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4. Sustainable Land Use

4A. Present Situation

Land use within the city (this will provide important background information on the character of the city and is not an evaluation criterion itself) Year of Data Land Use Data Inner City Overall City Unit Provided Public Green Area 9,2 20,3 Private Green Area 0,3 0,4 (Urban) Agricultural Land 0,4 1,7 Blue 17,5 14,2 Residential 46,3 32,5 % 2016 Industrial/Economic 0 0,7 Mixed* * * Brownfield** 1,5 2,4 Other*** 25,2 29,4 Total 100 100 Year of Data Population Data Inner City Overall City Unit Provided Population density in built-up areas Inhabitants 2016 105 90 (city area minus green and blue) per ha Population density (inhabitants per Inhabitants 2016 93 145 hectare) for new developments per ha Percentage of people living within 300 2016 77 80 % m of green urban areas of any size Percentage of people living within 300 2016 72 76 % m of green urban areas of >5000 m2

* The Master Plan promotes mixing functions; therefore, the central and residential sectors are mixed- use areas. Over half of the territory is occupied by residential functions and consolidated green areas. Residential areas are compatible with the tertiary sector, facilities and compatible industry and micro- logistics.

***”Other” consists of facilities (healthcare, education, sports and culture) and technical infrastructure areas (gas, electricity, telecommunications and transportation, including Lisbon Airport). According to the Portuguese Land Use and Spatial Planning Law, (DL 80/2015, 14 May) facilities must be identified in Land Use Plans.

Green Urban Areas/Green Infrastructure

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[1] Green areas in Lisbon are embedded in a multi-task green infrastructure where a range of NBS actions work together towards a climate adaptation orientation. The city defines several scales of green structure resulting from the 2012 Ecological Structure in the Master Plan: - Lisbon Forest Park (1123 hectares) - City Scale Parks (>50 hectares) - Central City parks (10< x < 50 hectares) - Local Parks and Gardens (2< x < 10 hectares) - Local Gardens (7500m2< x < 2 hectares) - All types of green areas (< 7500m2 and non-organized) Small scale, green, intensive solutions are planned and have mostly been managed by the new Boroughs since 2014, in contrast to major areas organized in green corridors which support the principal ecological network. Thus, for the main parks NBS solutions such as woodlands, biodiversity meadows (16hectares underway), vineyards (3hectares), urban allotment gardens (16 designed areas) and several community gardens (170hectares total) all fit together under sustainable green structure management for a Southern European climate. Lisbon has an 80-year-old human planted forest park of 1123 hectares which, among other forest areas, is part of an extensive woodland scheme.

Figure 1 - Lisbon Forest Park - 1123 hectares [2]

Lisbon developed its green spaces in the 80’s mainly as facilities and the 90’s up to 2006 focused on continuity in the green structure. The last decade has seen strong diversification in green typologies based on the Southern European Climate, connecting the city in an ambitious “green plan”. This allows for green infrastructure development where continuity is supported by ecosystem services resulting in a range of climate adapted green solutions. Thus, nine green corridors were defined in 2012.

Two are completed while three are advanced 50% and a further three will be 75% completed

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by the end of this year, when the final corridor will be initiated. For monitoring the achievements a Local Biodiversity Action Plan(01) was approved in 2015 with 23 indicators, including green infrastructure ecological continuity.

[3] The recently approved Lisbon Climate Adaptation Plan strongly promotes the strategic importance of green infrastructure as a highly cost-effective mitigation to urban heat island effect, urban floods and water scarcity, among others service challenges. The EU OPPLA(02) community recently highlighted a Lisbon case study on NBS as well as the Green Surge project(03), in which other important services are mentioned, such as air pollution control, sport and health promotion, active mobility and local food production. ICLEI´s “spotlight”(04) on Lisbon as well as the report of Lisbon as Mentor City under the Mayor´s Adapt City Twinning(05) project were clear on the importance of the green infrastructure program in Lisbon within the framework of a pro-active water agenda, including water scarcity demands.

Figure 2 - Fast increase in green infrastructure implementation after 2008

[4] Lisbon is monitoring the quality of green areas on the REOT(10) (report of the Master Plan) including detailed data on ecological continuity, green typologies, increases in green areas,

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urban allotment gardens, among other initiatives.

Lisbon Biodiversity Action Plan(01) utilizes 23 indicators to monitor ecosystem quality according to the Nagoya Index, including the level of naturalization, connectivity, bird biodiversity, native flora, natural protection level, invasive flora control, soil permeability, CO2 caption index and a quality index related to visitor populations.

