Asia Pacific Regional Meeting on Violence Against Women and Girls: Prevention and Social Norms Change Background

ASIA PACIFIC REGIONAL MEETING ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS: PREVENTION AND SOCIAL NORMS CHANGE

Landmark Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand 14-16 November 2018

BACKGROUND

Violence against women and girls (VAWG) is one of the most widespread violations of human rights worldwide, globally affecting around one in three women in her lifetime. Cutting across all distinctions of geography, class or ethnicity, it is firmly grounded in unequal power relations between women and men and reinforced by discriminatory and gender-biased attitudes, norms and practices that both contribute to such violations and allow them to continue unchallenged. VAWG impedes human development and has serious negative consequences, ranging from multiple immediate effects to long-term physical, sexual and psychological impacts, which often prevent women and girls from fully participating in society. In addition, it carries tremendous economic costs for women, their families, for businesses, national budgets, the economy and society at large.

Regional evidence suggests that VAWG is widespread throughout Asia and the Pacific, though with significant variations across sites. Available data indicate that South East Asia has prevalence rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) of 37% - and the rate of IPV and non-partner sexual violence combined is 40%. In the ASEAN region, between 6% of women in Singapore and 44% of women in Thailand have experienced physical and/or sexual violence in their lives.1 Research shows that exposure to violence is high among 15-19-year-olds, indicating that the experience of violence often starts early in women’s relationships.2

1 UN Women (2018). ASEAN Regional Guidelines on Violence against Women and Girls Data Collection and use. 2 WHO (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and Non-partner sexual violence, p .16.

Violence against women is rooted in gender inequality, discrimination and harmful cultural and social norms. Violence against women and sexual harassment are expressions of power and control of men over women. Harmful notions of masculinity, the sense of sexual entitlement that many men have over women and their bodies, and the widespread cultural acceptance of violence, drive violence against women and allow it to continue unchallenged.

Much of the VAWG policies and programmes have focused on responding to violence and mitigating its impact after the violence has occurred. More attention, efforts and funding need to focus on preventing violence from occurring in the first place. A growing body of prevention practice and evidence demonstrate that it is possible to prevent VAWG. The focus of prevention is to address the root causes of VAWG, the risk factors and the broader social norms that contribute to and perpetuate VAWG. Negative and harmful notions of masculinities and social norms that accept violence need to be challenged and must be replaced by norms promoting gender equality, non-discrimination, respect and non-violence. Interventions that challenge social norms that confer an inferior status on women, enhance women’s and girls’ self-esteem and confidence, and compel a review of masculinities are needed, building skills of young women and men to shift both attitudes and practices toward more healthy and equitable relationships. Prevention is a particularly cost-effective strategy with potential medium to longer-term and inter-generational payoffs. Prevention implies additional benefits and savings by comparison to the high costs of recurrent VAWG, including to the health care system, police and judiciary services, child and welfare sectors, to businesses, national economies and the whole society.3

Research shows the harmful life-cycle and inter-generational effects of violence against women; as well as the potential for multiple benefits of prevention. For example, men’s first acts of VAWG are usually committed as young men.4 For boys, witnessing domestic violence or sexual abuse, or experiencing sexual abuse in childhood, is correlated in various country studies with a three-to-four fold higher chance of becoming perpetrators later in life.5 Girls’ experiences of child sexual abuse are highly correlated with re-victimization throughout the life cycle, with all its socio-economic consequences. Early prevention and intervention strategies can help prevent repeated cycles of violence, and all its avoidable social, economic and human rights costs. Violence against women is learned, and can therefore be prevented, especially if efforts begin early in the life-cycle. To effectively eliminate VAWG, data and evidence are critical to inform evidence-based prevention and responses efforts.

On November 14-16 2018, in Bangkok, Thailand, 40 participants from 16 UN Women country offices from the Asia-Pacific region (including Ending Violence Against Women (EVAW) focal points, Country Representatives and Deputy Representatives), a resource person from UN Women Headquarters, and the Non-Governmental Organizations Our Watch and the Community for Understanding Scale Up (CUSP), met to develop a roadmap for prevention programming for the Asia-Pacific region. Participants discussed the need to support Violence against Women and Girls (VAWG) prevention, UN Women’s role, and opportunities to promote VAWG prevention. This meeting built on UN Women and UNFPA Asia- Pacific Forum on Preventing Violence against Women and Girls: Evidence and Tools for Social Norm Change, organised in 2015 for senior experts, policymakers, practitioners and development partners, in Bangkok, Thailand.

3 Chung, D., Zufferey, C., and Powell, A. (2012). Preventing violence against women in the workplace. Australia: Victorian Health Promotion Foundation. 4 Partners for Prevention (2013). Why Do Some Men Use Violence Against Women and How Can We prevent It? Quantitative Findings from the UN Multi-Country Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific. Available from: http://www.partners4prevention.org/about-prevention/research/men-and-violence-study. 5 WHO (2014). Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014.

The objectives of the meeting were to: 1. Share knowledge on recent and current approaches that UN Women and partners are engaged in across the region, including evidence that is available or planned from interventions 2. Review the latest evidence in the field of VAWG prevention and key guidance materials on what works, and what does not work, to prevent violence against women and girls 3. Explore key issues with evidence-based and evidence-generating approaches, such as adapting and scaling programmes, measuring social norms change, and monitoring and evaluation 4. Prioritize strategies and approaches to guide UN Women’s ongoing and future work on prevention in the region

KEY THEMES

The meeting included presentations, panels, discussions and group work. UN Women Country Offices shared comprehensive overviews of EVAW work in each country, identifying commonalities and promising practices for replication. The meeting focused on reviewing the global state of play on prevention of VAWG; taking stock of UN Women’s current positioning on the issue; and setting strategic direction for UN Women’s prevention of VAWG work in the future. A number of key themes emerged through the three days: EVIDENCE

Participants were brought up to date on the latest effective, evidence-based programming approaches, including focusing on changing social norms; combining EVAW elements with women’s economic empowerment programming; faith-based models; and schools-based interventions. We now know that while social change is a long-term aim, we can reduce exposure to violence within programmatic timeframes.

