The 20-Year Anniversary of Wolf Reintroduction Into Yellowstone

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For Whom the Wolves Howl: The 20-year Anniversary of Wolf Reintroduction into Yellowstone PAGE 4 Teaching the World about Wolves PAGE 8 Chasing Shanku: Wolf Research in the High Himalaya PAGE 12 Every wolf that has ever lived has a story to tell...

“I hated to put the book down.” — Stephanie Hemphill, Minnesota Public Radio

“These stories are more than words on a page. They are threads of determination and resilience by author and wolf alike that help us understand the lives of wolves and in turn examine our own commitment to coexist with wildlife.” —Kim Wheeler, Executive Director, Red Wolf Coalition, Inc.

“If you’ve never encountered a wolf in the wild, read this book. Once you meet these wolves, you will never forget them. And, perhaps, you’ll come to understand why we must find room for the wolves to continue their story.” —Don Shelby

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All royalties benefit programs at the International Wolf Center. SHOP.WOLF.ORG or call 1-800-ELY-WOLF VOLUME 25, NO. 4 THE QUARTERLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL WOLF CENTER WINTER 2015

4 National Park Service/Jim Peaco 8 Darcy Berus 12 Lauren Hennelly For Whom the Wolves Howl: Teaching the World Chasing Shanku: The 20-year Anniversary about Wolves Wolf Research in the of Wolf Reintroduction High Himalaya True appreciation of the natural world— into Yellowstone and a commitment to protect it—start On her trek across the harsh wilderness “If the wolves…could howl in gratitude,” with environmental education, and we’re of the Changthang plateau in India, the the article begins. If they could, they’d never too young or too old to learn more author adds to our understanding of be thanking people like Bishop, a key about nature and wildlife. Here, Debra Himalayan wolves. Her beautifully told figure in the restoration of wolves to Mitts-Smith delves into the importance of story takes us into the world of nomadic the American west and the author of understanding the natural world, and the people who coexist with Shanku and this retrospective look at that process. specific whys-and-hows of teaching the illustrates the hard work and the joy of In the 20th-anniversary year of this world about wolves. gathering data that may help assure remarkable restoration story, he reminds the survival of some of the world’s most By Debra Mitts-Smith us of the challenges, the persistence and mysterious wolf lineages. the personalities it took to assure future by Lauren Hennelly generations would know the wolves of Yellowstone.

By Norman Bishop

On the Cover Departments Photo by: Heidi Pinkerton 3 From the Executive Director Did you know... 14 Tracking the Pack One easy way for you to help us 18 Wolves of the World conserve natural resources is to make sure we have your email address. Simply email 21 Personal Encounter your address to [email protected]. 24 A Look Beyond 26 Wild Kids Sylvain Macchi 28 Book List Publications Director David E. Kline Graphics Coordinator PASSION Carissa L. Winter Consulting Editor Kristine Chapin Technical Editor Dr. L. David Mech Graphic Designer Tricia Austin Great Gift! International Wolf (1089-683X) is published quarterly and copyrighted, 2015, by the International Wolf Center, 7100 Northland Circle N, Suite 205, Minneapolis, MN 55428, USA. email: [email protected]. All rights reserved. Publications agreement no. 1536338 Membership in the International Wolf Center includes a subscription to International Wolf magazine, free admission to the Center and discounts on programs and merchandise. Membership Levels: (in U.S. dollars) • Wolf Pup $25 (students • Wolf Associate $125 age 21 and under) • Wolf Tracker $250 Luna—Photo by Darcy Berus • Lone Wolf $45 • Wolf Sponsor $500 (individual) • Alpha Wolf $1,000 • Wolf Pack $75 (family at same address) Outside the United States, please add an additional $15 to Wolf Pup, Lone Wolf, Wolf Pack and Wolf LEGACY Associate memberships. Your care and passion for wolves can have a lasting impact beyond Please mail membership payment to: International Wolf Center Administrative Office, Attn: Membership, your lifetime. 7100 Northland Circle N, Suite 205, Minneapolis, MN 55428, USA. Contact the membership department By choosing to leave a planned gift to the International Wolf Center, with questions: 763-560-7374 ext. 227 or [email protected]. you will help secure their future, and you will become a member of International Wolf is a forum for airing perspectives, the Alpha Legacy Society with all membership benefits. science-based information and personal experiences about wolves. Articles and materials printed in Inter- If you have already included the Center in your estate planning, we national Wolf do not necessarily reflect the viewpoint of the International Wolf Center or its board of directors. thank you and ask that you let us know about your commitment. International Wolf welcomes submissions of personal This will help us honor your wishes and recognize your intent. adventures with wolves and wolf photo graphs. Prior to submission of other types of manuscripts, address Call today to start planning your legacy. queries to David Kline, publications director. 763-560-7374 ext. 230. PHOTOS: Unless otherwise noted, or obvious from the caption or article text, photos are of captive wolves. International Wolf is printed entirely with soy ink Thank you. on FSC® certified paper. We encour- FSC logo here age you to recycle this magazine.

2 Winter 2015 www.wolf.org From the Executive Director and Board Chair

INTERNATIONAL WOLF CENTER Wolf Researchers Inform and BOARD OF DIRECTORS Nancy jo Tubbs Enrich the Center’s Work Chair remarkable pleasure in our jobs is the privilege to work with some of the world’s apex Dr. L. David Mech wolf researchers. Our international symposia bring wildlife biologists from around Vice Chair the world. International Wolf magazine publishes those who have studied, protected Debbie Hinchcliffe Secretary and reintroduced wolves for most of their adult lives. We have been honored over the years to have several of this august group on the Center’s board of directors, Paul B. Anderson A Treasurer including Dave Mech and Rolf Peterson. In 2016 the Center’s temporary exhibit will feature Dave, the organiza- Cree Bradley tion’s founder and current vice chair, with stories, photos and memorabilia Cindy Carvelli-Yu that could make the mind stretch, laughter erupt and hair stand up on the Rick Duncan necks of the Center’s visitors. Nancy Gibson Today we’re celebrating another long-time board member, Dr. Rolf O. Judy Hunter Peterson, who is stepping off the Center’s board to become an advisor to the Deborah Wold Lewis Center. After retiring as a professor of wildlife ecology at Michigan Technical Mike Phillips University in 2006, he began to spend even more time on Isle Royale, where Debbie Reynolds Rob Schultz he had begun leading wolf-moose research in the early 1970s. With his Jerry Sanders book, The Wolves of Isle Royale: A Broken Balance, and annual reports on the Paul Schurke status of wolves and moose, Rolf and a team of dozens, including his wife Dick Thiel Candy, have informed the world about Ray Wells this unique biological experiment. From The Wolves of Isle Teri Williams The Isle Royale wolf population is Royale: A Broken Balance at a crossroads. Today, a mated pair by Rolf O. Peterson EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR and their pup are the only remaining Rob Schultz wolves on an island where the aver- “Finally, on an optimistic note, Nancy jo Tubbs the world is a fascinating and age population has been 25 and, at MISSION resilient place, and we should take one point, reached up to 50. As the National Park Service The International Wolf Center hope from the fact that the wolf, contemplates the role it will, or will not, play in maintain- advances the survival thoroughly reviled even as recently ing wolves on Isle Royale, the research Rolf and his team of wolf populations by as a generation back, has not only teaching about wolves, their conducts is a reminder that prey availability is only one of hung on across the planet but even relationship to wildlands and many factors necessary to ensure continued survival of this prospered. Science had a role, to the human role in their future. wolf population. be sure, in focusing our attention Whatever the outcome, we know that Rolf will help Educational services and and providing vital information. informational resources detail the continuing, remarkable story of Isle Royale to its But what really mattered was are available at: followers at the International Wolf Center and around the that human values and attitudes 1396 Highway 169 world. We remain forever grateful for his friendship and changed, and entire societies Ely, MN 55731-8129, USA his leadership on our board. n 800-ELY-WOLF decided that our archenemy was, 218-365-4695 after all, worthy of respect and email address: honor. Probably we could apply [email protected] this lesson more broadly, and the Web site: www.wolf.org Rob Shultz Nancy jo Tubbs entire planet would flourish. “ Executive Director Board Chair

International Wolf Winter 2015 3 National Park Service/ Neil Herbert National Park Service/ Jim Peaco

For Whom the Wolves Howl The 20-year Anniversary of Wolf Reintroduction into Yellowstone

By NORMAN BISHOP

Truck carrying wolves driving through the Roosevelt Arch with school children watching, January 1995 National Park Service/ Diane Papineau