The FSC (Forest Stewartship Council(06) certification for the 1123 ha forest park was another achievement of high standards of quality since 2016 at the same time the National Laboratory monitors the soil and water quality(07) in several urban allotment gardens with good results.

[5] In 2013 Lisbon approved the Pedestrian Accessibility Plan(08), a multidisciplinary project that creates mandatory accessibility for all projects while using 3% of the annual budget to improve accessibility directly.

Lisbon Green Structure pathways is one of many projects that are 100% accessible promoting 6 accessibility bicycle and pedestrian bridges since 2008 to overcome severe physical barriers such as railways and roads. The reduction of physical barriers in the city is advancing at an impressively high rate and at the same time green corridors are increasingly reaching more people. 80% of the residents are now 300m or less from a green area.

Sustainable Land Use

[1] Lisbon was the first capital in Europe to sign the New Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy. In 2008 the Municipality approved Green Plan Preventive Measures, later achieved in the 2012 Master Plan(09) (ISOCARP Award for Excellence 2013), defining the most sensitive ecological areas for preservation and promoting ecological sustainability, biodiversity and quality of green public space through green corridors, NBS drainage systems, pedestrian and bicycle paths and increasing permeable areas.

According to the 7th EAP strategies for sustainable urban planning and design, the City Council Governing Program (2013-2017) reflects the will of creating a “Lisbon for people”.

It also follows the vision of a Green Infrastructure Program(11) based on 9 green corridors to expand green areas by 20%, “A square in each neighborhood” program(12) is ongoing

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renovating public spaces for pedestrians and cyclists.

Figure 3 - Systemic public space renovation for pedestrians. Growth of local green structure (thousands new trees planted)

[2] The 2012 Master Plan sets the goals for land use renewal. In addition to a functional classification, a Master Plan Execution and Financing Program(14) are in force. All city land is programmed, according to the city strategy for the city and present and future needs.

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Map1 - Lisbon´s rapid green infrastructure evolution 2008-2017 (orange areas)

Since the 1950s, the city center population has declined while the periphery has grown. In order to avoid population, decline and increase efficiency, two of the seven goals of the Master Plan are “Attract more people” and “Attract more companies and jobs”. Through a Strategic Local Housing Program(29) (PLH), several other operational programs are planned. The program for Priority Investment in Urban Rehabilitation(15) has been a great success. The Energy and Environmental Strategy guiding principles integrate concerns regarding Lisbon’s Climate Adaptation Plan(13).

[3] Lisbon recently regenerated approximately 409ha of brownfields and 286ha more are in process. Over the last 5 years, six areas (53ha) have been regenerated and a museum, an arts centre, an energy company HQ (EDP Arts Centre and Headquarters), a new cruise terminal and two public waterfront spaces have been built(17)(18).

[4]

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The Land Management Situation Report (REOT) identified 38% of the city as a permeable area.

[5] The Urban Allotment Garden (UAG) Program(16) started in 2011 currently has 8,2 hectares with 650 plots in 16 parks which are open to local families. This is only part of the total 125,9 hectares dedicated to urban agriculture in Lisbon. Although renovation of the local markets and partnerships with local producers is ongoing, UAGs in Lisbon have been designed for social inclusion and self-consumption by the owners within the framework of a social participative and biodiverse green infrastructure. The food supply is provided at a metropolitan scale.

Figure 4 - The Urban Allotment Garden Program contributes actively to growth of a modern, socially inclusive GI

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Map 2 – Overview Map Land Use

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Map 3 – Green Infrastructure with the blue lines indicating the major green corridors in implementation

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Map 4 - Brownfield sites (derelict-zones) regenerated in the past ten years and brownfield sites not redeveloped yet

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4B. Past Performance

Green Urban Areas/Green Infrastructure (GI)

[1] Lisbon Green Infrastructure has been designed as an adaptive climate solution to hot and dry summers and water scarcity events, in contrast to concentrated rain in autumn and winter, leading to more frequent urban flood events. Since 2008 green areas have grown rapidly with 200 hectares of new green areas created along nine green corridors, following the 2012 master plan, facilitating ecological continuity and connection to the metropolitan area. It is extremely important to highlight that the assumption of a climate adapted green infrastructure has been crucial in allowing high rates of implementation, in choosing from extensive and mixed typologies where biodiversity and natural capital play a key role in the resilience of ecosystems. This has also enabled rapid implementation of new green initiatives, allowing Lisbon to create lush diverse green infrastructure where woodlands, biodiversity meadows and urban allotment gardens work together with recreational and local parks. At the same time, strict urban rules have saved green interior backyards from soil sealing since 2012 while green infrastructure supports NBS rainwater solutions in nine locations for flood control.