The common elements of effective, evidence-based social norm change programming were emphasized: • Multi component interventions, with a strong theory of change, working across the ecological model and multiple settings • Long term programming with dedicated staff and multi-year, substantive and flexible funding • Internal capacity building and internalization of the values promoted at individual and organizational level • Context specific, culturally sensitive interventions, with field testing and adjustments to promote ownership and acceptance • Adaptation to new contexts, while maintaining Figure 1 Ecological model - UN Framework to fidelity to the core principles and components or Underpin Action to Prevent Violence against Women methodologies • Based on theories of gender and power • Identification of key partners and entry points • Mobilisation of leaders (community leaders, faith leaders, governemnt leaders at all levels, heads of organisations) • In multicomponent programmes, each component was found to be effective for the other (reduced violence and improved financial independence) • Identifying and addressing the drivers (root causes and risk factors) of violence • Linking prevention with provision of services for women and girls • Traditional, single-component awareness raising campaigns have been found to be ineffective in preventing violence

APPROACH TO PREVENTION DESIGN

3. Speak with key stakeholders- UN 5. Recognize Women, other UN, 4. Identify the that prevention NGOs, government, national, 2. Collect can be slow, 1. Start with the donors regional and promising long term, and evidence on •What has already international prevention been done to complex. Start WHAT WORKS commitments practices from prevent VAWG? with a few to prevent •Is there evidence to to end VAWG local and other strategic VAWG tell us what is to draw upon; settings promising to prevent approaches that new UN VAWG ? are feasible, •What are frameworks opportunities to measurable. prevent VAWG?

EFFECTIVE • Microfinance + gender transformative programming) • Relationship level • Group education + community outreach • Community mobilization to change social norms • Whole school interventions PROMISING • Parenting programmes • Social empowerment with vulnerable groups • Alcohol reduction programmes CONFLICTING • Bystander intervention • School only-curriculum programmes INEFFECTIVE • Single component communication campaigns • Once-off workshops Source: What Works to prevent violence (2015). What works to prevent violence against women and girls evidence reviews Paper 2: Interventions to prevent violence against women and girls. Available from: https://www.whatworks.co.za/documents/publications/35-global-evidence-reviews-paper-2- interventions-to-prevent-violence-against-women-and-girls-sep-2015/file

DATA

There is an ongoing need to work with governments, donors, national statistic offices, women’s organisations and key stakeholders to promote the collection, and particularly the effective use and analysis of VAWG data, ensuring that different types of data on violence against women and girls are well understood – both what we can learn from a particular type of data and what the limitations are. UN

Women and ASEAN have developed a specific resource for this, the ASEAN Regional Guidelines on Violence against Women and Girls Data Collection and Use6. There are three main types of data, being: • Prevalence studies are the only reliable way to get information at a population level about how many women and girls experience violence. The WHO methodology is the gold standard for prevalence studies, using random individual surveys7. Many countries in the Asia Pacific region have completed recent prevalence studies, and some countries are looking at a second round, for instance Thailand and Viet Nam. One shortcoming of existing prevalence studies is that they do not reach the most marginalized women (imprisoned women for instance) and do not cover all forms of violence (femicide, for example). Quantitative prevalence studies should be complemented by qualitative data, deepening our understanding of the violence diverse women and girls face and the specific drivers of that violence. • Administrative data provides valuable information about how many women are reporting experiences of violence and accessing specific services (police, justice, health and social services). Combined with qualitative assessments, this data can help us understand which services women use, and how to better respond to the needs of survivors. Administrative data cannot tell us how many women experience violence, or whether there is an increase or decrease in violence over time. We know from prevalence studies that violence is consistently underreported to formal services, due to shame, stigma, lack of trust in the safety and confidentiality of services and a host of other reasons. • Costing data is about measuring the costs of VAWG, which can use different methodologies depending on the specific purpose of the exercise. Costings can determine the socio-economic impact of violence to a country in order to advocate for prevention, or can determine the cost of interventions to establish budgeting and planning needs. The most rigorous costing studies are able to draw on both prevalence and administrative data, but even where this is not possible costing studies can help actors to advocate for adequate resources for service provision.

6 UN Women (2018). ASEAN Regional Guidelines on Violence against Women and Girls Data Collection and use. Available from: http://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2018/04/asean-regional-guidelines-on-violence-against- women-and-girls 7 Other survey instruments exist, including the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) module, https://dhsprogram.com/topics/gender-corner/index.cfm, and UNODC instrument tracking femicide: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/GSH2018/GSH18_Gender-related_killing_of_women_and_girls.pdf

DATA FOR MEASURING PREVENTION: OUR WATCH, CHANGE THE STORY & COUNTING ON CHANGE Kim Henderson, Director of Policy and Evaluation at Our Watch in Australia, presented Our Watch’s guide to prevention monitoring, Counting on Change.8 Our Watch’s foundational document is Change the Story9, a primary prevention framework which was widely picked up and used internationally. Counting on Change will measure progress built on that framework. The guide was based on global evidence, and there were extensive national and subnational consultations to check that these measures were relevant for the Australian context.

