DRAFT 1

HERITAGE &ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT –PART BLOCK 9, SECTION 86, YARRALUMLA



By Duncan Marshall, Geoff Butler & Associates, Navin Officer Heritage Consultants and Robson Environmental

for the National Capital Authority

2011 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The National Capital Authority has commissioned this heritage and environmental assessment of part of Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla, as part of process which might result in the acquisition of this part block by the adjoining owner.

The project involved an ecological assessment, cultural heritage assessment, and Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessment.

The ecological assessment found there is a high improbability of any threatened species being present, but the remaining native trees of Blakeley’s Red Gum offer opportunistic habitat for more common suburban native birds and should be retained if feasible to do so.

The cultural heritage assessment found no cultural heritage sites, and that there are no cultural heritage constraints to the future development of the block.

However, it should be noted another study found that Block 9, or parts of the block, should continue to be used for a diplomatic mission because of heritage values related to this designation.

The Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessment found that there are two Areas of Environmental Concern (AEC) with the potential to impact the site from a contamination point of view. Limited sampling and analysis are recommended to assess for soil contamination.

i
CONTENTS

Page Number

Executive Summary ...... i

1. Introduction...... 1

2. Summary of Findings...... 2

Appendix A: Ecological Assessment – Geoff Butler & Associates...... 4

Appendix B: Cultural Heritage Assessment – Navin Officer Heritage Consultants

Appendix C: Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessment – Robson Environmental

ii
1. INTRODUCTION

The National Capital Authority has commissioned this heritage and environmental assessment of part of Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla, as part of process which might result in the acquisition of this part block by the adjoining owner. The site is indicated in the following figure.

Figure 1. Plan of Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla Source: NCA

The consultant team for this project is:  Duncan Marshall, team leader;  Geoff Butler, flora and fauna assessment;  Navin Officer Heritage Consultants, cultural heritage assessment; and  Robson Environmental, environmental site assessment for contamination.

The consultants are grateful to Graham Sandeman, formerly with the NCA, and Richard Nash of the NCA, for their assistance with the project.

Yarralumla Heritage & Environmental Assessment
Page 1 2. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

This project resulted in three separate reports dealing with the components of the study – natural heritage, cultural heritage, and environment/site contamination issues. These reports are provided at Appendices A to C, and they should be read in full.

A very brief summary of the findings from these reports is provided below.

The conclusions from the ecological assessment are,

‘This review ecological assessment indicates the area was formerly Yellow Box/Blakely’s Red Gum woodland/grassland complex. The understorey in this area remains grassy, but is particularly dense as it has been severely modified and heavily invaded by introduced grass and cultivated weed species. There is a high improbability of any threatened species being present.

The remaining native trees of Blakeley’s Red Gum offer opportunistic habitat for more common suburban native birds and should be retained if feasible to do so.’

The cultural heritage assessment found,

− ‘The site is moderately disturbed, with few remaining original landscape surfaces. − No previously recorded Aboriginal sites occur within Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla. − No previously recorded historical sites occur within Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla. − No Aboriginal sites, objects or areas of potential archaeological deposit or sensitivity were identified in the study area in the course of the current investigation. − No historical sites or features were identified in the study area in the course of the current investigation. − No areas of Aboriginal or historical archaeological potential or sensitivity were identified within the study area.

 It is concluded that: − There are no cultural heritage constraints to the future development of Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla.

 It is recommended that: − No further cultural heritage assessment is required for development of Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla.’

However, another study of Blocks 2 and 9 found that, ‘the use of Block 2 for a diplomatic mission and the designation of Block 9 for such purposes (NHL Criterion (a))’, was a heritage value (D Marshall, G Butler & J Ramsay 2010, Heritage, Tree and Ecological Impact Statement, Proposed Subdivision of the Swedish Embassy and Minor Boundary Changes to Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla – Canberra, draft report for the NCA). Accordingly, Block 9, or parts of the block, should continue to be used for a diplomatic mission.

The Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessment found that,

‘Based on the results of the Phase 1 ESA, it is assessed that there are two (2) Areas of Environmental Concern (AEC) with the potential to impact the site from a contamination point of view. These include the leaking sewage drain at the northern boundary of the site (AEC 1) and potential fill material on the site (AEC 2). AEC 2 comprises areas where potential fill was noted during the site walkover and areas in which potential fill material was noted on aerial photographs from 1950 and 1965.

Yarralumla Heritage & Environmental Assessment
Page 2 Due to the presence of AECs that have not been assessed, Robson considers there is insufficient information to assess the suitability of the site for the proposed land use. Robson therefore recommends that limited sampling and analysis of the soil in the area of the leaking sewage drain (AEC 1) and the areas of potential fill material on the site (AEC 2) to assess for soil contamination associated with past and present potentially contaminating activities undertaken in these areas. Should the results of the soil sampling indicate a potential risk of contamination to groundwater, then further assessment of groundwater could also be required in future. In addition, Robson recommends that the sewage drain is fully repaired to prevent further leakage of sewage on the site.’

