 12/ Jemmali, M., Ueno, Y., Ishii, K. ,·Frayssinet, C., and Ettienne, M. Experientia: 34 (1978), No. 10, pp. 1333-1334. I 13/ Pa thre, S. V. and Mirocha, C. J. in Mycotoxins in Human and Animal Heal th (Pathotox, 1977) pp. 239-253. l 14/ Yoshizawa, T. and Morooka, N. in Mycotoxins in Human and Animal Health, pp. 309-319. 15/ Jarvis, B. B., Midiwo, J. O. and Tuthill, D. Science: 214 (1981) , p. 460. 16/ Ikedoibi, c. o., Hsu, I. c., Bamburg, J. R. and Strong, F. M. Analytic Biocllemistry: 43 (1971) , p. 327. I ••• A/36/613 English Annex Page 41 F. tricinctum was incubated at s•c 30 days. Bamburg 17/ achieved 900mg T2 toxin/kg -. of dried corn in F. tricinctum cultures incubated for -2 weeks at 8 .C. 7. Burmeister~ produced 9g T2 toxin from culture of F. tricinctum after three weeks at 1s·c on 1200g of white corn grit. At 2o·c only 6.24g T2 toxin was produced, while at 2s•c and 32"C only 1.40g and O.Olg were producea respectively. Isolates which produce T2 toxin at low temperatures produce another toxin (HT-2) at higher temperatures. E. Stability 8. Trichothecenes are remarkably stable to a variety of environmental conditions: moderate variation of temperature, exposure to light, air and moderate changes in pH. They are not destroyed under conditions to which foods or feeds are normally exposed, either in storage or during cooking. 19/ Some claim that at least some trichothecenes are sensitive to sunlight. F. Biological properties of trichothecenes 9. Fate: using isotopic labelled trichothecene, Ueno y showed that these compounds are distributed in the various organs of the body. Maximum concentrations occurred in the liver, then in the kidney and the intestine. It was shown that trichothecenes are completely eliminated from the body within 12 hours. 10. The oral and IP LD50 in young mice or rats is below 10 mg/kg. 20/ The oral LD50 in non-ruminant calves for T2 toxin is 0.6 mg/kg but these levels are nonlethal in older animals. For young rats, the oral LDso of T2 was found by · 17/ Bamburg, J. R., "Mycotoxins of the Trichothecene Family Produced by Cereal Molds", Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison (1969)e 18/ Burmeister H. R., Applied Microbiology: 21 (1971), No. 4, pp. 739-742 19/ Bamburg, J. R. and Strong, F. M. in Kadis, s., Giegler, A. and Ajl, s. J. Microbiolical Toxins: Vol. 7 (Academic Press, New York, 1971). ~ Hsu, I. C., Smalley, E. B., Strong, F. M. and Rebelin, W. E. Applied Microbiology: 24, p. 6844 A/36/613 English Annex Page 42 Kosuri et al. 21/ to be 3.80 mg/kg while Yates 22/ found the IP LD50 for mice to be 3.04 mg/kg.- 11. All naturally occurring trichothecenes induce non-specific dermal reactions in humans and laboratory animals, which consist of severe local irritation, inflammation and desquamation when applied locally. 17/ 19/ This effect has been used for semiquantitative estimation in purificationstudies of T2 toxin and to detect trichothecenes in naturally toxic feeds. 20/ 12. Most trichothecenes are cytotoxic to plant and animal tissue cultures. There is correlation between cytotoxicity, dermal toxicity and phytotoxicity. Marsas et al. 23/ and Burmeister et al. 24/ 25/ have suggested the use of plant systems to detect low levels of trichothecene contamination of food and feed. 13. Trichothecenes produce cell degeneration in bone marrow, lymph node, intestine and other organs. Post mortem examination shows engorgement of capillaries around the wall of intestinal tract and ecchymotic haemorrhages in the peritoneal surfaces of small and large intestines. The lungs are congested and the livers show fatty degeneration. 21/ 26/ 21/ Kasuri, N. R., Smalley, E. B. and Nicolis, R. E. American Journal of Ve-ferinary Research: 32. 22/ Yates, S. G., Tokey, H. L., Ellis, J. J. and Burkhardt, H.J. Phytochemistry: 7 (1968), p. 139. 23/ Marasas, w. F. o., Smalley, E. B., Bamburg, J. R. and Strong, F. M. Phytopathology: 61 (1971) , p. 1488- 24/ Burmeister, H. R., Ellis, J. J. and Yates, S. G. Applied Microbiology: 21 (1971), p. 673. 25/ ~urmeister, H. R. and Hesseltine, C. W. Applied Microbiology: 20 (1970), p. 437. 26/ Ueno, u., Ueno, I., Itoi, Y., Tsunoda, H., Enomoto, M. and Ohtsubo, K. Japanese Journal of Experimental Medicine: 41 (1971), p. 521. I .• • A/36/613 English Annex Page 43 G. Signs and symptoms 14. After administration of an oral lethal dose, the animal becomes listless and inactive, its hair erects, and its respiration rate increases. At a later stage it may develop diarrhea which may be bloody, the body temperature may fall and the respiration becomes shallow and difficult. In sublethal doses necrotic lesions may develop in the mouth. 27/ 28/ 15. Erosion of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract may lead to severe haemorrhagic gastro-enteritis. 21/ 26/ 16. E!nesis occurs to a degree depending on the toxin and the experimental animal. 26/ 17. Although haemorrhage was reported frequently in relation to consumption of food polluted with mycotoxin-producing fungi, and it was attributed to the presence of T2 toxin, several authors reported the failure of pure trichothecenes and whole cultures to produce experimental haemorrhagic syndrome in calves and pigs. 29/ 30/ ,,. 27/ Wyatt, R. D., Weeks, B. A., Hamilton, P. B., and Burmeister, H. R. Applied Microbiology: 24 (1972), p. 251. 28/ Marsas, w. F. O., Bamburg, J. R., Smalley., E. B., Strong, F. M., Regland, W. L., and Degurse, P. E., Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology: 15 (1969), p. 471. 29/ Patterson, D. _s. P., Matthews, J. G., Shreeve, P. J., Roberts, B. A., Macdonald, s. M. and Hayes, A. w., The Veterinary Record: 105 (15 September 1979), p. 11. 30/ Weaver, G. A., Kurtz, H.J., Mirocha, c. J., Bates, F. w., Behrens, J. c., Robinson, T. s. and Swanson, s. P., Canadian Veterinary Journal: 21 (1980), pp. 210-213. I • •• A/36/613 English Annex Pa.ge 44 ANNEX IV Questionnaire sent by the Group of Experts to the Government of the United States of America in connexion with its submission dated 4 September 1981 I I The Group of Experts to Investigate Reports on the Alleged use of Chemical weapons wishes to submit the following questions with a view to seeking clarification on some of the points contained in the note of the Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations dated 14-September 1981. I. Questions with respect to the samples collected 1. With respect to the· site from which the samples were collected: (a) From what area exactly were the samples collected? (b) When was this particular area exposed to the alleged chemical attack? (c) What was the time-lapse between the alleged chemical attack and the collection of the sample? Was there any rainfall during this interval? (d) What was the temperature at the site at the time? 2. With respect to the method of sampling: (a) were there any particular precaustions taken in obtaining and handling the samples? If not, have any persons who handled them experienced any dermal reaction? {b) Were the leaf and stem sample, mentioned in the report, the only samples collected? If more samples were available, why was the analysis limited to the single leaf and stem sample? {c) was the ~ample leaf picked from a living plant and was it itself fresh and living, or was it dry and dead? Was it collected from the ground? (d) Wh~t was the species of the plant from which the sample was col.lected? (e) w~re there any other samples collecteo from the area, particularly from the soil or water? (f) what was the time-lapse between the obtaining of the samples and their laborator:i, examination? I ••• A/36/613 English Annex Page 45 3. With respect to the laboratory tests: (a) Have any tests been conducted to discover the presence of any mycotoxin-producing fungi in the samples? (b) have any morphological and/or histological studies been conducted on the samples to detect any effect which could have been produced by the mycotoxin as it is known to affect higher froms of plant life? (c) What was the method of assay of the mycotoxins? What was the exact amount of each individual mycotoxin found in the samples in terms of mg/kg of dry weight of the sample? II. Questions with repect to the area from which the samples were collected l. With respect to the people living in the area: _, were there any casualties in the area following the alleged chemical attack? .. If so~ what were the signs and symptons experienced by such casualties? Are there any medical records? Is it possible to give names of the refugee camps where they can be located? Any information that can help to locate the casualties or eyewitnesses to the attacks will be most appreciated. 2. With respect to animal life in the area: Were any animals in the area affected in any way after the alleged chemical attack? If so, what were the signs and symp~oms displayed by the animals and when did they start? III. General Questions l. ~It would be appreciated if some clarification were given concerning the information contain~d in the last four lines of pag.e 1 of the note dated 14 September 1981. Can this be taken to mean that the agent(s) produced its/their effect in the central area of attack within minutes/hours? 2. Page 4, paragraph 5: "Levels of deoxynivalenol and nival~nol detected were up_ t_(t_ twenty_ !:ilile~_ 1 greater than that reported to occur when vegetation is naturally contaminated by tricothecene toxins" Does this mean that the vegetation in the area could be naturally contaminated? A/36/613 English Annex Page 46 ANNEX V summary of statements made during interviews conducted by the Group of Experts during its visit to Thailand A. Nang Khai Refugee Holding Center Medical personnel .~;. Dr. Charles Weldon, Medical Director of the Center: He has been at the camp for five months and is the longest-serving medical officer at the camp. He has had no experience with alleged victims of chemical attack. He stated that his predecessor (Dr. Townsend) claimed to have had some experience with toxic-agent victims. Common diseases seen in the refugees are upper-respiratory-tract infections, gastrointestinal diseases, tuberculosis (resistance to standard therapy is not a big problem in the camp; the diagnoses were done by acid-fast stains of sputum and chest x-rays; some sputum cultures were sent to Bangkok for processing). Other diseases worth mentioning: paragonimiasis, scabies, other skin diseases. Medical records of hospitalized patient·s go back only to March 1980. Outpatients carry their own OPD cards and no copies are kept in the hospital. Alleged victims 1. Vang Xai Lli; male; married; age 45 Residence: Ban Pu Huat, Xiang Khwang Occupation: soldier, formerly with the Royal Lao Army Place of exposure: POu Bia Noy Village in Laos ~ate of exposure: November 1980 Mode of delivery: airplane sprayed "yellow rain" Effect: after 30 minutes' dizziness, tears, blurring of vision, coughing, chest pain, generalized itching, nausea. Duration of recovery: about seven months, until he was treated at the camp. Present condition: generalized body stiffness, blurred vision, generalized itching. Physical examination: not significant. Further information: out of 14 people with him in the rice field, 4 reportedly died later. Animals that ate "contaminated" material died. Young leaves fell off during the following week. 2. Yang Poe; female; married; age 40 (wife of Vang Xai Lu} Residence: Ban Pu Huat, Xiang Khwang Occupation: housewife Place of exposure: POU Bia Noy Village, in Laos Date of exposure: November 1980 (two attacks, seven days apart) I ••• A/36/613 English Annex Page 47 Mode of delivery: not described, "yellow rain" mentioned Effect: irritation of the eyes, with no tears, intense coughing, later vomited two to three times. after a week, had bloody diarrhea for three or four days Duration of recovery: about 10 days Present condition: complained of physical weakness and numbness of both legs Medical records available: out-patient department card showed she had received treatment as having "peripheral neuritis". Further information: her two children, aged ·sand 10, became sick earlier than their parents. Two other people in the field were also sick. Chickens died within 10 days, two or three a day. 3. Tang Yea Yang; male; married; age 60 Residence: Huey Kan, Phou Bie, Laos Occupation: village head man Date of exposure: February 1981 Mode of delivery: airplane sprayed powder Effect: coughing and diarrhea for two days, generalized itching for five days. The symptoms appeared after drinking water the day after it had rained. Duration of recovery: took opium and diarrhea stopped in two days Present condition: no complaints Physical examination: not significant Further information: people becoming sick with coughing and diarrhea were cured with opium; some people in the village died one or two days after the attack. B. Ban Vinai Refugee Holding Center Medical personnel Dr. Gideon Regalado, Medical Officer: He has been Medical Officer of the camp since February 1980. When 9uestioned, he mentioned respiratory diseases (common cold, bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, tuberculosis) as the most common, together with gastrointestinal disorders. Other endemic diseases worth mentioning were lung and liver flukes;. among skin diseases, scabies and pyogenic ·infections (abscesses), which he attributed to crowding. Asked to expand on the ~ubject of alleged victims of chemical attacks, he indicated there were no means to confirm their allegations. No set of signs and symptoms were suggestive of abnormalities associated with chemical warfare agents. There were no consistent laboratory data, either. The refugees, he said, arrived in the camp anywhere from two to eight months or more after alleged attacks, having walked for 20 to 30 days in the jungle. . or. Regalado expressed the opinion that since there is a considerable time lag between the alleged exposure and arrival of . refugees in Thailand, it may be that only the "survivors" make it. He cited' as an example the case of a particular refugee who was sent to a lung specialist in the town of Udon {Thailand), and whose report established n(? relation between his A/36/613 English Annex Page 48 condition and exposure to chemical agents. Although mothers attribute the death of several new-born children to after-effects of "gassing" during pregnancy, no conclusion could be reached on the matter because no study has been done to clarify the issue. The four doctors in the camp see about 300 patients a day. Medical records are kept for only three months after a particular refugee leaves camp, and are then -·h · disposed of. ~l~ged victims 4. Pha Cher Pao; male; married; age 53 Residence: Pa Pai Village, Xiang Hong District(· Xiang Kwang Province, Laos Occupation: soldier, lieutenant in the "resistance army" of General Van Pao Place of exposure: Pha Nam ~haot Date of exposure: 18 August 1978, 3 p.m. Mode of delivery: foilowing artillery attack, a low-flying airplane sprayed smoke at resistance fighters. Effect: he was hidi1ng in a cave; he suffered eye irritation, coughing, became dizzy and had stomach pain. He took opium and had no vomiting or diarrhea. Those outside the cave (about 200 people) died within five minutes. They coughed and afterwards vomited blood. The youngest died sooner, some with convulsions. Pha developed lesions on his legs where impregnated foliage had brushed them. Physical examination: two light-coloured, pale scars on the anterior (bony) aspect of each leg, from 1/2 to 1 cm in diameter. S, Vang Yia Poa; male; married; age 40 Residence: Pao Koa Kwai, Van Bang Heng, Twakom; Vientiane, Laos Occupation: village head man under Kraison Promirharm's Government .... Alleged witness to two attacks, alleged victim of a third attack Dates of attack: June 1977, September 1980,.January 1981 Mode of delivery: aerial spray Effect: (similar each time} The victims coughed up blood, later developed bloody diarrhea and a skin rash. Some symptoms were prevented by opium. 18 people died in first attack, 30 in second and 81 in third. Further information: he stated that, having been interviewed four times, he was not going to testify again~ 6. Her Mor; male; married; age 35 Residence: Poo Bia Ya Village, ·Vang Xia District, Xiang Kwang Province, Laos Occupation: resistance soldier in General Van Pao's army Place of attack: Long Xang Village, Hong District, Vientiane Date of attack: 17 October 1980 Mode of delivery: a slow airplane sprayed a yellow powder Effect: dizziness, eye irr.itation, vomiting, bloody diarrhea. Later developed blisters of different sizes on the skin. Many people and animals died. / ... A/36/613 English Annex Page 49 Duration of recovery: had not felt well until treated in the hospital at the camp in February 1981. Physical examination: multiple small, pale scars.on proximal third of ~eg, on anterior-lateral and -medial aspects, several sizes but about 1/2 cm in diameter. He attributes these scars to blisters he developed after brushing his legs against "impregnated" foliage. 7. Her Ge; male; married; age 36 Residence: Mon Lon, near Mnang Hong, Vientiane Province, Laos Occupation: farmer Date of attack: 29 December 1980 Mode of delivery: an airplane flew over the village and he heard "like a soft rain" on the roof cf his house. Effect: He was dizzy next morning, an~ lay down; lost consciousness from noon until midnight. His wi'fe and mother, who had remained in the house, did not develop symptoms. The same was true of two of his children who did not come out of the house. The children who had gone out to see the airplane vomited profusely and developed a skin rash. One of them received opium and was cured, while the other died. Other famil~es had similar experiences. The animals were unaffected. Leaves b~came yellow and developed holes. Further information: was interviewed by foreigners on an earlier occasion. 8. Mang Chang, female; single; age 18 Residence: Pha Hai, Vientiane Province, Laos Occupation: farmer Date exposed: October 1981 (about the 10th), and 17 October 1981 Mode of delivery: heard airplane (day was cloudy) make several passes over rice field; while the airplane could still be heard, she saw yellow powder on leaves and ground. " Effect: one hour after she ate some plants, which she had washed free of the yellow powder in a stream, she "became like drunk", with a headache, dizziness, some cough with pain, had difficulty breathing or speaking, passed sticky sputum and had to lie down; she vomited and the vornitus contained bile. The symptoms cleared after she slept in her home. No other member of the family (nine persons) who also ate the vegetables had any illness. on 17 October 1981, as a member of a group that was fleeing from Laos, she walked through a field covered with "yellow powder" for about 50 meters and then turned back as soon as the group noticed it. Present condition: she complains of "some fever" which was not confirmed (her temperature was 36.8•), and of some skin lesions on her arms where "impregnated" leaves brushed them. Physical examination: General condition good. Has a goiter (about 10 x 10 cm palpable splenomegaly; scars and superficial infections on the legs and arms Laboratory findings: nothing abnormal detected. I I -,. ., • A/36/613 English Annex Page 50 9. Ko Chang; male; single; age 17 Residence: Phu Pieng, Vientiane Province, Laos Occupation: farmer Place and date of attack: in his village when he was a small child; a second time in October 1980, lastly an alleged third exposure on the afternoon of 17 October 1981. Mode of delivery: (attack of 1980) he saw an airplane while he was in the field with his family harvesting rice; saw yellow powder which looked like pollen grains fall on leaves, the ground, himself and his family. Effect: half an hour after exposure he felt dizzy and developed a headache; others had vomiting and diarrhea approximately three hours later; some developed "weeping wounds" on the legs. 17 October 1981 incident: with five other members of the group fleeing Laos, he walked on a yellow powder for about 50 m and then turned back. rt produced a "wound" on his foot and he also had diarrhea and abdominal pain on the evening of the same .day. He recovered in two days. Physical examination: not significant. Laboratory abnormalities: eosinophilia: 18 per cent. 10. Vang Yee Thao; male; single; age 18, Residence: Ban Dom, Vientiane Province, Laos Occupation: student (third grade primary school) Place and date of incident: while fleeing from Laos, 17 Ocotber 1981 Mode of delivery: unknown, but believes an airplane which the group saw was responsible. The yellow material was dry, with grains the size of ground flour. The group walked for 50 m on the powder, then turned back. Effect: nine days after exposure to the powder, he felt dizzy and, for a short while, had difficulty breathing. Physical examination: not significant. Laboratory abnormalities: leucocytosis: 16,200 WBC per mm3 11. Kia Pao Chang; male; married; age 37 Residence: Phu Peang, Vientiane Province, Laos Occupation: soldier and farmer Place and date exposed: near his village, 17 October 1981 Descript~on: similar to those above Effect: Five days after alleged exposure, he became dizzy and developed numbness in his feet. He experienced diarrhoea six days after alleged exposure. Physical examination: has some lesions on legs and feet which were very superficial small exulcerations, crusted over with yellowish material. Clinical impression: possibly eczematous lesions. Laboratory findings: nothing abnormal noted. 12:· Xiong Leng Chang; male; married; age 50 Residence: Phu Peang, Vientiane Province, Laos Occupation: farmer I •• • A/36/613 English Annex Page 51 Exposure: same incident referred to above on 17 October 1981. He heard an airplane before the incident of the group's walking on the "yellow rain"; he he was by himself at that time. The powder was spread over a rice and corn field. Effect: he felt dizzy at the time of the alleged exposure; this feeling worsened with the heat at noon the next day. He continued to feel ill for several days. He had diarrhoea nine days after exposure and recovered after three days. Physical examination: not significant. Laboratory findings: nothing abnormal detected. 13. Chia Xang Change; male; married (two wives); age 36 Residence: phu Peang Occupation: farmer Exposure: same incident referred to above on 17 October 1981. Effect: sore throat and mild diarrhoea, seven days after alleged exposure. Has developed a "wound" on the sacral and perineal areas, which he attributes to having slept on leaves and without a shirt, on the night of 17 October. Physical examination: dermatitis of ·the sacral and perineal areas. Clinical impression: contact dermatitis. Laboratory findings: nothing abnormal detected. Alleged eyewitnesses 14. Lor Nao Pao; male; married; age 33 Residence: Pu Hea Occupation: soldier (first lieutenant) in General Van Pao's army ~ Date of attack: February 1979 Mode of delivery: airplane sprayed something like smoke, which reached the ground within 30 minutes and appeared to be yellow in color. Effect: dizziness, vomiting (after one hour) first food, then blood; diarrhoea in those that didn't vomit (after an hour). Out of 600 people exposed, 2 died. Those inside houses did not develop symptoms but left the village and returned a week later. Further information: He has taken photographs of skin conditions attributed by the villagers to the attack, five months after· it occurred. He has also collected some yellow material from a rock in a rice field, with a stick and protecting his arms and face with a cloth, while fleeing from Laos. He says he has heard of several attacks in the area where he made the collection from, but did not witness any. He has turned in both his pictures and the yellow powder he collected to the Group. 15.· Kue Yoo Kan; male; married; age 35 Residence: Phou Bia Ya Village, Xiang Hong Di~trict, Xiang Kwang Province, Laos Occupation: soldier under General Van Pao A/36/613 English Annex Page 52 Place of attack: Ban Nam Kiang, Xiang Kwang Province Date of attack: 1 April 1978 and 2 October 1978 Mode of delivery: aerial spray Effect, Those who drank water from the pool were affected. They vomited and had diarrhoea. His daughter, age 1, was sick after drinking unboiled water .and her teeth became "spoiled". The leaves in the area developed black spots after the attack. Present condition: he now complains of pain in the joints. 16. Thao Chang Teng; male; marriedi age 55 Residence: Keo 1ai, Laos Occupation: village group leader Place of attack: the rice field of his village, rice field for 30 families Date of attack: September 1980 Mode of delivery: Believes a slow-flying plane which made two passes over the rice field delivered the yellow powder (granules the size of sugar granules) which was seen next day on the rice field. Effect: The woman (age 60) who looked after the rice was found dead on the day following the sighting of the airplane. She lay in the hut, face down, holding her stomach, with frothl discharge from the nose and saliva drooling from the mouth. Three watchdogs lay dead with outstretched legs, near the hut, with their heads in the water of the rice field. 17. Yang Chao, male; married, age 25 Residence: Phou Yer, Vientiane Province, Laos Occupation: farmer Place of attack: Pha Neng Village Date of attack: December 1980 Mode of delivery: airplane sprayed smoke on the village when the people went out to look at it. Effect; coughin~, ~omiting and diarrhoea developed in his wife and child "after dinner". His wife took opium and was cured, while his child, who was too ybung to be given opium, died. Other families had similar experiences; those ~ho did not take opium (for example, young children) died. All animals in the village died. Spots cleveioped on the leaves, which, however, did not fall off Further informatiotH He was interviewed by two foreigners on an earlier occaJsiot1. 18. vue Nhia Ka; mal~, martiea; age 40 Residence: Long Chengt Laos Occupatiofi: soldier in the Royal Lao Atmy Place of att~~k= rtoi zao, xieng Khwang, Laos Date of att4,kl Jun~ 1980 Mode of 4eltVqff: t~o airplanes launched two rockets, which exploded in mid-air, .~ 1e~low cioud appeared and a powder settled all around. Effec~~ ~ii f~~Uies (14) except one (four members) hid in special covered I • .• l A/36/613 English Annex Page 53 "bunkers". all the members of the family who were exposed (ages 15-60) had vomiting with some blood and diarrhoea; blisters appeared on their skin. They all died overnight. All animals in the village died, with much salivation and swollen abdomens. Leaves in the area became yellow and developed holes • ., c. Panatnikhom Refugee Processing Center Medical personnel or. Sorapipatana Chamras, one of nine doctors working at the Center Dr. Chamras has never treated any case of alleged·exposure to chemical warfare agents. The diseases most commonly seen in the Centre include upper respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal disorders, especially diarrhoea. Questioned about epistaxis, he reported that.he saw a few cases each year, and only in children; asked to comment about diarrhoea and bleeding, he said he met the problem at times, and that he thought it was usually dysentery, possibly amebic. Alleged eyewitnesses 19. Do Hong San; male; married; age 21 Residence: Saigon, Viet Nam Occupation: soldier {private) in the Vien Hong Regiment (sent to Kampuchea) of the Vietnamese National Army Place of incident: Phanom Malai (mountain in Kampuchea) Date of incident: September 1979 Description: He saw a Russian soldier firing a weapon shaped like a rocket, which exploded and emitted smoke that killed people. Further information: This witness has been interviewed by journalists and an ,,. article was published in Bangkok newspapers in which he described the death of both Vietnamese and Kampuchean troops which were fighting against each other. 20. Sam Sotha; male; married; age 29 Residence: Battambang City, Kampuchea Occupation: Catholic Relief services worker at Bishop's house Place of incident: 15 kms from Thailand-Kampuchea border Date of incident: June 1980 Description of incident: saw two soldiers come on stretchers from battlefield and was told these were paralyzed by a gas used in combat. He was told the soldiers recovered in 24 hours. 