Counting on Change Counting on Change is a guide to monitoring primary prevention at the national level. This is important to drive the evidence base, but also to respond to backlash and demonstrate progress. Counting on Change outlines the expected process of change, and highlights data collection challenges and gaps. Our Watch has tried to align with the SDGs where possible, and to take an intersectional approach – this has been challenging and often the document is flagging key gaps. The guide focuses on primary prevention, and while it is not comprehensive or a composite index, it offers a set of measures that can be tracked over time. This set of indicators are not for individual projects, they are for donors and policymakers to look at population level change. Our Watch is still learning, testing and adapting measures, piecing together a puzzle of what data is available and where it can be found. Counting on Change provides the vision of what that puzzle is, and bounding the work to primary prevention and to measure progress. Our Watch is still in discussions about securing resources to invest in national representative population level surveys for some measures or looking at using existing lower level surveys. As Our Watch is implementing Change the Story, ideally an independent body would take on the measurement of progress– hope that the forthcoming first progress report will be a good advocacy tool to encourage that. Alternatively, Our Watch could be an advisor and participant in measuring progress, in partnership with academic institutions.

8 Our Watch (2017). Counting on change: A guide to prevention monitoring. Available from: https://www.ourwatch.org.au/What-We-Do/Counting-on-change-A-guide-to-prevention-monitorin 9 Our Watch (2015). Change the story: A shared framework for the primary prevention of violence. Available from: https://www.ourwatch.org.au/what-we-do/national-primary-prevention-framework

ENGAGING WORKPLACES

Engaging workplaces emerged as a crosscutting theme, with participants expressing that UN Women has had longstanding relationships with some sectors (e.g. universities, media) as partners and are well placed to expand this engagement to look at these workplaces as settings for change themselves. Intimate partner violence is particularly sensitive in some contexts and harassment can be an entry point. There is a need to balance making a business case for workplaces to look at VAWG policy and practice, with maintaining UN Women’s rights-based approach. UN Women already has elements of programming that can be applied in workplaces, such as transformational leadership and gender responsive budgeting, with forthcoming guidance specific to addressing violence and harassment against women in the world of work. In addition, UN Women convenes partners under large international platforms, such as the Unstereotype Alliance and the Women’s Empowerment Principles that seek to address gender discrimination, harassment and well-being. UN Women will continue to explore engagement with the private sector as both partners and potential donors.

ENGAGING YOUTH

Given how early in the life cycle violence starts, the risk of re-victimisation and perpetration for young people who experience violence, and the young age of many of the populations of the region, this is a key group for engagement. Engaging with youth is an opportunity to shape equal social norms from a young age. Working with youth is a common concern across UN agencies – UNFPA and UNICEF have experience with certain pieces, and UN Women can bring gender expertise to the approach. UN Women has existing initiatives including Connect with Respect, the Change Makers Toolkit, and the HeForShe campaign, that can be expanded at the regional level. The Change Makers Toolkit is a useful resource, but will be more effective if incorporated into a programmatic approach for youth with strategic goals for youth engagement. The toolkit could also be updated to accommodate emerging issues such as inclusion of LGBTQI communities and social media.

INTERSECTIONALITY

Throughout the meeting, participants affirmed the need to take an intersectional approach, acknowledging the diverse needs of groups such as women living with disabilities, ethnic and religious minorities, women migrant workers and LGBTQI communities. UN Women is already working with LGBTQI activists across the region and incorporating intersectional approaches into regional guidance, and this will be a critical point for advocacy at the national level. Current prevalence surveys do not always capture the experiences of people of diverse sexual orientations and gender identities, leaving an important gap in data, and where evidence is available (e.g. countries such as the US and Australia), it shows that these populations experience higher levels of violence. Existing programme resources such as the Change Makers toolkit could also be updated to reflect emerging issues.

EVAW AND WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT (WEE)

There are clear links between prevention of VAWG and WEE programming. 10 While economic programming for women that does not include a gender component has been shown to serve as a protective factor in some cases, it can also create increased violence in the short term, resulting from the shifting power dynamics within the household. Programmes combining both components have shown the greatest success in reducing violence. Evidence shows that if in the short term, WEE programming can lead to backlash, in the long term it enables women to be more independent and to leave abusive relationships. Recent research by the “What Works to Prevent VAWG” programme 11 conducted in Tajikistan found very positive initial findings in a family focused intervention called “Living with Dignity”. Women reported a decline in emotional, physical, and sexual violence, and increased earnings, savings and food security. With expertise in both areas, UN Women is uniquely placed to develop and implement programming at the nexus of prevention of VAWG and economic empowerment. This will require moving beyond traditional siloes that are reflected in some of UN Women’s internal systems, with close coordination and work across the different outcome areas of EVAW and WEE. Participants also noted the need to explore connections with other programme areas beyond economic empowerment, mentioning the Safe and Fair programme focusing on ending violence against women migrant workers.

