District Council

2017 Air Quality Annual Status Report (ASR)

In fulfilment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management

August, 2017

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Council

Local Authority Claire Jaggard Officer Department Public Health Epping Forest District Council Civic Offices Address High Street Epping Forest District Council CM16 4BZ Telephone 01992 564237

E-mail [email protected] Report Reference WK/201714412 number Date August, 2017

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Epping Forest District Council

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area Air Quality in Epping Forest District

Air pollution is associated with a number of adverse health impacts. It is recognised as a contributing factor in the onset of heart disease and cancer. Additionally, air pollution particularly affects the most vulnerable in society: children and older people, and those with heart and lung conditions. There is also often a strong correlation with equalities issues, because areas with poor air quality are also often the less affluent areas1,2. The annual health cost to society of the impacts of particulate matter alone in the UK is estimated to be around £16 billion3.

The Council continues to monitor air quality across the district, using nitrogen dioxide as the key air quality indicator. The air quality in the district is reasonably good with only small pockets of increased concentrations of vehicle emissions related pollutants, limited to congested high street areas and busy junctions. The results for 2016 indicate a slight upward trend in nitrogen dioxide concentrations. It is not clear if this increase is attributable to an actual decline in air quality, or whether this is due to meteorological conditions during the year. The Council retains one small AQMA near the Bell Common junction, which remains above the 40µg/m3 objective concentration, although those measured during 2016 indicate that the hourly average objective concentration may not be exceeded. For details of the AQMA, see: http://www.essexair.org.uk/AQInEssex/LA/EppingForest.aspx?View=aqma

No new significant sources of emissions were identified for consideration, nor were any new AQMAs declared. The Council continues to work with our partners including and the Environment Agency on environmental protection and air quality matters.

Actions to Improve Air Quality

Because the single largest influence on air quality in the District is the motor car, the Council is generally reliant on national strategies and vehicle emissions regulations for the improvement of air quality.

1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status and respiratory health, 2010 2 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis, 2006 3 Defra. Abatement cost guidance for valuing changes in air quality, May 2013

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 i Epping Forest District Council

The Council is currently reviewing its Action Plan with a view to introducing a new range of measures aimed at reducing concentrations of pollutants, both within the AQMA and across the district. Measures will be aimed at developing appropriate infrastructure to support the anticipated increased uptake in electric and hybrid vehicles, as well as promoting sustainable transport choices from both local businesses and residents.

Conclusions and Priorities

The results from monitoring undertaken in 2016 show that air quality continues to be an issue in Bell Common Epping, due to the amount of road traffic using the B1393. Whilst the concentration here remains above the annual mean objective, it does suggest that the hourly mean objective would not be exceeded. No other exceedances were identified where relevant receptors were present.

Particular challenges include the ageing bus fleet which provides essentially a rural transport service where the transport network ends. This also means that the motor car remains the first transport choice.

At present local priorities are aimed at the overall improvement of air quality via a variety of means, including non-specific but health-related activities, raising awareness at the local level and changing habits. A more targeted focus will be developed within the new Action Plan.

Local Engagement and How to get Involved

Get involved – it’s easy! Ride your bike, walk or scoot to work, walk your children to school. Make it fun!

If you must use your car and you are waiting for others or find yourself stuck in traffic, turn your engine off! As well as wasting money and polluting the environment, idling is illegal.

The Essex Air Web site can provide you with useful information which may help you get out and about, see: http://www.essexair.org.uk/

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 ii Epping Forest District Council Table of Contents

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area ...... i Air Quality in Epping Forest District Council ...... i Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... i Conclusions and Priorities ...... ii Local Engagement and How to get Involved ...... ii 1 Local Air Quality Management ...... 1 2 Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... 2 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas ...... 2 2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Epping Forest District Council ...... 4

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations...... 8 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance ...... 9 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken ...... 9 3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 9 3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites...... 9 3.2 Individual Pollutants ...... 9

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)...... 9

3.2.2 Particulate Matter (PM10) ...... 10

3.2.3 Particulate Matter (PM2.5) ...... 10

3.2.4 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) ...... 10 Appendix A: Monitoring Results ...... 11 Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2016 ...... 22 Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC ...... 26 Appendix D: Maps of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs ...... 29 Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in ...... 35 Glossary of Terms ...... 36 References ...... 37

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 iii Epping Forest District Council

List of Tables Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas ...... 3 Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality ...... 7

List of Figures Figure A.1 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in the Bell Common Air Quality Management Area. Figure A.2 – Trend in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Epping. Figure A.3 - Trend in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in . Figure A.4 - Trend in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in .

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 iv Epping Forest District Council

1 Local Air Quality Management This report provides an overview of air quality in Epping Forest District during 2016. It fulfils the requirements of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995) and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents.

The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved. Where an exceedance is considered likely the local authority must declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives. This Annual Status Report (ASR) is an annual requirement showing the strategies employed by Epping Forest District Council to improve air quality and any progress that has been made.