21. Chhiv Nguon; male; married; age 35 Residence: Kampong Cham Province, Kampuchea Occupation: soldier (sergeant major) with Lon Nol regime .Place of incident: Premveng Province, Kampuchea Date of incident: 1972 I •••. A/36/613 English Annex Page 54 Description of incident: during combat, he had to send back soldiers who were "sick" because of a white-coloured smoke used by the Viet Cong in Kampuchea. Those affected were "paralysed" (unconscious?) unless protected by mask or by a rag wet with urine and rubbed with onions held against nose and mouth. Sometimes 20-30 soldiers from his.battalion (512 men) had to leave combat; they returned one week to one month after exposure. Sometimes a little blood came from the nose. 22. Yang Phon; male; married; age 55 Residence: Battambang City, Kampuchea Occupation: soldier (sergeant major) of the Khmer Republic Army (Lon Nol regime), 1954-1975 Place of incident: Dam Nak Kakos Village, Kampuchea Description of incident: he was travelling on foot and encountered a combat situation; he saw three civilians lying "paralysed" on the·road. He smeared their noses and mouths with onion and urine and did the same to himself, and soon the civilians recovered. He did not see how the agent reached the people, but the combat sounds came from about 100-500 m. 23. Quan Nguyen; male; married; age 36 Residence: Codo Bavi Hasonbinh, North Vietnam Occupation: soldier (captain), commanded an artillery unit in the North Vietnamese Army Place of incident: Vietnam and later Kampuchea Date of incident: from 1967 until 20 January 1980 (when he crossed the border) He says he knows of three types of chemical weapons: tear gas, dissolving chemical and stronger, destroy.ing chemical. He had u~ed only tear gas. witnesses presenti~g hearsay information ~ 24. Manivanh Kham Phiou; male; married; age 35 Residence: Vientiane, Laos Occupation: pilot in the Royal Lao Air Force Place of incident: Wattai airport Date of incident: October 1976, 2 p.m. Description: a wooden box containing plastic bags of some Soviet product broke and a powder came out which smelled like chlorine. '!he spill was cleaned and then decontaminated with no special precautions. However, his friends (Pathet Lao soldiers) commented on dangerous poisons being shipped from the Soviet Union for the use of the Vietnamese armed forces. Effect: mild coughing, lacrimation, sneezing and headaches in the workers who dicl the cleaning. 25. Vang Neng; male; married1 age 39 Residence: Ban Phou Mang, Xiang Khouang Province, Laos Occupation: soldier (lieutenant) in the Royal Lao Arrny1 presently Hmong Leader- in Ban Vinai Refugee Holding Center He has been-hearing of the attacks since 1976. I ••• A/36/613 English Annex Page 55 26. Ho Ta'n cu•u, male) single; age 20 Residence: Qua'ng Nam da Nang, south Vietnam Occupation: soldier (private) serving in artillery unit, Vietnamese Army in Nimit, Kampuchea Just heard stories from soldiers. 27. Ul Saem1 male1 married; age 55 Residence: Takeo City, Takeo Province, Kampuchea Occupation: court clerk in Takeo City 1967-19701 in Phnom Pehn 1970-1979 Description: his son told him of combat situations in which "gas" was used, which he heard as stories from 0th.er soldiers in 1974. 28. Le Van Luong) male; married; age 69 Residence: 13 c/27 Kydong, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Occupation: professor in Saigon University, Department of History Has only hearsa_y information. D. Other sources of information The Group consulted with two representatives of the united Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Mr. Alan Simmance, Regional Representative and Dr. Arcot G. Rangaraj, Health Officer, who provided information regarding general conditions of the refugee camps1 health conditions among the refugees and local pathology. Questioned as to whether they had seen cases attributable to chemical warfare agents, they said they had no report at all on the subject. The UNHCR promised to contribute whole-heartedly with the Group in its efforts to implement its mandate. This assistance included help in locating the refugees whose names appear in the United States submissions and in, the provision of an interpreter. In the course of the interviews, several witnesses referred to a certain Dr. Amos Townsend, who had previously interviewed some of the refugees. Consequently, the Group decided to meet with or. Townsend in order to seek any relevant data at his disposal. Dr. Townsend is a retired colonel of the United States Air Force and currently health co-ordinator of various relief agenciers including the International Rescue Committee. or. Townsend stated that he himself was convinced that chemical warfare agents are being used against the Hmong people. He believed that an effort is underway either to destroy the Hmong, to scare them off, or to experiment with various new chemical warfare agents. Dr. Townsend turned over to the Group two samples of vegetation (one leaf, one stem) reportedly collected by a Hmong refugee from an area of alleged attack on 3 October 1981. These samples had been delivered to him with an anonymous note. In this respect, the Group felt that it was not in a position to verify the accuracy of the report that the samples did in fact come from the area alleged to have come under attack. As indicated in paragraph 48 above, whereas on an a priori basis the Group would not wish to question that samples were collected from areas of alleged chemical attack, the Group, however, cannot base its final judgement on the results of the analysis of samples collected through other than· impartial procedures. He also turned over to the Group several photographs of some refugees, one girl and five men, as well as whole blood (heparinized) and clotted blood collected from the girl. Finally, he stated that A/36/613 English Annex Page 56 he had sent all evidence that he had allegedly collected to the United States through the United States Embassy in Bangkok. The Group was also approached by members of the Canadian Embassy in Bangkok, who met with the Group and provided some background information on the Canadian submission and their own activities. It was the impression of the Group that there ,, was no additional data that the Group could take into account. I \ UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES POSTAL ADDRESS-ADRESSE POSTALE. UNITED NATIONS, N.Y. f0017 CABLE ADORESS-ADRESSE TELEGRAPHIQUE· UNATIONS NEWVORK R-EFERENCE: 20 November 1981 Excellency, The Group of Experts to Investigate Reports on the Alleged Use of Chemical Weapons, after completing its examination of the documents it had at hand on the subject, undertook a visit to Thailand, to collect and examine evidence, pursuant to operative paragraph 5 of resolution 35/144 C of the General Assembly. The enclosed samples were received by the Group from different sources during its visit to Thailand. Sample No. 1 was received from a Hmong refugee at a Ban Vinai refugee camp. He stated that while fleeing Laos he encountered this material which resembled the one he saw after an alleged attack on his own village, and collected it sometime in October 1981. Samples No. 2 and 3 were handed over to us by Dr. Amos Townsend, medical coordinator for voluntary relief agencies working in Thai refugee camps. According to him, he received the samples together with an unsigned note stating: "To Dr. Townsend. These samples was spreaded (sic) from the airplace. The victims blood vomited. (sic) 3-11-81.". Dr. Townsend could neither identify the person who delivered the samples nor the refugee from whom the samples came. The Group would like to suggest that the following tests be conducted on each of the samples: 1. Determination of plant species of the sample materials. 2. Microscopic examination in order to detect spores and micelia. 3. Culture of fragments of the samples, to isolate possible toxin-producing organisms. His Excellency Mr. Kurt Waldheim Secretary-General of the United Nations UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES -2- 4. Micro-chemical identification of the nature of chemicals and toxins and their degradation products for the following: (a) Harassing agents - CS gas, chloracetophenon, adamsite, diphenylcyonoarsine; (b) Blistering agents - mustards and lewisite; (c) Organophosphorus compounds; (d) Shocking agents - cy:::.nogen chloride; (e) Mycotoxins - trichothecenes. In this respect, the Group wishes to point out that it is not in a position to verify the accuracy of the report that the samples did in fact come from the area alleged to have come under attack. Accordingly, whereas on an a priori basis the Group would not wish to question that samples were collected from areas of alleged chemical attack, the Group, however, cannot base its final judgement on the results of the analysis of samples collected through other than impartial procedures. It is hoped that in the future a more reliable procedure for collection and handling of samples is established, whereby impartial and competent personnel aware of the difficulties are entrusted with this delicate task. Some photographs are also enclosed. These were claimed to have been taken by the same refugee who provided sample No. 1, five months af'ter the attack on his village had allegedly occurred. The Group has also taken photographs of lesions of alleged victims during its visit and they are also enclosed. These consist of photographs showing skin lesions:on the foot (1 photograph),legs (1 photograph),and the gluteal region and perineum (3 photographs)of three alleged victims. The Group suggests that experienced dermatologists be consulted for expert opinion. We are also submitting blood samples from 6 refugees who were examined by the Group of Experts. Since, due to a :misunderstanding of laboratory personnel at the Udorn (Thailand) Military Hospital where the examinations were conducted, the samples were subjected to freezing. As a result, only the analyses for chemical warfare agents mentioned above and/or their degradation products would be meaningful at this stage. UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES -3- Finally, in order to obtain reliable results, the necessary analyses should be conducted by properly equipped and impartial laboratories, preferably under the control of the United Nations or the specialized agencies, for instance, the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization. Yours sincerely, Esmat A. Ezz Chairman, Group of Experts to Investigate Reports on the Alleged Use of Chemical Weapons UNITED NATIONS INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM The Secretary-General TO: A: Mr. Viacheslav A. Ustinov ./J. Under-Secretary-General for Political f L THROUGH: S/C DE: and Security Co~uncil A~fairs . Jan Martenson" . . ~-- '{\(\ ~ \ FROM: Assistant Secre~ ~3<3e~\J-~~\ ~ DE: Centre for Dise~ nt .. SUBJECT: General deba-Ee in the First Committee on disarmament items OBJET: 1. The First Committee concluded on Friday its consideration of disarmament items. A record of 48 draft resolutions were ado ted, of which 18 were by consensus. Since 9, t e nu er o drafts has steadilyincre""a'sed, while this year those adopted without a vote did not reach the figures achieved during previous sessions. 2. The process leading to the second special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament continued on the basis of the rule of consensus. Two draft resolutions ·were adopted under the relevant item. The first draft (L.5) endorsed the report of the Preparatory Committee, while the second draft (L.43/Rev.l) urged the nuclear-weapon States to transmit to the Secretary-General their views, proposals and practical suggestions for ensuring the prevention of nuclear war. 3. The Committee also considered a number of new initiativ~s tabled during the session. The Soviet draft declaration on the preventio~ of nuclear catastro~he was adopted by 67 in favour, 18 against (France, United Kingdom, United States and other Western countries) and 37 abstentions (mainly non-aligned and neutral}. China did not participate in the vote. Two draft resolutions were submitted..Q._n outer space, one co-sponsored by Western countries (L.7) and the other by Socialist countries (L.8). Both were adopted by substantial majorities. They entrust the Committee on Disarmament (CD} with the task of negotiating an agreement which in the Socialist draft would prohibit the stationing of any weapon in outer space, while the Western draft would attach priority to a ban on anti-satellite systems. A ro osal b Mexico on a World Disarmament Cam aign (L.11/Rev.l) was adopted by 119 to none with 3 a stentions Unite States, Japan and Israel). A draft~resolution submitted~ a group of Socialist countries entitled "Prohibition of the nuclear neutron weapon" (L.33), which requested the CD to start negotiations on that weapon, was adopted by 58 in favour, 13 against (France, United Kingdom, United "S"tates and other Western countries} and 40 abstentions (mainly non aligned and neutral). China did not participate in the vote. The Egyptian initiative inviting the Secretary-General to appoint a personal representative to ascertain views on the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East was not pressed to a vote in view of objections from some members of the Arab group. Instead, a procedural resolution {L.34/Rev.l} was adopted by consensus. I ... - 2 - 4. In connexion with other questions which have been on the agenda of the First Committee since previous sessions, voting patterns have remained basically the same, with few exceptions. A draft resolution on a study on conventional disarmaroen-~ (L.3/Rev.l), which requests the Secretary-General to set up the expert group for carrying out such a study, was adopted this time by 98 in favour to none and 21 abstentions (mainly Socialist and some non-aligned countries), after the sponsor accepted a Brazilian amendment dealing with the terms of reference of that group. For the first time in many years, the draft resolution oq the continuation of ne otiations in the CD on a chemical weapons ban did not achieve consensus, with only t e ni ed Sta es abstaining in view of the request made to the CD for a revision of the mandate of the working group entrusted with those negotia tions. On the other hand, in spite of the uncertainties which have surrounded the continuation of the negotiating process on strategic arms during the last year, a ~aft resolution was , adoEted by consensus after long and difficult negotiations between the co-sponsors and the USA and USSR (L.42/Rev.l). 5. As regards studies requested from the Secretary-General by previous sessions of the General Assembly, it may be noted that draft resolutions on institutional arrangements relating to the process of disarmament (L.9), on the relationship between disarmament and development (L.21), and on Israeli nuclear armament (L.30), were adopted by consensus. The studies were generally well received and appreciation was expressed to the Secretary-General in those draft resolutions for the reports submitted, in spite of well-known differences among Member States in connexion with the matters dealt by them. The same considera tions apply to draft resolution (L.23/Rev.2) on confidence-building measures. As regards the draft resolution on the extension of the mandate of the group of experts to investigate re orts on the a lege use o c emica weapons L.54, as expected, there was a serious diver ence of views which ended with a vote of 74 in favour, 18 against asically Socialist countries) and 30 absten- tions (mainly non-aligned). No basic objections were raised, -, fiowever, to the contents of the report of the group, which covered highly sensitive matters from the political point of view. 6. Deliberations in the Committee have been conducted in a climate of confrontation between the two maJor Powers. As I noted in paragraph 9 of my memorandum of 6 November 1981, there is increasing awareness among members of basic differences on priority questions on the disarmament agenda. It is also felt that, as long as confrontation remains a familiar pattern in the relations between those Powers, chances for bridging existing differences will remain dim. The present session did not open / ... - 3 - the way to rogress on an of the items included in the ~nnua agenda o e negotiating body: nuclear test ban, cessation of the nuclear arms race and nuclear disarmament, negative security assurances for non-nuclear-weapon States, chemical weapons, new types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons and the comprehensive programme of disarmament. This is of particular concern as the time for the second special session of the General Assembly is drawing closer. It remains to be seen if in the period before the special session, developments outside the United Nations framework may lead to an improvement of the existing climate which would contribute to progress in at least some of those important subjects. AKU/atk cc: SG File: Disa,rm.Adv.Board I,, xRef: ~vi'{_ k,Dl~~ bf:AR/Mfil'/LCC/GMM/AF/MJS Mr. Jan Martenson 4 November 1981 Assistant secretary-General Centre for Disarraament Mr. Viacheslav A. Ustinov Under-Secretary-General for Political and Security Council Affairs Rafeeuddin Ahmed Chef de Cabinet AdyJ~or_y Board on Diarmament Studies With reference to your memorandum of 30 October 1981, please proceed as proposedo Kindly substitute the first thr~e paragraphs of the report with the revised version, , attached. A.KU/atk cc: SG f_il <: -'. Disarmament ',e,,. '' • ,__ bf, AR!Mif.~ ;f)_e;[#M;fl:;j Mr. Jan Martenson IL ~.. -., ·1·. · 1f_1 Yid ernber 1981 Assistant Secretary-General r~ '-- 1 Centre for Disarmament Mr. Viacheslav A~ Ustinov Under-Secretary-General for Political and Security Council P.~ffairs Rafeeuddin ~.hmed Chef de Cabinet Study on the Relationship between Disarmament arid International Security ·------~---· -- With reference to your memoranda of 10 and 16 Novembe.r on the above subject, please proceed as proposed. ·ti revised foreword by the Secrt:?tary-General is 2.tached. ' FOREWORD BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL The attached study was prepared by a group of experts appointed by the Secretary-General pursuant to General Assembly resolution 33/91 L of 16 December 1978, following a decision by the tenth special session of the General Assembly, contained in paragraph 97 of its Final Document. The study deals with a very complex subject. The experts point out in their conclusions that the relationship between disarmament and international security lies at the very root of the problem of how to find ways by which States can achieve security without engaging in an arms race which merely results in greater insecurity for all. Therefore, from its outset, the study calls attention to the immense dangers and detrimental effects of the arms race. It analyzes the connexion bewween amammament and international security and provides many useful insights. It stresses that efforts towards disarmament and towards strengthening of international security can and must reinforce each other, so as to promote progress in both fi~eds. The Secretary-General wishes to thank the experts for their study which contributes significantly to a more comprehensive understanding of this sensitive area of international relations. It should be noted that the observations and recommendations contained therein are those of the experts. In this connexion, the Secretary-General would like to point out that in the complex field of disarmament matters, in many instances he is not in a position to pass judgement on all aspects of the work accomplished by experts. ' rt- LA -~ v-r TT-1-,'-'>""' DRAFT FOREWORD BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL The attached study has been prepared by the Group of Experts on the Relationship between Disarmament and International Security appointed by the Secretary-General pursuant to General Assembly resolution 33/91 I of 16 December 1978, following a decision by the tenth speci~l session of the General Assembly, contained in paragraph 97 of its Final Document. The study deals with a very complex subject. The experts point out in their conclusions that it lies at the very root of the problem of how to find ways by which States can achieve security without engaging in an arms race which merely results in greater insecurity for all. Therefore, from the very outset, the study calls attention to the immense dangers and highly detrimental effects of the arms race and, following this premise, it analyses the interconnexion between disarmament and international security in a large number of ways and areas and provides many useful insights. It stresses that efforts towards disarmament and towards strengthening international security can and must reinforce each other, so as to promote progress in both fields. The Secretary-General wishes to thank the experts for their study which contributes significantly to clarifying the many problems involved in this sensitive area of international relations. It should be noted that the observations and recommendations contained therein are those of the experts. In this connexion, the Secretary-General would like to point out that in the complex field of disarmament matters, in many instances he is not in a position to pass judgement on all aspects of the work accomplished by experts. .,J _,...· n,J.T FOREWORD BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL .,r 0~.--_, The attached study ~~een prepared by the Group of Experts on the Relationship between Disarmament and International Security appointed by the Secretary-General pursuant to General Assembly resolution 33/91 I of 16 December 1978, following a decision by the tenth special session of the General Assembly, contained in paragraph 97 of its Final Document. The study deals with a very complex subject.· The experts point out in their conclusions that it lies at the very root of the problem of how to find ways by which States can achieve security without engaging in an arms race which merely results in greater insecurity for all. Therefore, from the very outset, the study calls attention to the immense dangers and highly detrimental effects of the arms race and, following this premise, it analyses the interconnexion between disarmament and international security in a large number of ways and areas and provides many useful insights. It stresses that progress towards disarmament and towards strengthening international security can and must reinforce each other, so as to promote progress in both fields. In view of the dynamics and complexities of the issues involved, the study, although comprehensive, could not possibly exhaust the entire subject. It contributes significantly, nevertheless, to clarifying the main aspects of the problem. The Secretary-General wishes to thank the experts for the study. It should be noted that the observations and recommendations contained therein are those of the experts. In this connexion, the Secretary-General would like to point out that in the complex field of disarmament matters, in many instances he is not in a position to pass judgement on all aspects of the work accomplished by experts. Au\... R E c E 1V E D I)~ . r .J - ~no1 UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIE~I..,,,, :\jJ' : : l~U INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR TO: The Secretary-General DATE: 16 November 1981 A: Mr. Viacheslav A. Ustinov Under-Secretary-General for Political THROUGH: S/C DE: and Security Council ~£fairs Jan Martenson~L.._ \N\~ \ _ FROM: Assistant Secret r •~iie\: ~ ~s rf\ DE: Centre for Di m nt ~tudy on the Rela ionship between Disarmament SUBJECT: OBJET: and International Security 1. Further to my memorandum of 10 November, I wish to inform you that Ambassador Zenon Rossides has discussed his differences concerning the chapter on conclusions with the Chairman of the Study Group, General Carlos P. Romulo. The Chairman did not agree with Ambassador Rossides 1 request .to have his separate conclusions attached to the study. He, however, proposes that the following sentence should be added in a footnote at the end of the chapter on conclusions: "Reservations by Ambassador Zenon Rossides on the conclusions of the study, as not adequately reflecting the contents of the study, and his comments and statement in this connexion are contained in verbatim records of the First Committee 11 of 23 November 1981 • 2. In view of similar precedents, I consider this proposal acceptable since it enables us to resolve this problem. 3. After your approval, this sentence would be included in the study. .- ,, ., I UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR TO: A: The Secretary-General Mr. Viacheslav A. Ustinov THROUGH: Under-Secretary-General for Political S/C DE: Jan Martenson (1A- FROM: \r{\'r._' e...... DE: Assistant c:ee ny-~en~:Mfn. vy\~f(""\ Centre for isa ament SUBJECT: stud on t e Re ationshi between Disarmament OBJET: and_~nternational Security 1. Attached please find for your consideration and approval the study entitled "The Relationship between Disarmament and International Security" prepared by a Group of Experts, in pursuance of General Assembly resolution 33/91 I of 16 December 1978, together with a draft-foreword by you. 2. After the adoption of the study by the Group,, one Expert, Ambassador Zenon Rossides of Cyprus, has now indicated his intention to submit his own version of the chapter on conclusions with a request that it be attached as an annex to the study. The matter has been referred to the Chairman of the Group of Experts. 3. After your approval, the study will be submitted to the thirty-sixth session of the General Assembly. / '.,-, -P f o/•-, J- ,_r; i (\ "· '-· '"".!-"ik. \,;'~~ 1 -~- A· ~.. ,,. { AKU/atk cc: SG File: DisarIJl_\ xRef: bf: Mr. Jan Martenson Assistant Secretary·-General Centre for Disarmament Mr. Viacheslav A. Ustinov Under-Secretary-General for Political and Security Council Affairs Rafeeuddin Ahmed, Chef de Cabinet Off ice of the Secretary-General -~ ~£_pf E"...::perts on Disarm~rn.~~- and ·~ational Security The Secretary-General received the attachE::d lett,~r from Carlos P. e Romulo, Minister for Forei~;;n A.ff airs of the Philippines and Chairman of the Group of Experts en Disarmament and In·ternational Sec::Jrity; by which he, requests the Secretary-General to extend the work of the Gropp of Experts for one more week in order to finalize the report to the G:iln~al Assembly. I would be grateful if you would kindly look into this matter to ascertain whether General Romulo's r12quest can be accmmnodate R.EPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS MANILA Walaorf Towers, N~w York City 2 September 1981 OF'F"ICE: OF' THE: MINISTER Your Excellency: I am enclosing herewith a telegram of Ambassador Paludan, a member of the Group of Experts on Disarmament and International Security. I have studied their report so far ~ompleted and I sincerely believe ~hat the introduction and conclusion must be finished and to do this it is necessary to extend the Group for another week. Since we are to present our report to the 36th General Assembly I earnestly request that we be given this one-week extension. Accept, Excellency, the assurances of my highest consideration. CARLOS P. ROMULO Minister for Foreign Affairs and Chairman of the Group of Experts on Disarmement and International Security His Excellency Kurt Waldheim Secretary-General United Nations New York, N.Y. I~\:,,.'., 1:: HAS SUCCEEDED IN FINALIZING 6 CHAPTERS . 'l. •,: ¥ •• -'<. ~.;~~;:.~~~~~~~'. ':fl ·".if;tiJ:f{i' -- ;_,,-_ ~ ·.;.~;e __ .._,,.· __ ,. --· ~ .. _.;t{. ·:_-- YOU -l•l Ill KNOW THAT WE HAUE TWO DRAFTS FOR A COMPLETE REPORT INCLUDING THIS WOULD NECESSITATE ONE ;) IY 21 Rer 'ct , ·.1 UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES sq ,__- INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR L,-,--. ~ ,Ii,; lf""~2 1981. TO: DATE( A: The Secretary-General ------4------ Mr. Viacheslav A. Ustinov REFERENCE, _____._ ____ THROUGH: 5/C DE: Under-Secretary-General for )I',~ , - / Political and Security Council Affairs(. llJY{-1ivti-{ FROM: Jan Martenson V\(\ c.. \ n OE: Assistant Se7retary-Gener c~ ~ I \ Cv.tvn~~ Centre for Disarmament SUBJECT: OBJET: Group of Experts on the Re ationship Between Disarmament and International Security l. The Study Group on the Interrelationship between Disarmament and International Security has finished its last session (17-28 August) at which it approved by consensus six substantive chapters of the report. 2. Due to serious differences in opinion which arose in connexion with several paragraphs of the report dealing with the concept of the report as well as some current problems in international relations, the Group did not have enough time to finalize its work on the Introduction and on Conclusions and Recommendations. 