GOOD PRACTICES

SCALING UP WELL Leah Goldmann from Community to Understand Scale Up (CUSP) presented on good practices and challenges to be aware of when scaling up evidence-based programme models. CUSP is a coalition of 9 organisations whose social norms change for gender equality programmes have been scaled up, including IMAGE, Stepping Stones, and SASA!. Through experience CUSP has learnt a

10 Georgia, T. (2015). DFID Guidance Note on Addressing Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Through DFID’s Economic Development and Women’s Economic Empowerment Programmes. VAWG Helpdesk. Available from : https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/violence-against-woment-and-girls-economic-development-and-womens- economic-empowerment. 11 What Works Programme website: https://www.whatworks.co.za/

lot about scaling well, and is now collectively analysing and sharing experiences of adapting and scaling up. Scale up is about expanding, adapting and sustaining successful policies or projects, over time reaching an increased number of people. Horizontal scaling is geographical, while vertical scaling is about institutionalisation, e.g. via organizational budgets. Case studies have been developed drawing together common successes, challenges, lessons learned12. CUSP insights for organisations looking at scaling existing evidence-based models: 1. Prioritise accountability to communities. 2. Take time to fully understand the principles, and align with the values of the methodology. Organisations need to take on the values internally to be able to transform communities. 3. Maintain fidelity to the structure of the intervention. It is critical to adapt to the context while maintaining fidelity to the methodology’s core structure. 4. Ensure adequate time and funding for implementation. Preparation work is important and should be valued, and the dosage of the original intervention should be maintained. It is important to build the understanding of donors that changing social norms takes a long time, and that long term, flexible funding is needed. 5. Involve the originators of the model, including in programme design and strategy. 6. During implementation and follow up, it is important to ensure continuous documentation of processes, support for staff, and Monitoring, Learning and Evaluation (MLE). 7. Finally, there is a need to reexamine the role of governments and INGOs in ethical and effective scaling. Are these organisations best placed to foment social change? Can they reflect on their internal hierarchies? Would the space be more effectively used by smaller, grassroots organisations?

IMPLEMENTATION AND FOLLOW BEFORE PREPARATION UP

• Talk with creators & in- • Create advisory group for country partners about ongoing engagement appropriateness of adaptation/implementation in • Build in process/time for new • Document ongoing new context partners to internalize core adaptation and principles and components implementation • Understand principles of core and adapt elements and discuss what • Continued support for staff kind of adaptation is necessary • Engage end-users in and facilitators and/or possible for this setting adaptation, field testing and adjustments • Monitoring, learning, • Assess whether time and adjustment, evaluation resources are adequate (and • Invest in and support staff and don’t go forward if not) – facilitators – personal including funding for TA processes

TRUE TO CORE PRINCIPLES | TRANSPARENCY | THEORY & EVIDENCE-INFORMED | ADAPT, LEARN AND EVOLVE | DO NO HARM

12 CUSP (2018). Social Norms Change at Scale: CUSP’s Collective Insights. Available from: http://raisingvoices.org/wp- content/uploads/2013/02/6.CombinedCUSPcasestudies.FINAL_.pdf

ADAPTING EVIDENCE BASED MODELS Leah Goldmann from Community to Understand Scale Up (CUSP), presented on adaptations, based mainly on the experience of the rapid uptake of SASA! since 2013.

Source: Principles for Prevention (Raising Voices, 2014)

Adaptation can involve some or all of the following: Translation: including translating specific sections of materials or only community facing materials, up to translating the entire toolkit (as in Tanzania). Cultural changes: usually this includes translation, and also revising artwork (e.g. in Haiti original images without faces were associated with voodoo), changing activities to work better in the community Issue integration: including adding Female genital mutilation (FGM) or child marriage, or removing the HIV-related content Focused population: adapting the model for use by specific groups, e.g. SASA! Faith Implementation innovations: e.g. following the original methodology but developing new ways to deliver activities or implementing SASA! alongside other existing programming (e.g. IRC in Dadaab camp implemented SASA! with other IRC Women’s Protection and Empowerment programmes). Three new resources will be released by CUSP in February 2019 – Essentials for adaptation; essentials for quality implementation; Implementing SASA In Humanitarian contexts.

CASE STUDY: PACIFIC EXPERIENCE In the Pacific region, UN Women is rolling out large scale adaptations of SASA! in two countries – SASA! in Kiribati and SASA! Faith in Fiji. Both adaptations are currently in the Start phase. The decision to adapt SASA! was driven by partners rather than UN Women, because it is an evidence- based methodology. UN Women has a strong partnership with the originators (Raising Voices) and one dedicated resource person giving ongoing remote technical support. The process of adaptation is focusing on adapting the materials to be culturally and contextually appropriate for the targeted audiences. They are currently identifying priority pieces for adaptation, using translators and a graphic artist. Translation is critical to make sure that key concepts such as gender and power concepts are well understood. Adaptation is new for the staff and so skills building is necessary around facilitation of the focus groups, etc. Pre-testing is key to ensure community ownership and engagement. UN Women’s process includes having 3 drafts before pre-testing; then pre-testing with men, women and youth, then reviewing feedback and revising again. In Kiribati, there is strong political will of the government to implement SASA! The Ministry of Women, Youth and Social Affairs is the implementing partner. Usually SASA! would be implemented by civil society, so there is a different dynamic when through a government. UN Women has made a substantial budget and staffing commitment, and the intervention will reach just over 50% of population of Kiribati. The SASA! implementation was linked with the Essential Services package for survivors of violence, as linking prevention programmes to services provision is crucial to respect the do no harm principle.

SASA! FAITH IN FIJI In the Pacific, religion is very strong and very influential, so engaging with faith-based organisations is a crucial part of social norms change programming. In Fiji, UN Women is working with House of Sarah, an organisation within the Anglican faith community that has partnered with UN Women since 2013. House of Sarah has strong feminist-aligned leadership and policies on zero tolerance of violence in the church community. This alignment of values is an important foundation for the work on SASA! Faith. SASA! Faith is also in the Start Phase, piloting in 3 communities and UN Women has made a multi-year commitment to the programme. The model is very time and resource intensive, and requires a long-term approach, dedicated staff, time commitment and substantive funding. The project highlighted the need to continuously educate donors on the model, the need to be flexible about timelines and delays, and making clear that this is a long-term process, that will not yield results after the implementation of the first phase. The programme has made some adjustments already. An unexpected lesson learned was that disclosures of violence can happen even in the pre-testing, so there is a need for referral pathways and training on handling disclosures very early on in the process. In general, civil society organisations are very used to an awareness raising model of programming, need to build their level of understanding and capacity to implement this deeper approach and model. Partners need lots of substantial in-depth support from the beginning. Adaptations require time, funding, patience, flexibility, energy and commitment.