4 Winter 2015 www.wolf.org National Park Service/ Jim Peaco

plan was redrafted in 1985, and finally approved by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1987. In 1979, a lone wolf near Glacier National Park in northwestern Montana was being monitored by students under the direction of Dr. Bob Ream at the Wolf released in Rose University of Montana. In 1986, a pack Creek pen, January, 1996 denned in the park, and by 1992, 40 National Park Service/ Jim Peaco wolves in four packs occupied the area. Their presence informed Montanans that f the wolves of Yellowstone could howl in gratitude for the wolves were coming. Today, 60 percent of Montana’s wolves are located in living there instead of being pelted out on a Canadian trap northwest Montana, having originated line, they would be thanking a diverse team of dedicated, by natural recolonization from Canada. I In 1987, NPS director William talented people whose efforts resulted in wolves being trans- Penn “Bill” Mott suggested creating an located to Yellowstone National Park in 1995 and 1996. But it Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and began a wolf information program. took fifty years and a village to restore those packs. Defenders of Wildlife regional representative Hank Fischer noted that Mott was Why was restoration Twenty-nine years later, the U. S. a pivotal figure who got the NPS involved Congress passed the Endangered Species when no one else would. Mott’s leader- necessary? Act (ESA) of 1973. ship allowed Park Service managers to Yellowstone’s wolves were nearly be wolf advocates without fear of politi- wiped out in the 1870s by elk poachers The restoration process cal reprisals. The “Wolves and Humans” who poisoned elk carcasses to kill fur exhibit, now hosted by the International bearers. As early as 1897, some people begins Wolf Center in Ely, Minnesota, was dis- questioned whether predators should The seeds of wolf restoration to played in Yellowstone for several months. be killed. But U.S. Army scouts, U.S. Yellowstone were planted at a 1971 inter- When Mott suggested that compensating Biological Survey hunters, and park agency meeting in the park convened livestock growers for their losses would rangers killed 136 wolves between 1914 by Assistant Secretary of the Interior ease opposition to recovery, Fischer put and 1926, finishing them off. Nathaniel P. Reed. Participants, Dr. that suggestion to work. From 1987 In 1933, National Park Service (NPS) Maurie Hornocker, Dr. Chuck Jonkel, through 2010, Defenders of Wildlife ecologists proposed that (a) park manag- and Dr. L. David Mech agreed that restor- reimbursed ranchers $1.4 million for ers should not interfere with biotic rela- ing wolves was a good idea, but weren’t livestock lost to wolves. tionships prior to a properly conducted certain that there were no wolves in investigation (b) no native predator the area, so they contracted with Dr. Congressional involvement should be killed because it naturally kills John Weaver to study that question. other park animals to eat, and (c) native He surveyed historical records and con- and good science move species exterminated from parks should ducted intensive field surveys from 1975 restoration forward be replaced. That proposal became part through1977, found no wolves, and rec- Attempts to legislate restoration began of park policy two years later. ommended reintroduction in his 1978 with Utah Rep. Wayne Owens, assisted In the first well-known sugges- report, “The Wolves of Yellowstone.” by wolf biologist Timm Kaminski. Owens tion that wolves should be restored to Montana’s wolves became pro- floated a bill in 1987 to require the NPS Yellowstone, Aldo Leopold demanded to tected under the 1973 ESA. A Northern to reintroduce wolves to Yellowstone, know, in his 1944 review of Young and Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Team and another in 1989 to mandate an EIS. Goldman’s The Wolves of North America, led by Dennis Flath of the Montana In 1990, Idaho Senator James McClure “Why... were not some of the uninjured Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks introduced a bill to reestablish wolves animals used to restock the Yellowstone?” drafted a recovery plan by 1980. The in Yellowstone and central Idaho. None

International Wolf Winter 2015 5 v ice/ Canter National Pa rk Ser

were volunteer technicians with his project, as were Diane Boyd, Tom Meier, Kyran Kunkel and Timm Kaminski. Bob Ream, a co-worker with Mech in Minnesota, started the University of Montana Wolf Ecology Project in the early 1970s, and that project devel- oped the talent that brought informa- National Park Service/ Jim Peaco tion and expertise to the northern Rocky Mike Phillips, Jim Evanoff, USFWS Director Mollie Beattie, YNP Superintendent Mike Finley, and Mountains. Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt carrying first crate with wolf in it to the Crystal Bench pen. Late in 1991, Congress directed the FWS to draft an EIS on wolf reintro- of those bills passed — but in 1988, a for the EIS. That science was shared in duction into Yellowstone and central House-Senate committee report noted the form of slide presentations with 400 Idaho. Two-and-a-half years later — after that the return of the wolf to Yellowstone audiences in the Yellowstone region, and FWS held 243 public hearings and open was desirable, and directed the NPS and summaries were distributed to thousands houses, and inserted 230,000 brochures FWS to answer several questions about of university and high school classrooms in Idaho, Montana and Wyoming news- recovery. In response, Dr. Steven H. Fritts across the U.S. papers —180,000 comments from 50 was appointed Rocky Mountain Wolf states and 40 countries had been received Coordinator (later, chief scientist) and Advocates and activists and analyzed, and the EIS was signed the Yellowstone Center for Resources make restoration reality in May 1994. A Record of Decision was produced a report entitled, “Wolves for issued in August. In November, Final Yellowstone?” in 1990. Suzanne Stone of Defenders of Rules followed, and attention shifted In 1991, Yellowstone Center Wildlife observed that a lot of behind- to Canada for translocation of wolves for Resources Director John Varley the-scenes actions by many, many peo- to Yellowstone and central Idaho. hired endangered-species expert Wayne ple made wolf recovery a success. For U.S. Attorney Margot Zallen, with Brewster, whom he called a “master example, Renee Askins, the environ- help from many others, crafted the suc- bureaucrat,” as his deputy to quarterback mental activist who founded the Wolf cessful legal strategy that prevented a wolf recovery. Brewster worked with Dr. Fund, used her disarmingly articulate court-issued restraining order in 1995 Fritts to underpin the recovery effort with and persuasive manner on key decision and repeatedly prevailed in appeals solid science and precise compliance makers to court their support for wolf court. FWS administrators figured out with the two major laws that governed recovery. Denver-based FWS outreach how to transfer federal funds to Canadian the process: the ESA and the National specialists Sharon Rose and Georgia agencies and individuals. In 1996, when Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), which Parham led a decade-long media cam- Montana Senator Conrad Burns diverted mandated creation of an EIS on wolf paign in support of wolf recovery. funds marked for wolf recovery to trout recovery. Without their diligent work, Hank Fischer, in his book, Wolf Wars, whirling disease, the project ran out wolf restoration simply would not have pointed out that FWS Rocky Mountain of money mid-translocation. Suzanne happened, and the EIS would not have Wolf Recovery Program Coordinator Ed Stone rescued the operation with about withstood numerous lawsuits. Bangs’s persistence and enthusiasm not $80,000 of funds donated to Defenders Brewster and Fritts also furnished only won over the Fish and Wildlife of Wildlife. critical technical support to the con- Service, but reduced animosity from The world’s top wolf veterinari- gressionally mandated 1991 Wolf anti-wolf groups. Bangs’s humor and ans, including Dr. Terry Kreeger of the Management Committee. One of that easy-going manner disarmed many a Wyoming Game and Fish Department, committee’s alternative actions became wolf-recovery opponent. Dr. Dave Hunter from Idaho, and Dr. the preferred alternative in the 1994 Bangs has remarked that nearly every- Mark R. Johnson of the NPS, provided EIS. The science in the 1991 and 1992 one in wolfdom today was mentored expert veterinary care and clearances. “Wolves for Yellowstone” reports (1,334 by Dave Mech or someone he men- After broad consultation, Johnson pages total) produced under Brewster’s tored. Steve Fritts was Dr. Mech’s PhD designed handling protocols and the direction provided a solid foundation student. Doug Smith and Mike Phillips three holding pens for Yellowstone.

6 Winter 2015 www.wolf.org National Park Service/Sam & Mary Cissel

Bob Barbee, Yellowstone National Park superintendent, wrote, “The stars Anyone who wants a and planets lined up when Bruce Babbitt more detailed look at became Secretary of Interior. He led the the wolf restoration saga will find these Clinton administration’s support. And resources invaluable: FWS Director Mollie Beattie helped carry Yellowstone Delta Pack wolf the wolves in.” Renee Askins’s Shadow National Park Service/ Dan Stahler Wolf reintroduction into Yellowstone Mountain took place only after a deal was cut The entire winter 2005 issue of Yellowstone with Idaho’s Senator McClure. Wyoming Hank Fischer’s Wolf Wars Science (Vol. 13 No. 1) chronicled “Ten Years of Yellowstone Wolves.” Senators Simpson and Wallop allowed Thomas McNamee’s The Return of the recovery to move forward because it the Wolf to Yellowstone Back issues of Yellowstone Science are was the best deal Idaho and Wyoming available at: www.nps.gov/yellowstone- were going to get. All three senators held Mike Phillips and Douglas Smith’s science. Yellowstone National Park Wolf out for the reintroduced wolf popula- The Wolves of Yellowstone Project Annual Reports 1995 to present tion to be designated “experimental Carter Niemeyer’s Wolfer, Douglas W. are at: http://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/ non-essential” to assure management Smith and Gary Ferguson’s Decade of nature/wolfreports.htm. flexibility. the Wolf, Paul Schullery’s The Yellowstone Annual reports for Northern Rocky Dr. Rolf Peterson of Isle Royale fame Wolf: A Guide and Sourcebook Mountain Wolves are at: www.fws.gov/ noted, in retrospect, that restoration mountain-prairie/species/mammals/ The International Wolf Center special provided an unprecedented educational wolf. There, under “Background,” there is summer 1995 issue (Vol. 5, No. 2) opportunity for Yellowstone visitors. a timeline of recovery and a copy of the of International Wolf titled, Yellowstone Wolf Project Leader Doug 1994 EIS. Smith, who succeeded Mike Phillips in “The Reintroduction of Wolves to 1997, held up as unique the effort to Yellowstone and Central Idaho.” Acknowledgements: restore Yellowstone to its natural con- Defenders magazine special winter Ed Bangs contributed hugely to the dition, and added research to the list of 1994-95 issue (Vol. 70 No. 1) feature content of this article. Others who made opportunities provided by restoration. titled, “Wolves Return to the Rockies.” it complete are Hank Fischer, Bob Ream, That research has resulted in a new book, Suzanne Stone and Doug Smith. Wolves on the Hunt: The Behavior of Wolves Hunting Wild Prey, by L. David Mech, Douglas W. Smith and Dan McNulty (Chicago U. Press, 2015). John Varley wrote, “Ecologically speaking, wolf reintroduction is hands- down the most exciting thing to hap- pen in the history of the national park.” Wayne Brewster commented as he exited the Rose Creek pen in northern Yellowstone, after letting the first two wolves out of their shipping containers Black & gray female wolf in snow near Lamar River bridge.

on Jan. 13, 1995, “No one has ever done National Park Service/ Jim Peaco this before, and no one will ever do it again.” Later he wrote, “Now our chil- Norman A. Bishop worked for the National Park Service 36 years, during which time he dren and grandchildren will be able to was the leader and supporter of wolf restoration in Yellowstone. Bishop was a reviewer of decide first-hand if wolves are important, the 1990 and 1992 reports to Congress, “Wolves for Yellowstone?” He also contributed to rather than forevermore being forced to the 1994 EIS, “The Reintroduction of Gray Wolves to Yellowstone National Park and get along without them.” Central Idaho.” He is a co-author of “Yellowstone’s Northern Range: Complexity and I’ll howl to that. n Change in a Wildland Ecosystem,” published by Yellowstone National Park in 1997.