The statutory air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England can be found in Table E.1 in Appendix E.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 1 Epping Forest District Council

2 Actions to Improve Air Quality 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas

Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) are declared when there is an exceedance or likely exceedance of an air quality objective. After declaration, the authority must prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) within 12-18 months setting out measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of compliance with the objectives.

A summary of AQMAs declared by Epping Forest District Council can be found in Table 2.1. Further information related to declared or revoked AQMAs, including maps of AQMA boundaries are available online at http://www.essexair.org.uk/AQInEssex/LA/EppingForest.aspx?View=aqma

Alternatively, see Appendix D: Maps of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs, which provides for maps of air quality monitoring locations in relation to the AQMA.

We do not propose any changes to the current AQMA at this time.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 2 Epping Forest District Council

Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas

Is air quality in Level of Exceedance (maximum the AQMA Pollutants monitored/modelled concentration at a influenced by Action Plan AQMA Date of and Air City / One Line location of relevant exposure) roads (inc. date of Name Declaration Quality Town Description controlled by publication) Objectives Highways At Declaration Now England? District-wide AQMA Nitrogen An area actions. Epping dioxide : 1- encompassing 2 Previous Declared Bell Forest st hour and properties at the 3 3 action plan 1 August Common, NO 68µg/m 46µg/m District Annual junction of Epping completed. 2010 Epping Council mean High Road and New plan No.2 Objectives Theydon Road. under development.

☒ Epping Forest District Council confirm the information on UK-Air regarding their AQMA is up to date

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 3 Epping Forest District Council

2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Epping Forest District

Defra’s appraisal of last year’s ASR acknowledged that the conclusions reached were acceptable for all sources and pollutants. It did however ask for further clarification in relation to the significant reduction in the nitrogen dioxide concentration measured in the AQMA. A review of records has revealed that the monitoring location was moved in 2015 to nearer the centre of the junction. Monitoring results obtained during 2015 and 2016 have shown that this location is not exposed to such elevated concentrations of nitrogen dioxide as the original site location on the façade of the nearest residential property. Monitoring at the original location on the façade of “Bell Vue” was resumed in January 2017. The results obtained from this location can be compared directly with objective levels and will enable us to clearly identify future improvements in air quality at this location.

Epping Forest District Council has taken forward a number of measures during the current reporting year of 2016 in pursuit of improving local air quality. Details of measures completed, in progress or previously planned are set out in Table 2.2.

The Epping Forest Air Quality Action Plan 2012 requires updating in order to take account of the current situation. Following a change in officer responsible for air quality, a revised Action Plan is in development which will provide renewed focus on improving air quality in the district, especially within the AQMA.

The Epping Forest Air Quality Action Plan 2012 identified measures to alter the traffic flow through the AQMA with a view to reducing concentrations of nitrogen dioxide:

 Reduction of HGV vehicles through the AQMA : not realistic to achieve this as it is a main route into London.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 4 Epping Forest District Council

 Improved traffic flow as a result of improved timings of the traffic lights : the Highways authority considered the traffic lights to be operating appropriately to enable optimum flow of traffic

 Improved traffic flow as a result of repositioning of right turn and improved signage at the junction : This option would require additional land to widen the carriageway.

 Improved traffic flow as a result of remodelling the junction to include a roundabout : This option would require additional land.

Epping Forest District Council’s priorities for the coming year are:

 Work in partnership with Essex County Council Highways Department and Epping Forest Conservators to develop a strategy for making improvements to the road junction at Bell Common and therefore achieve a reduction in nitrogen dioxide concentrations in the AQMA.

 Develop a comprehensive range of actions to incorporate into a revised Air Quality Action plan.

 Work with internal partners to ensure that appropriate measures are incorporated into new developments that will facilitate sustainable transport choices.

 Undertake a promotional campaign to address the issue of idling vehicles, and introduce enforcement within the district.

The principal challenges and barriers to implementation that Epping Forest District Council anticipates facing are:

 Availability of land adjacent to the Bell Common AQMA which would facilitate making adjustments to the road network and therefore improve traffic flow through the management area.

 Effective partnership working where interests and outcomes differ.

 Financial costs of implementing preferred options for measures to improve air quality.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 5 Epping Forest District Council

Progress on the following measures has been slower than expected due to a change in officer responsible for air quality. As a result, the post was vacant for a significant part of 2016 and this affected progress on measures to improve the local air quality.