PACIFIC EXPERIENCES MEASURING CHANGE Fiji MCO has a research strategy to ensure that the programme generate evidence about what works in the Pacific and contribute to the global evidence base, working with the Equality Institute as their research partner. In Kiribati, an impact evaluation using qualitative and quantitative methods will be conducted over four years. It aims to better understand the impact of the programme and what is driving change at the community level. The research is built in to the SASA! adaptation and is a longitudinal study based on principles of gender transformation, looking at attitudes and behaviours around violence. The research will be deeper than only a baseline and endline to inform the intervention – at key points it will feed back data and the programme will be able to revise and adjust as they go. The research will also advance the understanding about ethical, safe, rigorous research in the context of small island countries with extremely high prevalence of violence (three women have been murdered in Kiribati in the last 3 months). The research will give us information about: • Key lessons on adaptation for the Pacific region • Community level attitudes around violence against women; men’s use of controlling behaviours; power dynamics in the family and community; parenting practices • Prevalence – looking at women’s experiences of violence and men’s perpetration of violence, acceptability of violence and disclosure, to better understand risk factors, drivers and acceptability of VAWG, and community activism. • Community action in response to seeing acts of violence in the community The quantitative data, including for prevalence, will use a tool adapted from the WHO methodology, Partners for Prevention surveys and the London School of Health and Tropical Medicine SASA! tool. Ethical and safety considerations within the research are absolutely paramount, and the research methodology included obtaining ethical approvals from institutional review boards and from the government of Kiribati. Enumerators were given comprehensive training, including on handling disclosures and referrals.

CASE STUDY: VIET NAM In Viet Nam, UN Women is mobilising community members to promoting respectful relationships and nonviolence through a multi-pronged approach, including adapting and implementing SASA!; advocating for safe villages policy at village level; promoting positive discipline; and supporting men’s clubs promoting alternative masculinities. UN Women partners with the Da Nang Women’s Union, a government partner, to implement SASA! and are currently in the Awareness Phase. The adaptation is using 4 strategies inspired by SASA!: 1. Media Sensitization and Advocacy for better policies on prevention of VAWG and duplication of the model citywide and nationwide 2. Communication materials to raise awareness on prevention of VAWG 3. Local activism to mobilize community people in prevention of VAWG 4. Capacity Building for core groups, local leaders and project management boards It also implements additional components that are useful in the Vietnamese context. For example, in the Awareness phase, initially it was challenging to motivate men through original SASA! as men felt that men were far behind in terms of knowledge and that they could not participate in mixed groups. UN Women worked with Partners for Prevention to create men’s groups to complement SASA in 2

communities, with 1 community as a control. By end of the pilot of this male engagement component, men’s engagement and knowledge was better in communities with the men’s groups. UN Women is also using the Change Makers toolkit and working on School-related GBV in the same communities. In Da Nang, the programme is based on community needs, and mobilisation of leaders was really important along with close collaboration between sectors and the active participation of the community. SASA!, Partners for Prevention and Change Makers are new methods, but they are implemented building on existing mechanisms of government.

MEASURING CHANGE IN VIETNAM UN Women is using the MLE guidance from SASA!13 to measure change in each phase and to guide decisions on moving forward to the next phase, with some additional surveys to measure new components such as the men’s groups. The SASA! indicators were agreed with the government, and for midline measures, this involves looking at expected social norms change around gender roles, community silence and acceptability of violence. The programme in Viet Nam has seen some initial positive changes in attitudes, including progress in shared decision making, increased equality within the family, and an increase in the use of positive discipline with children. Male advocates are also changing, e.g. showing a better understanding of different forms of violence. There is increased discussion about VAWG in spaces for discussion of political issues (with local Communist Party leadership), shows increased understanding of issue and negative consequences for perpetrators of violence.

LOOKING AHEAD: ASIA PACIFIC IN FOCUS

The participants split into sub-regional groups to consider priority approaches for UN Women moving forward. SOUTH ASIA (AFGHANISTAN, BANGLADESH, INDIA, NEPAL, PAKISTAN REPRESENTED)

All of office approach, as pursued by the Nepal office, entails self-reflection as well as building technical capacity. Nepal shared some practices that are immediately implementable, e.g. they signed up for free online course on social norm change and created space for an office-based study group. These initiatives are both sustainable and empowering, can be integrated into planning and importantly, they connect with UN Women’s coordination mandate to find allies and connect with other agencies. Key stakeholders for building strategic partnerships include faith-based organizations, youth, media, private sector (private sector as both partner and potential donor). Participants emphasised the need to ensure that planning is reflected in UN DAF – and that UN DAF itself is an entry point to promote primary prevention at the country level. A mapping of both actors in the primary prevention space and models is being used – there is an outstanding question about how much of the work in the sub-region has been on primary prevention and how much on response and survivor services. Participants would like this mapping to lead to further research at the South Asia sub-regional level. Sub-regional prevention strategy as a longer-term aim, based on consolidated country learning over time.