3. The views of the Experts as to how to proceed under the circumstances are divided. Some of them consider that the report is, in fact, co~pleted, whereas several others strongly feel that the group should be given the opportunity to adopt the remaining two parts of the report - Introduction and Conclusions and Recommendations. 4. The Chairman of the Group, General Carlos P. Romulo who was unable to attend this meeting, but is presently in New York, has been informed of the situation. He was also given to understand that the funds allocated for this study group have been fully utilized and that any additional funds would have to be approved. Furthermore, the original two years mandate of the group was already extended by one year at the 35th session of the General Assembly. So It is likely that General Romulo may wish to discuss the question of the finalization of the report directly with you. AKU/atk cc: SG File: Centre f.Disarm. ~:. " i'4~ . bf :.~R/M;)s /):.et/~(fh. / S Mr. Jan Martenson fl r·_:,::a, f7ltN vember 1981 Assistant Secretary-General Centre for Disarmament Mr* Viacheslav A. Ustinov Under-Secretary-General for Political and Security Council Affairs Rafeeuddin Ahmed Chef de Cabinet Please find attached. a copy of a note addressed to the Secretary-·General by the Permanent Representative of the United States t Ambassador r::irkpatrick, dated 12 Novc--J:it1ber 1981, whlch contains the re½_"U.est that it be provided to the United Nations group of exports inve:stigatin,J reports of chemical weapons. Kindly takE: the necessary actiOYl.. UNITED STATES MISSION TO THE UNITED NATIONS November 12, 1981 ·'-i ~ •.• I ,. ·~~~:-~t NOTE VERBALE . .-.: ... The Representative of the United States of America presents lwr compliments to the s,,crct~ny-Gc11t~r..1l 0.C the United Nations and has the honour to inform him that the United Stutes has further information to provide pertaining to the use of chemical weapons in the continuing conflicts in Afcfh,rnist.:rn, I Resolution 35/144 C dated 12 December 1980, we request thut this information be provided to the UN Group of Experts investigating chemical wea;cns ~se. Additionally, we again request that this submission be circulated as an official document of the General Assembly, under the item entitled "Chemical and Bacteriological (Biological) Weapons." On 27 Murch 1981, the Government of the United States of America submitted a two-part, 157-page compendium of reports of chemical weapons use in Afghanistun, Kampuchea and Laos. At that time, we stressed the importance that these reports not be ignored and urged the UN Group of Experts to take steps, as provided for in Resolution 35/144 C, to visit the regions concerned in order to obtain testimony firsthand and to gather any other available evidence. UN 3 5 ,1 G/ 3 J 3 2 On 14 September 1981, the United Stntes informed the . -, thnt analysis of vegetation obtained from the site of a ' chemical attack in Kampuchea revealed evidence of the use of lethal mycotoxins. Specifically, tests identified abnor~ally high levels of three trichothecene mycotoxins: nivalenol, 109 ppm (parts per million); deoxynivalenol, 59.1 p~m; a~d T2, 3.15 ppm. On 20 October 19S1, in response to s?ecific questions from the UN experts, the United States provided additional clarification of this ED l information. And on 21 October 1981, a team of U.S. experts appeared before the UN Grou9 of Experts to respond to technical questions and to discuss more Analyses of additional samples from are2s of ~~~orted chemical attacks in Laos and Kampuchea were also underway at that tir.ie. He are now in a position to report on the results of those t~sts. We also wish to report the results of analyses of vegetation and soil control samples collected nearby, but outside the immediate site of the chemical attack in Kampuchea where the positive leaf and stem sample was obtained. As with the previous samples, the analyses were done on a blind basis, i.e., no information concerning the history or origin of the samples was provided, and the researcher was requested simply to examine the coded samples for the presence of trichothecenes. The testing procedure followed was identical to that which was used in analyzing the leaf and stem sample which was reported ... 3 I in the Unit~d States 1 sabmission dated 14 September 1981 :::;c1.-ic.s of ·::-:•~r:1ctiuns follmvcd by ferric gel separation, ·i ..·-, ·:·1 selected ion monitoring on a comput~rized gas chromatograph/ .··i' ·<) mass spectrc:7teter, and comparison of full mass spectral scans with standards. Samples D, E and F were suspected chemical warfare samples. Sample D consisted of 10 nilliliters of water collected from the s2~e chemical attack site in Kampuchea as the leaf and stem sam?le previously examined and reported. This sample was found to contain 66 ppm of deoxynivalenol (DON) . ' and a trace aDount of diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), another mycotcxin of the trichothecene group. No nivalenol or T2 was de? tee ted in Sa...r;i,ple D. Sample E consisted of a yellowish-brown powder which had been scraped from the surface of rocks at the site of a chemical attack ip Laos which occurred on 13 March 1981. The sym?t0:71s reported by victims of this "yellow rain" attack included severe nausea, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea. Sarnrle E was found to contain 150 ppm of T2 toxin and a yet unquantified amount of diacetoxyscirpenol ( 0,-'\S) • Additionally, the petroleum ether fraction from this sample contained a yellow pigment which appears very similar to those previously identified in cultures of \ 'I Fu~arium ro~~um, suggesting that the yellow powder may have been a crude extract from a Fusarium culture. Further analysis of this sample is being conductGd to quantify the precise amount of diacctoxyscirpcnol (DAS) present in the 4 This information will be provided to the UN as soon as it is available. SaDple F was collected from the site of a chemical attack in Laos which occurred on 2 April 1981. Twenty-four people reportedly died in this "yellow rain" attack; forty-seven people survived. The syrnpto~s reported by victins of the attack included srvcrc skin irrit~tion and ·~ : ., -~ r .:ish, no.us•~a., vomiting, and blood·! diarrhea. The sample ' ' consist-2d of a s::-:1all quar.ti':~· o::: ·:·,~llo•.,; powder which had been scra~ed, ~sing a ba~boo kni~e, fro~ a rock at the site of the o.ttack arid placed in a vial. The quantity received for testing was too small to be accurately weighed .... - -- . -, , - --~ - - , -. . . - -~ - ~ v-2ry small speck, estimo.ted to weigh much less that 0.1 milligram. Sample F was found to contain 10 nanograms of diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) Four ,,egetation and two soil samples from Kampuchea were also collected and analyzed to provide background data. These sa~ples were taken a few kilometers away from the area of the reported chemical attack from which the prc•1iou~ 11 rcrortcd leaf and stem sample had been collected. 'f', J 111 1 i•1 i ,!, , t I,,, IJ<•:-; t po!l~Jiblc control, plan ts of the same • -~ .. j --to'· r• .-:'·:1 species as the first leaf and stem sample were collected '~\·,~:~1 :.\·A and analyzed as described above. These control samples . , ·. ~ .~:~,, were found to contain no trichothecenes . .., :7?,,1. ... ·1 ·.':"'• ··-·'",. J_/ ' ~ I , ·,1 ' ., ~ I I •,] ,; •'' . '· /' results of the analyses of background vegetation samples 5 att~ck f'-.rth~r dcmonstr;:ite tho.t thr_: toz1.n.~; found v1crc not produced ~s 3 result of a nQtUr3l funq~l occurrence in the environ:-;".en t. These latest analytical results, together with the results submitted previously and the testimony provided by numerous eyewitnesses and survivors, wholly as chemic.:il ·.-,arfare agents in Laos and Kampuchea . . . . ,.) ~ rJ ...-, - ~·-:~ ...... , ..i :-~~·l .. '1 ,.;·,i ,~.:j ..... Mr. J. Martenson 4 November 1981 Assistant Secretary-General AKU/os cc: SG Centre for Disarmament File: l)f'J \ l;\(C, Mr. V. Ustinov XRef: t , \ i Under·-Secretary-General for b/f : AR/MKP/LCC/GMM/AF/MJS Politicai and Security Council Affairs Rafeeuddin Ahmed Chef de Cabinet Conference of Directors of Research Institutes On Disa_'l"!flament - Geneva, 16-18 Nova-inber 1921 The Secretary-General has received the attached request to send a message to the above eonference and would be grateful for your views. lkSllTUT DES NATIONS UNIES UNITED NATIONS INSTITUTE POUR LA RECHERCHE SUR LE DESARMEMENT FOR DISARMAMENT RESEARCH (UNIDIR) [UNIDIRl -·~ MEMORANDUM A - TO: The Secretary-General REF: LB/DR DE • FROM: Liviu Bota, Director n ~ \~ 'l ~ -~ United Nations Institute for .J oBJET • sueJECT: Conference of Directors of Research Institutes on Disarmament Geneva, 16-18 November 1981 1. The international community has recognized that negotiations on disarmament and the continuing effort to ensure greater security must be based on objective in-depth technical studies and that sustained research and study activities in the field of disarmament would promote informed participation by all States in the disarm.ar:1ent endeavours. Repeatedly, the need was stressed for the interru::.tional community to be provided with more diversified and complete information on-problems related to the armaments race and disarmament. 2. Against this background, the UNIDIR considers that it would be useful for major national and international institutes carrying out research in the field of disarmament to get toeether for an exchange of views and information on their activities and prof'Tammes. Such .. a gathering might help to better use the resoll!'ces avnilable to ;:;~\'·t~;.:._,;;,:;,,,· individual institutes, to avoid unnecessary parallelism and duplication,Y-:,tJJ!r~~,,r?:''. to encourage co-operation amon~ them and to strengthen the impact or ·. ·. ·,j,t,:~;:r:~-- disarmament research on governmental policies and on deliberations and' negotiations in the disarmament field. 3. A Conference of Directors of Research Institutes is being organized :-. ~; ?: by UNIDIR for this purpose. It will take place at the Palais des Nations·· in Geneva from 16 to 18 November 1981. The list of invitees is attached...... Also, attached please find the Draft Agenda for the Conference • 4. The participants in the Conference will highly appreciate receiving a message from you (draft attached). AKU/atk cc:SG 12 Nove.,·nber 1981 Dear Mr .. Menon, On behalf of the Secretary-General I shcmld likt1 to ack.11.owle Yours sincerely, Angela Knippenberg-Other S REGISTRY SECTION NOV 101981 Disarm ame ACTION TO: l. MR, .Af!fr1~. nJ• ' ..... _ -- - 2 ...... •• •: ct~u~~J&Jiv_·__ ~-~~-~:-~-- [ INITIALS ...... ••••. '"eriwdNGLJ'· ·······------1-· -FORWARP l ON •.. -I .... I.··•,· Mr. Kurt Waldheim, DAY MONTH YR., ' ~ TO: ...... , .. •· Secretary General, 1 United Nations Organisations, New York. t , ll ~ 1 ·\.A f /l/ Dear and Reso~ctedt Secretary Caneral, f LJ (__. G . ~. f . You will be giad to hear that a dedicated band of young men and women in this cosmooolitan city have come together with seribus concern and commitment to work for theI cause of DISARMA~lENT and World Peace.,, As a first step we have decided to hold an elaborate exhibition of oos'~ers, pictures, charts and documents!showing the horrors and futility of arms-race, nuclear bombs, neutron bombs~ etc. for a period of one week begi~nJng rro~ November l]th tq 25th. During the week we will have a nu~ber of ~eminars, symposia and film shows tob pertaining to the topic. Needless tol state th!at how important it is to make the common masses aware of the presen~ world situation. We humbly req~est you for an a8proariate message fr~m you on the occasion of the inauguration of this program on the 19th ~f ~ov8rnb~r. Your blessing and message will not only give us insoiration to cohttnue the work but also provide a great educative value from the point of v1ew of the large masses of India for w~o~ food and housing are more important than military and arms. \ ~ Secondly, I will be visiting New York during the thlrd week of December for attending' a conference on '.ilO~LCl EDU'°":fH:C'J. Dur~ng that time I would very much like to have a personal meeting with you so t~at I can explain all about our various aLtivities and take guidance from you.~ I shall be very grateful if you could/grant me an interview.on any day ~nd time between the 19th and , 23rd of D~ce~~~r. I do hope you will comply with my request. The first tile I visited the UN was in 1963 when I reached there after marching on foot from Delhi to Moscow, Paris, London and on to New York. At that time I met the then Secretary General, Mr. U. Thant. I was protesting the nuclear tests all over the world. Honing to hearI from you soon and with the best of regards, P. M E N D N) Convenor. --.- ... - --...- ...... ·--·----. ,....._. ---..· ; ttACTiON /( o...... ~ ...... _...... ZCZC TLX-23 SS NYJ< .. , ···-:-r .-_' .--. ;"'-~:lr; ■ •~;••••••l•••••••• .. •• .. • ..•l'"••• ■T~.f'i'• • BA NG KOK ( UN/SF) 02 13082 -,"- •• ·; ~- .•--.:- •_!'--•,," .... ~ ~ 1929 CONFIDENTIAL ASG, CENTRE FOR DISARfY1Arv1Er·'T Ii'iFO ' KHER~!JI. GROUP OF EXPERTS INVESTIGATE REPO~T~ ALLEGED U',E ~HE1"1ICt\L WEAPONS ARRIVED BANGJ{OJ< AS SCHEDULED 31 OCTOBER. AT REQtr~ST THAI .~llTHORITIES MET TODAY WITH REPRESE~·ITATIVES ,.iATIO, ..!AL SECURITY COUNSIL AND DEPARTMEiH H!TER! ✓ ATIOiiAL ORG.i\:HZl\TIOr;S WHICH INCLUDED PRELIMINARY BRIEFifJG BY GEr•lERAL STAFF CHEMICAL WAR FARE EXPERT. AL SO MET HCR REP RE SE NT AT IV~ _I\ iJD ARRA ';'.3 ED ASSIST Ai, CE DURING VISIT BAi~ VIi~AY Ai~D NONG ! CE VISIT TOMORROW TO THOSE AREAS. THE THAI AUTHOHITIC:S ASKED WHETHER GROUP WISHED TO CROSS INTO DEMOCRATIC KAMPUCHEA A~D IT DECIDED NOT TO DO SO. ALSO THAI AUTHORITIES OFFERED VISITI.~G RZ FUGEE PROCESSING CENTRE LOCATED ON THAI TERRITORY N~AR KAMPUCHEA~ BORDER. THE GROUP ASCEPTED SINCE VISIT TO PROCESSL-JG CENTR;;: 1:J01JLD IN FACT AFFORD OPPORTUNITY TO EXM1HlE EVIDEiJCF. CO(JCER!HNG ALLEGATIONS OF lJSE OF CHEMICAL ·wEAPONS Ii•,i DE:VIOCRATIC KAl\1PUC:HEA, INCLUDING SUBJECT OF TRICHOTHECENES. THAI J'.IUTHORITIES ARRAl~GED PRESS INTERVIEW UPOi-i GROUPS A:1?IUAL. LOCAL PRESS COVERAGE EXTENSIVE DESPITE GROUPS RFSF1AI::T r:: THIS RESPECT. REGARDS CKHERADI) COL 1929 3 1 NNNN I ;\) co.. • I J't;... . UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIESC<.. ,,_, INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR . - TO: The Secretary-General A: Mr. V. Ustinov ,) THROUGH: S/C DE: Undedr-secre~atry-CGeneY'fil~alffofr.Political V. an 5 ecuri y ounci e ~rs ~ ,.(>_ ..... ~~ FROM: Jan Martenson 'w,['\. DE: Assistant Sec et ry-Gen al\"'i\ Centre for ment SUBJECT: General Debate 1n th~first CoITl!Ilittee on disarmament items OBJET: 1. The First Committee cor.cluded its general debate on disarmament. The discussion continued to be held in a climate of confrontatioILwhicnwas reflected 1n statements made by the Soviet Union and the United States. The repeated use of the right of reply by several delegations during the present session has been a salient feature of the general debate, going beyond any of the previous years since the first special session of the Gen2ral A~sembly devoted to disarmament. The Soviet initiative on the pre vention of nuclear catastrophe has foo nd o osi ti,::;n in members of ' the Western G~oup, w i e some non-a 1gne countries have expressed reservations in view of their support for an undertaking banning any use of nuclear weapons and not only their first use. - 2. Positions on a number of substantial questions, such as nuclear disarmament, conventional disarmament and verification remain unchanged. As noted in my memorandum of 26 October 1981, the United States indicated that international conditions were not propitious for immediate action on a nuclear test ban. All tllese questions will remain in the disarmament agenda, but no progress is foreseen in the immediate future. 3. Virtually all members of the First Committee referred to the importance of the forthcoming second special session of the Gen2ral Assembly devoted to disarmament and many, particularly the non aligned, stressed the need to achieve agreement on the comprehensive programme of disarmament being negotiated by the Committee on Disarmament. 4. The agreement reached by the USSR and the USA to start negotiations in Geneva on "theatre nuclear forces" has been generally welcomed and many members belonging to all political and regional - groups expressed the hope that those talks would lead to the resumption of negotiations on strategic arms. In that connexion, the USSR has reiterated its willingness to conduct negotiations on measures of nuclear disarmament bilaterally or multilaterally, while the United States has noted that it expects to be ready to propose that talks on the reduction of strategic nuclear forces begin early in 1982. I ... - 2 - 5. A revision of the mandate of the working group of the Committee on Disarmament dealing with chemical weapons has been urged by a significant number of speakers, and there seems to be a general feeling that, at least, work on a chemical weapons ban should be continued. Satisfaction has been voiced for the work of the Committee on Disarmament in this particular field and many members of all political groups expressed the hope that sub stantial progress will be achieved soon in Geneva. 6. European questions have been discussed in the First Committee by members belonging to various groups. The importance of the Review Meeting of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe now being held in Madrid was emphasized, in particular the convening of a conference on disarmament in Europe. The need for progress in Vienna on mutual force reductions has also been stressed. 7. The Soviet proposal on the conclusion of a treaty on the prohibition of the stationing of weapons of any kind in outer space was widely commented upon. While some reservations were expressed with respect to the proposed text, a clear trend is emerging in favour of considering arms limitation measures in outer space in the Committee on Disarmament and it is to be hoped that agreement would be reached at this stage to entrust the CD with the responsi bility of negotiating a generally acceptable ban. 8. The various studies submitted by ou on disarmament estions have been enerall we 1 received 1 ar ·cular the report on srae 1 Nuclear Armament w · has been re arded as an ob ective ~resentation by the parties concer~ed, including States not elong I' ing to the Middle East region. The Study on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development has been commended by many members in spite of some reservations. Its importance as an essential element of any disarmament strategy has been str•=ssed and further consideration of that study is expected during the second special session of the General Assembly devoted to dis armament. 9. Those positive aspects described above, however, may not be the dominant factor in the forthcoming discussions on draft resolutions. The polemics and confrontations which characterized the general debate have led to a feeling of frustration and 1ncreas1n awareness of differences on substantive questions which remain pending an are for many me ers ma ers o e highest priority: a nuclear test ban and nuclear disarmament. UNITED NATIONS INTEROFFiCE MEMORANDUM TO: The Secretary-General A: Mr. v. Ustinov THROUGH: Under-Secretary-General for Political S/C DE: and Security Council Affairs FROM: Jan Martenson \~r\ r. \ DE: Assistant ·secret?tr ~n"\e\.~1\..1\,-,;~ ~~ Centre for Dis.arm ent SUBJECT: OBJ ET: General debak · the First Connnittee on disarma.~ent items 1. The First Committee started its general debate on all dis- armament items on 19 October. At the end of the first week of deliberations, the Committee heard four statements by the five nuclear-weapon States, individually in the case of China, the Soviet Union and the United States or as members of the European Communities (France and the United Kingdom}. Members of the two major military alliances also made statements, as well as a number of non-aligned countries. 2. Discussions in the Connnittee were marked b an earl confronta- tion be ween t e ovie nion and the United States, with reciproca allegations of attempts at achieving military superiority and frequent interventions of the united States in the exercise of the right of reply. During their statements, both major powers addressed the substantive questions before the Connnittee. The Soviet Union re iterated its positions on items which have been inscribed on the disarmament agenda for some time and explained in detail its new initiatives on the conclusion of a treaty on the prohibition of the stationing of weapons of any kind in outer space and the prevention of nuclear catastrophe. It also expressed readiness to negotiate on any disarmament question at the bilateral or multilateral levels. The United States, for its part, noted that its review of disarma ment policies was proceeding "rapidly" at a high level and that it expected to be ready to propose that talks on the reduction of strategic nuclear forces begin early in 1982. While emphasizing the importance of verification, the United States announced its intention to offer substantial limitations which would be "strategically significant". 3. the Committee on Disarmament (CD Sovie e e otiate a nuc ear test ban with the participation o t e ive nuclear-weapon Sa es an o engage in a process leading to nuclear disarmament. It also stressed the need for early agreement on the prohibition of new weapons of mass destruction as well as on radiological and chemical weapons. The idea of unilateral declarations b the ermanent members of the Security Counci renouncing the development of new weapons of mass destruction was advanced for the first time. The united Statei' stated that it ex ecte to ro ose a numberof initiatives in the CD aha.,addressing some specific questions, note that a) international I ••• - 2 - conditions were not propitious for immediate action on a nuclear test ban, (b) it would participate in negotiations on a radiological weapons ban, (c) work on a chemical weapons ban should be continued, and (d} the CD might wish to discuss the question of arms limitation measures for outer space. 4. The statement made by the United Kingdom on behalf of the Ten supported the roposal for a disarmament conference in Euro e, as we as con idence- ui ing measures an re uc ions of conventional forces in that region. In addition, it welcomed the forthcoming negotiations on 1'theatre nuclear forcesn and the prospect of a new dialogue on strategic arms limitation. China re-stated its views on disarmament questions, pointing to a aeteriorating international situation and denouncing the two major powers as responsible for the arms race. 5. The non-aligned and neutral States have so far emphasized the urgent need for nuclear disarmament, theH: deep concern at the con tinuing arms race and the importance of concluding the comprehensive programme of disarmament in time for the second special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament. Disappointment has been voiced at the state of affairs in the field of disarmament, in particular in connexion with nuclear issues. 6. The debate will continue during the next two week~. It is to be hope"a., but remains to be seen, whether the confrontation of the first days will not continue, so that deliberations might lead to an exchange of views which, although not impressive in its results, could lay a basis for the second special session. .~4 AKU/atk cc: SG File: Disarm.:C./1.v-..,r-l}·--- . xRef : , .,,fr'°"' bf: AR/MKP/it~;i~~/l}!lyS / ,,\I,,; 23 0 0 el 1981 Mr. Jan Martenson //!L, / · i bji' Assistant Secretary-Genera ' I / / Centre for Disarmament / Mr. Viacheslav AG Ustinov Under-Secretary-General for Political and Security Council Affairs Rafeeuddin Ahmed, Chef de Cabinet Programme of Fellowships on Disar1nament With regard to your memorandum of 21 October 1981 t.o the Secretary-General on the above subject, please proceed as proposed. /}{IA~ 2 I - I 0 UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR ~o TO: The Secretary-General DATE: ______21 October 1981_ A: Mr. Viacheslav A. Ustinov REFERENCE:-~------THROUGH: S/C DE: Under-Secretary-General ( Political and Security Council Affaj.rs FROM: Jan MArtenson DE: Assistant Secretary-General ~ \i\c Centre for Disarmament SUBJECT: \ OBJET: sarmament 1. By resolution 35/152 A, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to the thirty-sixth session a report on the implementation of the programme of fellowships on disarmament. 2. A draft report is submitted hereby for your approval. As noted in paragraph 9 of the draft, the 1981 programme has not yet been completed, but the report should now be submitted, so that the First Committee will have the possibility to consider it together with the other reports under item 51 of the agenda of the General Assembly. UNITED NATIONS Distr. GENERAL A/36/606 GENERAL 16 October 1981 ASSEMBLY ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Thirty-sixth session Agenda item 51 (e) REVIEW OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS AND DECISIONS .ADOPTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY AT ITS TENTlt SPECIAL SESSION United Nations programme of fellowships on disarmament Report of the Secretary-General CONTENTS Paragraphs Page I. INTRODUCTION...... II. FELLOWSHIFS ...... III. PROGRAMME FOR 1981. . . . . A. General ...... B. Lectures, seminars and other activities ...... c. study visits • • • . . . . . D. Award of certificates ...... IV. BUDGETARY ALLOCATIONS FOR THE PROGRAMME ...... v. CONCLUDING REMARKS ••••••••••• Page~ I. INTRODUCTION l. At its thirty-fifth session, the General Assembly, after considering the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the United Nations progrmmne of fellowships on disarmament for 1980 (A/35/521), adopted resolution 35/lS2A of 12 December 1980, in which it recalled its decision ta.ken at the tenth special session to establish a programme of fellowships on disa..""7l18ment and expressed its satisfaction vith the fact that Governments, particularly those of developing countries, haalcontinuecl to manifest serious interest in the programme. The Assembly further decided to continue the programme, expressed its appreciation to those Member States that had invited the Fellows to their capitals to study selected activities in the field of disarmament, requested the Secretary-General to make adequate arrangements relating to the programme for 1981 in accordance with the guidelines approved by the General Assembly at its thirty-third session, and also requested him to submit to the Assembly at its thirty-sixth session a report on the implementation of the programme. 2. The present report is submitted by the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 3 of resolution 35/l52'A. Page 3 3. In accordance vi.th the guidelines approved by the General Assembly, the programme is organized and administered by the Centre tor Disarmament, PSCA. In organizing the 1981 programme, the Centre for Disarmament drew, as in previous years~ on exoertise from the United Nations system, from Member States and from relevant research institutes. 4. The programme started in Geneva on 29 June 1981 and will end in New York on 30 November 1981. II. FELLOWSHIPS 5. In accordance with the guidelines established ~or the programme, disaI'lnal!lent fellovships a.re awarded to candidates nominated by their Gove:rmments. Candidates a:-e expected to be individuals involved in, or earmarked for, work on disarmament and related matters. 