Whilst the measures stated above and in Table 2.2 will help to contribute towards compliance, Epping Forest District Council anticipates that further additional measures not yet prescribed will be required in subsequent years to achieve compliance and enable the revocation of AQMA No.2 at Bell Common, Epping.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 6 Epping Forest District Council

Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality

Organisations Reduction in Estimated / Comments / Key Measure EU involved and Implementation Pollutant / Actual Barriers to Measure EU Category Planning Phase Performance Progress to Date No. Classification Funding Phase Emission Completion implementation Indicator Source from Measure Date Environment charges Applicable to Environmental Environmental through permit 100% inspection of the whole 1 Permitting EFDC N/A N/A 100% to date Ongoing Permits systems and inspection due district not just inspections economic the AQMA instruments Applicable to Updates to Public Via the the whole 2 Essex Air web Essex Air N/A N/A None Ongoing Ongoing information internet district not just site the AQMA Company Vehicle Applicable to Fleet vehicle Promoting Procurement - the whole 3 standards for Low Emission Prioritising EFDC 2017 TBC TBC Email exchanges TBC district not just CO Transport uptake of low 2 the AQMA emission vehicles

NB. Measures identified as completed in the 2016 ASR have been removed from this table. New Measures will be incorporated following the publication of the new Action Plan

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 7 Epping Forest District Council

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations

As detailed in Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16 (Chapter 7), local authorities are expected to work towards reducing emissions and/or concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less). There is clear evidence that PM2.5 has a significant impact on human health, including premature mortality, allergic reactions, and cardiovascular diseases.

Epping Forest District Council is taking the following measures to address PM2.5:

 Effective regulation of Part B and Part A2 regulated activities, including regular reviews for unregulated activities.

 Effective regulation of solvent emission activities.

 Effective regulation in respect of industrial and domestic bonfires.

 Effective regulation of smoke control areas (Loughton and Waltham Abbey).

 Participation in Anti-idling promotion initiatives with a focus outside schools

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 8 Epping Forest District Council

3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken

3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites

Epping Forest District Council did not undertake automatic (continuous) monitoring at any sites during 2016. National monitoring results are available at http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/review-and-assessment/tools/background-maps.html

3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Epping Forest District Council undertook non- automatic (passive) monitoring of NO2 at 27 sites during 2016. Table A.1 in Appendix A shows the details of the sites.

Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D. Further details on Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) for the diffusion tubes, including bias adjustments and any other adjustments applied (e.g. “annualisation” and distance correction), are included in Appendix C.

3.2 Individual Pollutants

The air quality monitoring results presented in this section are, where relevant, adjusted for bias, “annualisation” and distance correction. Further details on adjustments are provided in Appendix C.

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Table A.2 in Appendix A compares the ratified and adjusted monitored NO2 annual mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 40µg/m3.

For diffusion tubes, the full 2016 dataset of monthly mean values is provided in Appendix B.

All bias adjusted annual averages were below the 40µg/m3 objective, with the exception of:

 Site 1: Hainault Road, (48µg/m3)

 Site 3: Bell Common, Epping (46µg/m3)

 Site 11: Goldings Hill, Loughton (42µg/m3)

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 9 Epping Forest District Council

As the Hainault Road and Goldings Hill monitoring sites were closer to the source of pollution than the nearest residential properties, these results were then adjusted to calculate the concentrations at the façade of the nearest residential property. The calculation detail is included in Appendix C.

Following these adjustments for distance it was determined that residents close to these monitoring sites were not exposed to nitrogen dioxide concentrations in excess of the annual mean objective:

Concentrations at the façade of the nearest residential property as determined by calculation:

 Site 1: Hainault Road, Chigwell → 36µg/m3

 Site 11: Goldings Hill, Loughton→ 34µg/m3

As the Bell Common monitoring site was located at the same distance from the road as the nearest receptor, no adjustment was required for this result. This monitoring site is located within the area already declared as an Air Quality Management Area.

As no concentrations were recorded in excess of 60µg/m3, it is not considered likely that the 1-hour mean objective was exceeded. Whilst the Air Quality Management Area was also declared in respect of the 1-hour mean objective, it is considered appropriate to retain the designation in respect of this at the current time.

The bias adjusted annual mean concentrations at all other sites were under the 40µg/m3 objective and therefore no further action is required in respect of these at this time. Nitrogen dioxide concentrations over the last 5 years show a downward trend. This can be seen in Figure A.1 of Appendix A.

3.2.2 Particulate Matter (PM10)

PM10 monitoring is not undertaken in the district.

3.2.3 Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

PM2.5 monitoring is not undertaken in the district, and because PM10 monitoring is not undertaken either, it is not possible to estimate PM2.5 from PM10 measurements.

3.2.4 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

Sulphur dioxide monitoring is not undertaken in the district.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 10 Epping Forest District Council

Appendix A: Monitoring Results

Table A.1 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Distance to Distance to X OS Y OS Grid Pollutants In Relevant Site ID Site Name Site Type kerb of nearest Height (m) Grid Ref Ref Monitored AQMA? Exposure (m) (2) (1) road (m)

Chigwell: Kerbside Residential 1 Hainault 544234 192236 NO2 No 1m 2.0m triplicate Road (8.5m)

Epping: Urban Residential 2 15 High Background 545555 201732 NO2 No 13.7m 2.0m Street triplicate (0m)

Epping: Roadside Residential 3 544928 201281 NO2 Yes 1.8m 2.0m Bell Vue triplicate (0m)

Epping: Roadside Public 4 546196 202355 NO2 No 5.6m 2.5m Ladbrokes triplicate (0m)

Epping: Roadside Public 5 546058 202193 NO2 No 4.9m 2.5m Superdrug triplicate (0m)

