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Butrint / Buthrotum

Some notes to the flora of an archaeological site in southern Albania Prof. Dr. Dietmar Brandes 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Geobotany meets archaeology

Butrint (Buthrotum) is situated in southern Albania at the coast of the Ionian Sea, some 15 km south of Saranda and only few kilometres east of the isle of Corfu. The area around the antique town of Butrint (Buthrotum) shows a high diversity of habitats like Mediterranean oak forests, maquis, ruderal and artificial habitats as well as different coastal vegetation types. The map of Natural Vegetation of Europe mentions evergreen mesomediterranean holm oak forest als well as moist lowland riparian forest (Bohn & Neuhäusl 2003).The coastal vegetation belongs to the Andrachno- Quercetum sub-zone [Aegean sub-zone] (map by V. Glavač 1968 in Horvat; Glavač & Ellenberg 1974).

2017-4-15 | Dietmar Brandes | Butrint: – some notes to the flora of an archaeological site | Page 2

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Nymphaeum inside the Butrint gymnasium

2017-4-15 | Dietmar Brandes | Butrint: – some notes to the flora of an archaeological site | Page 3

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Nymphaeum (2th century AD)

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 2017-4-15 | Dietmar Brandes | Butrint:Early – some notes Christian to the flora of an archaeological basilica site | Page 5

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Wall flora Dry and insolated walls: Centranthus cf. longiflorus ssp. junceum, Micromeria juliana, Parietaria judaica, Phagnalon rupestre ssp, graecum.

Top of the wall: Campanula ramosissima, Catapodium rigidum, Lagurus ovatus, Myosotis cf. ramosissima, Rostraria cristata, Trifolium campestre, Valantia muralis, Veronica cf. arvensis, Vulpia cf. myuros.

Old city wall and other walls (often shaded): , Asplenium cf. onopteris, Asplenium trichomanes, Blackstonia perfoliata, Calystegia sylvatica, Campanula erinus, Campanula ramosissima, Campanula versicolor, Ficus carica juv., Geranium purpureum, Hedera helix, Mercurialis annua, Micromeria julianae, Oxalis corniculata, Parietaria judaica, Parietaria lusitanica, Polypodium cambricum, Quercus coccifera juv., denticulata, Smilax aspera, Theligonum cynocrambe, Umbilicus chloranthus, Verbena officinalis.

2017-4-15 | Dietmar Brandes | Butrint: – some notes to the flora of an archaeological site | Page 6

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Venetian watchtower 2017-4-15 | Dietmar Brandes | Butrint: – some notes to the flora of an archaeological site | Page 7

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Species of the (mostly) evergreen oak woods

Acer monspessulanus, Allium subhirsutum, Arum italicum, Celtis australis, Cercis siliquastrum, Ficus carica, Fraxinus angustifolius, Hedera helix, Laurus nobilis, Melica uniflora, Melissa officinalis ssp. altissima, Olea europaea, Orobanche hederae, Parietaria judaica, Punica granatum, Quercus coccifera, Quercus ilex, Quercus pubescens, Rubia peregrina, Ruscus aculeatus, Smilax aspera, Tamus communis, Ulmus minor.

2017-4-15 | Dietmar Brandes | Butrint: – some notes to the flora of an archaeological site | Page 8

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Quercus ilex

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Butrint Agora: Sanctuary of Asklepius and theatre

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Theatre

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Theatre and2017-4-15 Sanctuary | Dietmar Brandes | Butrint:of Asclepius – some notes to the flora of an archaeological site | Page 12

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Sanctuary of Asclepios

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Spring near the stoa

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Late antique Gate Vivari

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Quercus coccifera

Quercus pubescens, a decidious species of the Oak

2017-4-15 | Dietmar Brandes | Butrint: – some notes to the flora of an archaeological site | Page 16

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Succession starts immediately after excavation

Dioscorea communis (= Tamus c.) This climbing herbacal is typical of the forest understory.

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Baptistery

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Calystegia sylvatica climbing on old walls

2017-4-15 | Dietmar Brandes | Butrint: – some notes to the flora of an archaeological site | Page 19

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Climbing are very common on the archaeological area

Calystegia sylvatica

Asparagus acutifolius

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Hedera helix, a common liana of the forests and especially of their skirts

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Notes to the flora of edges and skirts of the wood as well as of clearings

Acer cf. monspessulanum, Aegonychon purpurocaeruleum (= Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum), Asparagus acutifolius, Bryonia spec., Calystegia sylvatica, Campanula ramosissima, Clematis flammula, Dorycnium hirsutum, Euphorbia dendroides, Fumaria capreolata, Ornithogalum narbonensis, Osyris alba, Phlomis fruticosa, Spartium junceum, Smyrnium olusatrum, Verbascum niveum ssp. visianianum

2017-4-15 | Dietmar Brandes | Butrint: – some notes to the flora of an archaeological site | Page 22

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Reconstruction of the old town (2nd century AD)

[Information board for visitors of the Butrint area]

2017-4-15 | Dietmar Brandes | Butrint: – some notes to the flora of an archaeological site | Page 23

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Lion‘s gate

Selaginella denticulata

2017-4-15 | Dietmar Brandes | Butrint: – some notes to the flora of an archaeological site | Page 24

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Trifolium campestre

Centranthus cf. longiflorus

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Fraxinus ornus juv.

