Cajanus cajanifolius NT Taxonomic Authority: (Haines) Maesen  Global Assessment  Regional Assessment Region: Global  Endemic to region Synonyms Common Names Atylosia cajanifolia Haines Cantharospermum ca (Haines) Raizada

Upper Level Taxonomy Kingdom: PLANTAE Phylum: TRACHEOPHYTA Class: MAGNOLIOPSIDA Order: FABALES Family: LEGUMINOSAE Lower Level Taxonomy Rank: Infra- rank name:  Plant Hybrid Subpopulation: Authority:

General Information Distribution This species is an Indian endemic. It is found in the hilly areas of parts of East Godavari, Srikakulam and the Visakhapatnam districts of Andhra Pradesh. Also in the Gajapati and Kalahandi districts of Orissa, the Bastar and Bilsapur districts of Chhattisgarh and the Sidhi district of Madhya Pradesh.

Range Size Elevation Biogeographic Realm Area of Occupancy: Upper limit: 1280  Afrotropical Extent of Occurrence: 113000 Lower limit: 100  Antarctic Map Status: Depth  Australasian Upper limit:  Neotropical Lower limit:  Oceanian Depth Zones  Palearctic  Shallow photic  Bathyl  Hadal  Indomalayan  Photic  Abyssal  Nearctic Population Reported to be quite rare or confined to a few pockets (van der Maesen 1985). The most recent herbarium record found is dated 1981.

Total Population Size Minimum Population Size: Maximum Population Size: Habitat and Ecology This species grows in tropical moist forests along stream banks. It has also been found in dry deciduous forest in partial shade, and in open grassland. It is known to tolerate soils with a high iron content. It is considered to be the nearest wild relative of the Pigeon Pea Cajanus cajan (van der Maesen 1990).

System Movement pattern Crop Wild Relative  Terrestrial  Freshwater  Nomadic  Congregatory/Dispersive  Is the species a wild relative of a crop?   Marine  Migratory  Altitudinally migrant

Growth From Definition Shrub - size unkno Perennial shrub (any size), also termed a Phanerophyte if >1m or a Chamaephyte if <1m

Threats Environmental pressures within the range of this species are related to the high human population densities. Overgrazing and forest clearing for cultivation, plantations and settlements are major threats. The vegetation of the eastern highlands of the Deccan plateau has also come under pressure from mining, quarrying, dams and hydo-electric power projects. Several records for this species are known from the iron ore mining centre in the Bastar region. The seeds of this species are also utilised as a vegetable in curries (Sudhakar Reddy et al. 2006), and it is preferentially grazed by cattle (van der Maesen 1985), but the effects of this on the population are difficult to quantify.

Past Present Future 1 Habitat Loss/Degradation (human induced)    1.1 Agriculture    1.1.1 Crops    1.1.1.1 Shifting Agriculture    1.1.1.2 Small-holder farming    1.1.4 Livestock    1.1.4.1 Nomadic    1.1.4.2 Small-holder    1.3 Extraction    1.3.1 Mining    1.4 Infrastructure development    1.4.2 Human settlement    1.4.6 Dams    3 Harvesting (hunting/gathering)    3.1 Food    3.1.1 Subsistence use/local trade    Conservation Measures The conservation of this species is particularly significant, as it is a wild relative of a crop species, and a repository of genetic diversity that may potentially be useful in crop breeding. Only a small percentage of the range of this species is covered by protected areas. All the specimens studied fall outside these protected areas. Assessment is needed to establish whether existing protected areas contain this species. The central and eastern Deccan plateau, where this species is found, still retain large blocks of habitat, and the species may benefit from conservation measures to provide tiger reserves within this area. In Orissa semi- evergreen forest ecoregion, where this species is also found, more than 95% of the habitat has been cleared (Rawat et al 2001). Exsitu conservation measures such as seed banking and cultivation may help preserve this species as a genetic resource. This species is listed as conserved in the ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) gene bank (Remanandan 1990). It was not found in available lists of botanic garden species.

In Place Needed 1 Policy-based actions   1.1 Management plans   1.3 Community management   1.3.2 Resource stewardship   2 Communication and Education   2.2 Awareness   3 Research actions   3.2 Population numbers and range   3.3 Biology and Ecology   3.4 Habitat status   3.5 Threats   3.8 Conservation measures   3.9 Trends/Monitoring   4 Habitat and site-based actions   4.1 Maintenance/Conservation   4.4 Protected areas   4.4.1 Identification of new protected areas   4.4.2 Establishment   4.4.4 Expansion   5 Species-based actions   5.7 Ex situ conservation actions   5.7.1 Captive breeding/Artificial propagation   5.7.2 Genome resource bank  

Countries of Occurrence

PRESENCE ORIGIN Year Breeding Non- Passage Possibly Extinct Presence Native Introduced Re- Vagrant Origin Round Season breeding migrant extinct uncertain Introduced uncertain only season only India             Andhra Pradesh             Chattisgarh             Orissa             Tamil Nadu             Tripura            

General Habitats Score Description Major Importance 1 Forest 1 Suitable Unset 1.5 Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry 1 Suitable Unset 3 Shrubland 1 Suitable Unset 3.5 Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry 1 Suitable Unset

Ecosystem Services  Insufficient Information available  Species provides no ecosystem services

Species Utilisation  Species is not utilised at all

Purpose / Type of Use Subsistence National International 1. Food - human    13. Pets/display animals, horticulture    14. Research   

Trend in the level of wild offtake/harvest in relation to total wild population numbers over the last five years: Trend in the level of wild offtake/harvest in relation to total wild population numbers over the last five years: Trend in the amount of offtake/harvest produced through domestication/cultivation over the last five years: CITES status: Not listed

IUCN Red Listing Red List Assessment: (using 2001 IUCN system) Near Threatened (NT)

Red List Criteria: Date Last Seen (only for EX, EW or Possibly EX species): Is the species Possibly Extinct?  Possibly Extinct Candidate?  Rationale for the Red List Assessment Sudhakar Reddy et al. (2006) suggest that this species is Vulnerable. However the distribution of this species gives an extent of occurrence (EOO) which exceeds the critical threshold for a threatened category. The area of occupancy is difficult to estimate, but may be small. Although habitat appears to be present from satellite imagery, Van der Maesen (1985) notes that it seems rare, or confined to a few pockets. However, he also notes that more plants may be found if sought in places isolated from human populations and cattle. In view of the threats, the relatively small extent of protected areas, and uncertain estimates of population and area of occupancy, this species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT). Further surveys are recommended to monitor its population and trends, and also its habitat status and threats and to establish its current area of occupancy. Reason(s) for Change in Red List Category from the Previous Assessment:  Genuine Change  Nongenuine Change  No Change  Genuine (recent)  New information  Taxonomy  Same category  Genuine (since first assessment)  Knowledge of Criteria  Criteria Revisio and criteria  Incorrect data used  Other  Same category but previously change in criteria Current Population Trend: Unknown Date of Assessment: 21/07/2010 Name(s) of the Assessor(s): H.Chadburn Evaluator(s): Notes:

% population decline in the past: Time period over which the past decline has been measured for applying Criterion A or C1 (in years or generations): % population decline in the future: Time period over which the future decline has been measured for applying Criterion A or C1 (in years or generations): Number of Locations: Severely Fragmented: Number of Mature Individuals:

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