6. Thirty-eight nominations were received from Member States. A selection panel, composed of senior officials of the Centre for Disarmament and UNITAR, revieved the applications and decided to award .fellowships to 20 candidates. In selecting the cane.id.ates, the panel paid great att.ention to the candid.ates' academic qualifications, their vork experience and the practical use they expected to make of the k.novledge gained as participants in the fellowships programme. An effort was made to ensure the broadest possible geographical distribution of the 20 f'ellovships available and. to ensure that an ever-expanding number of States should have the opportunity to avail themselves of the advantages of the programme. Page 4 7. The names and nationalities of the Fellows who are participating in the programme are as follows: 1. Mr. Jorge Alejandro Mastropietro (Argentina) 2. Mr. Ahmed Akhtaruzza.man (Bangladesh) 3. Mr. Hu Xiao-di (China) 4. Ms. .Ana Catalina del Llano Restrepo (Colombia) 5. Mr. Alphonse Nkouka (Congo) 6. Ms. Susana Guerra (Ecuador) 7. Mr. Mesfin Mekonnen (Ethiopia) 8. Mr. .Andreas Brie (German Democratic Republic) 9. Mr. Henry Hanson-Hall (Ghana) 10. Mr. Athanassios Dendoulis (Greece) 1.1., Mr. Jagdish Chandra. Sharma (India) 1.2. Mr. Awa.ng Bahrin {Indonesia) 13. Ms. Esther Efrat-Smilg {Israel) 14. Mr. Franc~is A.R. McGilchrist (Jamaica) 15. Mr. John M. Kiboi (Kenya} 16. Mr. Gebran Soufan (Lebanon) 1.7. Mr. Gibreel Souleiman Mansoury (Socia.list People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 18. Mr. Tache Panait (Romania) 19. Colonel Mohi Eldin Ibrahim Abd.ElRahma:n (Suda.n) 20. Mr. Mohammad Said Bounni (Syria.) Page 5 8. Most of the recipients of tellovship avards in 1981 are foreign service of'f'icial.s , vb.o are either working ri th their Governments s.t their Permanent Missions to the United Nations in Nev York or Geneva, or at the Foreign Ministries in their home countries, vhile some serve vith other Gove?'Illnent a.gendies interested in que~tions of disarmament. III. ~OGRAMME FOR 1981 A. General 9. The programme for 1981 includes a series of lectures and seminars on disarmament issues that are the subject of current deliberations and negotiations. It also includes assignments such as research, vriti.ng of pe.pe:rs and reports. Fellovs are given the opportunity to observe meetings of several bodies dealing vith disarmament. At the time of the vriting of this re:porl, the programme is still under va.y. 10. The first pa.rt of the programae was held a.t the Palais des Nations :from 29 June to 24 August 1981. Tb.is vas followed by a one-week course a.t the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna, from 25 to 28 August. At the invitation of three Member- States, theFederal Republic of Germany, Hungary and Sweden, the Fellows visited the three countries and had the opportunity to acquaint themsel~es rith some aspects of disa.""1118ment-related activities in those countries ( see paras. 17 and 18} • Thereafter, the Fellovs continued their training at United Nations Head.quarters in Nev York from 16 Septelllber and will conclude the programme on 30 November. Page 6 ll. Lectures were given by Slllbassa.dors and o~her senior members of the diplomatic corps, staff members from the Centre for Disa.rmaJDent, lecturers from UNITAR, IAEA, UNESCO, as well as lecturers from universities, international research institutes, in pa.rticula:r the Stockholm International Peace. Research Institute (SIPRI), a.nd non-gove!'Illlleiltal organizations. The lecturers vere d.ravn from as ride a group of countries as possible both developed and developing - so as to expose the Fellows to various shades of opinion on issues of disa..-mament. B. Lectures, seminars and other activities B (i): Lectures 1.2. The programme includes lectures on the following subjects: role of the United Nations in the :field of disarmament; reviev of developments in the plen8.l"y meetings of the Ceneral Assembly and in the First Committee; disarmament negotiations in the framework of the United Nations (1945-1979); disarmament machinery; approaches to disarmament: general and complete disarmament, nuclear disa.r.mament, SALT, nuclear-weapon-free zones, conventional weapons, a comprehensive programme of disarmament; question of a nuclear test ban; question of a ban on chemical weapons; prohibition of new veapc~s of mass destruction; prohibition of excessively injurious conventional weapons; question of the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons; Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NP'l');-first and second NPT review conferences; - security guarantees to non-nuclear-weapon States; arms race; economic and social -- -- consequences of the arms race; reduction of military budgets; disarmament and Page 7 development; concepts of regional security; the Vienna talks; arms limitation in outer space; issues of verification; contribution of the non-govermnental organizations to disarmament; peaceful uses of nuclear energy (a series of lectures was given by senior·officials of IAEA on such tonics as NPT and I.AP.A ------' legal basis for international safeguards, safeguarding nuclear energy, ~.implementation of IAEA safeguards). B (ii): Seminars 13. Before the end of the course, the Fellows will participate in a series of Seminars on.selected disarmament issues. 14. Subjects covered 'UD.der the Seminar series are; (a) disarmament issues before the First Committee of the General Assembly (b) selected disarmament studies, e.g., work of the Advisory Board on disarmament studies, study on a comprehensive test-b8J1 treat:y, study on regiona.1 disarmament, study on a vorld disarmament campaign, study on institutional arrangements for disarmament and study on dis.armament and development (c) the first and second special sessions of the General Ass~mhly devoted to disarmament Page 8 B {iii): Obsemtion of "Droceedings of disarmament bodies 15. Fellovs vere given the ridest opportunity to follow the proceedings ct disarmament bodies and to visit disarmament-related organizations. In pa...-ticula.r, the !ellovs engaged in the observation of deliberations in the plenary meetings ct the General Assembly and in the First Committee as well as of'__ negotiations in the Committee on Disarmament in Geneva. B (iv): Research work and na"Oers 16. The Fellows did research vork and submitted vritten papers and reports on various- aspects of disarmament during the training period. c. Study visits 17. The Centre for Disarmament received letters fl"om three Member States, the Federal Republic of Germany, Hungary and Sweden, inviting participants in the 1981 programme to visit their countries to s~udy their policies and activities in the field of arms limitation and disarmament. The o:ffcred opportunities vere deemed to contribute to the fulfilment o:f the over-a.11 objectives of the "fellowship progra.:mme and were accepted on tha.t basis. The questions covered during the study visits are the subject of current deliberations and negotiations in the United Nations and the Committee on Disarmament. Page 9 18. 5lese visits, organized in a generous and ef'f'icient mamier by the inviting Governments,provided the Fellows with additional sources of info~tion__ and practical knowledge_. In the Federal Republic of Germ.any, particular mention could be made of the informative lectures on selected aspects of disarmament issues given at the Foreign Office, and the visit to Bayer AG Chemical Plants in Dorms.gen. In li\mge.ry, pa.....-ticula.r mention could be made of the infoniative lectures on disa.rmament issues given at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, and the meetings _with representatives o~ the Hungarian United Nations Association and the Hungarian State Committee on Youth. As to Sweden, particular mention could be made of the int'ormetive briefings on disarmament issues given at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs end at the National Defense ~earch Institute, the .'.!-:~ctures given at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, and the visit to the Unit for Analysis of Airborne Radioactivity (ELBA). 19. Before the end of the course, visits will be made to Harvard University (Center for Science and International A.f'fairs), the Massachusetts Institute or Technology (Center for International Studies) Md the Q'US.ker Center for -World Peace (in Washington, D.C.). Durin~ these -visits, selected arms limitation issues 'Will be discussed. D. Avard of certificates 20. At the end of the course, the Fellovs rill be a.warded certificates of attendance. Page 10 IT. BUDGE"'.i..ARY ALLOCATIONS FOR THE PROGRAMME 2l:. For 1981, an amo'Wlt of $250,000 vas appropriated for the :fellowship programme, including all travel connected vith the fellowships and the stipends to be paid to the Fellows during the tenure of their awa...~s. These tvo items represent about 80 per cent of the total appropriation for the programme. The stipends vere intended to cover only normsl living expenses, in accordance vi.th policies and procedures governing the administration of United Nations .fellowships. While the progrmmne for this year is still continuing, it is already evident that the expenditures can be_kept 'Within the 1981 appropriation limits. V. CONCLUDING REMARKS 22. The experiences of the programme's third year rea.t'firm the conclusions drawn at the end of the second year (A/35/521). Governments, particularly those of developing countries, continued to manifest serious interest in the programme, vhich va.s reflected also in the increased number of candid.ates. All the Fellovs vere :f'ot2nd to be highly qualified for advanced training in disarmament, demonstrated a good knowledge of the subjects discussed and made valuable contributions. In organizing the programme in 1982, advantage rill continue to be taken of the accumulated experience. . . ' i '.. l ~ l ·-· ._ , ;~ di . UNITED NATIONS A General Assembly Dia.tr. GENERAL A/36/606 • 23 October 19 81 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Thirty-sixth session Agenda item 51 (e) REVIEW OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS AND DECISIONS ADOPTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY AT ITS TENTH SPECIAL SESSION United Nations programme of fellowships on disarmament Report of the Secretary-General CONTENTS Para.graphs Page r. INTRODUCTION ...... l - 4 2 II. FELLOWSHIPS ...... 5 - 8 2 III. PROGRAMME FOR 1981 ...... 9 - 20 4 A. General ...... 9 - 11 4 B. Lectures, seminars and other activities . . . . . 12 - 16 4 c. Study visits . . . . . 17 - 19 5 D .. Award of certifiQ~t~~ • • • • . 20 6 IV. Ilt10'G~TAAY ALL~AT?ONS FOR THE ~ROGRAMME': . . . . 21 6 v. CONCLUDING REMARKS ...... 22 6 81-27234 0119x (E) I ••• A/36/606 English Page 2 I. INTRODUCTION 1. At its thirty-fifth session, the General Assembly, after considering the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the United Nations programme of fellowships on disarmament for 1980 (A/35/521), adopted resolution 35/152 A of 12 December 1980, in which it recalled its decision, taken at the tenth special session, to establish a programme of fellowships on disarmament and expressed its satisfaction that Governments, particularly those of developing countries, had continued to manifest serious interest in the programme. The ASsembly decided to continue the programme, expressed its appreciation to those Member States that had invited the Fellows to thei~ capitals to study selected activities in the field of disarmament, requested the Secretary-General to make adequate arrangements relating to the programme for 1981 in accordance with the guidelines approved by the General Assembly at its thirty-third session, and also requested him to submit to the Assembly at its thirty-sixth session a report on the implementation of the progranune. 2. The present report is submitted by the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 3 of resolution 35/152 A. 3. In accordance with the guidelines approved by the General Assembly, the programme is organized and administered by the Centre for Disarmament of the Department of Political and Security Council Affairs. In organizing the 1981 programme, the Centre for Disarmament drew, as in previous years, on expertise from the United Nations system, from Member States and from relevant research institutes. 4. The programme started at Geneva on 29 June 1981 and will end in New York on 30 November 1981. II. FELLOOSHIPS 5. In accordance with the guidelines established for the programme, disarmament fellowships are awarded to candidates nominated by their Governments. candidates are expected to be individuals involved in, or earmarked for, work on disarmament and related matters. 6. Thirty-eight nominations were received from Member States. A selection panel, composed of senior officials of the centre for Disarmament and UNITAR, reviewed the applications and decided to award fellowships to 20 candidates. In selecting the candidates, the panel paid great attention to the candidates' academic qualifications, their work experience and the practical use they expected to make of the knowledge gained as participants in the fellowships programme. An effort was made to ensure the broadest possible geographical distribution of the 20 fellowships available and to ensure that an ever-expanding number of States would have the opportunity to avail themselves of the advantages of the programme. / ... A/36/606 English Page 3 7. The names and nationalities of the Fellows who are participating in the programme are as follows: 1. Mr. Jorge Alejandro Mastropietro (Argentina) 2. Mr. Ahmed Akhtaruzzaman (Bangladesh) 3. Mr. Hu Xiao-di (China) 4. Ms. Ana Catalina del Llano Restrepo (CDlombia) 5. Mr. Alphonse Nkouka (Congo) 6. Ms. Susana Guerra (Ecuador) 7. Mr. Mesfin Mekonnen (Ethiopia) 8. Mr. Andreas Brie (German Democratic Republic) 9. Mr. Henry Hanson-Hall {Ghana) 10. Mr. Athanassios Dendoulis (Greece) 11. Mr. Jagdish Chandra Sharma (India) 12. Mr. Awang Bahrin (Indonesia) 13. Ms. Esther Efrat-Smilg (Israel) 14. Mr. Francois A. R. McGilchrist (Jamaica) 15. Mr. John M. Kiboi (Kenya) 16. Mr. Gebran Soufan (Lebanon) 17. Mr. Gibreel Souleiman Mansoury (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 18. Mr. Tache Panait (Romania) 19. Cblonel Mohi Eldin Ibrahim AbdelRahman (Sudan) 20. Mr. Mohammad Said Bounni {Syrian Arab Republic) 8. Most of the recipients of fellowship awards in 1981 are foreign service officials, who are either working with their Governments at their Permanent Missions to the United Nations in New York or Geneva, or at the Fbreign Ministries in their home countries, while some serve with other government agencies interested in questions of disarmament. / ... A/36/606 English Page 4 III. PROORAMME FOR 1981 A. General 9. The programme for 1981 includes a series of lectures and seminars on disarmament issues that are the subject of current deliberations and negotiations. It also includes assignments such as research, writing of papers and reports. Fellows are given the opportunity to observe meetings of several bodies dealing with disarmament. At the time of the writing of this report, the programme is still under way. 10. The first part of the programme was held at the Palais des Nations from 29 June to 24 August 1981. This was followed by a one-week course at the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) at Vienna, from 25 to 28 August. At the invitation of three Member States, the Federal Republic of Germany, Hungary and SWeden, the Fellows visited the three countries and had the opportunity to acquaint themselves with some aspects of disarmament-related activities in those countries (see paras. 17 and 18). Thereafter, the Fellows continued their training at United Nations Headquarters in New York from 16 September and will conclude the programme on 30 November. 11. Lectures were given by ambassadors and other senior members of the diplomatic corps, staff members from the Centre for Disarmament, lecturers from UNITAR, IAEA, UNESCO, as well as lecturers from universities, international research institutes, in particular the Stockholm International .Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), and non-governmental organizations. The lecturers were drawn from as wide a group of countries as possible - both developed and developing --so as to expose the Fellows to various shades of opinion on issues of disarmament. B. Lectures, seminars and other activities 1. Lectures 12. The programme includes lectures on the following subjects: role of the United Nations in the field of disarmament; review of developments in the plenary meetings of the General Assembly and in the First Committee; disarmament negotiations in the framework of the United Nations (1945-1979); disarmament machinery, approaches to disarmament, general and complete disarmament, nuclear disarmament, SALT, nuclear-weapon-free zones, conventional weapons, a comprehensive programme of disarmament; question of a nuclear test ban; question of a ban on chemical weapons, prohibition of new weapons of mass destruction; prohibition of excessively injurious conventional weapons, question of the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, Treaty on the N:>n-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)J first and second NPT review conferencesJ security guarantees to non-nuclear-weapon States; arms race, economic and social consequences of the arms race, reduction of military budgets; disarmament and development; concepts of regional security; the Vienna talks, arms limitation in outer space; issues of verification; contribution of the non-governmental organizations to disarmament; peaceful uses of nuclear energy (a series of lectures was given by senior officials of IAEA on such topics as NPT and IAEA, legal basis for international safeguards, safeguarding nuclear energy, implementation of IAEA safeguards). ' / ... A/36/606 English Page 5 2. Seminars 13. Before the end of the course, the Fellows will participate in a series of Seminars on selected disarmament issues. 14. Subjects covered under the Seminar series are: (a) Disarmarn~nt issues before the First Committee of the General Assembly) (b) Selected disarmament studies, e.g., work of the Advisory Board on disarmament studies, a study on a comprehensive test-ban treaty, study on regional disarmament, study on a world disarmament campaign, study on institutional arrangements for disarmament and study on disarmament and development; (c) The first and second special sessions of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament. 3. Observation of proceedings of disarmament bodies 15. Fellows were given the widest opportunity to follow the proceedings of disarmament bodies and to visit disarmament-related organizations. In particular, the Fellows engaged in the observation of deliberations in the plenary meetings of the General Assembly and in the First committee as well as of negotiations in the Con~littee on Disarmament at Geneva. 4. Research work and papers 16. The Fellows did research work and submitted written papers and reports on various aspects of disarmament during the training period. c. Study visits 17. The Centre for Disarmament received letters from three Member States, the Federal Republic of Germany, Hungary and Sweden, inviting participants in the 1981 programme to visit their countries to study their policies and activities in the field of arms limitation and disarmament. The offered opportunities were deemed to contribute to the fulfilment of the over-all objectives of the fellowship programme and were accepted on that basis. The questions covered during the study visits are the subject of current deliberations and negotiations in the United Nations and the committee on Disarmament. 18. These visits, organized in a generous and efficient manner by the inviting Governments, provided the Fellows with additional sources of information and practical knowledge. In the Federal Republic of Germany, particular mention could be made of the informative lectures on selected aspects of disarmament issues given at the Et>reign Office, and the visit to Bayer AG Chemical Plants in Dormagen. In Hungary, particular mention could be made of the informative lectures on disarmament issues given at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, and the fruitful meetings with representatives of the Hungarian United Nations Association and the Hungarian State Committee on Youth. As to Sweden, particular mention could be made I ••• A/36/606 English Page 6 of the informative briefings on disarmament issues given at the Ministry for R>reign Affairs and at the National Defense Research Institute, the lectures given at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, and the visit to the Unit for Analysis of Airborne Radioactivity (ELBA). 19. Before the end of the course, visits will be made to Harvard University (Center for Science and International Affairs), the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Center for International Studies) and the Quaker Center for world Peace (in Washington, D.C.). During these visits selected arms limitation issues will be discussed. D. Award of certificates 20. At the end of the course, the Fellows will be awarded certificates of attendance. IV. BUDGETARY ALLOCATIONS FOR THE PROGRAMME 21. Fbr 1981, an amount of $250,000 was appropriated for the fellowship programme, including all travel connected with the fellowships and the stipends to be paid to the Fellows during the tenure of their awards. These two items represent about 80 per cent of the total appropriation for the programme. The stipends were intended to cover only normal living expenses, in accordance with policies and procedures governing the administration of United Nations fellowships. While the programme for this year is still continuing, it is already evident that the expenditures can be kept within the 1981 appropriation limits. V. CONCLUDING REMARKS 22. The experiences of the programme's third year reaffirm the conclusions drawn at the end of the second year (see A/35/521). Governments, particularly those of developing countries, continued to manifest serious interest in the programme, which was reflected also in the increased number of candidates. All the Fellows were found to be highly qualified for advanced training in disarmament, demonstrated a good knowledge of the subjects discussed and made valuable contributions. In organizing the programme in 1982, advantage will continue to be taken of the accumulated experience. AKU/atk cc: SG File: Disanp. wR.e.k xRef_: _Uv-.~ r t),·~0v.,\J>J..,..__V bf: AR/MKPJLCC/GMM/AF/MJS .L6 October 1.9t:l Mr. Jan Harten.son, Assistant Secretary General; Centre for Disarmament Mr. Viachesla-.r A. Ustinov Under·-S ecretary-General for Political and Security Council Affairs Rafeeuddin Ah..rned Chef de Cabinet Observance of Disarmament Week With reference to your memorandum of 13 October on thmsasove subject., the secretary-General has a1,i.:;roveJ the attached message on the occasion of jisarmament Week 1981. Concerning the special meeting of the First Cor:irnittee to be held on 26 October in observance of Disarmament ~eek, the Secretar.1--General w·ould be grateful if r as in previous years 1 you could read this message on that occasion. .. c.c., le-k'-..£1..,_'- (e);clN. J n✓ ~ ,"(~. J- !' ff'!.- VD" I-< EC ETV ED r- t~ _.-----{)CT 2 71981 NCEC The Northern California E~enical Council Cctober 16, 1981 John Pairman Brown Executive Director l'-Ir Kurt Waldheim United Nations Secretariat United l~ations, NY 10017 Dear Mr v:aldhe:i.m: I enclose a copy of a letter to Er ,Jan Lartensor., Asfistant Secretary General, Cmtre for Dis2.rmament. You 1dll note t:;at I am ren:::l:ing 1.-ith him my original request to you _to com,'r.unic2te the sc:.bstar.ce of our re::u.t:st to l·ies.srs. f.eagar. arrl Brezhnev that they J:'.akc a ;,crsor.al joint ar,pearance at the Sp: cial Session to announce a freeze on nuclear ,:ea~ons and other matters. I am still very much hopinr=; that you. 1:ill do that. l.'e are committed tr, brir.G:i.ng 1-:orld public opinion to bear on the t,·'O heads of state, and you are the person whom vie see as most urgentl:r necessary in that pror~ess. Tha,r,J.:: you .for your consideration. er.cl.: L Etter to 1!.r li.arter.son . ... ...; - I/ )2Jy-- (NJ:: ~-~'~ ~ ~...,...J '°:J~ Ct_~ rr ~d~...... ,L...~- U.,2. Yt, 944 Market Street, Fourth floor, San Francisco, California 94102 (4151433-3024 . ROUTING SLIP FICHE DE TRANSMISSION TO: A: Mrs. Angela Knippenbers-Uther FROM: DE, Nancy Hurtz Room No. - No de bureau Extension - Poste IDate 2 Nov. 1981 FOR ACTION POUR SUITE A DONNER FOR APPROVAL POUR APP RO BA TION FOR SIGNATURE POUR SIGNATURE FOR COMMENTS POUR OBSERVATIONS MAY WE DISCUSS? POURRIONS-NOUS EN PARLER? YOUR ATTENTION VOTRE ATTENTION AS DISCUSSED COMME CONVENU AS REQUESTED X SUITE A VOTRE DEMANDE NOTE AND RETURN NOTER ET RETOURNER FOR INFORMATION POUR INFORMATION COM,6 (2-781 ) - i §;; • v 3 0 ,=- -I-- ~,. - "'~ ~ : ~- "' ~. zn • ~ ~ (ll ••J \Q •j t•l •~ O :,.:.: 0 0 ~ {ll I-' {ll U (ll ct- l:J C {ll O i:.- Li X Ii {ll (ll .., o O -~ I-'• µ, I-'• o' O (1) , -.1 ~.~1-llleb• !jct- LJf~lll:,tP, 1/JUl {ll .L. ~1 0 I-'• :< fJ -' I-'• 8 October 1981 Dear Mr.. Brown, On behalf of' the Secretary-General I would like to acknowledge receipt of you:r letter of 5 September with which you inform him of the activities undertaken by the Northern California Ecumenical Council for peace and disarmam.ent. Your support for these vital goals of' the United Nations is very much valued. As the internatinnal c0mmunity prepares for the Second Special. Session devoted to disarmament next spring, it is of great importance -t::ia:tt.';people all. over the world recognize the dangers in the present situation and actively support the implementation or the decisions taken by the General Assembly in 1978. Enclosed please find some United Nations information materials which may be of' interest to you in this connexion. I would like to draw your attention in particul.ar to pp. 12-14 of the Report o:f the Secretary-General on the Work of" the Organization which was very recently issued. Your communication vill be included in the list or cummunica tions addressed to the General Assembly at its present session. With best regards, Yours sincerely, Jan Martenson Assistant Secretary-GeneraJ. Centre for Disarmament Mr. John Pairman Brown Executive Director 944 Market Street Fourth noor San Francisco, California 94102 ~entre ~~rmame~t is handling this. Mr. Martenson will not be here on 23 and 24 October, but Mr. Ustinov has agreed to receive the delegation on Friday, at 12 noon. AKU/l'f .10. 81 ~,'l ~o j,. .. UNIT~D NATIONS • NATIONS UNIES IIAFEEUOOIN AHMED ... . • 145 South 13th Street, Room 407 _ Phila., Pa. 19107 • (215) WA 3-0861 · October 6, 1981 ~R:.:.EG;:.:l:...STR-Y--s==Ec:::T:-:::;IO:":';'N--r - The Honorable Kurt Waldheim, - OCT 131981 United Nations Secretary General 1 ACTION United Nations TO: I i. MR.. Aflfy\.@ .••. New York, New York t 2 •.... ~ ...•.•••••• Dear Secretary-General Waldheim I 3 ...... : =PLJ: AWAY A coalition of many groups deeply concerned and frigti~k.".l.~a_:_: - · · · · · · by the real possibility of nuclear war, by plan or accidenf9RWARD will be in New York on October 23rd and 24th and 1v0uld verv- ·. /. · · · · h . . . h . . 't-.("JNTH YR. muc appreciate an appointment wit you. TO:~-_ .. ·....••...• ! • We will be in New York on that day to demonstrate that concern and to remind the United Nations of its responsibility to peace based upon its Charter which vowed its determina tioon to "save succeeding generations from the scourge of war". Also, Article #1 of the Charter states that the purpose of the United Nation is the "prevention and removal of threats to the peace". ..,.,,, .. ·•. ,-,-,,~'f'"· The nuclear arms race is a "threa t to the peace". We believe it is imperative that the United Nations act to outlaw nuclear weapons. Continuous disarmament sessions in Geneva and Special Disara.mament Session at the U.N. have not resulted in the dismantling of one nuclear weapon nor has it created an atmos phere where it could be possible. We feel it is the responssibility of the United Nations to truly unite to reverse the nuclear weapons policy of nations who hold in their hands the solution to the nuclear arms race or the dissolution of the world. We would appreciate an appointment either after 3 PM on Saturday, October 24th or on Friday, October 23rd after 11 AM• Ke look to an affirmative response. Yours most sincerely Please reply The Fairmont - #714 E~r?r:~dinato,; Bala Cynwyd, Pa., Women Strike for Peace 19004 End The Arms Race - Not The Human Race ROUTING SLIP ... FICHE DE TRANSMISSION t. TO: A: Mr. R. FROM: DE: Room No. - No de bureau FOR ACTION FOR APPROVAL POUR APPROBATION FOR SIGNATURE POUR SIGNATURE FOR COMMENTS POUR OBSERVATIONS MAY WE DISCUSS? POURRIONS-NOUS EN PARLER? YOUR ATTENTION VOTRE ATTENTION AS DISCUSSED COMME CONVENU AS REQUESTED SUITE A VOTRE DEMANDE NOTE AND RETURN NOTER ET RETOURNER FOR INFORMATION xx POUR INFORMATION Received in the Centr~ for Disarmament at 3.00 pm, 13 October 1981 COM.6 (2-7B! ... PEAMANENT MISSION OF THAILAND TO THE UNITED NATIONS 628 SECONO AVENUE, NEW YORK, N. Y. IOOle No .. 