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Ephemeral wall vegetation with Blackstonia perfoliata, Anogramma leptophylla, Campanula erinus, Parietaria lusitanica

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Umbilicus chloranthus and Parietaria lusitanica

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Asplenium trichomanes

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Lagurus ovatus

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 View from the acropolis south over the agora and the Vivari channel to the Vrina Plain

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Neophytic species Opuntia ficus-indica

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Lizard Algyroides cf. nigropunctatus

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Fumaria capreolata

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Campanula ramosissima

2017-4-15 | Dietmar Brandes | Butrint: – some notes to the flora of an archaeological site | Page 35

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Ruderal species of the archaeological site of Butrint

Anagallis arvensis, Anisantha madritensis, Anisantha rigida, Bellis spec., Bunias erucago, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Convolvulus arvensis, Convolvulus elegantissimus, Crepis rubra, Cynoglossum creticum, Dasypyrum villosum, Dittrichia viscosa, Echium plantagineum, Erodium malacoides, Euphorbia peplus, Geranium brutium, Geranium molle, Glaucium flavum, Hordeum bulbosum, Hordeum leporinum, Hirschfeldia inacana, Lavatera cretica,

2017-4-15 | Dietmar Brandes | Butrint: – some notes to the flora of an archaeological site | Page 36

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Ruderal species of the archaeological site of Butrint (continued)

Malva parviflora, Malva sylvestris, Medicago orbicularis, Medicago polymorpha, Mercurialis annua, Ochlopoa annua (= Poa annua), Onopordum illyricum, Plantago coronopus, Polygonum arenastrum, Potentilla reptans, Ricinus communis, Rumex pulcher, Sambucus ebulus, Scleropoa rigida, Sonchus oleraceus, Stellaria media, Symphotrichum squamatum (= Aster squamatus), Stachys cf. cretica, Trifolium campestre, Trifolium resupinatum, Trifolium tomentosum. Verbascum niveum ssp. visianianum

2017-4-15 | Dietmar Brandes | Butrint: – some notes to the flora of an archaeological site | Page 37

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Cynoglossum creticum

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Trifolium tomentosum

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Hordeum bulbosum

2017-4-15 | Dietmar Brandes | Butrint: – some notes to the flora of an archaeological site | Page 40

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 View of the Vivari Channel with Corfu, seen from the Venetian Acropolis Castle (reconstucted in the 1930s).

2017-4-15 | Dietmar Brandes | Butrint: – some notes to the flora of an archaeological site | Page 41

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Osyris alba

2017-4-15 | Dietmar Brandes | Butrint: – some notes to the flora of an archaeological site | Page 42

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Dorycnium hirsutum

2017-4-15 | Dietmar Brandes | Butrint: – some notes to the flora of an archaeological site | Page 43

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Ornithogalum narbonense (= Loncomelos n.)

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Aegonychon pupurocaerulem

(= Lithospermum2017-4-15 | Dietmar Brandes pupurpurocaeruleum) | Butrint: – some notes to the flora of an archaeological site | Page 45

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Galactites tomentosa

2017-4-15 | Dietmar Brandes | Butrint: – some notes to the flora of an archaeological site | Page 46

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Crepis rubra

2017-4-15 | Dietmar Brandes | Butrint: – some notes to the flora of an archaeological site | Page 47

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 2017-4-15 | Dietmar Brandes | Butrint: – some notes to the flora of an archaeological site | Page 48 Nigella damascena

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Triangular venetian castle at the opposite site of the Vivari Channel

2017-4-15 | Dietmar Brandes | Butrint: – some notes to the flora of an archaeological site | Page 49

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Plantago coronopus

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Crithmum maritimum growing near the coast in the infuence of saline water spray 2017-4-15 | Dietmar Brandes | Butrint: – some notes to the flora of an archaeological site | Page 51

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400 Literature and address of the author

Barnes, P. (2006): Some Albania ferns. – www.barnes- botany.co.uk/ferns_albania.html#plants (vidi 2017-4-15). Bohn, U. & R. Neuhäusl (eds.)(2003): Karte der natürlichen Vegetation Europas. Map of Natural Vegetation of Europe. – Bonn: Bundesamt f. Naturschutz. Ceka, N. (2005): Buthrotum – seine Geschichte und seine Bauwerke. – Tiranë. 52 S. Demiri, M. (1983): Flora ekskursioniste e Shqipërisë. – Tiranë. 985 S. Horvat, I., Glavač, V. & Ellenberg, H. (1974): Vegetation Südosteuropas. – Stuttgart. XXXII, 768 S.

Address: Prof. Dr. Dietmar Brandes, AG Vegetationsökologie, Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 4, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany . http://www.ruderal-vegetation.de/verschiedene_regionen

2017-4-15 | Dietmar Brandes | Butrint: – some notes to the flora of an archaeological site | Page 52

http://dx.doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201801051400