International Wolf Winter 2015 7 International Wolf Center International Wolf Teaching the World About By DEBRA MITTS-SMITH What is environmental education? n a world where super storms, droughts, energy concerns and The best type of environmental educa- the fate of numerous species dominate the headlines, the abil- tion does more than impart information. Iity to distinguish between facts and opinions becomes increas- It fosters understanding and awareness ingly important for those who are concerned about our planet. of wildlife, plants, insects, eco-systems The need to understand the economic, cultural, legal and social and geological formations. It provides ramifications of proposed solutions to environmental questions is young people with opportunities to learn imperative—and not just for adults. Environmental education and by actively observing, exploring and literacy are essential tools for understanding and appreciating the questioning. At its best, environmen- science, the beauty and the importance of our natural environ- tal education includes both classroom ment. Young people will inherit our world, and we need to pro- learning and outdoor problem-solving vide them with the knowledge to be its stewards and the hearts activities—young people investigating to treasure its beauty. nature’s diversity and tackling real-world problems. Spending time in the field as an adjunct to classroom lessons is a foundation for lifelong learning.

8 Winter 2015 www.wolf.org A balance between the intellectual experience of learning about wolves and the emotional ties that result from watching them is the essence of good environmental education.

tion to be dynamic, adapting its content and methods as scientific understanding, social attitudes and wolf numbers

US Fish & Wildlife Service/ Alaska Region and status changed. Educating the public about wolves requires more than scientific research to counter and discredit pervasive wolf stereotypes, myths and misinformation. Although science is the essential foundation of learning, the ambassador wolves at places like the International Wolf Center provide people the opportunity to observe real wolves. This experience often ignites young people’s interest in nature, deepening their connection to wild animals and the natural world. A balance between the intellectual experience of learning about wolves and the emotional ties that result from watching them is the essence of good environmental education. The best wolf programs not only keep abreast of advances in scientific understanding of wolves and their role in the ecosystem, but also provide objective reports on the political, legal and economic effects of wolves International Wolf Center International Wolf living close to humans. Wolves Over time, it is not just the content of wolf education that has changed. In Environmental education should not argues that environmental education the early days, wolf education was the advocate particular viewpoints or poli- outcomes must go beyond instilling realm of researchers and park rang- cies; instead, it should impart scientific awareness of our natural and environ- ers. Today, information about wolves is facts that lead to understanding and intel- mental challenges to include a deeper imparted by people from diverse back- lectual growth. Properly done, it helps understanding of the issues and a sense grounds—from research scientists to students develop the critical thinking of personal responsibility for involve- volunteers and political lobbyists—and skills necessary for making informed ment in finding solutions. through platforms from classrooms to decisions. It instills appreciation for Wolf education and nature centers, zoos, websites and blogs. the environment and commitment to While numbers and formats of turn decisions into thoughtful, balanced environmental education resources have increased, so has the environmental policy. It exposes young Education about wolves is an impor- need to distinguish credible, accurate people to the array of stakeholder beliefs, tant part of environmental education. science from faulty data that conflates opinions and concerns that surround our For many people, the wolf is an icon of opinions with reality. Ideally, nature most pressing ecological challenges. And the wilderness. The fall 2004 issue of education programs—wolf programs it enriches lives with an understanding International Wolf focused on wolf edu- in particular—should arm their par- of the natural world. cation in its past and present forms as ticipants with the critical thinking skills Ginger Potter (2010), in “Environ- well as its future direction. The articles to question their sources and pursue mental Education for the 21st Century” in the 2004 issue showed wolf educa- accurate, credible information.

International Wolf Winter 2015 9 Environmental education and the learning experience Environmental education today is surely more robust than it was in 2004. It includes formal, structured curriculum as Center International Wolf well as informal, unstruc- tured questioning, explo- ration and even play. It takes place in classrooms supported by books, films, artifacts, images and websites. Young people also access information about the environment at home, at school and almost anywhere else via the internet.

But the preferred locations Darcy Berus to learn about nature are places where one finds nature: backyards, gardens, forests and woods, and state Re-naturing the and national parks. Even Center International Wolf “denatured” child cityscapes have lessons Environmental education opportu- to offer; hawks abound in fields but hood park, a hike through the woods, a nities, especially those that take place they also nest on the window ledges of camping trip or even a child exploring outdoors, potentially do more than skyscrapers. the family’s backyard. In formal settings, connect people with nature. In an age The International Wolf Center offers adults (educators, wildlife scientists, where technology and organized activi- many kinds of learning experiences: park rangers, scout leaders) determine ties dominate the lives of most children, on-site, outreach, field trips and webi- the content and goals of the class; in time spent outdoors is increasingly rare nars. Last year, IWC conducted outreach informal settings, the child’s questions and important. Richard Louv, in his programs in more than 300 classrooms about birds, insects, animals, rocks and book, Last Child in the Woods, describes and nature centers in Minnesota’s Twin plants guide the activities. The adult the “de-natured child” as a child who Cities metro area. International Wolf in these settings (teacher, scout leader, is disconnected from nature and who Center Outreach Director Tara Morrison parent, grandparent, or even an older spends his or her days inside playing introduced young people to wolf biol- sibling) helps the child explore. In other video games or watching TV. He argues ogy, wolf behavior, wolf habitat, physi- words, the child’s interests determine the that even young people who are involved cal and social adaptations, predator/prey “program” — what will be discussed and in organized sports do not experience relationships, pack dynamics, the chal- investigated. The interplay of teaching nature and the natural world on a deep lenges wildlife face and the consequences in formal and informal ways, followed level. Louv advocates getting young of habitat loss on Minnesota wildlife. by the student using new knowledge to people outside, connecting with and Further, through lectures, exhib- explore nature, is an important goal of experiencing nature as a way to mitigate its and classes (on-site and online) on environmental education. an array of cognitive, emotional, social wolf communication, research methods, Experiential learning has always been and physical issues from attention deficit behavior and habitat, as well as human- essential to environmental education. disorder to obesity. For Louv and other wolf conflicts, International Wolf Center Seeing a real wolf, even a captive one, advocates of environmental education, educators engage people of all ages in evokes emotional responses in people nature is part of a happy and balanced activities that foster interest and build of all ages. To observe how the wolf childhood. connections with wolves. Many of these moves, to watch as it interacts with other Today’s child may live a well-regulated programs serve as a gateway to explor- wolves, and to hear it howling (and to life with free time dominated by extra- ing other wildlife and the environment learn how to howl) deepens a person’s curricular activities. As urban environ- in general. connections as it increases his or her ments grow and green spaces disappear, Environmental education also occurs appreciation, knowledge and awareness it’s more difficult to for young people to in less formal contexts like a neighbor- of the real animal. connect with the natural world. These

10 Winter 2015 www.wolf.org Wolves at Our Door “Wolves at Our Door content is engaging and informative. We coexist with wolves in Minnesota, and it is important to learn about how they live in our environment,” said one teacher after her class took part in the International Wolf Center’s free outreach program for Twin Cities metro area K-12 students.

The Wolves at Our Door program gives students opportunities to learn about wolf biology, behavior and predator/prey dynamics, helping them understand the origins of myths about wolves and the nature of conflicts between wolves and humans. Educator Tara Morrison brings the wolf to life in the classroom as children get to feel a wolf pelt, handle a skull and see video of wolves in action.

Through use of facts and sound science, International Wolf Center International Wolf topics are explained and discussed with students from suburban and inner-city schools. Young people learn about the changes are accelerating, and need to the forest floor. The wolf is a captivating importance of habitat preservation and how be countered by increasingly engaging entry point to a vast, rich world that is loss of wilderness affects wildlife. Pre- and and creative programs and resources being threatened by urban growth and post-program test data show that these like those offered by the International human indifference. n programs significantly increase students’ Wolf Center. knowledge and inform their perceptions of The International Wolf Center intro- For more information the controversial wolf. duces children to the natural world Louv, R. (2006) Last Child in the Woods. through the lives of wolves, giving them Another teacher commented, “Wolves tend a foundation to help them explore nature Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill. to have a bad reputation in Minnesota. This and nurture their appreciation of the program helps students understand the truth natural world. Potter, G. (2010). Environmental about wolves, their value to wildlife and the Learning about wolves is only one Education for the 21st Century: concept of interdependence in ecosystems. Where Do We Go Now? The Journal of step in creating an appreciation of the It also reinforces our state science-education Environmental Education, 41(1), 22-33. natural world—and a commitment to standards. The presentation style is interac- protect it. International Wolf Center tive, using a variety of media to get the programs and resources urge the student The author, Debra Mitts-Smith, is as an message across.” to look beyond the classroom and to go adjunct professor in library and information outdoors, to pause beside a pond, to science at the University of Illinois-Urbana- For more information or to schedule a watch a field for signs of life and explore Champaign and serves on the International program in the Twin Cities area, go to Wolf Center’s magazine committee. wolvesatourdoor.org.