1446/2524 9 October 1981 Sir, With reference to your Note dated 12 August 1981 requesting the Government of Thailand to provide assistance to the Group of Experts, appointed by the' Secretary-General in pursuance of the United Nations Resolution A/35/~44 C, in·visiting the holding centres in Thailand with a view to interviewing ~ome Indochinese displaced persons who may have been victims of chemical weaponsi I have the honour to inform you that, since it is Thailand's policy to render every possible assistance to United Nations and to oppose any use of such weapons, Thailand will be pleased to welcome the United Nations experts for the said purpose .. It is understood that no on-site inspection will be conducted in Thai territory, as such weapons have not been used in Thailand itself .. /2 ••• Mr. Ben Sanders, Officer-in-Charge, Centre for Disarmament, United Nations, New York .. :., - 2 - It is also the position of my Government that no undue publicity should accompany the visito Accordingly, the Thai authorities concerned will make only a simple announcement that the United Nations Experts will visit refugees in the holding centres in Thailand. In this connection, therefore, I should be grateful to be informed well in advance of the proposed date of arrival in Thailand of the Group .. Accept, Sir, the assurances of my high consideration. ,~n;l1t1-rv;IJ u4o ~~ . M.L .. Birabhongse Kasemsri Permanent Representative \ I ...... \ UNITED NATIONS INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM TO: The Secretary-General A: Mr. Viacheslav Ustinov· l 1 " Un 1. E'ollowir..g its first mi2eting held on 15 September, u::. which :Mr. Ignac Golob of Yugoelavia was elected ChairlT\211, the First Committee m:rt--tuda/ for another organ1.zat1.onal meetiny ar>.t1 0lected Ai-r~bassador Yango of the Philipt_incs as a VJ.,ce- Chai_1:£lan and Mr. Makonnen of Ethiopia as t e RaPPorteur. (:<:lnSJi J tations a re;: st11 L nnae.r:way ::.n the Latin American Gro110 ror their ca!1didate for the rost of the ~econd V1.ce-CfiaiYni,::.,~"- The ConuT'lttei2 has also adoptecl its programme of work wbicL ':'i) l beoin on 19 Oct_ob~r by which date the Preparatory Committe~ [er ~second special session will have finished its two-week ecssion. 2. Th0 Committee has 22 items on its agenda, including the item "Preventionof nuclear catastrophe: declaration of th2 General Assembly" which was initiated by the Soviet Union a::ic_ allocated to the First Committee by the decision of the General Assembly of 6 October. 3. Most of the agenda i terns are the same as last yc_g.r. 'l'here are;-however, several items which could bf:! the focal points of debate at thi~. session of the Committ·ee. They include the report of the Preparatory Committee for the second spP.cial sessi0n, the report of the Secretary-General on the alle3ed u~es of ch2mical weapons, the establishment oi a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East, the report of•the Secretary-General on Israeli nuclear armament and :the conclu~ion of a tr~aty on the prohibition of the stationing of weapons of any kind in outer space. ROUTING SLIP TO: A: Mrs. Knippenberg FROM: DE: Centre for Disarmament Room No. - No de bureau ,,., Extension - Paste IDo e Oct• 1 2 981 FOR ACTION POUR SUITE A DONNER FOR APPROVAL POUR APPROBATION FOR SIGNATURE POUR SIGNATURE FOR COMMENTS POUR OBSERVATIONS MAY WE DISCUSS? POU RR IONS-NOUS EN PARLER ? YOUR ATTENTION VOTRE ATTENTION AS DISCUSSED COMME CONVENU AS REQUESTED SUITE A VOTRE DEMANDE NOTE AND RETURN NOTER ET RETOURNER FOR INFORMATION POUR INFORMATION The attached letter to the Secretary- General was sent by hand to the Centre. We have made the necessary copies and send you herewith the original. COM.6 12-78) Orig.sent to Davinic (Disarm) 8 ..• 10~;81:i., PERMANENT MISSION OF AUSTRIA TO THE UNITED NATIONS MISSION PERMANENTE DE L'AUTRICHE AUPRES DES NATIONS UNIES No. 4658-A/81 ,_ ,•·'... ;.. ~-.:· .' ,,t-: Nations presents its compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations and with reference to the latter'5 note OR 421 ( 2) oi 13 January 1981 has the h.on0\J1· 10 submit enclosed the comments of the Austrian government pursuant to op.para. 3 of resolution 35/47 of the 35th General Assembly. The Permanent Representative of Austria to the United Nations avails himsel'f of this opportunity to renew to the Secretary-General of the United Nations the assurances of his highest consideration. New York, 1 October 1981 ' '• ,· . .;.• .. The Secretary-General of the United Nations N e w Y o r k Encl. 809 l'NITED NATIONS PLAZA, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017 1) In the view of the Austrian Government the years since 1978 have been marked by the near total failure to transform the universal commitment to the cause of dis-~-_ ...... armament which formed the basis of the Final Document of ~ the First Special Session on Disarmament into concrete~ disarmament.measures. The Second Special Session on Dis-· armament will therefore provide a timely opportunity to examine the causes for this disappointing record of the dis armament process and fnr the continuing dangerous ru1ct wasteful acceleration of the arms race. The current inter national situation characterized by serious violations of the principles of the Charter will have to be taken fully into account in the course of this examination as well as the inherent limitat~ons and inadequacies of the present approaches to arms control and disarmament. 2) On the ba~is of an in-depth analysis of ·the reasons for the insufficient implementation of the Programme of Action of the Final Document the Second Special Session on Disarmament should proceed to a constructive dialogµe on ways and means to advance the process of disarmament. The inseparable link between disarmament and security· ane the consequent need for equitable reciprocal and verifiable measures must be borne in mind in this deliberations. Austria believes that substantive progress can only best be achieved if the Special Session con~ centrates on concrete realistically attainable disa~rnarnent measures. 3) The halting of the nuclear arms race remains the most urgent objective in the field. of disarmament. ·Renewed bilateral and multilateral efforts need to be undertaken to achieve substantive limitations of nuclear weapons on the strategic, theatre and tactical level. In view of the iuterruption of the , ,t 'J, - 2 - ,l.:. tripartite talks and· 'the iri'abll'.ftiy 'df \'.he ·c:oinmi ttee or. ~ -. Disarmamerit' ·-eo commehce multi'lat:era:.l'.1'n~got:i.ations, Austr+._.? believes- that: the :,Second' Sped-fci.r·s·~'ssion \iho1lld.,'cl.irect~ special efforts "tc/'achievitig·r~i1(ble·aKtin:r1ough::..ct.oward an - agreement on a comprehensi_.v·e~'ban on nuclear ·testin:-g. High priority shouic:C'c:i.1so'Jbe adcorded11 to1 'an'l'other m~asure suitable to strengthening the ··n8n-p.tdJ :i.feration regime. ' . . ,. ' . ' - 'f .· .., '; ... ,_ -i - 4) Austria attributes special iinp·ort"arice to the 'energetic pursuance of th---'e1. negotiations on the'--'-'pronibil:ion:·'of the development, r~duction, stockpiling:::ind t{se of >-ch~rrii-~al weapons and· thei.i) 1d.estructiorL, ua.:.:: ... ~s '-- 1- ,_;: ~ ,.::•L·,:;s 2 ~< 5) The Second Special Session should also address the problem of the rapid iric:r·ea:Ere in don.Ventiot11:i1L':a:i:-iname:nts~' As~'.'donventional military forces cohstime ·the' b'V~r~he'lmin'g -p--a:rt'·!o:f '1::bta1. military expenditures thfsi: issue··1_-s::,'parbl'b.1lclrty r'eleivant 'in th'.~ context of effort~' to·· re,;_allo'cate{-r'e/source·s ··to ·s-oci•a1 and -~fo\(nitimic '0 problems. .!.C.: r--- ·,,),·~,:~;.::-;:::,. . ✓ f. d.. i .:=:·.= ... .L'l~ii",:il\ 6) Austri'a --b1e'1.q_eves that th1c.\:u'rrent ·'~tmosp'here o£'•'rnistrust is one of 1 th.ei :greate/st obsta:c·1es'' :t'o di~arm:ament. · 'The ~'peciaie.t v . - . 6 .... ·- _· Sesst6'r{ should~ 'ther'efore 'p'l'~t~''l_Ja~t'i~urk ·'~rnpl1'a:s1.i'\:ih5 tneasU:res to bui id . co nfi:d~'riS~- 'among1 ~tat'~~$-. -'An?. "imp-~ov-ed.::: ri"o:w.:..io f~'1nf orm a tion and greater openness and transparency in military matters would be especially valuable in preparing an international climate more conduci v~i::-to 'the succ'e's1,e b'f i:tr~'arn1am~n't.c 1!).eg·6'li'itions. - ..'. \,'(~ J f'! .. - . ..:_ ...... , l1....L ...... _ .- .• l. .u:E~: \..-. l~2r1-..::·.· -: l ~2.i.. 7) Austria w-oufc1.>welcomef'the? a'.d6p't1Itincs;_i-'(~-- comprehensive programme of: di~a:rmament.: As' a: foll'ow-uj;P'a.ocument to the Programme of Acti'on of 1978 "this1 p·rogramme shou:ld·Hprovide realistic guidelines for the disarmament process in the years to come. At the same time the Special Session on - 3 - Disarmament should reaffirm the validity of the Final Document of the· F irsrt Special ·session which· remains· th0 ..J!,. world community I s mos.t fundamental· and"1 comprehensive . ! u i. . : ,_. ,__ . statement on disarmament. ::., .,.,J ,__ --·., ' 8) Considerable attentioric.'will h•ave .. to,:be devoted to measures to strengthen the:uni'ted N'ations··role ,in 1:the field of disarmament, to' improve the :functioning of its deliberative and negotiating bodies and to adjust the institutional arrangements within the Secretariat to the greate~-demands and challenges of the future. Ways and means must be found. -to,., achieve. significant results in the· 'Committee on Disarmament·. ·' In this . .context the opportunity granbed·to non-members to participate in the work of the Committee on Disarmament is considered extremely valuable. Austria shares theS;opinion'' that, inn'th&t light or'. the decision o.f the First Speci'al ·session ·to-·,review·· the• cornp01sition° cif the ;;na.1. Committee on Disarmament,,:'a-'broadening- -0£ :thi·s co-operation is Y most desir-eable . . ~.:3.''1. :i.:.:; L)::',Ct:i::'. .1.2::-ly i._C.~<:..']~,~·.: _[,(, •:'ltc_· 'I' 9) The agenda of the Second Special Session on Disarrna~ent should include the following items: .· ,;? General debat-e°'.i.: :..i .. Jli0Sp.L.... ;j Review ·-';;f .· the-• implJ.ement--at-i.-an1 'bf th& Disarmament :i:i.~-. ··· - Strengtheninq-: 'Qf)•the role of the) TJni!ted:'Nati-0:h-s: i·n the field of disarmament de1.i.n - Adoption of ·the: principal ta:d'CUmeh't(~s)-'(of· -the Spec1aln Session ROUTING SLIP FICHE DE TRANSMISSION Mrs. Angela Knippenberg FROM: DE: P. Davinic Room No. - No de bureou Extension - Poste IDate 2 October 1981 FOR ACTION POUR SUITE A DONN ER FOR APPROVAL ,pls, X POUR APPROBATION FOR SI GNA TUR E POUR SIGNATURE FOR COMMENTS POUR OBSERVATIONS MAY WE DISCUSS? POURRIONS-NOUS EN PARLER? YOUR ATTENTION VOTRE ATTENTION AS DISCUSSED COMME CONVENU AS REQUESTED SUITE A VOTRE DEMANDE NOTE AND RETURN NOTER ET RETOURNER FOR INFORMATION POUR INFORMATION COM.6 12-78) _.,...c,-.,..,l,, ':. A ·.,_() /'",, ~i~n-B f1eerot&;ry .....(i,1n~ral ha~{ ru~·k.t.sr1 ~le ·to rcy1l';t 4 Lo ~roui~ ccl,lc o·f .22 Sey~~fu<:r 1Ul-C~oosec! t-.iO 111.r;-il. ·.ue: i~ e1~a.t-eful t~t-:: yo1.1 :Pol~ l=1~111p:inc at·torrt~iou tri1ft \?i~h~3 ~co as;:n.u~ :.roti that 0~1;.~ tJ.1e ~~.n 1ns~c::) an.d t~11c i.1.ops· tt~~ r1aJ.11~1rv:l ~1i1.l fi11 !21 ·Criis i;or,;ne;:r:ion~ I ":tc1a1.1.{1 1:t!:c ·to ch"r.r-,r :ro·t~ a~t-tcr1tion to t;1:te SQe!~;te.·t'Y~·Grtne?-10-2 j B Tter:ort ()11 tl'1(! 1l:~)1-1r. 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Senator') .J oM~i. r~i~kt~\lDt~o:.1 l~J; ;rl.~ 1;.;1J·1.i.:; lJoe :i~ei.. -~,:r:~/·~C-crtcrrtl Ce~.1t1... e fox· 7"? ~r-1x~•,~m1~1~t~ Se:r1ator 1tdf~i .Jbi®rl:t.1"1.i Pri!!s:tdcnt ·of' "t11~;: !taJ..i~tt Dit"S~i~~'":la!:terit fJo~~t.:t;tee r;~n,,~;~o I.Jell(~. f!t(t'-Ul:ibli-ca Pa..1c:~zzo ~?~ar.1ti Renie C)f)l~U'( ~ :r-teJ~J'" ,t~~;~-~1·\~~~;;;~._~~\>=·.•<::..·,=. :=~::! - t L,,_a,i,,,i__, \ , TOoo · UNATIONS NYK WU TELTEX NYK D 10044 TI NEWYORK NY 09-22 T IPMT INT NYK 1-0095453265-001 09/22/81 I CS IPi•lT I NA NY K /'RC::TRIEVAL REPLY: 1-1355!5G264 TIC 167 res ZCZC IISS FM TRT 21 1327 PMS DCNA NY BT T NB895 MNZ749 NYM842 MR rs 84 GFF7622 R!'1SE45 7 2 79 /314 USNY CO IGBB 149 -.J ,_ 00187 ROMASENATO WQROXQRW 21 1500 MR. KURT WALD HE IM UNITED NATIONS H.D.c.s. NEW YORK 10017 THA ITALIAN DISARMAMENT COMMITTEEAND NUMEROUS PARTECIPANTS TO THE RECENT TERN! MEETING ON ''ITALIAN POLITICAL PARTIES AND DI SARMAMENT'' HELD IN THE FRAMEWORK OF' THE PEHUG IA-ASSISI MARCH . 'IO TAKE PLACE SEPTEMBER 27 -EXPRESS THEIR GREAT PREOCCUPATION FOR THE SHADOWS GATHERING 0 VER PE:ACS AT THE RISK OF MANKINDG S SURVIVAL . -BELIEVE THAT THE EVER-INCREASING ARMAMENT R1\~E MAY DESTRO I EVEN MORE RESOURCES INSTEAD OF' UTILIZING THEM TO SOLVE THE DRM'!ATING PROBLEMS OF HUNGER AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT -WISH THAT AL NEW IMPULSE BE GIVEN TO D !/>.LOGUE A~10NG THE FORCES WHO HAVE THE F'UTURE OF' THE WORLD IN THEIR HANDS. SO THAT THE ROAD TO DETENTE AND PEACE MAY BE AT LONG LAST IRREVOCABLY TAKEN *-HOPE FOR A ~1:1 AND E~~E.:.S~_JJ!ll~,S.l.,REG!\RDS. I \- .....--,~---~__,,..- SENATOR LUIGI.ANDERLINI PRESIDENT OF THE ITALIAN DISARMA~ENT COMMITEE C0L OK + ~(: - 1!? I £,c;;_;i': NNN ; ~en9< h NNNN Mqdo.. >'"I,<\.;_,\ KcfV''I(. A."' I C. ~ -i D 1025 EST 0 0 I>? ::;z_ ,, Attachment with SG copy atk UNITED NATIONS INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM TO: The Secretary-General A: Mr. Viacheslav A. Ustinov THROUGH: Under-Secretary-General for S/C DE: Political and Security Council Affairs I~ FROM: Jan Martenson •.. _"' \J\c., \ h~: DE: Assistant Secretary-GeneralJ \\ ~ \w->tw\~ Ceptre for Disarmament, P SUBJECT: Se~ond United Nations Reqiona Seminar on Disarmament for OBJ ET: Non-Governmental Organizations, Nairobi, 15-18 September 1981 1. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution A/35/46 authorizing the United Nations to sponsor regional seminars on disarmament, the Centre for Disarmament in co-operation with DPI organized the second of these seminars from 15-18 September 1981 in Nairobi for the African region. 2. The seminar was attended by 54 participants from 15 countries on the continent which included representatives of trade unions, universities, youth, religious and women's organizations and media. Participants were selected on the basis of nominations received from United Nations Informa tion Centres, UNDP offices and international non-governmental organiza tions. 3. On the opening day of the seminar a message of good wishes from the President of Kenya was delivered by the Assistant Foreign Minister, Mr. Ezekiel Mw'eu, who addressed the participants on behalf of the Government of Kenya. The presentations to the participants were made by me and two staff members of the Centre as well as the guest speakers: Ambassador Olu Adeniji of Nigeria and Mr. George Muhoho, Director of Information of the United Nations Environment Programme. The programme and list of participants is attached for your information. 4. The seminar received considerable publicity in Kenya and other African countries, through interviews and background articles in newspapers and magazines, radio broadcasts and television coverage. 5. At the closing session of the seminar, the participants inter alia referred to the need to create a network for disarmament information in Africa, expressed the desire to continue the contacts established at the seminar on a personal and organizational level and expressed the determination to hold seminars of this kind on the regional and sub regional level. cc: Mr. Yasushi Akashi <<~t;~--... -·- './ :-~tft· ... ; •;.,,.. - . -~_"1.::-:"" !-: .- ' - -~ .... Secretar on Publications of United Nations documents are encouraged by DPI's External Publications Division. In this particular case, the publisher approached the United Nations with a request to bring out the book commercially and he closely collaborated with the Centre for Disarmament on the format and the pre sentation. Except for the quote on the title, the Centre for Disarmament is in agreement with the presentation. From the legal point of view, UN documents can be freely reproduced unless they are specially copyrighted. The publisher was therefore under no obliga tion to collaborate so closely with the Ul A Press Conference was held in Boston last week to officially launch the book. Ben Sanders from the Centre was present. Also, several NGO's participated including the Physicians Against' Nuc 1'ear War, Inc. I have discussed the request of the publishers to officially present the SG with a copy with the Centre for Disarma ment. They feel that there is no need for a personal presentation. AKU/29.9.81 ~.t.t, a'<~._.-~ ' ..... , - .• , 1 ~· . . ~,• [. ':. " X AR/JEB ~ J?i~Qf. J . File:Cen ' 71 for Disarmament L''1r. Jan Martenson / ½14 Septel'l".ber 1981 ,Assistant Secretary-General Centre for Disarmament Hr. Viacheslav Ustinov I Under-Secretary-General for Political and Security Council Affairs Albert Rohan Director of the Executive Office of the Secretary-General Please find attached copy of a note handed to the Secretary-General by the Permanent Representative of the United States, Ambassador Kirkpatrickr on 14 SeptemJ:ier 19Blr which contains the request that it be provided to the UN group of experts investigating reports of chemical weapons. Kindl¥ take the necessary action. ••. I •. i l~~- •I, I ,- t . · f 1 ;- I \ . ·.. ' .. ' ~· u [~ ,· ,-- - .I :n(r)i11 ~',~!/...) ~ ~ . (_; /., I (;: i I /l I ~--~---~ UNITED STATES MISSION , I \\t f../ TO THE UNITED NATIONS j~' ·;,__.,I)\ .. --,. r-' 1-'l September 14, 1981 The Representative of the United State& of Arnerica presents her compliments to the Secretary Generar of the Uni~ed Nations and has the honour to inform him that the United States has obtained significant new information pertaining to the use of lethal chemical weapons in the conflicts in Laos, Kampuchea and Afghanistan. In :1cc0rdt111l·c h·l.t.h RcsolutL)n 3:-i/l44C, we t.hcref'0rc rcCJUL'i~t that this i11focmation b8 provided to the UN Group of Experts investigating reports of chernical weapons use. We also request that it be circulated as an official document of the General Assembly, nr..dcr the item entitled "Chemical and Bacteriological (Biological) V:Jeapons". For several years the United States has been concerned about reporls that lethal and incapacitant chemic~l weapons are being used in the conflicts in Laos and Kampuchea and, since the Soviet invasion in DecembeL 1979,-in Afghanistan. As a result of this concern, the United States hai actively endeavoured, as have othci concerned members of the international community, to obtain information which might enable us to ascertain the facts pertaining to these reports. Since 1979 the United States has been reviewing and carefully analyzing information and evidence obtained relating to alleged chemical attacks in these regions. W~ now believe we have information which will answer some of the questions raised by the reports. Many of the reports contained in the United States submi~3ion, of 27 March 1981, to the Secretary-General describe attacks in which planes or helicopters have flown over an area and dispersed a cloud which settled to the ground causing people in the immediate area to become gravely ill or die. The attacks normally occurred on clear days, after any morning mist or ground fog had lifted; attacks typically have not been reported to have occurred during the rainy season. Reports about exposure to thP cloud describe bizarre effects which, in rapid sequence, caused dizziness, nause Pl\GE 2 Over the pJst s0veral years, a number of medical due ll> ,~s cnncc.cned about this problem have travelled to :; US experts have studied and evaluated the symI:Jto.ns described in these reports in an effort to form a judg2mcnt about what agent or agents might have caused such effects. The conclusion reached was that no known traditional chemical warfare agent alone or in combination with others could produce all of the syn" Recent analysis of a leaf and stem sample from the area of a reported chemical attack in Kampuchea has revealed the presence of substances which are not traditional chsmical warfure agents, but which cause the specific s_ymptoms and effects which have been described. Specifically, tests on the sample identified abnormally high levels of three potent mycotoxins_ of the trichothecene group: nivalenol, deoxynivalenol,and T2 toxin. Lev<:ls of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol detected were up to twenty times greater than that reported to occur as a result of natural intoxication. A report on the tests is appended to this letter. Sy~ptoms associated with trichothecene poisoning include rapid onset of vomiting, multiple hemorrhaging of mucous membranes, bloody diarrhea,·and severe itchin1 or tingling of skin with formation of multiple small hard blisters. All of the trichothecenes produce similar symptoms; however, there are some differences in the degree of severity: nivalenol and deoxynivalenol produce fewer skin irritative efforts than T-2; ni•:alenol is a slightly stronger hemorrhagic than either deoxynivalenol or T-2; dcoxynivalenol (also known as vomitoxin) causes very severe vomiting. 1'ricl"f.o1=hecenes are naturally produced bf fusarium fungi ilnd do n6~ occur naturally in warm climates. They are chemically quite stable and can easily be produced in large quantities by those with the proper technological c~rability. The facilities needed to produce mycotoxins are similar to those whicl1 produce pharmaceutical grade antibiotics. We have no evidence that such facilities exist in southeast Asia in sufficient numbers or sizes to produce the quantities of mycotoxins or "yellow powder" which have reportedly been used in the region. PAGE 3 / 'I'h~ U11itcd Stat.:es believes that, in light of .1 - this nc,v in fnrmu tion; inC"reased ef fo:::t. must be made to .,,~- visit the 10yions where chemic;,.l attacks are being reported. 11 \·Jc urrrr. the Secretary Cc:1eral 's Group of Ex1,erts lo take tt§• ~ .. ; :_;LL·L,:: j111111cdi,,l:c1.y to visit refugee cc1rnrs ,,nd the areas of f reported attacks in the ~c0ions in question to obtain testi.~1on~· first hand from eyewitnesses and victims of attacks, ~cdical personnel, officials of refugee organizations, and any other evidence available. In addition the utmost effort should be made to contact and obtain testimony from the many victims and eyewitnesses who hav8 departed the refugee camps and started new lives elsewhere. The United StG.tcs \-,,ill continue t0 cooµcr.:i.tc run,· with you and the Group of Experts and will do its utmost to provide any further appropriate assistance which might facilitate your task. ---- o.A -~ ,._ . ...,,_... ~~ "-<-'_ii: ~;f'' ~ '.~~=~ k.~ e.j. -'Y'p, ~' ~...,.,_ ~ ~·.,..., ~ . !In, i;: PAGE 4 / SAMPLE ANALYSIS REPOR'l' Chemical analvsis of a leaf and stem sample obtained near the Thai/~ampuchea border, from an area of a reported chemical attack in Kampuchea, has revealed the presence of abnormally high levels of trichothecene toxins. . -··•-=-- 'I'hc sample from Knmpuchca (coded S.:i.mplc A), .i positive control sample to which T2 toxin had been added {coded Sample B), and a negative control samr:,le (,~c,rted S~mple C) were forwarded to a leading mycotoxin detection expert foe analysis. The researche~ was given no information concerning the origin or content of the samples, but was requested to analyze the three unknowns, labeled only A, B and C, for the presence of trichothecene toxins. The method of analysis was a ferric gel procedure followed by selected ion monitoring on computerized gas chromatographjmass spectrometer (Hewlett-Packard 5985B). No trichothecenes were detected in the negative control sample (Sample C). T2 toxin was correctly detected in the spiked positive control sample (Sample B). Sample from area of reported chemical attn.ck in Kampuchea (Sample A) was found to contain nivalenol, de~xynivalenol, and T2 toxin. Thcs2 three compounds are potent mycotoxins of the trichothecena group. Levels of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol detected were up to twenty times greater than that reported to occur when vegetation is natucally contaminated by trichothecene toxins. According to the mycotoxin expert, such hiyh levels arc extremely unlikely to occur as a result of n~tural intoxi cation. Symptoms·· associated with trichothecene poisoni:1g inc 1 t1Ll1, r .J.pid onset of vomi tine_;, mul t.iiJlc: hemorrhage of mucous membranes, bloody diarrhea, and severe itching or tingling of skin with formation of multiple small hard blisters. All of the trichothecGnes produce similar symptoms; however, there are some differences in the degree of severity:_ nivalenol and ueoxynivalenol have fewer skin irritative effects than T2; nivalenol is a slightly stronger hemorrhagic; deoxynivalenol (also known af·yomitoxin) causes very severe vomiting. ROUTING SLIP FICHE DE TRANSMISSION to, A: Mr. R. FROM: DE: 1027A FOR ACTION FOR APPROVAL FOR COMMENTS POUR OBSERVATIONS MAY WE DISCUSS? POURRIONS-NOUS EN PARLER? YOUR ATTENTION VOTRE ATTENTION AS DISCUSSED COMME CONVENU AS REQUESTED SUITE A VOTRE DEMANDE NOTE AND RETURN NOTER ET RETOURNER FOR INFORMATION POUR INFORMATION COM.6 (Z-781 1 0 SEP REC'D l UNITED NATiONS NATIONS UNIES INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR TO: Mr. Jan .Martenson o.A.TE, 10 September 1981 A: Assistant Secretary-{;eneral Centre for Disanna:ment REFERENC~ _r_W_j=dc~--- THROUGH: S/C DE: Yasushi Akashi y ~ ~• FROM: Under-Secreta:cy~eral ' DE: for Public Infonra.tion susJECT: vbrld Disa.nrBment Campaign OBJET: 1. I am pleased to learn that the Expert Group has ccrrplete:i its rep:,rt on a w:::,rld disannarrent carrpaign in accordance with the General Assanbly resolution 35/152 I of 12 Decenber 1981. As I have stresse::l on previous occasions, you may be assured of DPI's sustained and active oontribution to UN public information prograrmes in the field of di~t. I have already deputed Mr. Nobuaki Tanaka, to P3,ri:.icipate in the meetings of the Expert Group with the specific object of contributing to its decisions. I am certain that the re'fX)rt of the group will incorp:,rate practical apd feasible approaches tc:Wcrrds our ccmron objective of a canpa.ign to rrobilize v.Qrld public opinion in support of the cause of disanrai.--rent. 2. Tnere are, however, sare rerra.ining questions on organizational :rratters which should be \-;,orked out within the Secretariat before the carrpaign is launched. Tnese are the issues of ·which offices of the Secretariat will be resp:msible for the overall direction and coordin ation of· the ca..L1paign, including the adr.rinistration of a fund to be established. 3. It is an established. responsibility of the Departr.ient of Public Infomation to coordinate public infomation activities of the u::~, as mandated by the General Assembly in resolutions 34/182 and 35/201. 'Inis coordination is carrie::1 out through departmental t:haratic task forces in the Secretariat and, in the case of the wider UN' systan through ij:le interagency Joint Unite:l Nations Info:rnation Co.mri.ttee (JUNIC). I am sure you will agree that DPI should maintain its ooor- dinating role with regard to the inforrration activities of the disar mament campaign in order to ensure the coherent and consistent imple rrentation of the important public infonnation programres on disamement. At the sarre tirre, of course, the p:>litical nature of the subject of disarmament requires that your Centre retain an overall supervisory role on all matters relating to disannament, including rronitoring the operational aspects of the carrpaign. . .. 2/. - 2 - 4. In view of the above, I should like to propose the follc:Ming fonnula for our cooperation: "The Centre for Disarmarrent will be resF()nsible for the overall direction of the campaign within which the Departrrent of Public Inforrration ·will be responsible for fomrulating and ccordinating the public infonration activities of the campaign." If you are in agresrent with this fonnula, I would prop::>5e that key delegations should be briefed before the General Assenbly issues further legislative mandates. 