Hastingwood: Urban Residential 6 Canes Background 547838 206819 NO2 No 15.6m 2.0m Cottages triplicate (0m)

Loughton: Roadside Public 7 542505 196668 NO2 No 4.2m 2.0m 1 Church Hill co-location (0m)

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 11 Epping Forest District Council

Distance to Distance to X OS Y OS Grid Pollutants In Relevant Site ID Site Name Site Type kerb of nearest Height (m) Grid Ref Ref Monitored AQMA? Exposure (m) (2) (1) road (m)

Loughton: Urban Residential 8 72 Church Background 542664 196868 NO2 No 12.7m 2.0m Hill co-location (0m) Loughton: 249 High Roadside Public 9 542339 196360 NO2 No 6.4m 2.0m Road triplicate (0m) (Timpson) Loughton: 252 High Roadside Public 10 542373 196478 NO2 No 5.7m 2.0m Road duplicate (0m) (Bojangles)

Loughton: Roadside Residential 11 543091 197316 NO2 No 1m 2.0m Goldings Hill co-location (4.8m)

North Weald: Urban Residential 12 Tempest Background 549648 203671 NO2 No 1.0m 2.0m Mead triplicate (4.2m)

Roydon: Roadside Residential 13 540919 209956 NO2 No 1.2m 2.0m High Street triplicate (0.75m)

Roydon: Urban Background 14 Netherhall Background 539711 208662 NO2 No 1.7m 2.0m Lane triplicate (16m)

Sewardstone: Roadside Residential 15 Albion 537727 196187 NO2 No 4.6m 2.0m co-location Terrace (3.1m)

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 12 Epping Forest District Council

Distance to Distance to X OS Y OS Grid Pollutants In Relevant Site ID Site Name Site Type kerb of nearest Height (m) Grid Ref Ref Monitored AQMA? Exposure (m) (2) (1) road (m)

Waltham Urban Residential 16 Abbey: Background 541308 200037 NO2 No 36.6m 2.0m 13 The Elms triplicate (0m)

Waltham Urban Residential 17 Abbey: Background 541320 200020 NO2 No 55.8m 2.0m 15 The Elms triplicate (0m)

Waltham Urban Residential 18 Abbey: Background 537808 200644 NO2 No 1.5m 2.0m Abbeyview co-location (6.1m) Waltham Urban Abbey: Residential 19 Background 538570 199509 NO2 No 14.6m 2.0m Burrows co-location (0m) Chase Waltham Urban Abbey: Residential 20 Background 538386 199557 NO2 No 12m 2.0m Hayden co-location (0m) Road Waltham Urban Residential 21 Abbey: Background 537956 199565 NO2 No 19m 2.0m Howse Road co-location (0m)

Waltham Roadside Residential 22 Abbey: 538710 199860 NO2 No 0.5m 2.0m triplicate Lodge Lane (7.3m)

Waltham Urban Residential 23 Abbey: Background 538954 199973 NO2 No 1.0m 2.0m Roundhills co-location (6.7m)

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 13 Epping Forest District Council

Distance to Distance to X OS Y OS Grid Pollutants In Relevant Site ID Site Name Site Type kerb of nearest Height (m) Grid Ref Ref Monitored AQMA? Exposure (m) (2) (1) road (m)

Buckhurst Hill: Roadside Residential 24 541719 193979 NO2 No 1.6m 2.15m Underground triplicate (7m) Station Buckhurst Roadside Residential 25 Hill: St Johns 540902 194240 NO2 No 2.5m 2.0m triplicate (11m) School Buckhurst Urban Hill: Residential 26 Background 541512 193975 NO2 No 2.1m 2.0m Westbury (3.5m) triplicate Lane : Roadside Residential 27 Sheering 548842 212102 NO2 No 2m 2.0m triplicate Road (30m)

Notes: (1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on/adjacent to the façade of a residential property). (2) N/A if not applicable.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 14 Epping Forest District Council

Table A.2 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results

Valid Data 3 (3) Valid Data NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Monitoring Capture for Site ID Site Type Capture Type Monitoring (2) (1) 2016 (%) Period (%) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Chigwell: Kerbside Diffusion 100 100 34 36 35 39 48 Hainault Road triplicate tube Urban Epping: Diffusion Background 100 100 30 30 31 25 28 15 High Street tube triplicate Epping: Roadside Diffusion 100 100 57 65 63 42* 46* Bell Vue triplicate tube Epping: Roadside Diffusion 100 100 38 35 36 34 33 Ladbrokes triplicate tube Epping: Roadside Diffusion 100 100 43 43 42 36 39 Superdrug triplicate tube : Urban Diffusion Canes Background 100 100 28 28 26 16 26 tube Cottages triplicate Loughton: Roadside Diffusion # # # 100 100 38 38 35 28 33 1 Church Hill co-location tube Urban Loughton: Diffusion Background 100 100 30 29 28 26 27 72 Church Hill tube co-location Loughton: 249 High Roadside Diffusion 100 100 36 38 38 32 36 Road triplicate tube (Timpson) Loughton: 252 High Roadside Diffusion 95.8 100 39 40 38 34 39 Road duplicate tube (Bojangles) Loughton: Roadside Diffusion 100 100 35 38 37 45 42 Goldings Hill co-location tube