International Wolf Winter 2015 11 Photo: Dawa Tashi, Photo: Dawa Tashi, local field assistant to the author On a cold October morning, the author makes her first wolf-howl recordings in Tso Kar. Wolf Research in the High Himalaya

Text and photos by LAUREN HENNELLY wolf; I wanted to hear them. With support from the Fulbright-Nehru Research program and the Wildlife Institute of ust scattered upward into the nomadic Changpa, a local ethic group India, I studied the acoustic structure wind as we drove across the val- of Buddhist pastoralists, for more than of wolf howls. Over the course of 10 Dley. To the west, undulating hills 1,000 years. months, I trekked to remote villages followed the flatlands along the Indus Little is known about the wolves in tucked into the high Himalaya, waited River, slowly rising to become snow- this region and, generally, the wolves diligently for government permissions, capped giants. Our rattling jeep dis- of India. The Himalaya harbors one of weaved through traffic in rickshaws to rupted the stillness of a valley so vast it the oldest and most mysterious wolf lin- access city zoos, and followed wolves seemed we’d never reach our destina- eages, thought to be isolated for 800,000 as they wandered across the Central tion—a small, nomadic settlement on years. Due to their elusiveness and the Indian grasslands, all with one goal— the shores of a sacred lake, surrounded challenge of conducting fieldwork in to record the howls of Himalayan and by two peaks over 19,000 feet high. this region, research on these wolves Indian wolves in hopes of understanding We were traveling through the is rare and genetic samples scarce. The possible behavioral differences among Changthang, a high-altitude plateau Himalayan wolf is known to survive India’s genetically distinct wolf lineages. stretching from Tibet into the northwest in only a few locations in India, Nepal Along the dust-covered road to my corner of Jammu and Kashmir, India. and some regions of Tibet, and their first field site, a white, nomad tent It is a harsh place—one of the harshest distribution is largely undescribed in stood strong against a cold wind. As I on the planet—with high altitudes, dif- scientific literature. walked up to the tent, a cheerful nomadic ficult terrain and winters nine months It was there, in the Changthang of woman greeted me with a warm smile. long. Still, this region has a wealth of Ladakh, that I searched for wolves— Her weathered, wrinkled face reflected biodiversity and has been home to the seeking not just the opportunity to see a her life as a pastoralist enduring the harsh

12 Winter 2015 www.wolf.org elements of the Changthang plateau. a sharp contrast to the earthy tones of ingly beautiful sound of wolf howls. I Inside, the tent was cozy; colorful the landscape. We set up our tents in recorded their howls, and we watched yak-wool rugs covered the ground, and a goat paddock, and for the next four the wolves gracefully climb to the top of the woman tossed cow dung into an iron weeks I searched for three wolf packs in a ridge, camouflaged to the earthy shades stove. She poured steaming butter-salt Ladakh. Equipped with a microphone, a of the mountain and silhouetted against tea into a cup embellished with dragons; digital recorder and a speaker for playing a sapphire sky. The wolves watched us I cradled it in my cold hands as Dawa, recorded howls, I surveyed for wolves at as well, calmly observing at a distance my local field assistant, asked the fam- their peak daily howling periods, morn- before disappearing over the ridge to ily in Ladakhi—the regional language ing and evening. similar to Tibetan—if they had seen any Each dawn, all Shanku (wolf) recently. the water in the “Wolves have killed two of our goats camp was frozen in the past three months near Tso Kar. solid. After drink- But no, we haven’t seen any wolf lately,” ing tea and warm- murmured the woman’s elderly father ing our hands over a in Ladakhi. small fire, we began Having finished our tea, Dawa and to survey. On most I said goodbye and headed back to the days, for four weeks, Jeep. Although this family hadn’t encoun- we saw no wolves— tered a wolf recently, livestock deaths just a silent, treeless, caused by wild carnivores are a seri- empty landscape. ous concern in the region. Depredation It’s no real sur- caused by snow leopards, wolves, feral prise it was difficult dogs and Eurasian lynx can dangerously to find the wolves. In diminish a pastoralist family’s income. resource-scarce eco- Wolf in Ladakh Consequently, the locals still persecute systems such as the wolves, mainly through retaliatory kill- Mongolian steppe and the Arctic tun- continue their daily activities across the ings. Changdung, the local term for wolf dra, the home ranges of wolves can be vast valleys and high mountains. pits, have been used for centuries to huge, sometimes spanning more than 500 As I studied this family of four, I reduce the wolf population. The practice square miles. With no previous radio- thought about how remarkable these is believed to be abandoned today, but collar studies on the wolves of this area, animals are. Their eloquent adaptations pastoralists still locate wolf dens during it is unknown how far these packs roam have allowed them to survive in this spring to kill the young pups, effectively within their home range. Additionally, it cold, high-altitude landscape for thou- eliminating the next generation. is currently unknown how many wolves sands of years, and yet their survival Cold seeped into my five layers of make their home in Ladakh, or even in into the next century is not certain. This jackets as nighttime approached. The India, as a whole. The wolves of India research will provide important data on brilliant turquoise waters of the lake, Tso are considered an endangered species in the wolves, from possible behavioral dif- Kar, lapped the salty shoreline, creating a rapidly changing ecosystem, and base- ferences across wolf subspecies to scat line information such as popula- samples that reveal insight into food tion estimates and distribution habits and genetics. are crucial to the development of With all of our research and assis- effective conservation programs. tance—developing new tools for con- On the fourth morning in servation, helping mitigate wolf-human Tso Kar, we heard the haunt- conflict and educating the public—we hope that the wolf’s elusive howl will continue to echo across the Himalaya for years to come. n

Lauren Hennelly is a former Fulbright Nomadic tents scholar affiliated with the Wildlife Institute of India. She has previously Kiang (wild ass) in Tso Kar, conducted fieldwork in Australia, New an important prey Zealand, India, Ecuador, and the U.S. She for wolves plans to pursue a career as a conservation biologist and to further study the ecology, evolution, and conservation of Asian wildlife, especially Asia’s wolves.

International Wolf Winter 2015 13 Tracking the Pack

The Changing Dynamics of a Pack of Wolves: 26 Years and Beyond

by Lori Schmidt

s the Center celebrates its 30th In 1993, male pup Lucas and females Nancy Gibson Shadow and Malik – 2000 anniversary in 2015, it’s a great MacKenzie, Lakota and Kiana were born Atime to review the changes in and served as wolf ambassadors in the wolf pack dynamics that have made our first year-around wolf exhibit at the north to the Ely educational facility as work consistently fascinating. Center. That year brought the grand six-week-old pups. They bonded with The history of the Center’s ambas- opening of the present facility and the wolf-care staff and were incorporated sador wolves dates to 1989, when the Wolves and Humans exhibit. Visitors into the exhibit pack in early August, Center operated a summer-only exhibit enjoyed a few years of watching the pack 2000. For the first time, the Center was in the U.S. Forest Service Voyageur dynamics of these four littermates, but managing an uneven age structure and Visitor Center in Ely, Minn. The dis- in 1998 Kiana passed away. This loss had successfully integrated non-related play included four wolves born that not only affected the wolves, but also pups into the pack. year—two females named Raissa and diminished the visitors’ experience and As time went on, Shadow and Malik Bausha, and two males, Ballazar and changed the dynamics of the pack. The matured into strong, healthy adults, Jedadiah. These four served the early three remaining littermates remained on while the 1993 litter of MacKenzie, educational needs of the Center and later display, and the wolf-care team made Lucas and Lakota began to show signs of moved on to other exhibits. Some visi- plans to add more wolves to the pack age. The natural aging process reduced tors may remember a smaller, seasonal and create new stimuli for the aging pack. their ability to keep up with the younger exhibit that lacked a secondary fence, In 2000, a pair of male arctic pups— wolves, and by 2002, the entire 1993 requiring the curator’s duties to include Shadow and Malik—was born. The litter had been moved to retirement in overnight security during the first few pups were raised at the home of board a more protected enclosure. summers of the seasonal exhibit. member Nancy Gibson in southern One thing we learned from the intro- Minnesota before making their way duction of Shadow and Malik in 2000 was that older wolves have challenges dealing with young, exuberant and often “testing” packmates. The seven-year age difference between the 1993 litter and the 2000 litter was too great to allow smooth integration of the younger wolves. This prompted the Center’s staff and veteri- narians to implement a new, four-year rotation protocol for pup introductions. In 2004, we integrated three pups believed to be representative of the Great Plains subspecies—male pup Grizzer and two non-littermate females, Maya and Nyssa. Initially we were concerned about introducing adult males without a female in the pack, but we were wrong. Shadow bonded successfully with the 2004 litter and proved to be an excel- Kiana, Lucas, Mackenzie lent pack leader, even displaying a par- and Lakota – 1993 allel walk with Maya (bonded wolves Lynn Rogers Lynn walk shoulder-to-shoulder, often with