Immediate next step: Organize skype call with all heads of office of the region to define concrete steps to promote primary prevention within the programmes, within the organization and UN family. Entry points include social norm change research, youth and young feminist groups. The women’s movement in South Asia is strong; participants noted the need to explore further how to leverage it. Some countries have strong statistics institutions, and there is a need to develop better administrative data and look at costing studies. Sub-regional collaboration identified as key to success. Ideas were floated for a South Asia programme, leveraging core and non-core resources and potentially linking with the work of other agencies too.

ASEAN ++ (MYANMAR, THAILAND, CAMBODIA, INDONESIA, VIETNAM, PHILIPPINES, CHINA, TIMOR LESTE REPRESENTED)

Individual level: participants discussed the centrality of youth. Using existing mechanisms such as Change Makers, there is the opportunity to build the capacity of youth on Participatory Action Research, including intersectionality issues and LGBTQI communities. Trainings should include theory and conceptual knowledge, but also concrete programme development, communications, etc. Funding may be available from corporations. Interpersonal level: participants focused on interventions on university campuses, the link to parenting, and the opportunity to work with existing research centres at each university, while also looking at the university as a workplace. Community / society level: focus on gathering more data and evidence, particularly feminist analysis of social norms change to create common understanding and conceptual framework case studies at country level. Building on the Trial of Rape study – participants noted that the comparative analysis helps with advocacy to governments, as it broadens the perspective and makes clear the issue affects the whole region. Mapping the way forward Workforce development: focus on building understanding in our offices and local communities, recognizing the diversity of experience in the organization and that in some contexts this is a new issue for UN Women. Mapping as a first step, plus an in-house assessment – what in-house expertise do we have and what are our skill sets? Convening is a key UN Women role, along with integrating primary prevention into existing mechanisms such as UN DAF and UN DGD. Partnerships: educational institutions, any other UN agencies who are working with academic institutions (building a common understanding on primary prevention). Private sector as both donors and partners. Media have a critical role, and have some changemaker graduates who are interning with media organisations so possible to influence through youth focus. PACIFIC (FIJI, TONGA, PNG REPRESENTED)

Data and evidence: some countries, like Papua New Guinea, don’t have national prevalence data gathered using the WHO methodology, and some countries are due for new studies, such as Samoa and Tonga. UN Women can partner with UNFPA given their expertise on surveys, and look at feminist analysis of social norms. Administrative data and how women access services should be assessed. Finally, impact evaluations are already underway to look at what works in the Pacific, finding new approaches and solutions to the problem.

Community level interventions: this level of intervention is really important in the Pacific, and UN Women is currently working on sports, youth and faith-based approaches. Parenting practices are a gap and it may be possible to partner with UNICEF in this area. Engaging men and boys is an emerging area in the Pacific, and there is a need to create partnerships in this area. Connecting EVAW with other UN Women areas of work: Particularly in PNG, there is a strong movement of women’s human rights defenders, and the work to strengthen them as leaders in the community, implementing women’s economic empowerment programmes, has bolstered their ability to advocate on issues of violence. This work connects WEE, women’s participation in leadership, and EVAW. Partnerships: Participants noted that partnerships are crucial, between the UN agencies but also with local and national governments, women’s networks and CSOs (especially sports and faith-based – Fiji MCO is currently developing a strategy for work with these partners), also global partnerships and expertise. Building capacity, Community of Practice: There is a need to invest in human resources and knowledge management. Building capacity of staff is key for sustainable programming, and there is a need for M&E specialization as well as primary prevention. Externally, we need to systematically share technical expertise amongst partners, and build and support a network of prevention actors. Fiji MCO is bringing in some external support to develop a roadmap and strategy for a Pacific-lead community of practice. Fundraising: requires an integrated and strategic approach and adequate resources allocated for community-based approaches.

UN WOMEN’S ASIA PACIFIC REGIONAL PREVENTION ROADMAP

The following roadmap to guide UN Women’s work on VAW prevention in the Asia-Pacific emerged from the discussions. • Building common understanding and internal capacity o Promote UN Women’s leadership role in VAWG prevention, building on the organization’s global, regional and national expertise and its triple mandate (normative, coordination, and operational) leveraging the UN Prevention Framework and other prevention knowledge resources led by UN Women and its partners from global, regional and country levels. o Advance the understanding of VAWG prevention at international, regional, national and subnational levels, across the United Nations system, as well as with government partners, donors and other stakeholders. o Build internal capacity at the organizational level, including internalization of common values and a feminist approach14, and promote internal accountability in the UN system. o Embed prevention more systematically and strategically in multi-year programming and planning, with, for instance, a whole-of office social norm change approach (example of UN Women Nepal Country Office). o Invest in knowledge management and practitioner’s networks in the region, through an online platform/repository, community of practice, or less formal platforms, to share materials, resources, learning, promising practices and outcomes from global and regional meetings.

14 The Get Moving! toolkit developed by the African GBV Prevention Network is a resource for strengthening organizations’ capacity to work on EVAW. Available from: http://preventgbvafrica.org/get-moving/

o Develop a common approach to social norms change. o Organize regular regional meetings on VAWG prevention.