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 15 Epping Forest District Council

North Weald: Urban Diffusion Tempest Background 97.2 100 - - 20 19 19 tube Mead triplicate Roydon: Roadside Diffusion 100 100 25 29 25 22 24 High Street triplicate tube Roydon: Urban Diffusion Netherhall Background 80.6 100 17 21 21 21 21 tube Lane triplicate : Roadside Diffusion Albion Terrace 91.7 100 39 40 33 27 34 co-location tube

Waltham Urban Diffusion Abbey: Background 100 100 34 36 32 32 34 tube 13 The Elms triplicate Waltham Urban Diffusion Abbey: Background 100 100 34 35 30 30 31 tube 15 The Elms triplicate Waltham Urban Diffusion Abbey: Background 100 100 32 32 28 23 29 tube Abbeyview co-location Waltham Urban Abbey: Diffusion Background 100 100 28 31 27 25 27 Burrows tube co-location Chase Waltham Urban Diffusion Abbey: Background 95.8 100 32 34 31 29 30 tube Hayden Road co-location Waltham Urban Diffusion Abbey: Background 100 100 32 33 29 29 30 tube Howse Road co-location Waltham Roadside Diffusion Abbey: 100 100 37 32 30 28 35 triplicate tube Lodge Lane Waltham Urban Diffusion Abbey: Background 95.8 100 - - 34 24 30 tube Roundhills co-location

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 16 Epping Forest District Council

Buckhurst Hill: Kerbside Diffusion Underground 100 58.3 - - - - 33 triplicate tube Station Buckhurst Hill: Roadside Diffusion St Johns 85.7 58.3 - - - - 34 triplicate tube School Buckhurst Hill: Urban Diffusion Westbury Background 83.3 50 - - - - 29 tube Lane triplicate Sheering, Rural Diffusion Sheering Roadside 100 100 - - - - 33 tube Road triplicate

☒ Diffusion tube data has been bias corrected ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75%

Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold.

3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year.

(2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%).

(3) Means for diffusion tubes have been corrected for bias. All means have been “annualised” as per Boxes 7.9 and 7.10 in LAQM.TG16 if valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details.

* Bell Common Monitoring point was relocated to a neighbouring lamppost during 2015 and 2015.This location is 544940, 201290.

# Tubes located directly across the road at a similar location (2 Church Hill, Loughton)

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 17 Epping Forest District Council

Figure A.1 – Trend in Annual Mean NO2 Concentration in the Bell Common Air Quality Management Area.

70

60

50

40 Bell Vue Epping 30 Annual Objective

20

10

0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

This figure shows a general downward trend in the annual mean concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the Air Quality Management Area at Bell Common, Epping.

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Figure A.2 – Trend in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Epping

Trend in NO2 concentrations Epping 2011 - 2016 70

60

3 50 15 High Street, Epping

40 Bell Vue, Epping

Ladbrokes.

30

Epping Superdrug, 20 Epping Annual

10 Objective Mean annual concentratrion µg/m concentratrion annual Mean 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Year

This chart shows a slight decline in nitrogen dioxide concentrations since 2011, with a greater improvement being shown at Bell Vue in the AQMA. Most concentrations increased slightly in 2016, as this pattern was displayed across the district it is likely that this was due to weather conditions during 2016.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 19 Epping Forest District Council

Figure A.3 – Trend in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Loughton

Trend in NO2 concentrations Loughton 2011 - 2016

50

3 45 40 35 2 Church Hill, Loughton 30 72 Church Hill, Loughton 25 249 High Road, Loughton 20 252 High Road, Loughton 15 Goldings Hill. Loughton 10 Annual Objective

5 Mean annual concentrations µg/m concentrations annual Mean 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Year

With the exception of Goldings Hill, all sites in Loughton have shown a slight reduction in nitrogen dioxide concentrations since 2011. Whilst Goldings Hill experiences a dramatic increase in concentrations in 2015, this concentration has reduced in 2016. Although the concentration recorded here is above the 40µg/m3 objective, the tube location is not representative of exposure and a distance correction shows the concentration at the nearest receptor to be under the objective. Again, most concentrations increased slightly in 2016, as this pattern was displayed across the district it is likely that this was due to weather conditions during 2016.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 20 Epping Forest District Council

Figure A.4 – Trend in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Waltham Abbey

45 Trend in NO2 concentrations Waltham Abbey 2011 - 2016

40

13 The Elms, 3 35 Waltham Abbey 15 The Elms, 30 Watham Abbey Abbeyview, Waltham Abbey 25 Burrows Chase, Waltham Abbey 20 Hayden Road, Waltham Abbey 15 Howse Road, Waltham Abbey Lodge Lane, 10

Meanannualconcentrations µg/m Waltham Abbey Roundhills, 5 Waltham Abbey Annual Objective 0 2011 2012 2013 Year 2014 2015 2016