14 Winter 2015 www.wolf.org Grizzer –2004 International Wolf exhibit pack. These pups were captive- pups—Aidan andDenali—intothe four-year rotation. ians toselect two male pupsforthe next prompted Center staff and veterinar aging only one female at atime. This facilities, andmostrecommended man several recommendations from other dominance incaptivity. There were management peer review wasfemale quent femalepups. instead ofoneyearageforsubse ing timelinetofivemonthsofage the wolf-care teamtochangethespay- procedure inthespringof2005. day surgical recovery from aspaying tried toseparatethefemalesforafive- Shadow presented adilemmawhenwe of 2005. The bond between Maya and synchronized steps)duringthewinter In 2008,weintegratedtwomale One otherissuediscussedduringthe The issueswefacedin2005prompted - - -

Kathy Karns cies. Luna had some cies. Lunahadsome the Great Plainssubspe believed toberepresentative of Luna, andonemalepup,Boltz,both ences withthislitterofonefemalepup, There experi were many learning Malik were ready forr of age, the 2000 litter of Shadow and time the2008litterreached twoyears wolves. Andtruetowolfform,bythe behavior off theeight-year-old arctic wolves, keptthepressure oftesting and the endurance of the four-year-old the youthfulexuberanceofnewpups subspecies. turing three ofthefiveNorthAmerican create athree-tiered agestructure fea - these twopups allowedtheCenter to wolves inYellowstone. Theaddition of buthadagenetictietofree-ranging born, Denali –2008 Our newest litter was born in 2012. in2012. Our newestlitterwasborn Having adiverseexhibitpack,with etirement. - -

Awen Briem Luna –2012 she could managewiththelarger, male special needsthatmadestaff wonderif over adeercarcass ataweeklyfeeding opportunity towitnessLuna’s dominance Wolf CenterYoutube channelorhave the packmates. IfyouviewtheInternational pack inMayof2016. meet thenewestmembersofexhibit more about each individual wolf and to channel, webinarsandwolflogstolearn Luna. StaytunedtotheCenter’s Youtube males toavoidcreating competitionfor ture and anewpair of pups,likely tobe that matters canines, buttheattitudebehindthem with somewolves,it’s notthesizeof were unwarranted.We discovered that program, youwillseethatourconcerns Now we’re ready foranew adven n Winter 2015 15 Boltz– 2012 -

Awen Briem Ed Stimpson INTERNATIONAL WOLF CENTER Major Contributors and Special Gifts

GIFTS BETWEEN JULY 1, 2015 and SEPTEMBER 30, 2015

Major Donors Memorials Sustaining Johanna Bell Members and In memory of Bailey In memory of Shadow In honor of Kim Wheeler, Kathleen Benz Elizabeth Mackenzie Hebron Louise Belcourt Caretaker of the Monthly Donors Ingrid and Eric Beyer Dana Pond Red Wolf Coalition Mara Arico In memory of Sandra Lee Barela Larry Bohling Neil Hutt Angie Bailey John McKeever In memory of Shadow and Malik Arthur and Vicki Bomberger Henry and Dixie Silva Casey and Nancy Campbell In honor of IWC Board Jaki Becker Fred and Carol Breitling Connie Di Bratto Members Rebecca Becker In memory of Douglas Bridges Carroll Brooks Donna Mack-Iwanski Neil Hutt Hallie Cimmarusti Cindy Carvelli-Yu Jane Bridges Chuck Rasch In honor of Jerry Sanders Tim Coburn The Copeland Family In memory of Richard Duncan Davidson In memory of Paul and Joany and Richard Hinchcliffe Kathleen Corbett and LaVerne Brown Jean Stowell Linda Dougherty Jill Danielson Leslie Brown In honor of Susan Spina Kimberly Stowell Helen Dulgar Lea Severson Melanie Donaghy In memory of Cajun Todd Duyvejonck In memory of Kristin Thomas Linda and Dennis Dougherty Barbara Siewert In honor of the wild wolves Lindi Engelbrecht Dawn Demlow-Sheppelman Connie and Mike Dowler in Idaho Martina Fehlhaber In memory of Darwin and Remy Judy Hunter In memory of Timber Elizabeth Lockwood Vic and Yvonne Gagliano Lisa Nivens Deborah Gentile Nancy Semanko Don and Loretta Gossett In memory of Jason In Kind Nancy Gibson and Ron Sternal In memory of Tucker Kevin Green Dianne Francis Daniel and Judy Green Janice Parker Google Karen Hodsdon Jonathan Grief In memory of Karma Archival Services Sharon Howard In memory of Wyld Spirit Gail Ramee Sandra Patmore Gloria Davis Judy Hunter Susan Myers Chris Ramsay Patricia D’Antoni In memory of Larry Kasprowicz Catherine Kling Debbie Hinchcliffe Susan Kasprowicz Honorariums Bill Klugh and Jerry Sanders Estate Anthony Kosoubd In memory of Bud Kraehling Michael Holdgrafer In honor of Aidan, Boltz, Denali, Edna Lamb Mary Lewandowski Neighbors of the Kraehlings Steven Houglum Luna, Grizzer, Malik, Shadow, Phil Mosher and the 2016 Pups Yvonne Kaiser In Memory of Milo Duryee Matching Dana Pond Susan Todd Jeanie and Murray Kilgour Kent and Lisa Duryee Graco on behalf of Denise Pride Cristi Klingman In honor of the pups we have In memory of Foxy, Elsie, Lori Soldatke Jose Quinones James Krueger helped socialize, Aidan, Denali, and Lewis S. Schade Luna, and Boltz, and to all the Thrivent Financial on behalf of Margaret Lenci Harold Streeter Shannon Schmidt wolves before and after them David Spangler Deborah Wold Lewis Pierre Schlemel and John Lewis In memory of Ellen Hughes Kerry and Alexis Sharp Pepsico on behalf of Carole Lynn and Dave Mech Sam Jabbar In honor of Ms. Eleanor Jill Ronning Ronald Sokoloff Dave Messinger In memory of Lucas for her 8th Birthday Anna Mae Shala John Fitzpatrick US Bank on behalf of Edward Morton MaryAnn Canning C.A. Sharp Bob and Carol Mucha Sandra Bayer In memory of Joan “Jo” Broman In honor of Lori Schmidt Catherine Shepard Cindy Carvelli-Yu Lisa Ockenfels Marino and the Wolf Care Staff Joan Silaco Michelle Danelle Degree Carolyn Owen Robert Broman Neil Hutt Paul Smith, Jr. Dana Pond Susan Myers TE Connectivity on behalf of In memory of Rebecca Mesa Walt Stump Judith Posnikoff Gail Ramee In honor of Dr. Keith Klein Dennis Wells Mark Sugino Vickie Rosskam Janus Cercone Home Depot on behalf of Leslye Teuber and Martha Schoonover In memory of Nyssa and Maya David Albert Donna and Gary Baumgartner In honor of Loki Marylee Engelhart Walter and Mardene Schuiling Nancy Vanderwerff Gemma Holman Robert Schultz In memory of Payton Wells Fargo on behalf of Mr. and Mrs. Manuel Ted and Barbara Spaulding Joyce Wells In honor of Debbie Hinchcliffe Melanie Donaghy Vazquez David Smith Mary Ann Sindelar Julie and Joseph Vierling In memory of Tundra Theresia Smith Hal and Dianne Pierson In honor of Mikkikanoa Pono da Steffanie Wiggins Hugh Todd Golden Boy Linda Williams Shannon Downey Turpin In memory of Donna Virr Louise Fleming John Virr Kathryn and Robert Vizas Elizabeth Schodde James Welch Kim Wheeler Thank You! Audrey Wolf

16 Winter 2015 www.wolf.org INTERNATIONAL WOLF CENTER Member Profile

“Surveying” the Tracks of Don Gossett

By David Kline

f you could look up the phrase “wolf he applied for a surveying job in Ely enthusiast” in the dictionary, you’d and interviewed for it during his honey- Iprobably find a photo of Don Gossett. moon trip to the Boundary Waters area. In his active participation and unflagging He took the job and has lived near the enthusiasm, Don is more engaged than Interpretive Center for the past decade. a typical member of the International Today, Don is an avid photographer Wolf Center. of our ambassador wolves. The Center Kelly Godfrey As an eight-year-old boy, Don remem- has used many of his photographs for bers being fascinated with all the school- promotional purposes, including the library books he could find about wolves. 8x10 print for this year’s “Wolf Sponsor” Today, Don not only owns an exhaus- membership level. He is an active volun- tive collection of wolf books, but he teer with the Wolf Care staff and always has enrolled in online wildlife courses happy to do whatever he can to through Oregon State University just for help the Center and its educa- fun and personal enrichment. tional focus. Don is a U.S. Navy-trained sur- We’re grateful for Don’s time veyor with a bachelor’s degree in phys- spent in support of the Center ical geography from the University of and for his membership. The Michigan and an associate’s degree in International Wolf Center could forestry from Michigan Tech. In 2005, not meet its goals and fulfill its mission without its members. Thank you, Don — and thank you, members! n

Image of Boltz sent as a print to Wolf Sponsor and Alpha Wolf members in 2015.

Don’s photos of the Center’s ambassador wolves help us teach the world about wolf behaviors. (Right) Luna sits on Denali, performing a mix of “stand over” and “squash” behaviors, both of which signify dominance over another animal.