• Building evidence and data o Promote evidence-based and evidence generating approaches to prevention to better understand the causes and risk factors of VAWG and what works to prevent it o Strengthen prevention and social norms change monitoring and evaluation (potentially adapting Counting on change: A guide to prevention monitoring from Our Watch) o Conduct a feminist analysis of communications for development/social norms change (potentially in partnership with UNFPA) o Advocate for more and better data on VAWG (prevalence, administrative and costing data) and promote and utilize the ASEAN Regional Guidelines on Violence against Women and Girls Data Collection and Use, and use this and other data and evidence to build stronger political commitment across the region to EVAW. o Leverage UN Women’s gender statistics flagship programme, “Making Every Women and Girl Count” to build better data availability and analysis on VAW • Partnerships with institutions and workplaces o Identify, map and engage partners to promote and implement prevention programmes (sports organisations, private sector, faith-based organisations, local and national governments, etc) depending on the context o Widen partnerships with non-traditional stakeholders and institutions to bring about meaningful changes, reach broad audiences and for resource mobilization (media and private sector for instance) o Engage with the private sector as both a donor and a site for VAWG prevention using sexual harassment as an entry point

o Engage with universities, schools, sports, faith based organisations and media as both partners and institutions where structural and social change can take place o Promote whole-of and transformative approaches, especially of faith-based and sports organisations o Engage leaders and leadership to promote commitment to VAWG prevention and response o Build partnerships with academics, researchers universities and activists • Engaging Youth o Use existing toolkits and resources to guide engagement with youth, including: ▪ Engage with youth using the Change Makers, A young activist's toolkit for Ending Violence against Women and Girls 15 and Voices Against Violence 16 , a curriculum developed by UN Women and World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS) ▪ Promote and implement school-based approaches to prevent VAWG, using the Connect with Respect toolkit17 and UN Women and UNESCO’s Global Guidance on School-related Gender- based Violence18 o Promote whole-of schools and universities transformative approaches • Working with men and boys o Engage with men and boys as part of whole of community or broader approaches, recognizing that working with women only can be less efficient and result in backlash o Working with men and boys should be underpinned by evidence and theories of change and be accountable to the women’s movement, where women are at the center • Strengthening and building on Women’s Economic Empowerment and EVAW links o Create policy guidance and programming at the intersection of women’s economic empowerment and VAWG o Explore options and advocate for structures and systems that are more conducive to working across outcome areas within UN Women. • Opportunities o Develop a regional accountability framework to establish common objectives with UN partners, building on the different comparative advantages and the UN Framework to Underpin Action to Prevent Violence against Women19 (example of the Accountability Framework of Action to End Child Marriage in the Arab States/Middle East and North Africa20) o Cost-share for a regional prevention specialist to provide technical support, a multi-country study of a feminist analysis of social norms, prevention initiatives or regional meetings

15 UN Women (2014). Change Makers, A young activist's toolkit for Ending Violence against Women and Girls. 16 http://endvawnow.org/en/tools/view/945-voices-against-violence-a-non-formal-education-programme-for-children-and- youth-to-help-stop-violence-against-girls-and-young-women-handbook-for-group-leaders.html 17 UNESCO (2017). Connect with Respect: Preventing gender-based violence in schools: Classroom Programme for Students in Early Secondary School (age 11-14). 18 UNESCO (2017). Global Guidance on Addressing School-Related Gender-Based Violence. Available from: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002466/246651E.pdf 19 United Nations (2015). A Framework to Underpin Action to Prevent Violence against Women. 20 UNFPA and UNICEF (2018). Accountability Framework of Action to End Child Marriage in the Arab States/Middle East and North Africa.

o Promote the inclusion of social norm change and VAWG prevention in existing mechanisms such as the United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) o Development of a concept note on prevention with UNFPA (regional level) o Organise to be more involved and visible at the Sexual Violence Research Initiative 2019

Annex 1: Participant list

Mateja Zupancic Prevention Consultant [email protected] Afghanistan

Giulia Pelosi EVAW Programme Specialist [email protected] Bangladesh

Mahtabul Hakim Program Coordinator-VAW [email protected] Bangladesh

Vutha Phon National Programme Officer – EVAW [email protected] Cambodia

Shuo Li (Henri) Youth Programme Officer [email protected] China

Technical Specialist – Primary Farrah Kelly [email protected] Fiji Prevention

Shabina Khan Programme Coordinator [email protected] Fiji

Primary Prevention Programme Ilaisa Lepolo Taunisila [email protected] Tonga Coordinator Tonga

Salina Wilson Programme Analyst - EVAW [email protected] India

Iriantoni Almuna National Programme Officer [email protected] Indonesia

Doreen Buettner Programme Specialist WPS [email protected] Indonesia

Phyo Thu Nandar Aung Safe and Fair Project Manager [email protected] Myanmar

Gitanjali Singh Deputy Representative [email protected] Nepal

Wenny Kusuma Representative [email protected] Nepal

Communication for Development Ashma Shrestha [email protected] Nepal Officer

Saman Ahsan Program Management Consultant [email protected] Pakistan

Ayesha Wadood Deputy Country Representative [email protected] Pakistan

Charisse Jordan Programme Officer – Safe City [email protected] Philippines

Programme Analyst, Safe Public Brenda Andrias [email protected] Papua New Guinea Transport

Sunita Caminha Head of Office [email protected] Timor Leste

Jeremias Gomes Violence Prevention Officer [email protected] Timor Leste

Le Thi Lan Phuong National Programme Officer – GBV [email protected] Viet Nam

Nguyen Ha Programme Analyst (Safe and Fair) [email protected] Viet Nam

Elisa Fernandez Head of Office, a.i. [email protected] Viet Nam

Trisukon Kunkaew Programme Assistant [email protected] Thailand

Ending Violence against Women Policy Dina Deligiorgis [email protected] HQ Specialist Director Policy and Evaluation, Our Kim Henderson [email protected] Australia Watch Community for Understanding Scale Up Leah Goldmann [email protected] Uganda (CUSP) Ending Violence against Women

Melissa Alvarado Programme Manager/ [email protected] ROAP UNITE Programme Manager