This chart shows that all monitoring locations in Waltham Abbey are recording concentrations below the 40µg/m3 objective. In addition to this there is a general trend that concentrations have decreased slightly since 2011. Again, most concentrations increased slightly in 2016, as this pattern was displayed across the district it is likely that this was due to weather conditions during 2016.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 21 Epping Forest District Council Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2016

Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results – 2016

3 NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m ) Annual Mean Distance Bias Site ID Corrected Adjusted Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Raw to (0.78) and Data Nearest Annualised (1) Exposure 2 ( )

1a 68.6 75.7 67.6 60.4 58.2 50.3 51.6 47 57.6 59.6 72.7 75.7 1b 75.6 63.9 62.3 61.3 51.1 48.4 50 45.6 56.6 58.8 87.5 76.1 61.58 48.03 35.7 1c 86.7 69.9 60.8 57 58.7 45.3 48.9 46.5 56.5 58.2 72.3 73.7 2a 49 39.9 33.2 34.4 32.8 28 29.1 27.2 39.3 33.8 46.7 57.7 2b 51.5 41.1 32.5 36.3 29.1 26.5 28.9 26.8 37.3 35.9 41.8 40.2 36.35 28.36 n/a 2c 51.3 39.6 33.8 34.6 32.8 26.3 26.4 23.1 33.7 32.1 44.4 51.6 3a 80.9 67.4 53.1 62.1 56.5 49.6 49.6 51.7 64.3 54 61.5 82.5 3b 85.6 44.8 52.6 55.4 54.5 46.5 49.8 51.8 63 56 71.8 85.7 59.47 46.39 46.39 3c 79.3 58.1 48.7 45.6 48.6 48 52 46.1 61.4 52.6 67.8 82.1 4a 57.1 51.9 41.3 34.7 36.8 31.1 36.8 33.8 45.1 40.4 48.8 48.3 4b 54.2 50.8 38.6 39 37.7 31.3 40.6 35.7 45.1 40.2 51.3 51.2 42.76 33.36 n/a 4c 54.1 46.5 39.7 37.6 37.9 31.3 39.6 35.4 44.5 40.5 51 59.6 5a 60.9 56.7 42.7 44.8 52.2 42.3 37.5 36.9 54.6 52.3 50.7 67.6 5b 61.5 50.4 45.4 48.4 44.6 39.5 35.7 36.5 58.9 54.1 54.5 61.8 49.88 38.90 n/a 5c 59.2 54.7 50.2 43.8 48.8 38 37.8 38.9 56.2 53.3 56.1 68

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 22 Epping Forest District Council 6a 40.3 34.8 34.5 31.7 29.9 24.3 30.6 23.7 34.4 30.6 40.5 40.7 6b 30.2 38.9 36.6 31.9 30.4 25 23.5 20.1 35.8 31.4 39.9 49 32.99 25.74 n/a 6c 36.9 40.7 35.1 33 31.9 25.6 26.1 23.4 35 32.2 43.7 35.5 7a 48.7 46.4 41.7 35.8 32.8 64.4 28.3 24.6 63.4 38.1 32 58.7 41.79 32.60 n/a 7b 46.9 40.7 39.9 37.4 30.9 30.1 28.7 26.6 60.3 40.3 51.5 54.8 8a 43.6 41.1 35.2 34.7 29.5 26.1 24.2 22.5 39.3 28.9 39.5 43.2 34.51 26.92 n/a 8b 45.1 40.2 36.6 29.9 30.3 25.4 27.4 23.1 38.9 33.6 41 49 9a 49.8 55.1 42.5 44.6 44.5 35.4 37.3 34.1 55.2 46.5 50.2 58.3 9b 57.8 42.7 42.6 41.1 41.1 37.3 37.3 35.1 54.9 46.4 52.5 58.7 46.05 35.92 n/a 9c 53.1 46.5 44.4 47.9 43.2 39.9 37.4 33.9 55.7 43.4 53 58.4 10a 66.8 54.6 45.1 46.3 41.7 37.7 50.3 39.1 54 52.7 55.6 61.4 50.03 39.02 n/a 10b 62.4 55 47.6 41.3 36.1 52.4 36.8 57 44 54 59.2 11a 59.2 58.3 55 56.5 57.1 43.7 39.2 44.5 36 57.5 64.9 68.9 53.71 41.89 34.3 11b 63.8 55.9 57.1 46.6 57 48.6 45.2 44.4 38.6 53 63.7 74.3 12a 36.3 28.9 24.1 22.1 18.1 14.8 19.3 17.4 24.1 22.2 32.2 32.7 12b 32.9 30.2 25.9 20.7 17.1 21.9 19.3 15.4 23.7 20.5 33.2 39.7 24.09 18.79 n/a 12c 33.8 30.4 23.9 19.9 16.4 15.6 18.3 18.5 23.1 20.9 30.7 13a 43.5 41.1 34.4 24.1 23.6 24.1 18.2 20.1 28.4 31.2 40.2 40 13b 36.8 41.1 35.8 27.9 27.8 22.8 17.5 21.1 32.2 27.1 40.1 47.3 30.77 24.00 n/a 13c 41.7 35.1 32.1 29 26.4 22.7 19 22.2 30.7 29.4 41.2 31.9 14a 3.7 36.7 30.5 24.9 21.4 19 23.5 21.9 32.1 37.3 14b 21.9 32.2 29.5 24.8 21.4 18.4 23.8 21.9 31.8 33.4 27.35 21.33 n/a 14c 39 39.3 30 23.1 21.8 18.2 24 21.5 33.5 36.1 15a 54.7 49.3 42.8 40 37 37.5 31.7 48.7 43.6 53.9 56.5 43.06 33.59 n/a 15b 52.1 47 41.6 40.8 3.1 34.7 30.3 45.1 44.3 55.3 57.4 16a 48.9 51.7 45.7 44 38.1 36.6 41 37.2 40.4 46.9 51.6 50.7 16b 48.6 51.4 50.2 46.1 34.4 35.3 37.8 33.3 40 44.7 51.9 40.5 43.70 34.09 n/a 16c 52.6 50.2 43.9 46.3 36.3 35.3 37.6 38.2 39.4 42 51.6 52.8