5. I hope you can agree to this prop:,sal so that both the Centre for Disarmament and the De.partrnent of Public Infonnation will be able to canbine their resources and efforts in the rrost effective rn:mner possible in order to achieve a successful world disarmament carrpaign. cc: Mr. A. "Rohan .Mr. P. Ruedas I-ls. A. Knippenberg-Uther World Disannament Campaign 1. The P"l.lr'fOSe of the carrpaign are threefold - to inform, to educate, and to generate public understanding and SUpp'.)rt. --~, overlap with DPI activities 2. The activities envisaged within the carrpaign are grouped into three categories in accordance with the entity which initiates the activities - the UN system, Member states and NGOs. a) The role of the UN system -->~ rrainly DPI's activities i) production and distribution of rraterials publications audio-visual materials photo, au:lio-visual rraterial library award-giving ii) interpersonal corrmunications neetings, lectures and consultations training iii) UN field offices Information Centres, etc. b) The role of Merrber States c) The role of non-governrrent costiuencies 3. Co-ordination a) GA resolutiore 32/182 and 35/201 call for DPI to be focal r:oint. b) Thematic task force rreetings ~;.ea. by USG of DPI (within Secretariat) c) Joint United Nations Information Committee (within UN system) chaired by USG of DPI. I I I~~ I ~ 1 ~'ls ; ~[~ · t~r ~ r--ft r~I~ tt t ~ :'\ t~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ :,.., I ~ : ~ CC; SG J. Martenson Mr. Viacheslav A. Ustiuov 9 September 1981 Under-Secretary-General for Political and Security Council Affairs Rafeeuddin Ahmed Chef de Cabinet Chemical Weapons Investigation - I wish to refer to your mmmoranduro dated 8 Septe1nber to the Secretary-General on the above subject. I should like to suggest that the attention of the Chairman of the Group of Experts is drawn to this material in order to ascertain the further wishes of the Group in this matter. ______""""' ______"""'"''""""""""'-""""..--·-- UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR TO: The Secretary-General DATE: 8 September 1981 A: REFERENCE: ______ THROUGH: S/C DE: FROM: Viacheslav A. Ustinov DE: Under-Secretary-General Political and Security council Affairs SUBJECT: OBJET: Chemical Weapons Investigation 1. In connexion with a possible on-site investigation on Kampuchean territory, inquiries have been made, as instructed, into: (a) legal aspects of such an investigation, and (b) the security situation. 2. The following responses were obtained: {a) a memorandum of 3 September 1981 from the Director of the Office of the Legal Counsel: (b) (i) memorandum dated 31 August 1981 from Mr. Jay H. Long, conveying observations concerning the present situation in the area and the experience in this regard with the United Nations Programme of Assistance to Kampuchean People; and (ii) memorandum dated 3 September 1981 from Mr. W. Wieczorek, reporting on advice on safety conditions received from the official in the United Nations Security and Safety Service. 3. The memoranda and their attachments are annexed for your consideration and eventual decision on the subject matter. cc: Mr. J. Martenson UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNfES INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM rNTERIEUR TO: Mr. Viacheslav A. Ustinov DATE: 3 September 1981 A: Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs REFERENCE: ______ THROUGH: S/C DE: Mr. Jan Martenson Assistant Secretary-Ge Centre for n~·arm ent L~L, FROM: DE: Ben Sanders Chief, 1_ ~ SUBJECT: Information and Studies Branch OBJET: Chemical Weapons Investigation 1. In connexion with a possible on-site investigation on Kampuchean territory, inquiries have been made, as instructed~ into: (a) legal aspects of such an investigation~ and (b) the security situation. 2. The following responses were obtained: (a) a memorandum of today's date from the Director of the Office of the Legal Counsel; (b)(i) memorandum dated 31 August 1981 from Mr. Jay H. Long~ conveying observations concerning the present security situation in the area and the experience in this regard with the United Nations Programme of Assistance to the Kampuchean People; and (ii) memorandum dated 3 September 198l from Mr. W. Wieczorek, reporting on advice on safety conditions received from the official in the UN Security and Safety Service. '.Phe·mcmorenda, and their attaehments,--are--annesred. 3.,, As agreed, to assist in the preparation of your recommendations with>regard to any action to be ta.~en in this mat.ter, I quote relevant extracts ...... from these responses, as follows: '----...... (a) legal._aspccts: •. .._ --"From the strictly legal point of' view ::t the question which arises is whether the existing legal arrangements in force between the United Nations and Kampuchea'provide adequate guarantees or whether it would be necessary to conclude a special agreement."· ·~ --"Democratic Kampuchea is a party to the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations\ •• (which) would ••• be applicable to the mission. tr \ / ... -2- --(The Office of the Legal Counsel) "does not believe that a special agreement (on status, privileges and immunities) is strictly necessary". It points out that the Secretary-General's note referred to in your memorandum does not deal with "the preconditions for the dispatch of' special missions or groups of experts" and that 11 (as) a practical matter, ·while the United Nations does not normally dispatch such missions without ensuring that the minimum conditions of safety and security exist in the area concerned, there are many instances of missions or groups of experts visiting areas of actual or potential conflict ••. " --"Questions of liability of' the organization in the event that a member of a mission is killed or injured are, of course, involved, but they are capable of legal solution under existing arrangements." (b) security aspects: 11 (.i) Mr. LongYs memorandum refers to ••• a number of clashes between various groups along the Thai-Kampuchean border, resulting in casualties ••• ", to reports "that armed clashes continue to take place within the interior of Democratic Kampuchea", and to "the uncertain situation in the border area .•• ". (ii) The official of the UN Security and Safety Service is quoted, inter alia, as expressing the view that "for many years, the areas along the border of Thailand with Laos and Kampuchea were the terrain of a heavy jungle fighting of various hostile factions and were considereq to be dangerous", that the strip along the road that would have to be taken to get from Thailand to the territories of Democratic Kampuchea "is considered to be a war area" and that "an overall situation in the territories under control of the Democratic Kampuchea is considered to be insufficiently safe". cc: Mr. Kheradi · \ I ' It •. -- .·-- .l \ UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTE:RIEUR TO: Mr. Ben Sanders, Officer-in-Charge cATE: 3 September 1981 A: Centre fer Disamament REFERENCE: ______THROUGH: s/c CE: ~,, FROM: Jehn F. Scott, Director ~( _f ) ~~-- DE: Off ice of the Legal Counsel 0 SUBJECT: OBJET: Group of Er.>erts to investigate the use of chemical weapons 1. You have requested the advice of this Office regarding the safety and security of the Group of Experts should it exercise its functions in Kampuchea. 2. From the strictly legal point of view~ the question which arises is whether the existing legal arrangements in force between the United Nations and Kampuchea provide adequate guarantees or whether it would be necessary to conclude a special agreement. 3. Democratic Kampuchea is a party to the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations~ Under this inst"IUment, the membeTs of the Gl:'oup -would be accorded the status, privileges and immunities of experts on mission for the United Nations as set out in Article VI of the Convention. The members of the Secretariat accompanying .the Group would be accorded the status, privileges and immunities of. officials under Articles V and VII. The CotIVention as a whole would~ of course, be applicable to the mission. 4. As far as status, privileges and immunities are concern.eds this Office does not believe that a special agreement is strictly necessary. This Office cannot comment on the question whether the ! authorities concerned are in a position to effectively controi the i ~errltory and guarantee the safety and security of the Group. W~ would point out, however~ that the SecretarycaGeneral' s memorandum {copy attached) referred to in Mr. Ustinov I s memorandum to MY.~ Ahned of 27 'August 1981 deals with the legal aspects of the problem of representation in the United Nations and not the preconditions for the dispatch of special mi~sions or groups of experts. As a practical matter, while the United Nations does not normally dispatch such missions without ensuring that the minimum conditions of safety and security exist in the area concerned, there are many,instances of missions or groups of experts visiting areas of actual or potential conflict which is to be expected in the case of an organization a primary purpose of which is the maintenance of international peace and security. This has particularly been the case in South East Asia and Africa in recent years. Questions of the liability of ~he organization in the event tba t a member of a mission is kill,ed or injured are> of course. involved, but they are capable of legal solution under existing arrangements. -T S/146_6 ~~ =~= I. 9 March 1950 -•::~· ENGLISE .r ...... , - ...... : . -...... Refcr~mct:s· t-: t:1is rr.e;:-1::.r~"1.d~ ha.v~· !!0~'1' a:.9:;;xie:-<:;.d in t2.e P:",:,ss LL--id I f1.:1e~--. it- B."C-;x::-c·::rriato t.b.a.t thc- f'-ill. text now be md.a c7c:!il'1ble t,o ai.:__ I!!.eI!J°J.•.)..C's cf the C?un;i.i"c - J: ~1ri.' th..,refor~) clrcu.:.at~.ng cJ:::,'::es ."a-:: t:::.is l8-ljtar i::.:id ~:t th.:i .. ·memc-:o:na.u"'.:l u"i::.:ifficia..l.:y to e..ll ~ ..11:io:-:s e.r... d. c.!J. ·also :::-toleas!ng tha te:.rt cf tha .. : m~•m:::i·c::.n.d::,:.m...tc .. tho P::'ess. ·... ·~- \_~-. (Sigr..ed) :-T-::-:;gvc J...ia Socr:;':a=:r eensz:-al .. .... /LEGAL ASPECTS ·p no • •I.EGAL ASPECTS OF 'FROBI.EMS OF RE:PR:c:SE1:a1.i.\:.!.-i:rmT I!i TEE. ill:.LT"".::D IMIONS linked up with the question of reccgnition 'by Mer.car Goverr.:::.e.:-.. ts. It will ce sho~n here that this liru:~se is u.."'1.for~u.n1~e from the ~~~ctical stand.:r,oint 7 and wrong frcm the st:e,nd.pci_i:nt of" legal·_ ~heory ~ depends ntirely en a n1.lI!l.erical ccu...--1t of the nu.rJ.ber o:f Me:mcars in a :ps.:::.-ticu.lar 7 ... --~ organ wh1.ch recc-gnize o_ne gov0rn:::i.ent O!' the other. It is quits ::posdble ffor the . -fi ·.:_~~ majority of the Me:cfocra in one organ to reccgni ze one govar::--.1"'...err~.. and]- for the -. ,-: :n:.a.-Jori-!~y pf M0:;1.bers in e.nott.er organ to recognize.. the rival goven:.nent~-· I:f' the /"'-r. should. "f;;/1466 Pe.ge 3 -· "I should re~d 1t as highly 1lll:r:ra;er fer i::e to admit that a:n;; country en earth can qUestion the sovereignty of the Unitea States of P..merica in the exercise of that high ~olitical act o~ recognition of the de f,9.:1-t-.o status of a State. .- · · ''Mc.re over, I would not admit here, by i:npl.icatiC!'l cix- by d.irect answer, that there eti.sts a tribunal cf· juntice or of' a,.~ other kind..1- · B.:l]".fn.ere, that ca.n 1:ass Judgment, upon the le6a.ll-cy or the 'li"aJ.id.ity c:f thc.t a.ct of my country. "There were ce~tain powers end certain rights~~ a sovereig.'"l State vhich were net yielded by a.rzy of' the Membera who s!.gn.e.i the United. IIJa.ticns Chartl9:t' e.nd in Jarticular t.his power to recognize the de fact:J authority · of a provisional GOvern:ment was not yiel~eQ. When i~ w--~a exercised by ri;r Govern.:nent, it was dcr.e_ as a practical step, 1.T\recogn:.tiJn of . resJ.ities~ the existence of things, and. the recogr..i~iau of a change that heel. actu~-"!_ly taken place. I a:r:i. certain that nc ne.tl.c.."1. en e·axth has any , r.igllt to question ths.t, · or t_o l?-Y d.own a pro:posit.io..."l. that a cert.~in length. of tir11e o:f the exercise of· de :i::ecto e.uthority :r:rJ.st e!.e.j;ise bef-;;re that . ' e:u:thcr:i:ty can be recognized.: 11 :Y · Va't'ious lega.J. scholars he.Ye argt1ed that this rule o:r ind.iv:td.u.:u reco@iticn th=ough the free choice cf states shculQ be repl~ce~ by collecti~e recognition through an international organization such as the·uhlte~ Nations (e.g. L9.ut~r~cht, R~~nit!.C!i :t.n Interr..at:t-::,nal L~.:-!J. If this were· now the rule than ~he :present imp;>.sse would not e:ds~, si~ce the~e·woul.d oe no i.nc.i-vid•..a.l ·recognition of the new Chinese Go'rern:.:ent,. but. cnl,_y action by the · · e.:p::i;rcr:-ric.te iJnitec. Naticns organ~· The fa.ct remains, h~·e:ver, that the· St~tas . ' ha.Ye refused to acce:pt any such rule end.. the United trations d:::es not posse as · e.cy authority to reco~ze either a new state or a new go'.'!Terr..nent of an exi~t~ State~ Tc esta.blisb.·t~e ruJ.e of collective recogniticn cor tte Unitad·Naticns . . ~ould require either an a.m.endtlent of the Charter or·a treaty to whlch all Memo.era 'would. adhere. .._ ~ On the other he.nd ~9.mbership of a State in the United Nations end represent-e.ti::::n of a state in the orge.ns is clearly- dater'"""' ned. by a. ccl.lectiva . ' act of' the appropriate organs; 1n the case cf :ceobership., by vote of the General Assembly en rec~mat:tcn of the Security C::u::i.cll) in the case cf·. repreeentaticn, by vote cf each ccm:petent orge.n en tlie credentials cf the :purported re_presentatives., Since,' therefore, recognition 'of either Sta.te or goverr.l!l.ent is an inilvid.ual. act, and ilitb.er adlllissicn ta. mem'bershl:p or acceptance of re:presentaticn in the Orga.nizati~ are collective acts, it vouJ.d appear to be legally ina.dmisaibJ.e to condition the J.atte-r acts bf e requirement Jhat they be :pr~ced.sd. by individ.u.al reccgr.it.icn~ \, !/ See Official Rec~ds cf the Security Council, Third. Year, No. 68., :i;age 16. /This canclusicn .. ·-··This··,coh61u_~~q~ is __cl~?-=-1/ fop_ ·o"4i_ by_ ~~_e_._}f<=f~s_e. ·k:· ti_~ case_:_~ acr:u.zsion. -to ·m.ei:fbershi:p ·-in:cothJ-the·Le~gu.e ·or··Na.tions- and in:. th~ U:n.ited:-Nation3 • . · . .·• .· ·•r···: In tha J;!"'actise of the League of Nations.,. ther'e we~e·· a r:urr:.'Jer cf ·cases in ·w1u.ch .Mem.Q::i:·a of the· League stated ;l:;cpress-ly' tb.at t1:.e v.c.~~ ss:!..o:.i of ancthcr State to::ci~~bership 'eia. not/ mean tha-b: tb,~y -r~~-~sriizec{ s~ch -~e ..> Membe~ e.3 a State . ·- ·.-...... , ...... , ...... ~ . . . (e.g. Great :Brits.in in the ca~e o'f Li thua:1.J.a; ]elgil.ll!!.· 2.nd.. S~...ttzerland. 1n the case ?i s>f __ j;he___ ~~~iet Union; Colom:tJ~8:- in. the: c~~e of Pa..~).,,.::,_ ·.. -·. ___ .. , .... - -• t .•. .-:. rn· the J?i"'actise of -the- Uclted. Netions:.there arc', c:r ccu.---:.·se •· seveTal inste....-ice:J • • ,i -\~... ;. ...._ • • • • •• ':-:· • . • • • • • • - ·,. _; ~: ·:· ~ • • .. :- • - •• :_ '. • • • :· : • • " · o;f adlp.j,ssi1.1n_ "td;:me:21b8rshi:p of Sta..te3 _which. h?,<;l_.not been reccn..ized by. a.lJ.. at1::er t '·...... ,") . .. ·.. .. - .·. ,, ...... ~ . . . '.";""" . ·Members, a.11d. bthcr··ins"t;ances- cf States, for -whose- a&ni3s1o...··i" vot~s wera,ca.st by :::~~mb~t~-}6~;,!1- hac. riot i~iocii~ei the c~di.cla:tes S:s' States,.· Fo~ e:~P~pl~, Yer:.en .: . '·'- enc. Bur.l"l...a·· ;-were- e.:!!ili ttea.· by a, 1:1:animous v·ote of the General A2s-er:."bly at· a ti?lle wbm they had· bee{1 'r0ccgri..i~ea: by -~tly a· :iinoii ty of Membei'.3 ~-: .A nl.U].~er .of ti-:a Y.9mbers vho, :L.'l :t!'.13 SecU!'ity Cot--.r..ci:!.,_ voted for t;1e e.cb:!.ssicn of Tr~s.jord~ ./Jorda.E:7 and. .\ . -~- .: . . : . . . . ·.• . . . . , .. 1Ie:i;:e:l, hed r.:.o-t recognized thase ca."'1.d.id.etcs as States. _;nc.eeJ.. 1 t:·w d~_clarations . ·; ~d~--\;- the ·delezation cf tl:e Sovi9t Union and 1 ts r-~iic°hbi;>U2"G "that they ·";;·dia. not 0 ·-;~t:;· :f'or t~e e.funiasio:n· "ci cert air~ State_s ·c e.g. Ireiend~ Pbi·tuge.l a"'1.d. T~~~-jc~c.~ /Yc.;,{.0::17) ,- ·cetc.uso ttey· rre2·~ not in ·di:9lc~t~c relaticns id.th. these a;p:pli~ants 1 ;~~e v~go~o~aly _- diar,u-tec~· br :r=.cst __ ot;1;~ ·i;i~;;.ibe:::•3; -a~a.· led -t~. th:~: reque.st ·i~~ \~ ~d;=iso~j o:pi:iicn of -..the Interna:t:! or.al Court of 1.Tust:ice by ih~ _-d~~c;ai i ~• ... :· .. ~- :--.-:-·=~.:-.:: ·;. \.. '. AsseIJ.bJ.y. · ... ; - . . ,j,' . ·.. · . . ;,.• ; . .... :_ . . . . ·:.. ·... \." ... ·{ The Court ir2!.S req_1..1ested to enswer the· ·question y~10-c:ier a .Mer:ber, in 1 ts ~-- ;~t-e -~n th~ ad::ii.iasicn t;· mer:.b.e::.·ship of -~noth;;· Eltat~; ~:as i: ju:riiically e~titled. .. t~ -~~ ,i·t~- "cons.ent to the ~drn:t"asion ·a.e;e-nd.e~t ~~ ccndi tio~s "not expressly prov:ide·a)i-- by pe.r-~raph 1 of Article 4· ~f th~. Cho.rte~~ .. oiw cu'. the ccndi ti"o~s which had "been stated by Members· had been the lack of di.;?1c..'!!a.tic· ~ela-ti;~~ :~Tith-·the ~---: .. ~ :.:-,-~--. . ~ .. -.~:/-::_.-~-. .··.·.,: ....: :,.- . . . . -~··.· ·.:,_ . . Bll!Jlicant Sta:te. _The C(?ur~ 2.nswered the questicn· in tl~e negr!.ti"';~e •• At 1 ts f'c~th ._.. ~i~si~1i1'th~ ·;;e~-re.l :A~a~mb1/·recor::ne~ded that·· ·e;,.'dh \1~~:::er e.ct 1n accti~c.arice: with a ••-• •. - .• , • . • • . . • ,' . r:. • , • C •: the ·o:pir{ion of th8 ··court'~ . . .. . - ., . , g/ _f. rn__,~'b~_r of- V:.""i tcp~ _s1:1c_h_. _c.s Sc:Jl,le ,, F2.u~~~1:J.e ~ ?;1 z.1..11..ot t :!. , Malbcne G:ra.°1-la."J., conter..ued tn::.t a'.'.Id.ssicn to the league conatitat.aa. an im:,l i"ef.. reccvi.!. ti'or: bj· aI-.1 Me:::n.bef:·s· •. In·t1'i:e word.soii Lau.t-01:•;::ach.,.:: (:aiccgni"!:ion in I!1"cer:-:~ti0-ial 1,e.wJ :,.r_•.:-. i-? . lIB-53 ;40,1) :, ':Actual _Jract~~e ~~ ~?,t ~ ~-~b?7-~t~';~-~-- ;~~-a~e. p_c~~ii~:.rt;~_'~- 1ln.:91ications of e.ci.::lission.1' .,·· -· ~ .... :·.,,· ~- . •·.. ~ --:.- j .· ..., . ~ -::. '-. ! . _\ ·-~ ;::, ·; :; __ :, .· ~. .- _., /±hi -~fuctfse ' . ... :. : s:_' • • : . ~ . i .. - ...... - ... -~- -...... ····-· ,-..,_ ... • •• f., .... --~. ~ ... . _,. - -...... -~ . : ..._ .. The ·practis·e :as ·re·gard.s .representatto:n .·of ;"Meo.ber•B:te.te;~ 1~ ~h~ Uni te,d Nations ·orga:ns han, until ·:the Chinees ·quest:1o:n arose., .b·een ~:!.f9rru.y _to ,.the effect ·that re pre senta·tiori 1 s distinctly .-es:;;:are.te -'fto:m the iesi..10. :of. -re;.oe;:1.1±.-f:_on of _e. gov3rP:-F.mt. . . It :Le a. rem.e.r"kaole fa.ct that;·· despite, the.,fairly lal;'ge -m1!!!.1?er: o1 re-v:ol_.utionery changes of gcver::I::!ent and the larger nurn.b.er. of in~t~""1.c_ea 9"f: cree.i::;i o-:: __ dip~cma-tte: , 9 ,/ • • . ·- relation~· ai::.n~ Me:::i.bsrs, there was not· one · ein~la · i:r-l:!t-311..£:!_ cf a chaJ2snr;e_ of_. . credentials· ·d' .s. :r~-pres:mtative:-in the- many thous.'.:.nds- of ~~eti:1g3 :•,(hich -were held . : .. • during four yeai~-s •. On the cor...tra.cy,:.'.'.:~henever tl:J,e r~pcrts_of.cre-ienti"'1_s cq1r.mit,.tees ·- ...... unanimously and -withotlt reservati0;n by: any-Mem"bers. _ _ •.. : .:·:: ..- ·· -.• :.. -·•. )-/ .~~ :·>: • · The Mem.~ers b.a...,e therefore mace clear .by en unbroken. :9re.ctisa that ... , _ . , ,... ·(1): · a, Mcr.1.b·er. cmtl.d -pro-pe::.-ly vote· to ac::ce!)t a rcp:::-9sen.ta-t~ve of a gcver-i.ment - ·r:·//: . ·/j_~~t>: which it~did. ~ot recognize, or -with ,rhich it 1::.a.d no d,ir;lc!I'-B.tic.. reletio~s., ·ru1:4,. _.. :'.;..::_~-'-~ (2) that ·such a vote did not imply ,r'9"c<;>snition or a r~~dinese :to aesurre .:.~~>: ~ - .... diplomatic' =eleticns. . .- : . In two insta:1ces i::rvolvir:3 non-:,:embera, the q_uastion -was. e=::plici tly raised - tbe cases of gr.:!.,ti~ the Republi~ of Indcnesia ar:d Isr~e~ the rieht to pa!"ticipete ... i!l the deliberations of the Sei:urity Council. Ir. both caseg, objectione -.rere raised on the grcu.~cs that ttese er.titiec were not S~atee; in both cases the Security Council voted to perm.it. represontatio:n after ,,n:pl:tc:!. t Gta.teme:ita w~re me.de by n:e:i;:iers of the Cotu1cil that ths vote · did not i:nply recog.r..i tion of thi; Ste.te. or gover:-..:::n.ent con~e~~ed.J/ The practise ~hich has been thus followed in the United ~ations is tot only lese.lly co-rrect. but cor..for:r.1s to the basic chart::.cter of the Organi1.a.tic:1. The Uni tgd ... Net!ons is not a..~ association limited to like-mi~ded SJates and goverr.:menta of einilar ideologice.l persuasion (as in tbe c~so in c0=t~in;rcgicu,'!J.-asso~iations)& As an Or3e.nizatic~ ~hich aspires to universality, it must of ~ecessity include States of v9.ryi~g a..~d even co!tl'licting ideoloGies, The Chi~ese ccse is u.~ique in tr.e historJ of the United Naticns, not because it involves a re,cludon.ary cll!lnge of governi:ter!t, but b~ce.uee it is the first in ll See eta.ter:snts by M1:". Faris el-Kb.01.1r:l. a.'7.d Hr. T. 3'. Teia.:1G on :'.:ndc:iesta at tJ1e 181st .z::eeting (Of.ficiel RGcc1:"ds o::' the 8ecl'.!"ity Cm:nci.!..1 Se~or..c. Year, No. 74); a..:::!. by Sir Al,e.::;:~darCadeigan, M:r. !-1?..LUilsk:-,-, fu""'..d M.;:-. iwhich t-wo rival f?OJerr~:ents e!:"i st. .. I, t _in_ q_'..r:~. t: _;oss:1:J:!..::;; . . . . ' .. accu_r_ again· in tb._e. future 8..."19-. ~t is highlj: desir?,-bls_ to see;_what pr_inciple ca."'1. be . . • • • Ji. • • • • • • • ..-. • ~ • : • .:'ollo...,e~ in CFOO~ing betwe~n the _ri vs.l_s. ;ct ,.b.o.s been d_~:::.onotrc1:tec\ tha~. the . .. :p~iiiciple of• numE!rical :prc~ond~;~'1ce · ~i' r~cogni ti~n-i s 1{1epp::-::::;;:-:.a:.s a.,1 :..~~-o.:2:t inccr-.rect. Is ~Yother principle possible? It ia su:=utted that the proper principle can be de~ived by analogy from .Artic:1,e ~. of thE1 Charter. .Tb.is A.:-ticle req_uires that 9.Il applica..11.t for :mem.ber:::hi"9 ... . .' . . ' ..• : _must 'be abfe and willing to cerry au:t the ~bligations of .. ?I:.:::n::.bc;rship. Tb.s . .. •· .. obligations _of membershi~ c.an be ?arried, out only b7 govsr,.,r;;.e::1.ts which in fact posses a tae :pcw&r to do aa: wnere a. revolutionary governz:eut. r,resen-ts itself as repreee_nting a State,. in :i:;'i.v.al:cy .:to an e:r.:ist_ing gove~en.t, _the q_uestio~_ at. issu.is eho~ld be which. of these t~o g9verr.ments in fact is in a position to employ the resources e..nd direct the people of the_ State in fulfil!il3nt o_f tte obligatiori.s_ of mem.ber~!1.ip. In ee;senca, this r:i.~ens .. an_ irn;_uiry as to whetlle::;,.. the new gmrerr-:ment exercises effecti-ve authority •,1itb.in the territors; of the S-:.ate and is habitually ob.eyed b;y: th3 bulk of the po-p-ulation_. If so, .1 t WO:Jld seem to be appropriate for the united Ne ti ens organs, through: their c_ollectiYE1 a.ction.1. to accord it thq rtght to represent the State in the Organiz.at:'..on} evan th0ug,.l-J. ind1vid-;,.i.el .Ms!?lbcrs of the O:rga.n:!z~tion refuse_ a.:1d ma.7 . . . 1 -... ~on:tinue_ to · refuse_, to acccrd it recogni-tio:a a.J the- le:,i:u.l r3~verrm.ent for i-eao/ons which are valid u...11der t.he:!.r .national. policies. ;-1~: ~- ,. ._ .. ·-~;:r 1 \ \_. -:-."" --_ .... ----·•- 1-1 H; (t h:f hl p. •d ~-• '.I> o cl· t:, I-'• n o o n I\) ~ .I· 0 c O 8 co Er fl o a ro u1 •1 1-., I-' ,.... :::s I-'• 0 ~- 1-1, t/1 0 ..:;, 'U •r c3 ,"1 ;1 1-' IJ Cl CD CD 1-1; CU ;1 b tiJ o , o o OlJ •t w r~ I·-'• 0 'd O 1-• o• 0 d:- Cll rt Ul (I) 1·1 :.:i· r (I) flJ 1-1, fl. 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CJl ~1 0 --· 1 ::J' I..,• I.. ,. 0 ! }". u"' ,·t- L {l) ~f ct C:: p, ,:J (UI ID _, (I) cl· ru Ul o:-0 o'T b1--,J •if 0 !"J' i:.i. 0 !] {\) I·-· ·1 !s fll I ;r IJI <: 11, 1i j\l l\) (l) J;l Cr f] § • 1 (J 0 Ul Ill- ID !"l CU 1-:i7 f\l Cl> «.; P• • ,t•J CD ,.~ if 1-•· o ,:J 1J f\l ID '1 ::c.~ (\) °<: 'i :J (I) Cl.I :.1· I j. • c·t 0 l-' P• 0 I] d· I• , .... 1--'• IJ· UJ tJJ (I) (D 1-'• CD CD I 1, ~: '1 'i (11 t·t; 0 ct • ::i <-..;o ,-1- {I) '- I· • 'lI cu (l) !), ::_:i >,: t·t f\l O •1,. c f· I-'• CJI :s <..1 :t! ·-~l IJ ,..-.,, Ill O cl· ct- o cl fl) ll l·j ,1· i-1· {)I O ·..:: f\l (I- I-' (l> Q L'l ((I r:i CI co o ,-i- .-,- cu i;; ,-J P• :i· o 1j .-r t--'• ~• o n (ll (0 I-'• (l) 0 ,u 0 (I) 'I I·-'• (Jl ll O ~S :.1 ct O ID ~l : cl· I-' C..t 0- t] l-J Ill I 1 ;:S (ll o ri £1 u' rn o· rr •j 1-1, cl· Otl 1··'• <1> 1u i~ {\I~·- (U O }" ... , .. pi 1·1 :J , ,.l CO u' -. 0 :J O () 'cl ,j (JI ,·l jg I-'. p. '>{ ,[-/ I,. !~ t~- ,j {II p. c·1· •· j {I) o O c J- m (]ti 11, <: 1-1, hi i{i n H p ... p, P• ru cu 1-'• { 'l (!) (I) 1, <0 l·'• (\) (D l)l} TO: Mr. Ben Sanders, Officer-in-ai.a..-rge CATE: 31 Au.oust 1981 A: Centre for Disannarrent REFERENCE: THRouG1-1, Mr. Viacheslav A. Ustinov, U-S-G for I S/CCE: Political ~~/Se"curicy Council Affairs ~ ...-- ...._._. ,./ :Ii./__,/' (u . -s:Qi '( ,, . -1 FROM: Jay H!/ l::bng, '---Principal. Officer, CUSG for OE:---_Political and Generai Assercbly Affairs 1I SU l:!J ECT: G.IDJP OF EXPERI'S '1'0 INVP...sTIGM:'E RE!?ORI'S OBJET: CN THE .ALLPGED USE OF CHEMICAL w"E.APCNS With reference to our conversation and Mr. Ahmed's memorandum of 21 August 1981 on this subject,. the following observations concerning the present security situation in the area and our experience in this regard with the United Nations Programme of Assistance to the Karnpuchean People, may be helpful to the Group of Experts in determining the feasibility of carrying out an on site investigation in the Thai-Karnpuchean border area. Over the past several months there have been a number of military clashes between various groups along the Thai-Kampuchean border, resulting in casualties, and occasionally interrupting or hampering the humanitarian assistance programme activities. More over, there have been a number of reports, both in the media and by governments in the area, that armed clashes continue to take place within the interior of Democratic Kampuchea. (Illustrative material is attached). Because of the uncertain security situation in the border area during the past two years of the assistance programme along the border, United Nations Programmes and the IC~C have not been able to make relief distributions directly to those areas within Kampuchea under the control or Democratic Kampuchea. --Instead, these.supplies have been distributed at certain border points and, in some cases, through the Royal Thai Governmento The Co-ordinator for United Nations Humanitarian Operations in Ka..~puchea, who is at pr~sent away from headquarters, concurs in the above observations. cc: Mr. R. Ahmed Sir R. Jackson -:_;~-- I Tirn WASIIL\GT0X POST Cambodian Clash Sends Shell:, Into Thai ·village ARANYAPRATHET, Thailand, Aug. 26 (AP) - Fighting in Cam bodia 3ent artillery and mortar shells · into a Thai viliage near the border, killing one Thai farmer and seriously injuring another, military sources said to ---- ,:.... tl t:J (J) .,..~, I j c-i- c-t r/1, 1·.-1 0 0 ~ 0 0 tf) ~-~ ,.... (0 C: (J ~-: () rJ t:1 "I I-' ~ j lj f-~ (I) j..J (\.) ..,, Ill j I-' HJ f (D VI !;~ cl c I· c-t· I-• 0 !z, q rj 0 'd 1.1 \.JI m /.,> rn ,-1· 0 0 ~ p. J ~: 1:1 IJ r.,) I'll () CT.> p "--'I Iv i,,;· (J) •,:J ~ t:J '\Jl • <1 ~:! l I .,t"..,I l\l O 1-rj fl, Q I\) ~ 1-rl tu o· ct· :u .f:: ~ fl) I\J 0 C\l Cil [ l.~ cl- IQ Ii f-J, l--1) .-,. 1-J, CD 1-j r...1 fll O ,..,, m fJ • 0 ~t 1-J cl W , ·,· 1 c:! O CJl t-j Ill I-' l"j f\l O p Ul ,1 Ul l·j (.l, \.)J ~ 0~~- ~ ·t- :--;-' 1J, /:I ,;, ct· 0 I-"• I-'• d 1.... ·'d ,.o Ul I°"·• er o o fl. fJ ,._OLJ CJl ,:J !:;'!. p 11 ;.:i~ n o co , :1 ... I···• 0 iJ. 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I j J lJ c1· N ll (1) I·'· c-t· - 2 - The Royal Thai Governnent wishes to draw your .,._ Excellency's attention to the fact that these last two incidents ... - are only examples of the over 46 serious violatio~s of Thailand's sovereignty and territorial integrity by Vietnamese-Heng Saorin forces which have occurred since May 1, in which. altogether 4 innocent Thai citizens lost their lives and 17 were seriously wounded., The Royal Thai Government strongly condemns these unprovoked acts of aggression and reserves its legitimate right to take all necessary measures to safeguard Thailar..d's sovereignty and territorial integrity., I have the honour to request that the text of ~his letter be circulated as an official docu.m.ent of the General Assembly under I~ems 22, 34 and 83 of the provisional agenda, and of the Security Council .. Accept, Excellency, the rene1.;fed assura...---ices of my highest consideration~ 'd, h // . / M rt? I 1t:,7_.o trt-t4 ~ N~L- Birabhongse KaseEsri Permanent Renresen:::;e.::i ,;.~"" l • f j NATJO/\JS_ Distr. GEI!ERAL A/35/502 16 -October 1980 ORIGDTAL: ENGLISH Thirty-fifth session Agenda item. 12 REPORT OF THE ECONOriIC Ai-TD SOCIAL COUv!CIL Humanitarian assistance and relief to the Ka_mnuc~ean neonle Note by the Secreta!'Y-General 1. At its thirty-fourth session, the General AsseCTbly adopted resolution 34/22 11 11 of 11.r November 1979, entitled The situation in :cam.puchea. , in which it, inter alia,. stron;;ly appealed to all States and ne.ticnal ancl inte::-na.tional humanitarian or~anizations to re~der, on an ur~ent and non-discriminatory basis, h1.1.manitarian relief to _"j:;he civilian population of Kampuchea, includinc: those uho had sou3ht refuge in neighbouring countries. 2. The ::::canonic and Social Council placed the 'J_uestion of hl..lrlanitarian assistance and relief to the K2.mpuchean people on tr.e agenda of its first re~ular session of 1980 and adopted resolution 1900/23 of l nay 1980, in which the Council~ inter alia, requested the Secretary-General to convene a meetin~, at the ministerial level, to consider this problem. 