Figure 5 - CHA-Biodiversity increase were main targets to build GI where countryside typologies are used inner city

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[2] A dynamic policy attracting visitors to the green structure has been put in practice over recent years, based on four central pillars: - Municipal investment creating new green or renovating existing parks and gardens enhancing proximity, improving active mobility by foot or bicycle and improving access; - Partnerships with private companies or public institutions for the renovation of parks and gardens, namely abandoned heritage to attract visitors or to manage green areas, including community urban farming and sport or cultural activities; - Public contracts for the renovation and exploitation of attractive coffee points (“quiosques”) in several parks and gardens; - The Urban Allotment Garden (UAG) Program created local citizenship networks, improving security and awareness(16).

Exceeding green minimums in public green courtyards, namely with green roofs, is financially promoted with tax deductions.

[3] There has been a dramatically positive change in the quality of urban areas, first of all because the green corridors connected isolated green area, making them more attractive and easily accessible by walking or cycling. Parks and gardens have been enriched with a network of equipment screened off from children’s equipment. The creation from scratch of the first cycle network, between 2008 and 2014, connecting the green structure and including several bicycle and pedestrian bridges over urban barriers, has lead to a considerable increase in cyclists and park visitors. Parallel to this, the installation in the last six years of open gyms is another quality indicator. Lisbon is now finalist to become European Sport Capital 2021.

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Figure 6 - Overlapping with the GI to bicycle and pedestrian network creating continuity and increase mobility

[4]

The Participative Budget Project(19) was created in 2008 reaching 2,5M.EUR/Year to be decided by citizens through open voting proposals, from which several green infrastructure projects were born. The initiative has been highly successful due to an increasingly number of projects proposed. In the recent edition of 2017, the municipality agreed to change the initial idea of transforming a local car park into a green park was passed by more than 10.000 votes. In the 2015 edition, the implementation of a fruit orchard was decided by the citizens.

“BIP-ZIP”(20) Another instrument participative decision “BIP-ZIP” has been running since 2012 involving the population in local projects in municipal neighborhoods and has included several environmental green projects. All the public projects are presented in open forum and it is common to change and adapt solutions according to participation in the workshops.

Sustainable Land Use

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[1]

The first green corridor (connecting Lisbon Forest Park to Eduardo VII Park, the main central park) was implemented in 2012, reinventing a landscape of unused plots, along the urban fabric.

Figure 7 - First Green Corridor opened in 2012, connects Forest Park with the main park in the center

Ribeira das Naus, Cais do Sodré and Campo das Cebolas(21) are new squares and waterfront promenades in the central area of the city. The regeneration of Ribeira das Naus, once a disused landscape into a modern largely pedestrianized public space includes the recreation of an old dock, a wide river walk, a large green space and a pedestrian path along the riverfront, linking other public spaces.

Chelas Urban Allotment Garden, with 15ha is the largest designed UAG in Europe, 6.5ha of plots of 150m2 each located in a once derelict area in the centre of an area of social deprivation.

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Figure 8 - Waterfront regeneration transformed the city in the last years (Cais Sodré, Campo Cebolas, Cruise Terminal)

[2]

In 2009 Lisbon City and Lisbon Harbour Authority (APL) celebrated a protocol that transfers disabled port areas to the public domain(17), consolidating a new vision for the transformation of port areas, starting an important process of transformation on the riverfront. (see brownfield map).

Since 2009, 16 urban allotment gardens (designed parks) and several community gardens have been implemented. The City council offers fences, collective shelters, water for irrigation and organic farming skills. The Municipality also promotes educational programs and training courses for all.

Lisbon´s UAGs were highlighted in COST action TU1201(22) as well as good practices under the Covenant of Mayors(23).

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Figure 9 - 16 Urban Allotment Gardens created a new “green layer” in the city since 2011

Municipality and local partners are cooperating on a Local Housing Program (PLH) under the concept “Public Space as Space of Social Cohesion.” After the identification of weak areas, the residents and users are invited to define new public spaces. They are also involved in their management and enjoyment so they can enter into a committed relationship with the new spaces.

The MAAT (Art, Architecture and Technology Museum) is a new museum next to the former museum of electricity opened by the EDP Foundation for the city of Lisbon. It offers a varied cultural program and facilities. The two buildings are joined by a garden that offers an outstand space with free circulation, on the riverside.

[3] With the purpose of limiting and compensating soil sealing, the Master Plan and Sector Plans establish rules applicable to the maintenance of permeable areas in all new developments. A "Green Permeable Surface (SVP)" formula was created to safeguard permeable areas. All new private buildings located in central and residential areas (counted as soil sealed areas in REOT) have to safeguard permeable areas inside the plot.