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 23 Epping Forest District Council 17a 48.3 49.7 44.9 43.8 34.8 31.8 35.2 32.5 37.9 39.6 52 41.9 17b 49.4 38.2 12.1 45 38.7 34.3 34.1 33.6 36.7 40.8 39.3 47.7 40.03 31.23 n/a 17c 50.3 48.8 51.1 45.3 35.2 29.8 35 32.1 36.4 38.5 50.8 45.6 18a 53.5 42 32.4 30.4 34.7 24.3 55.9 28.9 36.5 33.8 41.1 49.1 37.00 28.86 n/a 18b 53.7 44 30 29.5 32.6 27.6 26.4 27.5 35.6 35.4 41 42.2 19a 41.5 33.7 36.1 36.4 38 31.8 24.5 25.4 34.9 39.7 43.3 41.6 35.19 27.45 n/a 19b 41.1 39.2 37.1 35.7 31.6 29.6 24.1 27.3 34.2 36.2 40.9 40.7 20a 46.5 46 34.8 39.8 38.5 33.4 28.2 29.4 37.8 47.8 50.8 49.7 38.94 30.37 n/a 20b 45.5 30.9 40.5 37.7 29 28.6 27.6 38.9 40 47.1 48.4 21a 41.5 39.3 41.6 33.2 32.6 27.8 24.5 28.1 34.6 41.3 48.3 50 38.13 29.74 n/a 21b 48.6 54.3 37.2 38.4 38 30.3 25.6 27.3 35.6 38.8 47.1 51.2 22a 59.3 42.3 48.2 38.1 51.8 38.4 35.3 38.4 45.3 49 53.5 54.5 22b 51.4 57.1 41.5 46 42.7 38.7 38.7 40.6 45.2 47.6 53.7 53.8 45.26 35.30 n/a 22c 54.5 22.8 45.3 37.6 41.1 38.9 35.3 40.7 42.5 48.1 57.5 53.8 23a 61 39.7 37.2 31.6 27.5 34.2 33 38.5 33.7 48.3 52 38.80 30.27 n/a 23b 59.5 44.3 3.2 38.4 29.6 29.3 37.1 31.9 40.6 34 48.7 58.3 24a 32 32.4 29 44.1 46.1 52.9 54.3 42.09 33.45 n/a 24b 35.2 31.5 33.7 43.9 41.1 53.4 59.6 25a 31.8 41.7 33.1 44.2 48.9 59.3 25b 31.7 34.9 34.1 40 52.5 58.9 42.16 33.50 n/a 25c 33.6 38.1 33.7 40.9 49.8 51.7 26a 26.4 35.1 36.9 47.5 54.4 26b 26.7 23.6 33.9 37 45.7 48.1 38.03 28.50 n/a 26c 25.9 34 45 47.9 27a 49 46.1 45.2 41.1 35.5 50.2 30.2 25.6 44.5 43 54.2 60.8 27b 47.5 48.8 33.7 40.1 33.3 27.7 30.4 28.4 37.8 44.7 53.3 54.6 41.82 32.62 n/a 27c 48.6 48.5 45.1 39.5 28.9 29.4 28.9 26.2 40 46.4 56.6 61.6

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 24 Epping Forest District Council ☒ National bias adjustment factor used ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75%

Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) See Appendix C for details on bias adjustment and annualisation. (2) Distance corrected to nearest relevant public exposure.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 25 Epping Forest District Council

Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC

Laboratory QA/QC

ESG Didcot participates in the AIR NO2 PT laboratory performance scheme. Rounds AR012 to AR016 of the testing scheme cover the monitoring periods contained in this air quality status report. All results were considered to be ‘satisfactory’. 100% performance was given for rounds AR012 and AR016, and 75% performance was given for rounds AR013 and AR014. Full details can be found here: https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/assets/airptrounds7to18apr2015feb2017.pdf

Bias adjustment

A Bias adjustment factor of 0.78 was calculated based on 39 co-location studies nationally for ESG Didcot diffusion tubes prepared as 50% TEA in Acetone. Epping Forest does not have a local co-location study.