Valentina Volpe Programme Specialist (Safe and Fair) [email protected] ROAP

Federica Patton Safe and Fair Programme Officer [email protected] ROAP

Ending Violence against Women Marie Palitzyne [email protected] ROAP Research and Programme Consultant

Younghwa Choi Coordination Consultant (EVAW) [email protected] ROAP

Ending Violence against Women Piriya Boonsit [email protected] ROAP Programme Assistant

Aijamal Duishebaeva Advocacy and Campaign Coordinator [email protected] ROAP

Seungchul Park [email protected] ROAP Communications and Advocacy Intern

Kutisha Ebron Programme Associate [email protected] ROAP

Sabrina Evangelista Evaluation Specialist [email protected] ROAP

Karen Emmons Story Writer [email protected]

Prevention Dominique Maidment Rapporteur, Prevention Consultant [email protected] Collaborative

Kelly Zimmerman Evaluation Intern [email protected] ROAP

Minji Lee KOICA Communications Volunteer [email protected] ROAP

Annex 2: Resources Presentations, agenda, participants list and country posters are available here: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1O4io0kuQDG-8iql4pxl44vj4vo3UNhBi?usp=sharing

Prevention Frameworks • United Nations (2015). A Framework to Underpin Action to Prevent Violence against Women. http://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2015/11/prevention-framework • Our Watch (2015). Change the story: A shared framework for the primary prevention of violence. https://www.ourwatch.org.au/what-we-do/national-primary-prevention-framework

Guidance • UN Women (2016). Preventing violence against women and girls through Social Norm Change. http://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2016/11/social-norm-change • UN Women (2017). A road to change - A Pacific Regional Consultation on Prevention of Violence against Women and Girls. http://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2017/01/the-road-to-change • CUSP (2018). Social Norms Change at Scale: CUSP’s Collective Insights. http://raisingvoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/6.CombinedCUSPcasestudies.FINAL_.pdf • UN Women (2018). Package of essentials for addressing violence against women (campus violence, sports, media, prevention, response, essential services, world of work, key reference documents). http://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2016/11/essentials-for-addressing- violence-against-women • UN Women. Programming Guidance on Engaging Men and Boys. http://www.endvawnow.org/en/modules/view/9-men-boys.html • UN Women. Programming Guidance on Campaigning. http://www.endvawnow.org/en/modules/view/3-campaigns.html • UN Women and UNDP. Preventing Violence against Women in Elections: A Programming Guide. http://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2017/11/preventing-violence-against- women-in-elections • UN Women, OHCHR and Special Rapporteur. Violence against Women in Politics: Expert Group Meeting Report and Recommendations. http://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2018/9/egm-report-violence-against- women-in-politics • UNESCO and UN Women (2017). Global Guidance on Addressing School-Related Gender-Based Violence. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002466/246651E.pdf • Georgia, T. (2015). DFID Guidance Note on Addressing Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Through DFID’s Economic Development and Women’s Economic Empowerment Programmes. VAWG Helpdesk. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/violence-against-woment-and-girls-economic- development-and-womens-economic-empowerment.

• UN Women (2018). A global women’s safety framework in rural spaces: Informed by experience in the tea sector. http://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2018/12/global-womens-safety- framework-in-rural-spaces-informed-by-experience-in-the-tea-sector • Our Watch (2017). Counting on change: A guide to prevention monitoring. https://www.ourwatch.org.au/What-We-Do/Counting-on-change-A-guide-to-prevention- monitorin • Our Watch. Guidance on preventing violence in different settings (sports, education, workplaces). https://www.ourwatch.org.au/Media-Resources • What Works to Prevent Violence. https://www.whatworks.co.za/resources • Partners for Prevention. http://www.partners4prevention.org/resource

Toolkits • Raising Voices. SASA! http://raisingvoices.org/resources/ • UN Women (2014). Change Makers, A young activist's toolkit for Ending Violence against Women and Girls. http://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2014/9/the-changemaker • World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts and UN Women (2013). Voices against Violence: A non-formal education programme for children and youth to help stop violence against girls and young women. http://endvawnow.org/en/tools/view/945-voices-against-violence-a-non-formal-education- programme-for-children-and-youth-to-help-stop-violence-against-girls-and-young-women- handbook-for-group-leaders.html • UNESCO (2017). Connect with Respect: Preventing gender-based violence in schools: Classroom Programme for Students in Early Secondary School (age 11-14). https://bangkok.unesco.org/content/connect-respect-preventing-gender-based-violence- schools-classroom-programme-students-early • The GBV Prevention Network / Raising Voices (2012). Get Moving! toolkit to strengthen organizations’ capacity to work on EVAW. http://preventgbvafrica.org/get-moving/the-tool/

Data on Violence Against Women and Girls • UN Women (2018). ASEAN Regional Guidelines on Violence against Women and Girls Data Collection and Use http://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2018/04/asean-regional- guidelines-on-violence-against-women-and-girls • UNFPA (2018). Violence Against Women - Regional Snapshot. kNOwVAWdata https://asiapacific.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource- pdf/kNOwVAWdata%20regional%20VAW%20map%20July%2026%202018.pdf • UNFPA (2018). Violence against women and girls Prevalence Database. https://asiapacific.unfpa.org/en/knowvawdata

• WHO (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and Non-partner sexual violence https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/violence/9789241564625/en/ • Partners for Prevention (2013). Why Do Some Men Use Violence Against Women and How Can We prevent It? http://www.partners4prevention.org/about-prevention/research/men-and-violence-study. • UNODC (2018). Global Study on Homicide: Gender-related Killing of Women and Girls https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/GSH2018/GSH18_Gender- related_killing_of_women_and_girls.pdf