In order to compensate for the sealed area resulting from building with impermeable

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materials, measures to improve collection, re-use, retention and subsequent infiltration of rainwater, are being taken.

[4] Lisbon invested strongly in the updated Master Plan of 2012 allowing for the creation of a critical change in the green approach. Under this, intensive scale plans have been developed regarding sustainable land use. Five documents in particular have been developed to reinforce the quality of the green areas: - Drainage Master Plan, a 170M€ strategy regarding climate adaptation solutions to solve rainwater and flash floods and where NBS solutions to green areas are ongoing in the green infrastructure in nine priority areas; - Climate Adaptation Strategy, resulting in specific tasks for the planning process, enhancing the importance of saving ecologically sensitive areas from urbanization; - Biodiversity Local Action Plan, including performance tasks for ecosystem services in the city(01)(25); - Normative tree management (ongoing), creating solid best practice guidelines for forests and trees ; - Lisbon Forest Park(24) (1123ha) sustainable management plan resulting in the base document towards the sustainable forest certification of the park in 2016.

4C. Future Plans

[1] Lisbon intends to continue its rapid progress in developing new green areas, targeting 20% more land than in 2012 (+400ha) throughout the nine green corridors. Simultaneously, the target is to raise the resilience of the green infrastructure to heat waves resulting from climate change, flash floods and water scarcity. Thus, the Biodiversity Action Plan, based on NBS tasks, to improve ecosystem is going to be a key factor ahead. Main Parks will benefit from investment to increase resilience such as “Parque Eduardo VII” Park with NBS drainage systems replacing pipe solutions and an extra 16ha of rainfed biodiverse meadows(25) installed to prevent using water for lawns. Some animal grazing will be opened up in the largest parks as an efficiency carbon closing cycle measure.

Reducing maintenance intensity over some main low human cargo green corridors is a key factor to save potable water. In local gardens the focus will be on continuing to increase the

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efficiency of the irrigation system while at the same time an innovative urban recycled water system will reach 25% of the green structure in 4 years. Small local gardens will be constructed in the neighborhoods, more UAGs are going to be installed as sustainable and inclusive solutions and a 3.0ha urban farm will be launched as a startup for small organic farming entrepreneurship. 80.000 new trees will be planted until 2021 in roads and streets to reduce heat.

Figure 10 - Several NBS solutions are predicted or underway regarding sustainable and climate adapted green structure (01 to 09 – rainwater solutions; A – Rainfed biodiverse meadows)

[2] The finalization of the green corridors will create a global green continuity, connected by more than 4 bicycle and pedestrian bridges by 2020. “Alcântara-Valley” Green Corridor(26), a

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5M.EUR investment, will also connect several neighborhoods by foot and bicycle divided by railways and roads. Several new parks and UAGs in the Peripheral Green Corridor will reduce the natural lack in high density neighborhoods and improve social inclusion.

Replacing irrigated lawns with water-free meadows will improve soil quality and strongly increase CO2/NO2 incorporation, biodiversity as well as rainwater retention capacity. Important NBS retention basins will reduce floods in the “New Amusement Park”, “Praça- Espanha” Park, “Alto-Ajuda” Park and “Vale- Ameixoeira” Park.

All this urban greenery brings about considerable economic impacts due to energy efficiency to neighborhoods as well as improving air quality standards, reducing rainwater pressure over the system and contributing to social inclusion through the UAGs.

The immediate economic benefit for the administration is the sustainability of the green structure based on low cost economical solutions resulting in low budget maintenance costs.

[3] According to the Master Plan, all land is programmed, including the Green Infrastructure. Eastern Green Corridor(27) which is an in depth regeneration of unused and former industrial areas in a depressed areas, involving demolition of dwellings and industries and the transformation of road and railway infrastructure partially based on NBS solutions.

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Figure 11 - Eastern Green Corridor (Corredor Verde Oriental) – 2nd Scenario

Alcântara Valley will regenerate a former industrial area, creating a new green corridor(26) in the Valley linking the Forest Park and the Tagus Estuary, experiencing recycled water and solutions to flood problems.

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Figure 12 - “Alcântara-Valley” Green Corridor will be concluded until 2020, include NBS solutions to rainwater as well as experience irrigation with recycled water from the close wastewater plant

North Peripheral Green Corridor connecting Forest Park with the Metropolitan Area will be consolidated with a new 10 hectares “Amusement Park” currently over derelict land, whose concept takes into account NBS solutions to water, flora and sound control. The “Vale Forno” 25ha wasteland will be reconverted into a public park in the same way while most of the brownfields along the riverside have already undergone regeneration.