Yarralumla Heritage & Environmental Assessment
Page 3 APPENDIX A: ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT –GEOFF BUTLER &ASSOCIATES

Yarralumla Heritage & Environmental Assessment
Page 4

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 *HRII%XWOHU $VVRFLDWHVSK   APPENDIX B: CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSESSMENT – NAVIN OFFICER HERITAGE CONSULTANTS

Yarralumla Heritage & Environmental Assessment
Block 9, Section 86 Yarralumla, ACT

Cultural Heritage Assessment

October 2011

Navin Officer heritage consultants Pty Ltd

acn: 092 901 605

Number 4 Kingston Warehouse 71 Leichhardt St. Kingston ACT 2604

ph 02 6282 9415 A Report to Duncan Marshall fx 02 6282 9416 Heritage Consultant Report Register

The following register documents the development and issue of this document.

Issue No. Notes/Description Issue Date v1 Draft for proponent comment 14 October 2011 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

 Block 9, Section 86 in Yarralumla, ACT is under consideration by the National Capital Planning Authority (NCA) for use by the Indian High Commission. The block is located on the corner of Turrana Street and Moonah Place in Yarralumla.

 A cultural heritage assessment of the block addressing indigenous and non-indigenous heritage issues was conducted in October 2011. The study included literature and database searches, field survey and consultation with ACT Representative Aboriginal Organisations.

 This study was undertaken for Duncan Marshall Heritage Consultant, in order to assess any constraints affecting future development on this land.

 The study found that:

− The site is moderately disturbed, with few remaining original landscape surfaces.

− No previously recorded Aboriginal sites occur within Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla.

− No previously recorded historical sites occur within Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla.

− No Aboriginal sites, objects or areas of potential archaeological deposit or sensitivity were identified in the study area in the course of the current investigation.

− No historical sites or features were identified in the study area in the course of the current investigation.

− No areas of Aboriginal or historical archaeological potential or sensitivity were identified within the study area.

 It is concluded that:

− There are no cultural heritage constraints to the future development of Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla.

 It is recommended that:

− No further cultural heritage assessment is required for development of Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla.

~ o0o ~ TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION...... 1
1.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 1
1.2 REPORT OUTLINE ...... 1
1.3 COPYRIGHT ...... 1
1.4 RESTRICTED INFORMATION...... 2
1.5 CONFIDENTIALITY...... 2
2. STUDY METHODOLOGY ...... 5
2.1 LITERATURE AND DATABASE REVIEW ...... 5
2.2 FIELDWORK ...... 5
2.3 PROJECT PERSONNEL...... 5
3. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT...... 6
4. ABORIGINAL CULTURAL CONTEXT...... 8
4.1 TRIBAL BOUNDARIES ...... 8
4.2 REPRESENTATIVE ABORIGINAL ORGANISATIONS ...... 8
4.3 CONSULTATION...... 9
5. ABORIGINAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT...... 10
5.1 REGIONAL OVERVIEW...... 10
5.2 THE STUDY AREA ...... 10
6. HISTORICAL CONTEXT ...... 11
6.1 REGIONAL OVERVIEW...... 11
6.2 THE LOCAL AREA...... 11
6.3 PREVIOUS CULTURAL HERITAGE STUDIES ...... 13
6.4 THE STUDY AREA ...... 13
7. RESULTS ...... 15
7.1 SUMMARY...... 15
7.2 ABORIGINAL SITES ...... 15
7.3 HISTORICAL SITES ...... 15
7.4 SURVEY COVERAGE AND VISIBILITY VARIABLES ...... 15
8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 16
8.1 CONCLUSIONS ...... 16
8.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 16
9. REFERENCES...... 17
APPENDIX 1 RECORD OF ABORIGINAL FIELD PARTICIPATION ...... 19
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Description

Block 9, Section 86 in Yarralumla, ACT is under consideration by the National Capital Planning Authority (NCA) for use by the Indian High Commission. The proposed area consists of the eastern third of the block measuring about 29 m wide by 106 m long and is approximately three hectares in area.

Block 9, Section 86 (the study area) is located on the corner of Turrana Street and Moonah Place in Yarralumla. The study area is bounded by Block 10 on the eastern side, Block 3 on the southern side and Block 2 on the western side (Figures 1.1 and 1.2). The area is currently in use as open green space.

This report documents the results of a cultural heritage assessment of Block 9, Section 86 Yarralumla. The assessment aimed to identify indigenous and historical cultural heritage constraints affecting the future development of the study area.

The report was commissioned by Duncan Marshall Heritage Consultant.

1.2 Report Outline

This report:

 Describes the methodology employed in the study (Section 2);

 Describes the environmental setting of Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla (Section 3);

 Provides information relevant to the Aboriginal cultural context of the study area (Sections 4 and 5);

 Provides information relevant to the historical cultural context of the study area (Section 6)

 Describes the results of the data review, field survey and Aboriginal consultation program conducted in the context of the assessment (Section 7); and

 Provides management recommendations based on the results of the investigation (Section 8).