'T11e HeetinG on Hur:ianitarian Assistance and Relief to the ~Campuchean People took place at Geneva on 26 ar.d 27 Hay 1980. The Council subsequently, at its second re5ular session 0f 1980, took note of the report on that Meetin~ (A/35/303) and, by its decision 1980/156 of 18 July 1980, transmitted it to __:t.he General AsseT.bly. ----- 3. In order to assist the General Assembly in its consideration of this important hunanitarian pro5ra.:rJ!le, annexed hereto•is an up-dated report of the Sfecial Representative of the Secretary-General to Co-ordinate HlL~anit~rian Progra...T_r:1es in ICanpuc hea. I ••• A/35/502 English Annex Pagel ~ ~-:_:-=_ ANNEX ~~ . •i_~,:. . --~:i~. Re~ort of the Special Representative of the Secretary-Genera1 to Co-ordinate Hu.~anitarian ProP.rarr~.es in rc~~nuchea 1. The Ka.mpuchean people have, in the recent past, suffered one of the greatest tras2dies in the twentieth cent1.ll'""J. The dimensions of the loss in· human lives, of the destruction of the country and its productive resources, and of the suf~ering inflicted en all segments of the population are beyond comprehension. In resnonse to virtually endless needs, the international organizations have concentrated on ~aking an immediate and effective contribution to the restoration of elementary conditions, which would do most to preserve the lives of some five million people. 2. The initial influx of Ka.!lpuchean refugees into Thailand in the first half of 1979 revealed the magnitude of the disaster in Kampuch~a. Responding to an i::-.vitation from the authorities in Phnom Penh, the United Ha-:ions Children's Fund (tniICEF) and the International Col:CI:littee of the Red Cross ( ICRC), acting jointly. ser..t representatives to assess the situation in Kampuchea e.nd started an airlift i~ Au~~;t 1979 to deliver limited quantities of food and medicines on an emergency ::2.~1.s: Cn 7 September 1979, the Secretary-General designated UNICEF as the lead U'::ited i'.Ta-:ions agency, in partnership with ICRC, for the relief effort inside :Cs.,:-!.Duc:1ea -D-nd, on 19 October 1979, the Joint Mission (UNICEF/ICRC) announced that e..'1 ~derstanding had been reached with the authorities in Phnom Penh on the ~rc•ris:.on of assistance. At the same time, they issued an urgent appeal for :"ir..2..::1.cial support ·..rhich was personally endorsed by the Secretary-General, who stressed t~~t the very survival of the Kampuchean people might depend on the s~c~ess of this operation • ._, 3. 0'.lri::1.g the month of October 1979, hundreds of thousands of Kam.pucheans ~--: ccn·:erfed. on the Thai-Ke.mpuchean border, and some 150;000 entered into Thailand 3.ni '.-re?:e subsequently sheltered in holding centres o The rest settled in C-::::,:lc:::er~tions alone; the border. At the request of ·the Government of Thailand,, ' t;s.::: :-'r:.itcd ~b.tions agencies were involved immediately in assisting all these ;:e0::le: the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refuiees (mmc:a) as.:,u:::ed. +-::e ::r:ain responsibility for the holding centres, while mHCEF, _in ~ ;2.:-:~ership with ICRC, carried out the relief effort along the border, including A s~ecial pro:ra....,ne was developed simultaneously, in co-operation with the ~c·re:-:-~-::er'.t of Thailand, to assist the communities alont3 the 'Thai 'corder~ This €::':':;rt b:rolved some 200,000 people, affected by the Kampuchean situation. :rit'.-;i::i the over-all context of the Kal!'.puchean relief operation, the World :'rc),:ra:-r.e ( ',·TFP) has been 9rb1arily responsible for the procurement, ship:nent n::d ·.leii·re.ry of food, and the Food and Agriculture Organization of\the United !:atfon::: (?.i\O) has organized and implemented an agricultural rehabil'itation . . / .... e.nd. ·T:J.e United. ]a.t~~ns Se"frelo;::.er:.t ?rog:-2:=e (U~fD?) has =..1..so =..ssi.s~e~ t:':.e I:i :.ddi t ic:1, e. ·1.:...~ge n 1J.Z1be~ of :10~-go~rer-:-..::!.e:!.tal orgzn:.:a~ ior:.s h:.'iTe 1979, _ ?led..gi:1..g Confe!"'enc e c::::!~re!:ed. :.~ ~Tew· :-:Jr~..: ~y t.'.:le e. tote~ of $2l0 ~illion in cas~ ~~d ki~d ~as ~~e~8~d to tte :ultil~~er~l ~ro~=:1:Jr~e~ On l Ja!luar:r l.980~ the Se~~:tary-Ge~:?:"=..l =-:1~cu!lced.. ::te .1.p~oint:2.e~t of e. Speci::.2. co-ord.i:2.a t e .,. ,,.,..,,. i • -- -, ::a:re '":ieenl to sa.1re t:::e li;res of t~e Kz.~pu.che::.n peo9.!.~, to en.g,,Ole t~e cot1ntr:r t.o ::.c'hie'-re se:.-:-st:.:'ficie:J.cy in feed p~::>ductior-, to :9ro~:-id.e "basic !".;.e:..lth ar~d. -=Cu.cation fa.::i!ities e..::id t:> ens:ze that t::..e :r:.f-!"'e.str~cture can C.eli1;er =tll esse~::ic..l 3u9yli~s. In additiorr, t~ere is r;eneral agre-:!!!ent tta~ a suc~:ss:~1 pra~~~ne :-tould i.:1yr.:>1re cocditions i:i I(a.. n:~!..:.c:lea so thet the :Ca2:puc::e2..::s i:1. the ~01n;,.,~ ::e~t::9es in T:"le...ila~d or in coc.gl,:n::erati;:Jns alo~6 tte :orde~, ..N ... hc T,.tish t~ de so, ~-ioul~ 'be encou~a.ged to rett:.r!! to thei:- ~cr:.ela.nd o 3. ;i..s an i::i..=tedie.te response ~o tC.e C!.es;er~.. te ~lie::-: of t?:e :--:::-u:r9!2c~.:::.~~...,s and. si:1.ce tte needs T.,:ere 1..1:rpreC.ic-"ta.~le at the ti:ie, ~:le ~:lie: EJroe-rar.-~e ;.-ias i::.i--:ially ~_r!]..ie~ta:.(e:1 for a si:C-~or:..th ::e::-i,:,d. :roe.. Cctober 1979 thrcu.3h ~{arc~. 1980. It rNas st.f:;sec_~.e:--itl:r decided. -:c ex-:~~d tr'.e c~~~e..tion to a sec,:,nd ph;tse consisti~g of th~ :t:z:ct ~i!"":..':! ::.ont,!"'.::i tl'!roug:l Sece!:1.Ce~ 1930, '",.;hi·::::'!. ccvereC.. tt.e all.-i::.?crta:-~t 9e~i·:Jd ,of 1:Ce rr.. or!scon c.::d. t~e :;.ai~ r~e.~".test o Du.ri::£; the f:J:OC. e.r:d. .-...:....t,,..,.Qyo- =-t~icu.ltt.:.ral ,.JI,.,,,. .. -- E!.C.!"::~:r.1~ur=.l i~-:nr:s. 011~in.g tt!e second :Jh2.. se, in. .2.Cd.i :.io~ t 1J ::.-e-=ti~.s t~e food to t:Le r:a: i~l]l~=e~ting a. ::a.jo!; ~eli-ef o~e~e..ti.or. ir! 2~e.!::::~Llc:'..e:::...... Mouli ~e i:1 t:-'!..e '"fi.eli -:J°Z• lo~istics. The de~iciencies in lo~istics e~cse f~8~ tte serious dete~iore.ticn .:Jf t:le in.frcs:.r1..1c~u:-e e..s e.. -:-:'":'.ale in r~cent :ree..!.""'s a~d. t:te ac·..:-:e: 3:'°'J.ortc.:;::: of er--:'ri~si.. 7 ~-i 1:1 e 1ta.l!..1ati~e: :::e r!:.:~ia~a.2.. c2...;:c..cit~r to c.G..:.~inis-::e~ ::~.. jo~ i... -2li-2f "9ra~~~::.:..-:.es i:1 =- tc!"ri..:l:.r c:.e~ra.st.2.::ei c:JL1!1.t~y 7.-tt.e!'"e t::e ~op~~-ti.:ll:'~ li-,.. es c~ -tr:..e ed.;2 -:) f su.::"!r-: ·,r.:;.2... F.. s a ~es ul ~ c :"' ~ ::e Kar.r;it~c ~e2.!'!s r ,:rr.. ;:: ef :c,r-:: s ~ a.s sis t :=d. --:~r t ::e :;::-~Trisi..::n :Jf ~~ui;::e!!t ar1.d.. tec:::~i,::.l g_d:vice :... r-:~n a\,-e~se3.s, si..g::.i:--ic2..:-:..-:. ~ro-~:.... ess but __... _ 11 l to to restore it tc l.. _.. __ c2.p2.city\ \. ' ll. S1..::i::~ its :... i::--st =:.:-s 1..:.le..r s~sslon O!-. 1980, t::e Ccor.o=.ic e.nC.. Scci2..l 'cou::.cil d.eci'i:=d t~ ccnsiC.er -:::--.. e ~'J.-25~~0!"!. oI.-- hw::anita::-ie..n :-:.ssistc.r:ce 9.::ci relief to t::--:..e I .... A/35/502 English Annex ?a,~e 3 Kamnuchean oeonle. As a result of discussions~ the Council adopted res~lution 1980/23 of l i-Iay 1980, in which it, inter e.lia~ requested tt.e Secretary-G<:?neral to convene a meeting at the !:l.inisterial level in the latter :part of :,'lay to consid.e!' this question. The Meetin?; was held at G"eneva on 26 and 27 ~fay 1980. Participants included those Govern!!lents s:9eci::ied in paraeraph 2 of resolution 1980/23. 12. At the Geneva Heeting,- the Secretary-General provided the partici:;:ants ,rith a detailed. ?"eport on the relief progra..rr:m.e (Z/COHF.73/2 and Add.l)~ and an assessment cf the financial needs until Decenber 1980. The Meeting, at ';lhich all aspects of the humanitarian operation ~ere fully discussed, served an i!n.portant purpose in strengthening the international efforts to assist the distressed Kampuchean people and in enhancing the effectiveness of the various hu.::::.anitaria.n progrw1!mes. A sw:.mation by the P:?:"esident of the i>Ieeting was trans.::iitted to the General Assembly through the Econorric E".1:.:i Social Council on 24 June 1980 (A/35/303). 13. Contributions in cash and in kind received or pledged as at 19 Septe::nber 1980 - and allocated to various agencies - amount to t443.0 million. However the international oria.nize..tians have identified needs thr~ugh December 1980 estimated at $507.9 nillion~ thus leaving a deficit of $64.9 million which remains to be funded. lL!-. ThYoughout the operation, the multilateral and bila.te:!'al donors, and t"'.:le non-Bover~si_ental org~nizations conce~ned~ have ~een kept continually informed of the progress nade in the i~plementation of the relief pro~ra.I!lIJ.ee Periodic meetings, "both for::'.lal and inforrr.al, have bee::r held in this connexion, and detailed re,;>orts a/ ,.;ere prepared and circulated to donors as d.ocl.l.!r.entation' for these meetings. The next donors 1 meetin~ is scheduled to be held o::i 19 .iJovember 1930 when~ among other things, a detailed review of the operation will take place, together with a forecast of the situation by the e~d of the second phase. The views of the donor Governments will be solicited as to how the progra.."il.~e, including fundine and organizational arranbenents, should be handlei after the end of this year. In this connexion, it is evident that the K3.mpucheans inside Kampuchea a.nd in the holding cent:t_""fS in Thailand~ and the affected ~hais, will continue to need assistance, and the situation of"border con~lomerations of displaced persons will continue to require special attentiono General observatio::is 15. Complex political factors h2,ve affected the operation from "the outset. T:ie Secretar:r-Gener2.l has done his best to insulate the ht:r:12.nitarian operations fr.:Jn these political factors out, unfortunately, situations ha~e arisen fron time to a/ ":Iw::anitarian Cneration Aris in::::: Out of DeT1elc-:::,2e!'lts in K2.nnuc:1e2.", re~Jorts (dated 6 ~-(arch, 16 June and. 25 I~u2;ust 1980) prer:ared by the Inter--Agency Forki:15 Group on Ka~puchea. / ... __ .,,_, _____ ...... -•--··•·--- ., ______··-- ,...... --··--·---·---··------····--·-• .. -4-•" p, , .... ,d 1/1 [II cl· r1· u' rs ct ru •cJ er I-' I 1 f.J 1-•• LIJ I IJ I· 1, oil p () rJ O I-' :1· •cJ l"J.J 0 1--f I-'•,__. o ct· o w n u• c~ p• /II a:: ,...... 'll ;i,.. 111 :,. 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ID '1 :-1· ro P I I -• •~j iii p. 1 i u, 10 ct· •·j O :·. l>l ~l ;·) ,., •1 ct· o r1 o () ,·t P• ::s ...:; d· 0 (L '--:: I·-' /1) '-'~ 0 u''-": '1 {U , ... ~ .r ~: r~ , .... ,_, m ,.J, ct :1 0 d· [ii m 1-•. CV r: 10 cl· tlll O 1CJ L"I .() 1i P• •-•> (l "-: UI ill VI '1 u Ill Vl :j 1-• O u' Ill 1 I-' V I·'• 0 lll p, {ll 10 :s ~· ~ .:-; l"j 1-- lj Q Ill 1-; r.i- (U CD S:: Ci ct· fl <..;.~ Ill fl4"' 0 Ill I-'• fl 0 <: ~ Ill ,.,, 0 {ll p ,.,, /l, p ru 1-,, p 'd c-1· :;: {ll d· 'lJ Ill •·f 0 w I-'• 'i 4 ~ o Ill •cJ o ;::i ui o l\l f~ d· f-J ,.,, o· lu rt ct r~ n' ::-, rt :-.:i-- t;r1 u t-"1 n ~ ;·l• 1-,> i d· lcJ C..• :.s Ill ID ~ 0 ~: 1-A• :J ei1 r:r -.::: 1~ cl· .1 cl· /1• r~ 1 q CD ~ J:i ,.... , ,. I•• I"• '{1 1...0, '--: (U 1-~ /0 (l) fl" "1 ju lJ Ill 1 P• rn ,-1· /0 ~ ,.,. I!> I-'• ~~ 1--<, '-,: 10 1U O 'cl lT w 0 l1l (\) I-$ 1-1, 0 Ul i:5" ~j ct· 0 !.l rJ :j 1:: c-r ::.~ {u p. Ill ~ .... .-1" 0 Ul o n !J' 0 cl· Ul () Ill Ill Ul I__, ,t· I""• ,t- ~ 0'1 U'l 1-" ,., , 0 ::r , t-•• ::1 0 I-' 0 ,t· CU [ll (J) p• ~· 1--' ~~ I-"• 0 Ill Ill •~ l:l p ~: m ;:J. 0 1/l H 1-I; ,.,. () lc_j 'U /D 0 :s ,·1· \ll (0 () I_,, 1-11 c·t· r~ /0 1d t.) !}:) fl H~ ~..J• ~,,. (I)n CU \1 Ill 0 \\l l)'I ~ •u I•• tJ 40 ill fl' <·1• I.... ct C.ll I 11 ~')· tJ •1 ;:i UJ 1..-i· ..:: LJI ,-,- o 1u , .... n Ill n CJ1 /l, S::: ~i r· 1 CD f.).. l·..s• 0 ~l• 1-i rt· lD fl, 0 l) 0 .. 0 ~•, 20. The situation in ~a.L1?Uchea has imposed creat burdens on~~~ Gover::=ent and people of Thailand, especially those displaced fro= theiY hc=cs ~esr t~e :order. Already the Goverri..me!lt has spent more than $40 million on r::e2.scres to iea.l with the situation. By p~suing humane policies concerr-i~g tee i~~l·..::~-of ~:.::1;uchean refugees and by agreeing to the use of its facilities to mc-:e s·.::;::lie:;; to the population inside Kampuchea, Thailand has played a ~ivotal r~le i~ t~e Ka.~puchea relief operation and, in the process, earned the gr?.titude a~d a.~pr~cistion of the international community. 214 Finally, the Co-ordinator wi.shes to exnress his anoreci2.~ic2 for the devoted service given throughout this operation by individuals~from the international organizations, bilateral do~or countries, from the non-gover~.=.ental orsacizations) and by the medical tea:::i.s, particula:::-ly those men and woeen ,,.-t_o h::.'re bee?J. serving in the field under very difficult conditions. [ _; \ \ AKU/atk cc: SG File: C~nfidence-builg.measures xRef: ~:':~-~rman,i_ent cQ...Jrf i-tr ~ Jan Martenson bf: AR/Mi$}' ~'i'i/~1/Pi'(JM_S Assistant Secretary-General Centre for Disarmament Mr. Viacheslav Ag Ustinov Under-Secretary-·General for Political and Security Council Affairs Rafeeuddin A..1·uned; Chef de Cabinet Office of the Secretary-General !{~E?E.t -~~S.£??!~~.§:E§t.~~-~~ud_y 2!1 Confidence-build~ns_ He~sures I wish to rever to your me~orandum of 2 September 1981 addressed to the Secretary General on the above subject. Attached please find a revised foreword by the Secretary-General, which I would ask you to kindly substitute before issuing the ref:ort. I I r AKU/atk cc: SG Mr. Jan Martenson Assistant Secretary-General Centre for Disarmament Mre Viacheslav A. Ustinov Under-Secretary-General for Political and Security Council Affairs Rafeeuddin Ahmed, Chef de Cabinet Office of the Secretary-General ~udy,. ~n the _Re.!atio11shi£ bet~! D!?2 ?ament and Developm~t I wish to refer to your memorandum of 9 September 1981 addressed to the Secretary General on the above subject. Attached please find a revised foreword by the Secretary-GeneralN which I would ask you to kindly substitute before issuing the report. · r · V. Ustinov, Under-Secretury-General for~/!. E _ THROUGH: 6/C DC: Political and Security Council Affairs f...t \ ' r-. J. Martenson, Assistant Secretary-General' ( . \ \ \ l. ,-f' \ FROM: OE: Centre i.or Disarmament CJ"'"- \ ' "', ti... lrt-- SUBJECT: Gronp of Consultant Experts on the Economic and Social OBJ ET: Consequences of the Arms Race and of £Jiilitary Expenditures 1. ~he Group of Experts, appointed by you pursuant to Resolution 35/141 of 12 December 1980 to assist you in the updating of the Report entitled "Economic and Social Consequences of the Arms Race 11 and of Military Expenditures , held its first session from 20 to 31 July 1981 in New York. Thirteen member states were invited to nominate Expe.cts to serve on the Group. Kuwait declined the invitation; Liberia accepted the invita~ion but did not send r1 nomination. Experts from the following eleven countries participated in the first session: Austria, Bangladesh. Czechoslovakia, France. Japan, Romania, Mexico, The Netherlands, USSR, Venezuela and Yugoslavia. 2. The Group unanimously decided that Ambassador Ene of Romania would Le its Chairman. 3. After a general exchange of views, the Group adopted a tentative outline of the report which is herewith attached. 4. In accordance with th~ provisions of paragraphs 2 and 3 of resolution 35/141, the Group decided to request Governrner..ts~ United Nations Sp2cialized Agencies, Non-Governmentul Organizations and various rcse:i:?:"ch institut:i.ons to supply them with quantitative and qualitative information relative to its work. The Group alsc approved the text of tl1e draft letters to be sent for this purpose. 5. 'rhe next SRssion of the Group will be held in New York from 18 to 29 January 1982. / / I (Jase~ upon first ~OU!l~ of discussions on ~SCAR II) Retain tbe st:-ucture, i.e. l. Su::a::::.a.ry of !112.i~ conclusions of ESCAR II. 2. '!'he politico-economic and the mili ts.:i:·"J-strs:tegic bs.c'.-:~:::·..:.r:c. i~ ~Q~ch·tbe present updating e~ercis~ is beir.g conc~c~e~: (a) an increase i~ i~ternaticr.al t~nsions affecting ~~e -political ~l;-qte; (b) a vorsenins of global economic envi~Oil.!!:ent affecti~~ both the developed and d.e·reloping countries; (c) a~ added technological ~cmentun. in the a..-~ race. (d) ~ecent trends in the politico-military doctri~~~ (e) stalemate in disar:nament negotiations. 3. Frc:.:::e'>-tor'.-: of analysis: relevance of ·rarious United :f.:.tic::::; studies and the rllll.jor decisions of the First Special Sess~on on Disr:...r'crent. 4. A thematic content s;:rnopsis of the ESCAH III chapte~s. Cbapter I: Dynamics of the .t...r.::is ?.ace (1) ~etsin t.he approach a~d the underlying ?hilosophy o~ the ar=.3 race dJ"Tieoics: perticularly the centrality of the nuclea~ threat. ( 3) ::itroc:.uce the ele:::e:1-: of the escalatorJ e.t'fect.:; of the globa2. a...~ ~ace on regional situations. .• ,I .t / / I I -2- t'-;,1:..:?.t.e the sections on ne;, technologii:a.l developir.euts, and t~e.:.:: i:::iplic~tio~s tor: (a) national and international security (b) the dise...-:::.e2:::ent ~egotiation process (c) the costs .of ar.ns race. Chapter II: ~esotl1"ces and the .ti.....-:ns Race Re.,~i te this chapter to i.::1.co:?orate othe:::- releYent s~::d..::.es bot::i within a:id. outsic.e the U:ii"t.ed. Nations a.long the follo-..ing lines: ( l) Give some expl~atic~ abou~ the i~adequacy of financial data to ?Ort.~~y the :::::.a.g-::iitude o~ resou=-ces consU1:1ed for nilitarJ pu.::-~cses and the ?roblems of =easu=icg the real costs ·of military S?enci~g on the basis of non-co~pa.rable data. (2) ~latorate t=e concept ot real resources - ~:i.:::.an, ~~erial ac~ natural-co~s1.CT.ed by t~e worldwide ~ilita0 sector and pro,:i~ a co:::prehens:::re sur::r::::a..ry ct the globs.l aggregates esti:n.e.ted by t::.e disani:e..r:ent/ deYelopment :--eport. · (3) Contrast the a.:::ove vith the existing and percei·red require::tents of the basic u.n:i:.et socio-economic needs. I l, ) ~ ... Analyse the e!llerging resource constraints and the physics.l li=..its of natural resources. Icdicate the tendencies to por":.ray the need for e.n i.;.ni=peded access to strategic resources becoming a.:actor in inter-natio~al poli tico-m.ili tar; situs.don. Chapter III: ':'1:e Arn:s ~ace ~nd Develo~ment. Revrite tr.is chapte:::- ·.rit:1 a. view to ::::-:-0.--r:.d.e s. continuity of anel:rsis in r~letion to t~e ~SCAR II and ~SC.AR III. (1) I:rt.:-odi.1ce the cha.pt.er ",,rit:l. so~e ex:plenation of the methodolog:.ca.l a~d conceptual proble~s about the opport"..tnity costs ot n~~ioc~: military expenditures and the vo~ld~ide ar.cs race. / j I I I / -3- 1 / i (2) Make use of the available analyses to de.r:ionstr;;i.te: (a) the negative impac~ of military spending on inflatioc, ~~ploy-ment, bala~ce of pa:,rraents as proportionate to tte magnitude of r:i.ilitary outlays. (b) the i::J.pedi~g ef~ec~ of milit~:-:,- spendi~g on econo:::u.c gJ:"mr-.1:: :'or econo:nies at all leYels of d~velop::.ent. (c) The 1.:Ilequa.l burden placed by the ar::1s race on the less developed economies. ~leborate clearly the close link bet~ee~ t~c eco~cc~c ~~~ social consequences. Infls:tio:1 a.'1d tme'lplo)"!nent in combination, -=:o: exa;::;.:ple, -,..-o:-sening -~'h-t, :s,a-~itl cli::i.ate. ( 4) "11::iile recoviizing the. role o:~ internal mobilization of' :-~sou:::-ces in the de"'telopce::-0:.al process, e:nphasize the !leed fvr global ::-esponsibili ty -':.:id dist:-ibutive justice. Chapte:- IT: 'T::!e International Conseauences of t~e A.....-=.s Race ?,e,.,Tite t:'1is cha:;:ite:?:' with a viev to: (a) estn."::Jlish the mutually reinforcing effect of the poli "cic:c-:::r:lita:;-y and socio-economic conseque:::i.ces of the a....-:ns race. (~) introd~ce the con~ept of uniYersality of conce::-n based on m~tuslity of interests. (c) ~uhasize the cen::ral role of the United nations in in~ar.:iing the world opinion and arti'culating it at a. :r,oi~t where it becomes a. f~ctor in disa::-:n.a.reent negotiations; l. ":':l.e ele.::1e:1ts ~enti-:ned above can be g=-ouped toget!::.er u.z::.der t·.ro sub-sections in this cha.pte::-: (a) .:L-ns Race an•.i !r:r-:.er:iational Security. ('b) A..r.::is Rac.e e..'1.d. Int-ernational Economic Relations. l" ~ ,~;1.-,~~1 -4- 'I", 2. A...--:i.s F:ace a.1.d Ic'~ernati,'.Jnal Securit:r (a) underline the dangers of the neY strategic concepts. (b) demonstrat2 the effects of arms race on international securit:r and detectc. ( c) :port,:::-3.y the a..""!:ls race as both a cause a:Jd conseque:::i.ce of interr.s.t:i.ona.1 conflicts. (d) analy:e the phenor:::.enon of e.....-.ns transfers as an instri.::::ler.t of the global effects of an e:cpa.::iding milita:-y-indust~i-o...l complex and ~ts i~pl:i.cations. 3. A..~ Race and the International Econo~ic Relations ...., ~labor~te the ther::e o~ econo~ic interdependence ar.ong nations 2. Denonstrate the d~3torting effect of e...~s race on (a) the !l I 'E 0 (b) global econonic retations. 4. Universality of Cancer=. 1, Combine the effects of an accelerat~d a:-ms race and a slow:ng do·vn of the natural e'rolution of interoational econor::.::.c relations to stress the need for restoring political dete~te and co~ple~eoting it vith a militarJ deteote. 2. Elaborate the e~er~ence o~ non-military threats ta security viz. energy, ecology and w.der-developffient or mal-development. Cb.apter Y: Conclusions and Recor:Elendations Retain the structure l. Hai:. f'indi:::igs and conclusions 2. Suppcrt for on-going Uni t_ed Nations acti Yi ties 3, !Ie•,1 areas of inq_uirj 4. Specific reco::n:1.endations. - ,I. , tl'.!.:?.ODUC':'ION l. :'be crigin o! tbe prese=t s~ucy c~ be tracec to ~esolu~ion 32/88A To this e::i::., tbe 'I'be ad boc ;=-oup su~~ted it.s repo!"'t t.o tbe Sec~eta..--y- Asser.bly e.s QOCU!.lect A/S-lo/9.-1./ of the Gene~al Asse:=b.!.y, co~t.a:...nec. i=i resolution S-10/2 o~ 30 June l9i8", the .. _____ --·-. ·-· ·--.,.._. A i_ _, _ _, is ~e:;:::-oc.uced "'""-l.l--,,,,.M.~. -}A meet.i:::.g p According to the general guidelines in the ma.ndate tbe Group's study should be ma.de in the context of the cu...-r-rent sit·u..ation in the field of disa:rmanent, the importance of disa.r:nament fo~ detente, L~ternational peace and security, economic a!:!d social development ru:d the promotion of inte::-national co-operation a..~d their reciprocal ~elation ships. The study should further be ma.de in tne context of bow disa.:rmaJDent can contribute to the establishment of a new international economic order. Tbe general guidelines also state that a real and . effective procesp of disa:-mainent is impe::-ative a.~d t.b.a.t the study should serve as a basis for decisions on concrete actions,follo~ing disa:nnrunent measures, to release real resources DO",,' being used for ~ilita.ry pu....ryoses for economic and social de-velopment in the ;.,o:r.ld, particularly for the benefit of the developing countries. To this end, it ;..,as u::-ged th.at the study be fon.-a.rd-looking a.~d policy-oriented and place special emphasis on both the desirability of and, most particularly, the substB-.~tive feasibility of such a reallocation o: resou:::-ces at the local, regional, national a._~d international level. The constr,.iction of a coirprehensive and reliable data base for the study was considered highly desirable. ')__/ ~x-perts ~ere ap-pcinted from the folloving coi.::.tries: Brazil, E3:1-pt, France, Ge:r,,_.an ~emocra':.ic ?.epublic, Federal ~ep~~lic of Ger:::any, Ru:1ga:-J, Ir:c.ia, Japan, Mexico, ;'lether2.a.nds, Nigeria, No:z:-.-ay, Pakistan, ?e::n.:., Philip~:.nes, Poland, Rooania., Senegal, Sveden, USS?., Uni~ed Kingdo~, United Sta~es, Venezuela and Yugoslavia.. ~- ..... o ...... L u ..• '--· _...... _...... , __ ,e.._ ... -e-• c .... - ___. I i -:;--A e., rty hf r:; r v~~ ·v v':"c t. / d ~-}.., Fr -,i? a,...... ;~~-€e~·~·....;.;~-~•::...ea.=:::..!:P~•~·:·r~u~~~~,_ee~~~~~-::.-=~~-~:~e~ee~~--~-~-~-~;t1:.....~...,,_~==:::::::tt~t~-:=-~5~~~~~~~-~-~~~e~-~e:.._~~~~:ee___ ~,~~;P~~~•::..;·=p~:~·~•:..;:~~~=~ci16v- ing ·=ain are~~ of investigation: (a) Present-day utilization of resources for ~ilitary purposes; (b) Econo~ic and social consequences ot a continuing ar.!l.S rsce and of itple~entation sf-. 6.sa:-::::a~ent measures; (c) Conversion ar.d redeploy-men~ of resotl!"ces released frc~ cilita:-y purposes through disa:-::iu:ent ~easu.res to .econoEic and social develo:;:,ment pu:-poses. This represents a shift in eJ:J?hasis from earlier atter:rpts ~hi.ch focussed more on military expendi tu.re than on real resources, and .rhich ha-ve not paid sufficient attention to the potential benefits for the economies of the major .reapons Statesand otber developed cou:otries as Yell as for the developing countries. 3- set _., . 4 / sess:.o::i. .-- e.:::d :-esee..:-c!l on its t·e:-_s ot :-e~ere.=.c:e c~ to f::.=l~ce ::~tioca..l :-eses.:-c:!:. ::-o~ec-:s... ( 33/Tl :::) , sessio~.-. 6 I _5_/ µ. r :::ave :-e~ues-:. 0 ~ed..a;,er .- ~!_ai:= e 1..i 5 l :;;:• ·s_s i1n=Mt. t' I . -3- 4. Ja.:r:.:.a..-y 1979, " . _.,. ~ :s:, e s--- Ee:- w ox the Ge~e~a.l. Asse~bly as docU!:le~t A/34/;3h. I~ this repo:-:., the G:-oup ::-eitera- :;:;:i.e:rt ·--ou.J.d :;e inc.ispe~sa":,le for the successfcl exe::utio:::i o: its :i::ia.nd..s.te. a. :-equest t:::ie.t ;.-as e.:::dorsed · by t::.e Ge:ieral Asse::.bly i..::i resolution 3l.;/83K. Co=::::.issioni~5 the Resee..:-ch ?:-ojects Tne Grou-::,' s ten::s of rete::-ence ::-eccpi::ed tbat, i:::. viev of. -tbe 6. r broad a.:ld co=ple.x field to be studiel a:id in the i.z:.te::-ests o! secc-i~; the broadest possible pa~icipatioo in tbe project, {t vou.2.d be desirable to d.:-av To achie~e this, t~e G:-ou? d:ev up· a list of researchers and institutes a:ound tl-ie vo{~¥~~/ o be knovledgeable in the various fields of study' releve:.t to the resea.:-cb p::-o?osals for evaluation by t~e Group. Je.:oua..-y 1979 in recog::iition of the G:::-oup I s eX?anded me::.:iescip a=.c. tbe addi- 7, 1D. t.ne pr~-p--y considc:-~tions ve~e tbat tbe co '3sionec. p:-opcs.e..ls sboi.:2.d collect- possible; tbe.t the :;:::-oposals be orifi:nal 8.!ld vel.l-co::::::s-;:::-..ic-:.ed. anc. t::..a::. t.be :-ese.e.:-che:-s res:?Qnsi~le be ~itestly cO!:i.petent ~or tbe t~sk. I.:::i adci t.ion, lop=ent neec..s. Fi:ie.lly, tbe Group considered the p:-oble::. of t~e conversion this also intluenced the selection of p~oposals: ue..l.ly totalled a ge.=ie:-ous $594,160.-1/ In addition, nine cou.:::it.ries unce:--:.oo~ to :ina:ice projects nationally, either co:.pletel.y or The out.come of the vbcle ?recess ~--as tbat the Group vas able to c=:=ission a total o! For a va:-ie~y or reaso~s, five of these projects ~ere abandoned so the net to~ of st.uclies received --as ho.-2./ All the studies vere s~b:::it.ted to tbe .Cent.re for Disa...~en~ over the period Ja:Jua..ry-No,e.::i.ber 1980. _J_/ Toe titles of these st~d.ies ~d t.~e resea.:-cbers res?Onsible e=-e liste~ in A=rJ.e::r.. C ~- -5- :-a~ely and - 0 ry bave e.l=-eacy done so. into t~e public co~i~ as one ct its p:-incipal accc.:.plist::ients • .,. . ../ . . . i 10. co~:ss:onea Z:::E.~e:-:w, ·.ro::-ld t.ior::.al :=tesea:-cb tional co:::iterences e..=.d s)~;,osia ~n s~bject :::.a~te:-s d.i:-ectly or closely related con~e::-ence on dis.e:-z~e:o.t a~d.developnent held in Sandefjord, ~cr.-s.y on 35/ 6-7 Mey 1980. Finally, tbe Group J..e~~- -:./ solicited tbe -rie~s cf no~-gcve~- to solic:t the vievs of e.=ploye:-s crga.11izations . .ll. There bas been no lack of atte=.pts in the Ur::.~ted Nations ove:- the 1950 tbe,Ge~era..l Asse::::.cly he.s adopt.ed a O..:::!ber ct :-esolutions e:~neali:o.-.• e:, tor [_;1.., overall/ [ ~ rec.;.1ctio:::1 a-:- ::tili ta::-J '1'~/ fh~ ~..,_..,c{.e.fjc,-d Qf.!.p"-t o-._ Ll, ~:-i,,..-,c,.,-..Q....._t o..---.cl i)..._v.J.op....._-...t, O<,,ic,1~8o. 10/ T..~ese e~::-lie::- p:-cposals --ill be cesc:-ibec kn eeta~; i~ C~apt.er VI belov. 71,,'-; v,;w a.cc.o;-,,,pc.. 1,~ ft. 8 'jl'"~h.- A/fe,,.,.,fu,·.,,.,_ ~QJ"'l:f c.c.c..o-r-14-d ,..; w..-~ .... s world /orc:t . lie, ll, ment of tbe e.....-=s race YOU~d pe:-=.:.t to~ the ti~st time the kind of :.assive in the same year entitled Disa:-_ane;t a.:id Develooce~t broadly endorsed ttis /,:- viev bu"':. ~E..::.e tia-1 int~oduced a note of cautiot on the ~uestioo o! ) i .,;,.-age. W'c..ile th.is repo:-t e:::phe.sizec. the e:::or::ous po~e:::"':.:.al in et'::'.'ective /3 A 13A. Another change has been tne systematic attention paid to proposals for ~l:Teemen ts on the reduction of military budgets and the increased efforts •made to address the many problems they raise when treated as potentially effective disar:nament measures. These efforts were given a notable impetus. by the 1974 expert report on the Reduction of Y~litarv Budgets 13A( 14. In 1977, the expert group that updated the report on the c...:. se...