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Figure 13 - Future “Amusement Park” concept of a green park where NBS rainwater solutions play a key role in the landscape design

An International Public Landscape Tender for “Praça de Espanha”(28) which is currently a disjointed and disconnected road node is underway. A large park will result from a considerable de-paving program.

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Figure 14 - Praça de Espanha Park – Present situation and future proposal

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[4] The Master Plan includes a financial program and is aligned with the municipal budget overview.

Several parks, green paths and pedestrian bridges are supported by public and private companies, some of them based either by public environmental and social responsibilities or by private investors as urban compensations.

A 170M.EUR Drainage Plan, partially financed from EIB, utilizes climate adaptation solutions to flash floods including nine locations with NBS;

Since 2008, Participative Budget(19)-2,5M.EUR/year gives citizens an opportunity to participate in the decision making process.

[5] Lisbon´s Biodiversity Local Action Plan approved in 2015 utilizes 23 indicators to monitor ecosystem quality according to the Nagoya Index and is linked with the REOT(10) (report of the Master Plan-Land Management Situation Report) that globally monitors the land use planning of the city, including providing data to a System of Management Planning and Assistance (SGPI) for better management.

The FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) has certified the Lisbon Forest Park since 2016 while the National Laboratory monitors the soil and water quality in several urban allotment gardens.

[6] Lisbon Forest Park(24) will be tested as a higher level of protection as a Natural Protected Area. Enhancing ecological connections to the Metropolitan Area is a priority, in particular taking advantage of the “Tejo River Natural Reserve” (RAMSAR protected wetlands and Nature-2000 area, partially within Lisbon borders).

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4D. References

01- http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/viver/ambiente/biodiversidade/plano-de-acao-local 02- http://www.oppla.eu/lisbon-nature-based-solutions-nbs-enhancing-resilience-through- urban-regeneration 03- http://greensurge.eu/products/case-studies/Case_Study_Portrait_Lisbon.pdf 04- http://www.iclei-europe.org/members/member-in-the-spotlight/archive/lisbon/ 05- http://mayors-adapt.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/MA-Twinning-report-Lisbon- Florence.pdf 06- https://pt.fsc.org/pt-pt/parque-florestal-do-monsanto-com-certificacao-fsc 07- http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/fileadmin/VIVER/Ambiente/LNEC-CML-estudo-hortas- poluentes.pdf 08- http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/viver/mobilidade/acessibilidade-pedonal/plano-de- acessibilidade-pedonal 09- http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/viver/urbanismo/planeamento-urbano/plano-diretor-municipal http://isocarp.org/?id=1697 10- http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/viver/urbanismo/planeamento-urbano/relatorio-do-estado-do- ordenamento-do-territorio 11- http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/viver/ambiente/corredores-verdes 12- http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/viver/urbanismo/espaco-publico/uma-praca-em-cada-bairro 13- http://climadapt-local.pt/ 14- http://www.cm- lisboa.pt/fileadmin/VIVER/Urbanismo/urbanismo/planeamento/pdm/novo0ut2013/ea/Pr ograma_de_Execucao_e_Plano_de_Financiamento.pdf 15- http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/viver/urbanismo/reabilitacao-urbana 16- http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/viver/ambiente/parques-horticolas-municipais 17- http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/viver/urbanismo/planeamento-urbano/documentos- prospetivos/transferencia-das-areas-sem-utilizacao-portuaria-para-o-dominio-publico-do- municipio-de-lisboa 18- http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/viver/urbanismo/planeamento-urbano/documentos- prospetivos/documento-estrategico-de-monitorizacao-da-zona-ribeirinha-oriental 19- https://op.lisboaparticipa.pt/home

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20- http://bipzip.cm-lisboa.pt/ 21- http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/viver/urbanismo/espaco-publico/projetos-frente-ribeirinha 22- http://www.cost.eu/COST_Actions/tud/TU1201 23- http://www.covenantofmayors.eu/IMG/pdf/CovenantOfMayors_BestPracticePublication_web .pdf 24- http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/viver/ambiente/parque-florestal-de-monsanto 25- http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/viver/ambiente/biodiversidade/prados-biodiversos 26- https://vimeo.com/185455304 27- http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/viver/urbanismo/concursos/concurso-internacional-para- concecao-para-elaboracao-do-projeto-do-parque-ribeirinho-oriente 28- http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/viver/urbanismo/concursos/concurso-publico-de-concecao-para- elaboracao-do-projeto-do-parque-urbano-da-praca-de-espanha 29- http://habitacao.cm-lisboa.pt/index.htm?no=4010001