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Annualisation of Data

Where capture was less than 75%, an annualisation calculation was undertaken using data from AURN (Automatic Urban and Rural Network) monitoring stations. The stations that were selected for this comparison were chosen as they were background sites with good data collection in the south /.

Monthly Data for sites where annualisation is required:

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 24A Buckhurst Hill Station 1 32 32.4 29 44.1 46.1 52.9 54.3 24B Buckhurst Hill Station 2 35.2 31.5 33.7 43.9 41.1 53.4 59.6

25A St Johns Sch 1, Buckhurst Hill 31.8 41.7 33.1 44.2 48.9 59.3 25B St Johns Sch 2, Buckhurst Hill 31.7 34.9 34.1 40 52.5 58.9 25C St Johns Sch 3, Buckhurst Hill 33.6 38.1 33.7 40.9 49.8 51.7

26A Westbury Lane 1. Buckhurst Hill 26.4 35.1 36.9 47.5 54.4 26B Westbury Lane 2, Buckhurst Hill 26.7 23.6 33.9 37 45.7 48.1 26C Westbury Lane 3, Buckhurst Hill 25.9 34 45 47.9

Annualisation Calculation for Buckhurst Hill Station, Buckhurst Hill:

Site Site Type Annual Mean Period Mean Ratio London Haringey AURN Urban 26.14 25.30 1.03 Priory park Background Market Harborough AURN Rural 11.01 10.97 1.00 Background Average 1.02

Annualisation Calculation for St Johns School, Buckhurst Hill:

Site Site Type Annual Mean Period Mean Ratio London Haringey AURN Urban 26.14 25.30 1.03 Priory park Background Market Harborough AURN Rural 11.01 10.97 1.00 Background Average 1.02

Annualisation Calculation for Westbury Lane, Buckhurst Hill:

Site Site Type Annual Mean Period Mean Ratio London Haringey AURN Urban 26.14 26.39 0.99 Priory park Background Market Harborough AURN Rural 11.01 11.83 0.93 Background Average 0.96

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 27 Epping Forest District Council

Adjustment for distance

Where the nearest receptor is further away from the source than the monitoring location, and the bias adjusted average results obtained from monitoring were above the 40µg/m3 objective concentration, results have been adjusted for distance.

This applied to Site 1: Chigwell, Hainault Road, and Site 11: Loughton, Goldings Hill. As the Bell Common monitoring location is representative of exposure, it was not necessary to adjust this result for distance.

Site 1 Chigwell, Hainault Road:

Site 11 Loughton, Goldings Hill:

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 28 Epping Forest District Council

Appendix D: Maps of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs

(Monitoring site numbers shown relate to those in Table A.1)

AQMA Area, Epping

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 29 Epping Forest District Council

Loughton Area:

Epping Area:

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Buckhurst Hill and Chigwell Area:

Waltham Abbey Area:

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The Elms, Waltham Abbey:

Sewardstone Area:

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North Weald Area:

Hastingwood Area:

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 33 Epping Forest District Council

Sheering Area:

Roydon Area:

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 34 Epping Forest District Council

Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England

Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England Air Quality Objective4 Pollutant Concentration Measured as 200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more Nitrogen Dioxide 1-hour mean than 18 times a year (NO ) 2 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 50 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more Particulate Matter 24-hour mean than 35 times a year (PM ) 10 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 350 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 1-hour mean than 24 times a year Sulphur Dioxide 125 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 24-hour mean (SO2) than 3 times a year 266 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 15-minute mean than 35 times a year

4 3 The units are in microgrammes of pollutant per cubic metre of air (µg/m ).

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 35 Epping Forest District Council

Glossary of Terms

Abbreviation Description

AQAP Air Quality Action Plan - A detailed description of measures, outcomes, achievement dates and implementation methods, showing how the local authority intends to achieve air quality limit values’

AQMA Air Quality Management Area – An area where air pollutant concentrations exceed / are likely to exceed the relevant air quality objectives. AQMAs are declared for specific pollutants and objectives

ASR Air quality Annual Status Report

Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

DMRB Design Manual for Roads and Bridges – Air quality screening tool produced by Highways England

EU European Union

FDMS Filter Dynamics Measurement System

LAQM Local Air Quality Management

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

PM10 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10µm (micrometres or microns) or less

PM2.5 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less

QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality Control

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 36 Epping Forest District Council

References

Nitrogen Dioxide Bias Adjustment Factor Spreadsheet: https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/bias-adjustment-factors/national-bias.html

Distance from Road Calculation: https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/tools-monitoring-data/no2-falloff.html

Local Air Quality Management Technical Guidance LAQM:TG(16) https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/LAQM-TG16-April-16-v1.pdf

Summary of Laboratory Performance in Workplace Analysis Scheme for Proficiency (AIR-PT) https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/diffusion-tubes/qa-qc-framework.html

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 37