International Wolf Winter 2015 17 Martin Harvey

populated areas to kill wolves that ven- Japanese Conference Draws on Experts ture close to areas of human habitation, to Address Reintroduction of Wolves and fencing to keep the deer and boar out of sensitive ecological areas. Where at by Tracy O’Connell one time recreational shooting kept the deer and boar populations under control, an aging human population and declin- nternational Wolf Center founder damaging foliage and sometimes killing ing interest in hunting has created the and board member Dr. David Mech large trees by girding them, Mech agreed need to hire the job done—an expense Iwas among three speakers at a series with the group’s support of proposed that could be reduced by the introduc- of five conferences held throughout constraints on those two species. He tion of wolves to more remote regions. Japan in June of this year. The speak- added that a large wolf presence would Also speaking was Markus Bathun ers addressed the issue of prey animals be needed to reduce those potential prey of Naturschutzbund Deutschland, a such as sika deer and wild boars overpopulations. German non-governmental organization running that country’s natural areas and Aside from damage to the environ- devoted to conservation. Abbreviated the potential of reintroducing wolves to ment, especially at World Heritage areas in English as NABU (for Nature and help reduce their numbers. such as Mt. Fuji, increasing numbers of Biodiversity Conservation Union), the The conferences, held in various loca- car accidents have resulted from deer and 100-year-old organization with nearly a tions around the country, were spon- boar crossing highways, creating addi- half-million members held a September sored by the Japan Wolf Association, a tional danger and expense for travelers. event in Germany to recognize the place group founded in 1993 and dedicated Reintroduction of wolves is just one of the wolf in that country. (See “Wolves to protecting the environment by rein- option the association is considering; of the World” in the summer 2015 issue troducing wolves, a proposal that has others include hunting and fencing the of IW for more on that event). Bathun been opposed by the concerns of many destructive animals out of areas being related details about how Germany’s Japanese citizens. (See the summer 2015 damaged. Looking at a three-pronged citizens have been getting along with issue of IW for more; the history and cur- approach, the group recom- its increasing wolf population of rent situation of wolves in Japan were mends employing gov- about 150. also addressed in the winter 2011 and ernment hunters spring 2012 IW.) in more The association’s website describes the group’s mission as “fostering a good relationship between humans, wolves and our environment.” Noting that overpopulations of deer and boar are

18 Winter 2015 www.wolf.org International Wolf Us Like British showAnimals in ahumanfamily. The narratorofthe peaceably alongsidetheapes likepets leaving, andwere seenasadultssitting to choosetheirapecompanions over tails orhind legs, they later seemed terror astheyare draggedoff bytheir the videoshowspupsscreaming in dens andraisingthemaspets.While kidnapping infant feral dogs from their in avideothathasgoneviralonline, side ofTa’if, SaudiArabia were seen baboons livinginagarbagedumpout- ple ofape-canidbonding.Hamadryas month, pointstoanotherapparent exam more than30millionpeopleeach ally recognized news site read by describes itself as an internation website more effectively onrodents.” juvenile geladasinorder tofeed tunity toprey uponvulnerable, ior, thereby foregoing theoppor through nonthreatening behav gelada herds totheirpresence wolves appeartohabituatethe all canidsinthemonkeys’world. ing relationship didnotextendto dogs, indicatingthattheirtrust- while, showedfeararound feral hunting. The monkeys, mean close totheratsformore successful be using the unafraid monkeys to get seemedto of thewolves,whichinturn mole rats. The monkeys seemed unafraid actions withwolvesthatwere hunting weeks, recording themonkeys’inter (a kindofjackal)overaperiodtwo gelada monkeysandEthiopian“wolves” Dartmouth CollegeintheU.S.filmed Primatologist Vivek Venkataraman of with theancestoroftoday’s petdog. ner inwhichearlyhumansbonded some suggestmightreplicate theman- In presenting thisstory, the Venkataraman said,“Ethiopian be forming relationships that Apes andcaninesappearto ETHIOPIA The Inquisitr, which Inquisitr, The

Thomas Krumenacker , in which , inwhich ------

Gelada monkey the French-filmed footagewasaired in aspects of the dump-site baboons. The aspects ofthedump-sitebaboons.The in thearea whowere examiningother Saudi-American primatestudyeffort details, contacting researchers at a joint the assignmentoftrackingdown Today kept aspets.Onedoubter, Psychology in SaudiArabiadogsare typicallynot seemed tobewearingacollar, while that one of the wild dogs in the video of theclaim,pointingout,forexample, ers atnight. up to defend the baboons from intrud- 2011 orbefore, notedthedogsgrew However, othersdoubtedtheveracity See reports onnextpage: blogger Dr. HalHerzog,tookon

Elizabeth Murray Great Britain Armenia France Naturalist’s dogs wouldnotfollow. manent; ifthebaboonsleftsite, interaction with apes would not be per called Canaandogs,andsuggestedthe pups inthevideotobeapariahbreed and other artificial settings. He found the in animalrehabilitation facilities,zoos aside from oddpairingsthatcanbeseen only speciesthattakesonpetsnaturally, seen thatdog-apebehavior. seen the apes steal kittens, they had not researchers reported thatwhiletheyhad tos from a 10-second video shot this year Tim Leyland The Meanwhile, anotherblog,The Herzog believes that humans are the as pets. Langano keepingwilddogsaspets. in EthiopianeartheedgeofLake that reportedly showsbaboons University student by aCornell Foundation for the Protection of the Arabian Leopard in Yemen Notebook, provides still pho Winter 2015 Ethiopia - - 19 Andre DeCarie ARMENIA their relative density and diet. She is GREAT BRITAIN The Armenian Weekly, an conducting surveys to locate scat, hair, Rewilding efforts continue to be English-language newspa- tracks, scrapes and food remains, and discussed here, with a con- per, relates the story of an Armenian also conducting DNA analysis and wolf cern similar to that voiced in Japan— American, Serda Ozbenian, a Fulbright howling surveys. curtailing the overabundance of prey Fellow in Armenia who brought to that Her research in 23 Armenian vil- animals. The online News Hub in July country her knowledge of the treatment lages showed many people affected by weighed the advantages of rewilding of wolves and bears in the U.S. negative encounters with predators did against the potential danger to live- The executive director of the not support their eradication. One man stock and humans, claiming that only Armenian Environmental Network, called the loss of livestock to predation eight humans across Europe and Russia Ozbenian has been involved with that a “nature tax.” Rather, villagers were had been killed by wolves in the half country’s environmental issues for eight frustrated by the lack of support from century leading up to 2002, some by years, but her personal focus is wildlife the present government, compared to rabid animals. protection and avoidance of human- times under the Soviet government when A collection of 26 pieces of original carnivore conflicts. hunts were organized to control preda- art portraying wolves has been on display Her Fulbright work at present is on tion. What these communities need are in Bury St. Edmunds, a market town (a wolves and bears, to gather baseline the resources to build stronger sheds, legal term differentiating it from a village information critical to the proper man- roofs and fences, as well as to acquire or city) in the county of Suffolk, England. agement of these animals, including sheep dogs, Ozbenian says. With a population today of just over However, Ozbenian also believes 35,000, the community is said to be the media coverage often sensa- place where King Edmunds was slain by tionalizes human-wildlife Danes in the ninth century. According to interactions, most notably legend, a wolf guarded the ruler’s decapi- with wolves, and that this tated head, howling to lead supporters portrayal leads to behav- of the king to the site. (See more about ior such as hailing wolf this legend and the role of the wolf in hunters as heroes and dis- British place names in the winter 2014 regard for the suffering of issue of IW). Today, the art venture is wolves. She recently dis- celebrated by the business community covered the selling of as a tourism initiative, with social media wolf ovaries on buy-sell heralding the development of the vari- websites in Armenia, ous pieces—20 of them life-sized—and with the claim that their placement. Stained glass, willow they help with human and plastic milk bottles are some of the infertility. It is said if materials that are helping to create the the animal was alive “Wolf Trail” exhibit installed in the com- when the ovaries were munity in July, to be taken down on St. removed, treatment Edmunds Day, November 20. will be more effective. If it can be proven that FRANCE this was the case (for An “anti-wolf brigade” will instance by videotaping protect livestock amid concerns the removal) the ovaries that attacks are on the rise as the preda- can sell for up to 95,000 tors colonize new parts of the country. AMD (around $200 U.S. The Telegraph newspaper reported in or 180 Euros). July that 10 hunters will be trained and Bears, on the other hand, posted with livestock breeders suffering are not vilified, and though still repeated attacks. About 8,500 sheep seen as a threat to farmers, they have been killed by wolves in France are actually a protected species. in the last 12 months. n However, they are still poached for meat and trapped to be kept as Tracy O’Connell is associate professor entertainment. International Wolf Center International Wolf emeritus of marketing communications at the University of Wisconsin-River Falls and a member of the International Wolf Center’s communications and magazine committees.