-2-e::.t c.evelo:p=ie:::1.t. Sped.:":. :::ally, "d.eve.:!..o?:1e::.t at a:: e.c c er-2.":,le :-s::e ~c. ,,-- vould be ~c.. i:" not i=.possi~le to :-econc~e ·.-:.th a. co-c"':.i::.u.a4;ion ot -:he a...-::.s (/ t1 !"ace" a::ic. "c.i.sa:--s-e:r: s=.ot:.lc. be so c.esig;:::.ed. t:::at Lt"cf=_/ close cot:.=le:cic:i be<:-..·ee:::i ]~ 111 . " d.ise...-=.e.=.e::t a=.::. c.evelo:-se=.t gets :':i.l.l :-e:::o;;::.itio:-i". rf,tl ss!i- S"-s-,s,o ..... 0 { tf,,tl}~: GQ..Ylt>c,...,..,_/ '1-¼e,,.i,-, bfy de.C-ld~ !I.At eo... n~.....:> u.p-~f-e..d i/Ol'$ic>~ af- IJ...,·s re.p,:,-f i ~ s/....o"'-.Ld 6"- S,,..,,o,.chz a...... d (,q -fra.l'"\..s;,-.,.,,/te..d le ti,< 37!.1 SQ..~ .. .,;r'\ _ I 2t j t --- A/8469/~ev. l (United Ha~ions, Nev York, 1972), p. 34. -~~ ~f' \, :..3/ ::l:isa...-"--e=--:. enc Dev-::loc::.e:r~., S~/'::.:A/17L., (Un:.-:.ec. :;;a:t::'..o::::i.s, ( i ~\( Iiev ~o~~. 1972) p. 22. 1:\. 1-ZAI ,1"'- · l.z!., Reduction of Military B-~dgets of States Perna.vient Members of the ,4-l ,c Security Council b 10 Perci:>n t and Utilization of Part of the fu,d s \ "'-~ Thus Saved to Provide Assisiarice to Develonin,i:; Cou..'1tries, A 9770 Rev .1. 1 ~ ( /~ . United Nations, New York, 1975). A series of expert reports extending ::..;; these efforts ..,ere prepared in 1976, 1977, and 1980, al though with less / .j . wide participation. ~ ~ 0J lh/ :?:cono-._:.c a:1c. Soc:e..l C=~sec·.ie:::1.c~s o'! ~h!' ~-:--s -:i,,_!',.. ::--..i r-,.,. 1,H, •-!-~-..- J' 11 ':'"::e::-e is a:..so E. close relatiot.s::..:.;i be-:-.:ee.."l C.::.sa_-~e=.-:. u:d ceveJ..oF=e:::~. ?:-~5="ess i.::: -:~e ~c::-:::e=- '\..::cl::. :.e..1..? b-e~~~ ~o ~he ~e~i=a~:c~ cf tte ::-esou=-:::es releasel as a res-.tl~ cf of c..isa..~e::t. =.ee..s-.:.=es sbo'l..1.lc. be c.evot.e:::. -;.:, e-:::c:::c=.:.c e=t social Ce~elc==.e=.~ c~ ~ na~ic~s e..=.C c~~~-~~~~e ~o .. -... .. ·c-.;c..·_..; __ o-"' _::,.., e .... c~'c ::-a:, be.--.-e ... - ~-,e•c-::, ... c. z..:::c. --- - - t!=;--6 ~ 1,r..,_._ - --- :: ...... -- -- - .. - c.·-v- ~-.. ~o-•--~--~ C.-"""'~...... _~--- __ .;,.s -n .:!.5/ ._ __ 7_o. ,, ...... A.sse:::."::i2:y :-esol"J.- of' shoulc. be ::-e~lec~ed . 17/ co,.::r:-:-:.es .-- , -; =-2.. ~ (A/S 10/4) ~ 6, para;. 35. 16/ s~e tbe secc~c p:-ee.::bt:..:.a: ?e.:-~epb a:Jd 3 (i) o~ t~e s~~st,s..:::~i,e pa:-a?a?~S of ~esolutio~ 1710 (TT.I), 19 Dece.::i.be::- 2961 e..:::c tbe tittb pree..=.bula= pe.:a.;;=-ap::. o~ :-esol1.::tior. 2626 {"J:,01), 21: October 1970. It ca:1 also b-e :::e~4:.iODec. t.:;e.t :-esol-.:.t.io-=. 268; (:CTV) of ~ce.t:::ie::- 1970 caJ...let fo~ a close li~ bet~ee~ the fi:-st D~s.:a....,....,~~e=t De=~e ~l tbe Seconc Develo?,:le~t De=ade. 11 / -9- Objectives of the ?resent Study 17. {;.,'J. re:g-:t' study isl~first attempt by the t~';_~~/f.::.~~,..~~~~- .:ty La""d •-·du-.it_; ft..1. ,,.-a_,,..~f.. c,· rQ../....f-10.,sJ... • .!> b<.:f;..j,;;~ fA._ to LSyster..at:ically[investif.,a-.,e/L~- _ ,..-- _ _ prospects Af:;, fitf,:al;:,,cQ.edh.a~dcl sustainable }--:-: e::-r. sf global econo:r:...ic a."1d social development ~e :::-:::..e.te.: ~., a cr.,,d c:it..sa.r,...__~..,.._,""'--f- o..-. H-.t orA,r f-/..rou,.t.. Ii-,~ ru...ttoc- ,.., of rt.Al re,.sc..,r(<:S _,.. __ .. - ..,._, "-"--- '::":s Sz,-;··:--'r .,._,...... : e +\....e ,i,~ reJt::.fro,-..~/....p ,-s &.. C- prohleras. /~. It appears, therefore, .that disar:na.ment and development are ~~dely vieved as separate problems, particularly at the national level. At the l most fu..."1damental level t~~s undoubtedly stems from the perception by ' nation-States that the mai...~tenance of adequate military poYer is~ J unassailable priority given contemporary political realities. Eovever, there also appea:rs to b-e a lack of conviction in political circles t..'lat recog:::ising and acting upon the relationship betveen the t-.ro is really necessary or desirable on economic and social gTIJu:nds. further, there are doubts among ir.any States about the feasibility of giving practical expression to this relationship. This report vill re-e::caI!J.ine the "oasis for these latter perceptions and attitudes in the light of cu:::-rent trends in the arms race and the current prc~pects fer global economic and social de'veloprnent. W J 19. It should be noted that it is not vithin the Group's te~s _of reference to interfere vith the process of disa._i-m~~ent negotiations, nor to make a..~y recom- rnendations to Govern..~ents as to the direction or the content of such negotiations . .r... ,,,..._ d~e..per- S.;?....-i <;e J i-iowc1,•~--) /li,s wo.-k. ~ho-,ld 1-ie../p Tc €-4--1 /.,o, no=. Ii,, c./1 ;,_,,:..,~ .r +\., ~~-r-,•~-. , ; __ ,"', )-..;c::. 1,-.,, 1 .. '"!""' J~-i1c•c-,o1 ri~c:: 18/ There is one major dinension to these issues that this report Yill not consider in detail. This is the interrelationship between disarm~~ent and international security. If policies are to be imple!llented that reflect recognition of the relationship betveen cisa~~~ent and development a r::.ajor prerequisite vill be acceptable alternative arrang~~ents to exclusive reliance on national military forces for the preservation of security. These questions have been revieved in depth in a parallel study by e..~other group o~ experta. See The-d~elationshin betveen Disarmament and Internaticnal Security. ~ -10- _C!,~_/:0,~~f,~/ _A.Ji_/{ fo~ S , : ' ,S /~ cl~;'-./.--..~ ~~:.C~~~:~ r · ~( ~ r'.~fr.•~ 0 tet::.., ... ,;:-'I '7<, .... e..5- 't - .... ._.., a 0 ..a. .... e...a.sC ... .i .. , ..._.i_t_..,...,.._ __ , -g=:C.__ a_ s 0& ...... cz:.z=:::t ._ .... tlivr ~..C..,.,l')O_,,;_ p,...... c/ -5o~,.._/ ~f:s c.v-.cl J:i.;:;,.,..,~'H • .In r-r , .., I ., / F- 01..1...... C i.,_ ...... ,.. c ....,e r .._:...3ons f:~ ...._ 4..r ~ ~ :l). the sh& ® --7 ®- As a general fre.meYork for the study the Group ~as endeavoured in ,-,:z.,{,::. -ho.~ -sf...,p Chapter II to provide a itz~ou~~ conceptual basis for an exa::i.ination of the~;pe W,.._;124-A"'\ h}·~ acn· :n~- ta·1sarr.iament Chapter III sketches the current dimensions of the a:-re.s race in te::-=s of real hUIDa.~ a..~d n.aterial ,esources. Chapter IV '3 ee::-:.ra2. -.:o tl=.: ge?l:e?".:.:. -=-s: t:.et :!( analyses the econorrSc and social consequences of the postvar arms race and employs the resuJ.ts to assess future prospects in the event of both a continuing ar:::is race e.nd the besin.ninp, of a J)rocess of genuine 6.isa..~ent. Chapter V is concerned vi.th the feasibility of c:onvertinE, and reo.eploying resources to econo::::-.ic and social develop- ~1s,cf~rs rt,,c o/0';.,rr,.b. lity e,..""~J fu:.6,/2,!;1 7 of ment.as disarns.ment measures are _irip~emented. Chapter VIJ!o~=:te.~ t: __ dec:~abi- '~;::-~..,:-,,~t- ~';:~'J~~--;:,~:;: .-:~_7!.'·«:1~.j::-~_ ~----: q~__i/1~, -_a_(_'::~ ,o~-./ 0.,-,10-:._t_~_.,:-;, f~-.- l~i.;~~. !c.j ,LJ<'.. r~':';.·f-ii~ fe ~., ~!,c...,,~s__"·:C, .. ~_el-~,:~-:'? cl-s_~~':'..."' '::"~ f- o. ..,of ;.'½t ~----- 0 t,.a.. o .. ), S ••,.DC-- ... 7~ • C~~;S; •• - o .. c •• 0. u •• e • e_&1 o .. G.,G,.- ");_r-.e,_-'-',-1(._ • · Chapter VII presents the Group's conclusions .md recom.rr.end.ations. Grou-o o.f 9 Cha-oter I ~ pa::-acranh 22 --=--- 22. The report is based upon available data. Both ~he research reports submitted to the Group and other available official and u..~of:icial lll.2.terial demonstrate that data for most cou::"!tries, including some Yhich have very hign milita_ry expenditures, is insufficient in rega::-d to :mi.li ta..--y expenditure, resou:::-ces used by the mili ta:)· sector and a...-ms transfers. For this reason, the present report refers disproportionately to data a..~d examples from a few western countries, and resorts to various for:n.s of estimates. T'nerefore much of the data cited in the Study is subject to a..~ unkno~-n margin of error '«hich, in ou.= opinion, may be significant. This inevitably and regrettably reduces the balance and precision of certain parts of th.is stud.y. -11- 'l'rt. -~pl:nrl.:i:ture-;-:resou::ce·s--u-sed-by-the7lli".:ti tar:,-sector-and-8.17.:s-t-:rans-f--ers. For this reason the p ....:::t report is mostly based on data pu~lished by Gove::nments 1n. the ''Jest and 1nterna. t·1ona ~l. 1nst1~ Group was O0_1ge·,· d to resort to The Group has been conscious of the fact that action based upon the recof,nition of a stronr, relationship ~tveen disa~...ament and development ~ill require that the peoples of all nations, industrialized and developinP,, perceive significant benefits fro~ this step. At the same time, however, and as defined in its terr.-:s of reference, the Group has'paid particular attention to the urgent economic and social needs of the developinp, countries and to hov the resources released by disa-:-mament measures could be used to meet these needs. Fortunateiy, as vill be seen belov, L these tvo objectives are by no neans incompatible. 23. t:cna:. a:-g::.n: :.at::.e .. ~ -~...,_:;_c:. tahe ... 0-.c.1 J. .illc:./• .:.1.r,· this -f;lla:tioncl-.:p &P. e;.e:-_!..:.o.ial G.-c'."'--<"~, n-.et.., d-fe es . F~a,;tf. The ter=c o: re~e~ehc- c:~# stressjthe importance of inforning as vide an audience as possible on the issues of the relationship betveen disa.r.;-iament and development and recommended that a short and popular version of the main report be prepared for P.eneral distribution. Arrangements have been made, in cooperation ·, TO: Mr. Jan Martenson DATE: 1 Septanber 1981 A: Assistant Secretary-General Centre for Disanrarnent REFERENCE, ....,,I=-R/-..j=dc=---- THROUGH: S/C DE: Yasushi Akashi Y ,4-k ~• FROM: Under-Secretary-General • DE: for Public Infonnation sueJEcT: ¾brld Disarrnarrent campaign OBJET: 1. I am pleased to learn that the Expert Group has carpleted its report on a V>Drld disannament campaign in accordance with the General Assembly resolution 35/152 I of 12 December 1981. As I have stressed on previous occasions, you may be assured of DPI's sustained and active contribution tQ UN public infonnation progra.mnes in the field of disa.nnarrent. I have already deputed Mr. Nobuaki Tanaka, to participate in the meetings of the Expert Group with the specific object of contributing to its decisions. I am certain that the report of the group ·will incorporate practical and feasible approaches towards our carrron objective of a campaign to rrobilize V>Drld public opinion in support of the cause of disannarrent. 2. There are, however, sane rewa:ining questions on organizational matters which should be worked out within the Secretariat before the campaign is launched. These are the issues of which offices of the Secretariat will be resp::>nsible for the overall direction and coordin ation of the ca.7tpaign, including the administration of a fund to be established. 3. It is an established responsibility of the Department of Public Infonnation to coordinate public infonnation activities of the UN, as mandated by the General Assembly in resolutions 34/182 and 35/201. 'Ihis coordination is carried ou~ through departmental therratic task forces in the Secretariat and, in the case of the wider UN system through the interagency Joint United Nations Infonnation Co.imittee (JUNIC) • I am sure you will agree that DPI should maintain its coor dinating role with regard to the information activities of the disar mament campaign in order to ensure the coherent and consistent irrple rren.tation of the inp)rtant public infonnation prograrrmes on disannament. At the sane time, of course, the political nature of the subject of disa.IJT0ITel1t requires that your Centre retain an overall supervisory role on all matters relating to disannarnent, including rronitoring the operational aspects of the campaign. • •• 2/,. - - 2 - 4. In view of tl1e above, I should like to prq:ose the following fo:r::mula for our cooperation: 11 The Centre for Disarmament will be resr:onsible for the overall direction of the campaign within which the Department of Public Information will be res:fX)nsible for fonnulating and ccordinating the public informa.tion activities of the canpaign." If you are in agreement with this fonnula, I "WOuld pr0_!?0Se that key delegations should be briefed before the General Assembly issues further legislative mandates. 5. I hope you can agree to this proposal so that both the Centre for Disannarnent and the Department of Public Information will be able to canbine their resources and efforts in the rrost effective manner :fOSSible in order to achieve a successful 'WOrld disannarnent campaign. cc: Mr. A. Rohan Mr. P. Ruedas Ms. A. Knipi::enlJerg-Uther 1\ 1 ( t - ~_,,:~~ /_, ·: :_ ....r ,, ',.,': ',' ~,--- :, -~ ,.. ,.,,- I i.L,, AKU/atk cc: SG .Mr. Jan Martenson Assistant Secretary-General Cen~re for Disarmament Mr. Viache&lav A. Ustinov Under-Secretary-General for Political and Security Council Affairs Rafeeuddin Ahmed, Chef de Cabinet Office of the Secretary-General Report on the Organization and Financin~ of a world Disarmament campaign un~~ ~he auspices of the United Nations With reference to your memorandum dated 3 September 1981 on the above mentioned subject, please proceed as p~oposed. ! I -I lJN!TEI> NATIONS NATIONS UNIES INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR -ro: The Secretary-General A: .Mr. Viacheslav A. Ustinov ft~REFERENcE: TIIAOIJGH: 1 ti/.;; PE: Uncler-Secretary-General for Political and Security Council Affairs FROM:· J;:i,n Martenson OE: Assistant Secretary-Ganer Centre for Disarmament ~~\~vY\\r" SUBJECT: Report on the Organizat'on d Financing of a World Disarmament OBJ ET: Ca~naiqn under the f the United Nations 1. Attached please find for your consideration and approval the report entitled ''Organization and Financing of a World Dis armament Campaign under the auspices of the United Nations" prepared by a Group of Experts in pursuance of General Assembly resolution 35/152 I of 12 December 1980, together with a draft foreword by you. 2. In accordance with the recommendation contained in resolution 35/152 I; the Group of Experts included several merriliers of the Secretariat. The letter of transmittal ls signed by Ms .. Ingrid Lehmann of the Centre for Disarmament, in her capacity as Chairperson of the Group. 3. After your approval, the report will be submitted to the thirty-sixth session of the General Assembly. a ORGANIZATION A!-ID FilTANCTIW OF A WORLD DISARMAMENT CAMPAIGN UNDER THE AUSPICES OF TRE UNITED NATIOHS Report of the Secretary-General At its thirty-fifth session, the General Assembly adopted resolution 35/152 I of 12 December 1980, entitled "World Disarmament Campaign", in which it requested the Secretary-General, with the assistance of a small group of experts, for whose. composition, in so far as circumstances permitted, preference should be given to members of the Secretariat, to ca.rry out a stuc.y on the organization and financing of a World Disar~ament Campaign under the auspices of the United Nations. The General Assembly also decided to include in the provisional agenda of its thirty-sixth session an item en titled "World Disarmarr_ent Campaign". By a letter dated 26 August 1981, the Chairperson of the Group of Experts transmitted t:, the Secretary-General the study ·.;hich is hereby submitted to the General Assembly. AL"'fflEX Study of the Group of Exnerts Organization and Financing of a World Disarmament Campaign under the Ausnices of the United ~rations CONTENTS Paragraphs FOREWORD BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL ...... I. INTRODUCTION •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• t 1 - 4 II. GENERAL PURPOSE 5 - 6 III. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES •• ■ •••••••••••••••••••••••• 7 - 10 IV. OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES ...... 11 - 16 V. CONSTITUENCIES •••••••••••••••••• ■ ••••••••••••• 17 - 22 VI. ACTIVITIES ...... 23 - 44 A. The Role of the United Nations System ..... 24 - 29 B. The Role of Member States ...... 30 - 34 c. The Role of Non-governmental Constituencies 35 - 44 VII. DIRECTION AND FINANCE ...... 45 - 50 VIII. SUMMARY 51 - 52 ...... ,_ DR.ll.FT FOREWORD BY TEE SECRETARY-GENERAL 1. The attached report, which is submitted to the General Assembly for consideration at its thirty-sixth session, was prepared by a Group of Experts which was appointed to assist the Secretary-General in the preparation of a study on the organization and financing of a World Disarmament Campaign under the auspices of the United Nations in accordance with Assembly resolution 35/152 I of 12 December 1980. 2. The Group of Experts which, in pursuance of the recommendation contained in resolution 35/152 I, ineluded several members of the Secretariat, held two sessions, from 3 to 6 March 1981 and from 22 to 26 June 1981, at United Nations Headquarters in New York. 3. The study emphasizes the importance of mobilizing public opinion in support of disarmament, so that it may exert a positive influence towards the achievement of meaningful and effective disarmament measures. The experts further underline the need to involve as many segments of the world 1 s population as possible in this exercise and outline the catalytic part which the United Nations could play on a worldwide basis, in a balanced, factual and objective manner. In so doing, the study may help to give practical effect to several salient elements of the Programme of Action contained in the Final Document of the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, and the recommendations contained in the Declaration of the 1980s as the Second Disarmament Decade. 4. The Secretary-General wishes to thank the experts for their unanimously adopted report, which he hereby submits to the General Assembly for its consideration. UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES POSTAL AOORESS-AOR!::SSE ?OST.ti.LE. UNITED ,'IATIONS. N.Y 10017 CABLE AOORESS-AORESSE TELEGRAPHIQUE· UNATIONS NEWYORK R-EFERENC&:: 26 August 1981 Sir, I have the honour to submit herewith a study on the organization and financing of a World Disarmament Campaign under the auspices of the United Nations which has been prepared in pursuance of General Assembly resolution 35/152 I of 12 December 1980 by a small group of experts, whose composition included members of the Secretariat. The Group of Experts consisted of the following individuals: Mr. Francisco Correa-Villalobos Ministry Counsellor Embassy of Mexico Washington D. C. Mr. Francis Obai Kabia Second Secretary Permament Mission of Sierra Leone to the United Nations Ms. Ingrid Lehmann Political Affairs Officer Centre for Disarmament, United Nations New York Mr. Mihail Rosianu Second Secretary Permanent Mission of Romania to the United Nations New York His Excellency Mr. Kurt Waldheim Secretary-General of the United Nations '...... -- UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES - 2 - M.r. John Rwambuya Senior Budget Officer Office of Financial Services United Nations New York Mr. Nobuaki Tanaka Senior Information Officer Department of Public Information United Nations New York The study was prepared between March and June 1981, during which period the Group held two sessions, from 3 to 6 March and from 22 to 26 June. The members of the Group of Experts wish especially to thank Mr. Murray Thomson, who served as consultant to the Secretariat. They also point to the opportunity that non-governmental organizations were given to express their views on a World Disarmament Campaign. Further more, the members of the Group and non-governmental organizations maintained extensive contact in between the first and second sessions of meetings. The Group wishes to express their appreciation for the valuable assistance which they received from members of the United Nations Centre for Disarmament. They wish, in particular, to convey their thanks to Messrs. Derek Boothby and Prvoslav Davinic and Ms. Silvana Leahy of the Centre for Disarmament for their contributions. Valuable advice was also received from Mr. Steven Marks of UNESCO. I have been requested by the Group of Experts, as its Chairperson, to submit to you on its behalf this study, which was adopted unanimously. Accept, Sir, the assurances of my highest consideration. Ingrid Lehmann Chairperson of the Group of Experts on the Organization and Financing of a World Disarmament Campaign under the Auspices of the United Nations ~ Mr. ~ ~°1 I have spoken to Mr. Davinic, the Special Assistant to Mr. Martenson. He informed me that this matter has been resolved. Mr. Martenson met with the Foreign Minister of Kenya who suggested that the invitation be addressed to him and not to the President. This is being done. r1)j/ A. A. Farah 4 September 1981 ·, ;·\~ NATIONS...... NATIONS UN IE S CABLE For use ol drolter - A remplir par le redacteur : Ootet: Drafter - Redoctetur : - Room - Buretau : Ext. - Post Dept.: Allotfllent - Campte : File - Oossi<>r: PSCA/UNCD UNA-02121 TO: A : ON DISARM.AMENT. QUOTE EXCELLENCY: r" HAVE THE HONOUR TO INFORM YOU THAT THE UNITED NATIONS CENTRE FOR DIS.ARMAMENT WILL BE HOLDING THE FIRST REGIONAL SEMINAR ON DISARMAMENT IN THE .PJf'RICAN . REGION Ill-NAIROBI FROM 15 TO 18 SEPTEMBER 19810 'I'iIIS EVENT IS OF GREAT IMPORTANCE TO I • ••' THE UNITED NATIONS FOR THE CONTRIBUTION WHICH IT CAN M.t\.KE FOR THE STRENGTHE'".LUNG •. • .,:. ~ --a;~ '. ··R:•:O{-·- OF REGIONAL AS WELL AS INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY. IN THAT CONNEXION, WE ' .. :.~~~ ..: ·.:,:.·/~;=.:~... ,· . ··.:.-· WISH TO NOTE\KENYA'S MEMBERSHIP IN THE COMMITTEE ON DISP..RMAMENT, THE ONLY .MULTILf,.TER..l\I, __ · ..:, . :. }:) . ,-:~_:·~· :·;:•.•.:~/t - .-NEGOTIATING BODY IN THIS FIELD AS WELL AS ITS CURRENT CHAIRMANSHIP OF THE 'ORGANIZATION.- .. ;:_ ii • ~ . . . . ' •I.!'. •;.,l ' ,_,, .... ,; .. ~,- ·:1/ ...... '• . ··"··-•,_,., OF AFRICAN UNITY. PARAGRAPHa I WOULD THEREFORE LIKE TO DRAW YOUR EXCELJ..ENCY'S PERSOK<\L ATTENTION TO THIS EVENTo THE UNITED NATIONS CENTRE FOR DISARJl.i.AMENT WOULD BE PARTIC""IJLARLY HONOURED BY THE PARTICIPATION OF YOUR GOVERNMEN'I1 AT THE OPENING CEREMONY AT ICENYATTA CONFERENCE CENTER AT 3 PM ON TUESDAY, 15 SEPTEMBER. PARAGRP-.PH. PLEASE ACCEPTl' YOUR EXCELLEN~, THE ASSURANCES OF MY HIGHEST CONSIDERATION •. JAN MARTENSON, ASSISTANT SECRETARY GENERAL, CENTRE FOR DISARMAMENT j UNITED NATIONS,. NEW YORK UNQUOTE Cleor-ed by:------Autkori:e& by:-~~~----\--,-__-_·,_·------~ Vise por: Autorise, par_: Sig/ir.ru,,. ; . 1. - ~ ... ~ ·•~•~\•• ,-r_ ~ 0 -.1...:; •R • 0 ·.<:·./t.-.::::;;,?••:~.1•• ; .... ,, .. •:.:-.-· -- I ' JL/JM i':!r. Ben Sa1.1dta1."S r Officer-i.n-C.'larq,e Cent...-re for DiBarR\i;Urellt i'."'J:1:,. Viach.eslav .A.• Ustinov, u~s-G for Political a11d Security Council tiffairs Jay H9 Lon.g ,. Principal Officer, ous~ for Political and Ge.11&al ls.Sser.nbly .,\£'fairs GEOU.~ Oii' EXPER:l'S 'IO INVE!7..t'IGlrf£ RE;PC.iR'I'S Q~~_prr~_21!!~1'G~ u~_QE-f~~~-W!f!~tl§~ With reference to ou.r conv~:n..~sa1:1on and t1r. .A.ru::1ed I s r:'.'icrn.oaan<:1wn. of 21 August l9Ul on this subject, the. followin9 observations concer:-,ing the present Ss:}curity situation in the area and our experience in this regard viith the United Nations Pro•1rar:m,,3 of: Assistance to the Kampuchean People; may be helpful to the Group of Experts in detcr~ining the feasibility of cr,.rr:{ing out an on- site investi~1ation in the Tha.i-Kampuchean border area. Over the past several man.th;;; there havo:.i been a n.1..u:,wer of nilitary clashes between various grcui;,s alon,;r the '.I'h.ai-·Kar1pacl1ea"1 border, resulting in casualtiesr nnd occasionally interrupting or har:':Darinq tho hura.. ·1.,1itarian assistanc~ procrramme .:1cti vi ties. '.•ion:.• ove'.r, tl1E!re h~1v~e bsen a nurnber of r-91,orts; botl1 i11 tl1e raeCtin nnCt ~~i~ gov,~.rnm-ents in the ar"1!a, that ar!t'.ec: clashes continue to take pl.ace: within tht1 interior of Dernocratic KampucL1ea. (Illustrntive mat.0:r.ial is attach~id). Because of t.he tmc12rtain security situation j_n the border arei..1 durin.cr th.e past two years of the aasistance :-:}rogra"-:r.. 10 alonG the borde;, United ;:{ationr; Programu""l-Z:s and the IC:!.C have not be~n able to make relief distributions directly to those areas within ~arnpuchaa i.m.der tho control of D•:z:mocratic Rarr1puchea. Instead t thesG sur,pli,~s have been distributed at certain border points andf in som0 casesr through -t11e Royal 'I·hai Goverruue:nt. 'l'hG: Co-·ordinator for United Nations Hut.1.anitarian o;,erations .in Kampuchea, who is at present away from Headquarters, con.curs in t.'.1,::! above observations. Af1Eied / Sir Jackson ~ UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES !~tr INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR TO: Mr. Rafeeuddin Ahmed o~~ 27 August, 1981 A: Chef de Cabinet Office of the Secretary-General REFERENCE: ______ THROUGH: S/C DE: FROM: Viacheslav A. Ustinov DE: Under-Secretary-General, PSCA SUBJECT: Group of Experts to Investigate Reports OBJET: of the Alleged Use of Chemical Weapons centre for Disarmament is making inquiries as suggested by you, with regard to the safety problem for the Group of Experts on the territory of Kampuchea. While these inquiries are necessary, I think they are inadequate because of the very specific situation in the country concerned. In this connection, I would like to draw your attention to the memorandum of the Secretariat of 9 March, 1950 (S/1466) which states explicitly that a country where missions or experts are being dispatched should "exercise effective authority within the territory of the state and is habitually obeyed by the bulk of popu lation11, which is not the case in Kampuchea. Furthermore, in the United Nations practice, a coop eration between the United Nations and the State concerned is usually carried out on the basis of an appropriate agree ment to be concluded between them and covering necessary privileges and immunities without which no safety of a UN Mission could be ensured, as well as the question of respon sibility and liability, so as to settle the problem of the risks. In addition to that, Kampuchea as other states in the area as far as I know, is not a party to the 1973 convention on the prevention of crimes against internationally protected persons, including Diplomatic Agents, which has a direct relevance to the problem of safety to be enjoyed by the Group of Experts. Under these circumstances, I believe that it will be useful to bring this matter to the attention of the Office of Legal Affairs for the purposes of clarification of the legal issues involved and of ways and means of their solu tion to the satisfaction of the United Nations and the State concerned. c.c. Mr. Ben Sanders AKU/atk cc: SG Mro Ben Sanders, Officer-in-charge Centre for Disarmament Mr. Viachetlav A* Ustinov Under-S~cretary-General for Political and Security Council Affairs Rafeeuddi:n Ahmed., Chef de Cabinet Office of the Secsetary-General Studv...--e:: on Israeli Nuclear Armament I wish to refer to yy=our mernor,-g,ndum da.t.ed fI 14 August on the above subj&ct. Attached please find a revised foreword by the Secretary-General to the report. While not wishing to discuss the report ia substance, I should like to rimkw your attention to footnote 49 on page 22 in whicl1 the ret,"Ort of the s,r,crll~tary-General is cit&s to support a particular point of view. Since this rei;ort was incleed compiled by e;rperts and contained a disclaimer by the Secretary-General as to the con.ttm·ts, it might be more appropriate to indicate that the statement reflects the view of the experts .. GMM/JH Buffum \ b/f:..,.AA1AR Teymour ------. -- Note for the file - Mr. Martenson informed me that during his recent visit to Sweden the King of Sweden had expressed the wish to visit the United Nations during his planned trip to the United States in the second half of November 1981. He would not deliver a speech in the General Assembly since his role was limited to representative functions. He would, however, pay a courtesy visit to the Secretary-General and probably wish to visit the Disarmament Centre and UNITAR. Mr. Martenson indicated as tentative date for the visit, Friday, 20 November 1981. G. Mautner-Markhof/J 22 June 1981 , I f .. AR/ipb bf: RA/GMM/AKU 13 August 1981 Dear Mr. Aw.bassador, I wish to refer to the candidature of Mr. Boiko Tarabanov for a position in the Secretariat which had been submitted to the Secretary-General by the Permanent Representative of the People's Republic of Bulgaria to the United Nations .. It gives me much pleasure, on behalf of the Secretary-General, to inform you that the appointment of Mr. Taraba.'llov to a senior post in the Cent12it:? for Disarmament has now been approved. With best regards, Sincerely yours, Albert Rohan Direct.or His Excelle11cy Mr. Boris Tsve·tkov Permanent Representative of the People's Republic of Bulgaria to the United Nations New York