20 Winter 2015 www.wolf.org Kira Cassidy by KiraA. Cassidy An encounteronEllesmereIsland Locking EyeswithaLifelongDream International Wolf tion tocollectingrigorous dataonpup other places wolves are studied. In addi in behavior nearlyimpossibleto discern each summer, nuanced Daveobserved Traveling totheislandforafewweeks studied byDr. L.DavidMechsince 1986. have nofearofhumansandbeen its arctic wolves—wolves that seem to wildlife circles theislandisknownfor Pole thanitistotheArctic Circle. In ince ofNunavutandclosertotheNorth T gaze ofawildwolflessthan15feetaway. Thedarkbrown ofhisirissurprises of lodgepolepines.InsteadIseeicebergs andmuskoxtinytundraflowers, bubbling thermalmudpot.ButI’mnotinYellowstone NationalPark,Iremind myself, where mostwolveshaveanintense,goldenstare. Andthereflections I seeinhiseyesare notOldFaithfulandelk,valleysofsagebrushmiles It’s afewminutesaftermidnight,thesunisshiningoverhead andImeetthe of the northernmost Canadianof the prov northernmost hat placeisEllesmere Island—part me—it matchestherichfurofabullbison,barkDouglasfir, a and Iseemyself—inaplaceneverimaginedbeing. - - gressively smaller plane.Thelastflight flights overthree days,eachonapro- an adventure initself; travel took five a packofwild,arct ic wolves. 2014 withSilverbackFilms, livingwith and the reason I spent thesummer of program,for itslatestnaturalhistory decision totravelEllesmere Island vations were thecatalystfor theBBC and arctic hares. Thoseintimateobser to record the wolves hunting muskox care and development, Dave was able Just gettingtoEllesmere Islandwas - was in the workhorse of the tundra, a was intheworkhorseoftundra,a Foshiem Peninsula for a wolf den. Once Foshiem Peninsulaforawolfden.Once spent severaldayssearching Ellesmere’s denning andpup-rearing behavior, we not only wolves hunting, but also their aiming forthedirtrunway. circled over the Eureka Weather Station, as theOtterbroke outofthecloudsand gear, I had my first glimpse of Ellesmere of food,fuel,andcampingcamera of gear. Pressed betweencontainersfull of us,andalsoour2000-pluspounds dozen people,thisonecarriedonlytwo Twin Otter. abouta Capableofcarrying not stopuntilhewas15feetaway. travel calmly in our direction. He did he hadseeninhislife, andstartedto He spottedus,perhaps theonlyhumans watch from afarwasthebreeding male. glued toourbinoculars.Notcontent about 500metersaway, wesatwitheyes ranean charges. Contenttowatchfrom before goingbacktotendhersubter ing female,comingaboveground briefly at thedenarea andathird, thebreed- den andcamp,wecouldseetwowolves to. Aswecrested thehillbetween decided toseewhatthewolveswere up and we were too excited to sleep, so we moved from itsoverhead position— midnight—although thesunhadn’t inches belowthesurface.Itwasalmost den area, allontopofpermafrost just12 tentoverlookingthe small observation included sleepingtents,acooktentand took quiteabitofset-up,asourcamp ter (.62miles)away. Thefirstevening out into thetundra about akilome a denwaslocated,wemovedourcamp Because Silverback’s goalwastofilm Winter 2015 - -

21 Dean Cluff He is now close enough for me to see his teeth, his toes, his eyes. He seems And I took my guard-duty seriously. somewhat confused by us, but sniffs to put the pieces of this day together. He Working in 12-hour shifts, the three Silverback crew members—Producer can smell all kinds of things, surely: the dinner we just cooked, the laundry Jonnie Hughes, cameramen Mark Smith detergent I use, spiking levels of dopamine from excitement. We look into each and Kieran O’Donovan—and I took other’s eyes, his brown ones with curiosity, my green ones—some of the only turns watching the den. Eventually we green on the tundra in early summer—with awe. He yawns and eventually saw two tiny pups emerge, followed by a third a day later. Far younger than beds about 20 meters away, facing back to the den, as if we are now recruited any wolf pups I’d observed before, they into his cadre assigned to den guard-duty. could barely walk; they rather crawled around the entrance of the den. Their mother, now accustomed to our presence, nursed and cleaned them while we watched. Whenever the adults left the den to hunt we would split into pairs—two of us following the wolves on ATVs and two staying near the den to film the pups. Like a well-practiced fire drill, we were on ATVs following the wolves within five minutes of the wolves’ decision to leave. Sometimes, sitting on the ATVs, we were tricked by a false start as the pack decided the timing wasn’t quite right and promptly went back to sleep. Our bipedal figures did not seem to worry the wolves, nor did our machinery; they went about hunting as normal even with ATVs following in their wake. The pack hunted mostly arctic hares and leverets (juvenile arctic hares). Eventually the breeding female joined the other four adults on hunting forays, leaving the pups at the den alone except for their invariably watchful human neighbors. As the pups grew they became

Kira Cassidy more coordinated, running and playing Kira Cassidy

22 Winter 2015 www.wolf.org Kira Cassidy

with each other, though rarely venturing Kira Cassidy more than 100 meters from the den. The adults regularly visited our camp, sniff- ing the radio support cords, inspecting gear, once even stealing a sock from my tent guyline. I was able to retrieve the sock after following the beta female as As I locked eyes with a wild, arctic wolf that first she jauntily carried it away, continually to weaning. Every 18.5 sunny night, I saw not only a glimpse of his ancient, glancing over her shoulder. Such inter- hours the leverets would canine mind. I saw myself and everything that had actions made it easy to understand how appear from their hiding humans and wolves formed a partnership places and gather around led up to that moment—time spent driving the tens of thousands of years ago, learning the same, agreed-upon Yellowstone park roads, listening for radio signals to understand each other like no other large rock. Their mother or looking through a spotting scope at a new litter two species on the planet. would come from over of Druid pups; a time when the arctic fascinated me In addition to the wolves, we often a mile away and nurse watched herds of muskox travel through for less than one minute to the degree that I would say it haunted me; a time camp, their shaggy coats shedding in before leaving again— when I would tell friends that if I planned a trip to long strands that were pushed along likely a strategy for keep- Alaska, or anywhere else I considered arctic, my the ground by the wind and snagged ing predatory attention return ticket would likely not be used. I saw even by arctic willows—the only “tree” spe- away from her young cies on Ellesmere, growing less than ones. Feeling frisky after further back, to myself as a child, when every book two inches tall. a good meal, the lever- checked out of the library had an animal on the cover ets would run and jump and every school project involved wildlife issues. around for a few minutes, over my boots and tripod, even into So while I’m happy to be home in our tents, before going back to hiding. Yellowstone with its abundant wildlife, Just as we watched the leverets grow, thermal features and dramatic moun- we watched the wolf pups progress tains, when I was fixed by an arctic from tiny, brown, crawling creatures to wolf’s stare, I knew, at that moment, creamy-tan, agile wolf pups—two more there was absolutely nowhere else I curious and exploratory than the third, would rather be. n

Kira Cassidy but all three healthy and well-attended by the adults. After six weeks living on Kira Cassidy is a research associate The arctic hares were a delightful sur- the tundra, watching and following that with the Yellowstone Wolf Project, where prise, as the 12-pound adults often stood pack of wild, arctic wolves, travelling, she started as a volunteer in 2007 and and ran comically on their hind legs. The eating and sleeping on their schedule, today specializes in wolf aggression and behavior. She completed her Master’s leverets were a constant presence around it was time to head home. I’d had an degree at the University of Minnesota, camp; I watched one litter from birth experience like no other and felt incred- studying wolf territoriality under ibly lucky. Dr. L. David Mech.

International Wolf Winter 2015 23 the Central and Southern Apennines. All’s Well that Ends Well? By no surprise, those numbers Wolf Recovery and Conservation in Italy prompted the most dramatic conservation campaign ever witnessed in Italy. World Wildlife Federation International By Paolo Ciucci launched the “Saint Francis and the Wolf” campaign, tapping into the devo- n 1984, when I started as a student out by Luigi Boitani and Eric Zimen in tion of millions of Italians for the famous doing research on wolves in Abruzzo, the early 1970s, depicted some 100- saint, even though they hardly knew the species had been legally protected to-110 wolves living at low densities I what un lupo—a wolf—was. The wolf in Italy for about a decade. The first-ever in just ten isolated, recluse mountain immediately became the iconic symbol nationwide census of the species, carried refuges scattered in limited portions of of endangered species, and a poster featuring a wolf pack and the “Extinction is Forever” message (left) sold by the thousands. The species attained legal protection in Italy and increasingly enjoyed the restoration of critical habitat, a pro- liferation of protected areas and most importantly, the reintroduction of their native wild prey, such as roe deer, red deer and wild boars. In fact, in addition to direct persecution, one of the main problems wolves had historically faced in Italy was the total eradication of wild prey due to the utter and persistent lack of science-based game management.

Photo courtesy Paolo Ciucci Unbelievable as it seems, this was still occurring in Italy into the early 1980s. One might wonder how on earth preda- GERMANY tors like wolves have managed to survive in a prey-depleted country. While our SWITZ. AUSTRIA friends and colleagues, the wolf biologists FRANCE of North America, were keeping busy SLOVENIA A l p s studying wolf-prey dynamics and the ITALY ecological role of wolves in pristine eco- CROATIA

A p p e n BOSNIA n Firenze i n e s

Rome Wolf Range ~1970

Wolf Range 2010

24 Winter 2015 www.wolf.org systems, we and our beloved Earthwatch wolves in many areas are thriving almost tural landscapes are clearly different volunteers were tracking Italian wolves exclusively on wild prey. from ecological ones in terms of wolf at dumpsites located on the outskirts of Although in a country with 202 peo- recovery. That’s why I think that it was mountain villages. We were interested in ple per square km (523 per square mile) paradoxically much easier (and more how many dumpsites they would visit we cannot expect wolves to play the same romantic) to save wolves from extinction in one night, how long they fed there ecological role as in the Yellowstone in the 1970s than it will be to manage and what they were eating. or the Canadian wilderness, this is a their functional co-existence with, and Once in a while, wolves would kill a remarkable conservation achievement. In enhanced acceptance by, humans in the sheep or two to supplement their diet, a recent research project we conducted years ahead. n but local shepherds knew their ways so in the historical Abruzzo National Park, wild boar, red deer and roe deer constituted the staples of the wolf diet, supporting a relatively Paolo Ciucci high density of more than five wolves per 100 square km (13 per 100 square miles)—and a few packs reached 9-to-11 members in early winter. This Photo courtesy Paolo Ciucci pack size was simply unimagi- well, and the livestock-guarding dogs nable back in the dumpsite era, were trained so properly, that depreda- when pack members were lim- tions were tolerated as rare, acciden- ited to the breeding pair and tal events. one or two of their current- I felt uneasy tracking wolves at those year pups. dumpsites. Not only were the dumps The dark side of the story filthy and constantly burning, but that concurrently shows that nation- foraging behavior hardly matched my wide, an estimated 15-to-20 ideal of wolves—or the work of a wolf percent of all wolves are being biologist. Very few of us were aware at illegally or accidentally killed that time that the dumpsites were an each year by humans, and the unrecognized source of supplemen- lack of law enforcement or pre- tal feeding for wolves on the verge of vention is a clear indication that extinction. this level of human-caused mor- As it turned out, things ended well. tality is being tacitly accepted In the early 1990s I would be studying by public authorities—and by wolf predation patterns on wild ungu- an uninformed public, as well. lates in the Northern Apennines, an This is a crystal-clear, work- area where wolves had made their way ing example of laissez faire or back naturally, more than 40 years after benign neglect management David Sanders their eradication. Because of conserva- strategy. tion measures in the previous years, and Is it true then, in this case, due to the amazing travelling capability that all’s well that ends well? I would say The author, Paolo Ciucci, is a research of dispersing wolves, the species gradu- we are halfway there, currently facing scientist at the Department of Biology ally recolonized its historical range in similar wolf management problems that and Biotechnologies of the Sapienza the Apennines, eventually reaching the other countries in Europe and elsewhere University of Rome, Italy, where he also French Alps in 1992. Subsequently, they are experiencing with recovering wolf teaches courses in zoology and animal initiated the on-going, natural recoloni- populations. Caution is needed in inter- ecology. He earned a Master’s in Wildlife zation of the whole Alpine ecosystem, preting recent conservation successes Ecology and Conservation at the bringing wolves back to countries such with wolves in Italy, so we are ready to University of Minnesota in 1990 with Dr. L. David Mech and a Ph.D. in Animal as France, Switzerland and Germany, in adequately address future conservation Ecology at the University of Rome in places where wolves had been absent for challenges. 1994.He has been conducting research more than a century. Today, more than Wolf recovery in Italy occurred rela- on large carnivores in Italy and abroad 1,000 wolves live in Italy, and the popu- tively quickly—mostly due to wolves’ (U.S., Central African Republic, Jordan, lation in the Apennines is approaching marked ecological adaptability and Israel) and has authored several academic saturation levels throughout the spe- resilience—even in the absence of any and popular articles on the ecology and cies’ historical range. And importantly, proactive conservation strategy. But cul- conservation of wolves and brown bears.

International Wolf Winter 2015 25 Luna

mbassador wolf Luna is a Great Plains subspecies of the Gray wolf. Three-and-a-half years Aold, she is the only female in the exhibit pack at the interpretive center in Ely, Minnesota. Luna’s confidence shows around the three males in the pack. Every Saturday night, the ambassador wolves get a deer carcass to eat. While the other wolves are eating, Luna tries to steal the food. When a wolf possesses food, it’s theirs until they leave it or give it up to another wolf. But Luna has been observed trying to distract both Denali and Boltz as they are eating by approaching them and doing a playbow. Sometimes she will move closer to the feasting wolf and just lie down. Then the wolf will try to guard the carcass by showing Luna a lip curl to warn her to stay back. In response, Luna will casually look away, as if she is ignoring the feeding Kelly Godfrey wolf. When the feeding wolf moves a slight distance away from the food, Luna quickly darts in and takes the food. Other times, in order to claim other wolves’ food, Luna will distract them away or simply wait as long as she needs to until they finish.

Ignore: Guard: Foreleg Behavior: Playbow: Refuse to take To protect Stab: The way an animal A behavior used to invite notice of or desired objects To swat or stab or person acts in play with another wolf. acknowledge. from others. another wolf response to a The front legs are with the foreleg. particular stretched forward, the Distract: Lip Curl: response or chest is low to the To divert attention The curl up of a stimulus. ground and the rear from the original lip to reveal teeth. remains high in the air. focus or interest.

26 Winter 2015 www.wolf.org inter is the easiest time Wfor wolf tracking because in snow, the signs, including tracks, scent posts and scat are more visible. A wolf trail is only about 5-to-10 inches wide. Look at the photo on this page and notice the wolf tracks are quite direct and linear compared to domestic dog tracks, which wander in different directions. With wide paws and long Luna legs, a wolf is well-equipped to travel around its territory in the snow. Wolves mark their territory through different kinds of scent-post markings, including urination and scat. The dominant wolf will mark with raised-leg urination. This is done by lifting a hind leg and squirting on verti- cal objects like trees and shrubs. A non-dominant wolf will urinate by squatting with its legs spread and squirting on the ground (female) or standing and squirting directly under him (male). Wolf scat is often deposited along a trail or at the junction of two or more trails. Wolf scat will contain hair from the food the wolf ate. Scat color can vary from dark to light, depending on what parts Scent marking by a dominant wolf (above) of a carcass the wolf has eaten. The scat will be darker when it and non-dominant contains remains of organs and muscle. Scats are lighter when male wolf (right). they contain more hair and bones. n Photos: International Wolf Center Photos: International Wolf

PLBYAWO 5

REGONI 2

Double GURDA Puzzle 6 First: Unscramble each of TAISTCRD the clue words right using 3 the vocabulary words LPI LUCR (opposite page). 4

GOFRELE TABS 1 Then: Copy the letters in the numbered cells to the cells below with the matching number to reveal what all these words have in common! WOLF H V 1 2 3 4 5 6

International Wolf Winter 2015 27 f you have in your life a young reader who is fascinated by wolves, you Books about might want to consider a holiday gift that offers “The Call of the Wild.” Wolves for I Each book on the list was chosen based on its status as a classic, the reputation of the author or illustrator, or its appeal to young people. Together, Young People they cover a range of genres and audiences (from pre-school through young adult) and depict an array of wolves, from literary and folkloric wolves to more realistic or scientific representations of wolves. Books that feature literary wolves may contain misinformation—but sharing these stories with a young person by Debra Mitts-Smith creates opportunity for discussion about how literary and folkloric depictions of wolves differ from their real-world counterparts. Your holiday gift, at that point, becomes a lifelong gift of enlightenment about wolves and wilderness.

CLASSICS The Call of the Wild and Other Stories by Jack London. Penguin NONFICTION Classics, 1981. The Library of Wolves and Wild FRACTURED WOLF TALES– Julie of the Wolves by Jean Dogs: The Red Wolf by Fred H. PICTURE BOOKS Craighead George with pictures by Harrington, The Three Little Wolves and the Jon Schonherr. HarperTrophy: 1972. Rosen Publishing Group, 2002. Big Bad Pig by Helen Oxenbury with Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling with National Geographic Kids Mission: illustrations by Trivizia illustrations by Jerry Pinkney. New Wolf Rescue by Kitson Jazynka The True Story of the Three Little York: William Morrow and Co., 1995. with Daniel Raven-Ellison, National Pigs by Jon Scieska with illustrations Geographic Children’s Books, 2014 by Lane Smith FOLK AND FAIRY TALES Wild Dogs: Past & Present by Kelly Wolf Won’t Bite by Emily Gravett. Great Wolf and the Good Milner Hall. Darby Creek New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012. Woodsman by Helen Hoover Publishing, 2005. Wolfie the Bunnyby Anne Dyckman with woodcuts by Betsy Bowen. with illustrations by Zachariah Ohora. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota CONTEMPORARY FICTION New York: Little Brown and Co. 2015. Press, 2005. (readers age 9 to 14) Wolves by Emily Gravett. London: Little Red Riding Hood retold and Firstborn by Tor Seidler. New MacMillan, 2005. illustrated by Trina Schart Hyman. York: Atheneum Books for Young New York: Holiday House, 1983. Readers, 2015. PICTUREBOOKS—FICTION The Three Little Pigs retold and Old Wolf by Avi, illustrated by Brian Nutik, the Wolf Pup by Jean illustrated by Barry Moser. Boston: Floca. New York: Atheneum Books for Craighead George with illustrations Little, Brown and Co. 2001. Young Readers, 2015 by Ted Rand. HarperCollins, 2001. Peter and the Wolf retold and Summer of the Wolves by Polly The Wolves are Back by Jean illustrated by Chris Raschka. New Carlson-Voiles. Houghton Mifflin Craighead George with paintings by York: Atheneum Books for Young Books for Children, 2012. Wendell Minor. Dutton: 2008. Readers, 2008. Wolf Brother by Michelle Paver (the first the series Chronicles of Ancient Darkness). London: 2004. The book list was compiled and introduced by Debra Mitts-Smith, adjunct professor in library and information science at the University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign

28 Winter 2015 www.wolf.org Wolf Gifts from the Wolf Den Store Your purchases help support All proceedsthe from mission these items of the help keep our mission strong. International Wolf Center.

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