1.3 Copyright

Copyright to this report rests with the National Capital Authority and Duncan Marshall Heritage Consultant except for the following:

 The Navin Officer Heritage Consultants logo and business name (copyright to this rests with Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd);

 Generic content and formatting which is not specific to this project or its results (copyright to this material rests with Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd);

 Descriptive text and data relating to Aboriginal objects which must, by law, be provided to the ACT Heritage Unit for its purposes and use;

 Information which, under Australian law, can be identified as belonging to Indigenous intellectual property;

 Content which was sourced from and remains part of the public domain

Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla - Cultural Heritage Assessment 1 Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd October 2011 1.4 Restricted Information

Information in this report relating to the exact location of Aboriginal sites should not be published or promoted in the public domain.

No information provided by Aboriginal stakeholders in this report has been specifically identified as requiring access restrictions due to its cultural sensitivity.

1.5 Confidentiality

No information in this report has been classified as confidential.

Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla - Cultural Heritage Assessment 2 Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd October 2011 Figure 1.1: General location of Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla (outline in red) (base map by Google Earth Pro).

Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla - Cultural Heritage Assessment 3 Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd October 2011 Figure 1.2 Location of study area within Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla (red hatching) (Plan supplied by Duncan Marshall Heritage Consultant).

Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla - Cultural Heritage Assessment 4 Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd October 2011 2. STUDY METHODOLOGY

2.1 Literature and Database Review

A range of archaeological and historical data was reviewed for Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla and its surrounds. This literature and data review was used to determine if known Aboriginal and historical sites were located within the area under investigation, to facilitate site prediction on the basis of known regional and local site patterns, and to place the area within an archaeological and heritage management context. The review of documentary sources included heritage registers and schedules, local histories, and archaeological reports.

Literature sources included the Heritage Registers maintained by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities and the Australian Heritage Council, (Federal) and the Heritage Registers and associated reports held by the ACT Heritage Unit, Sustainable Development Directorate.

Searches were undertaken of the following statutory and non-statutory heritage registers and schedules:

 Statutory Listings:  The National Heritage List (Australian Heritage Council);  The Commonwealth Heritage List (DoSEWPaC);  The Register of the National Estate (Australian Heritage Council); and  The ACT Heritage Register (ACT Heritage Council).

 Non-Statutory Listings:  Register of the National Trust of Australia (ACT).

2.2 Fieldwork

An archaeological survey of the study area was undertaken in October, 2011.

The area of potential impact was comprehensively and systematically surveyed by two archaeologists. Survey included transects across all landforms and inspection of all areas of exposure within the study area.

In areas of limited exposure, an assessment was made of the potential for that area to include Aboriginal sites below the ground.

2.3 Project Personnel

Field survey was conducted by archaeologists Christine Gant-Thompson and Sam Harper.

Aboriginal representatives were Wally Bell (Buru Ngunawal Aboriginal Corporation – [BNAC]), Carl Brown (King Brown’s Tribal Group Pty Ltd - [KBTC]) and James Mundy (Ngarigu Currawong Clan [NCC]).

This report was prepared by Christine Gant-Thompson and reviewed by Nicola Hayes.

Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla - Cultural Heritage Assessment 5 Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd October 2011 3. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT

Yarralumla is located within the inner south suburbs of Canberra, approximately three kilometres southwest of Canberra’s city centre. Block 9, Section 86 is located on the corner of Turrana Street and Moonah Place. The study area is located on the northern footslopes of Red Hill about 1.5 km south of the original course of the Molonglo River. Local elevation is about 600 m AHD.

Underlying bedrock in study area comprises Silurian aged rocks belonging to the Mount Painter Volcanics and the Yarralumla Formation. The Yarralumla Formation consists of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks dominated by mudstone and siltstone with sandstone and hornfels. The Mount Painter Volcanics consists of dacitic ignimbrite with minor tuff and ashstone. Siltstone bedrocks were observed to outcrop in the southwest corner of the study area. No stone types suitable for Aboriginal tool manufacture were noted in the area.

Prior to urban development the primary drainage feature in the area was a first order stream located about 500 m to the east (Figure 3.1). Block 9, Section 86 is situated on the eastern side of the spurline extending north from Red Hill. The ground slopes gently to the southeast corner of the block (Figure 3.2).

The soils developed on the upper northern side of the study area are generally silty clay with high levels of bedrock gravel. On the lower southern side of the block soils are characterised by clayey loam with large outcrops of siltstone bedrock. Due to the dense vegetation cover in the study area, there is limited erosion.

Vegetation within the study area consists of introduced and native grass species with scattered trees growing throughout. Varieties of pine trees, hedges and eucalypts have been planted along the eastern, southern and western sides of the block. In the centre of the block are several dead and/or dying eucalypts which are associated with naturally seeded exotic trees tentatively identified as Sorbus aucuparia (European mountain ash) (Figure 3.3).

European land use impacts include native vegetation clearance and introduction of non-native tree species, pasturing of stock, landscaping and adjacent construction of roads and buildings. Infrastructure for services such as electricity, telecommunications and water are located on the northern side of the block. Generally, levels of disturbance across the study area are low to moderate.

This disturbance to the site will have significantly impacted the integrity of any prehistoric and historic archaeological sites that may have been present in the area. It is probable that any surface scatters of artefacts which occur within the uppermost soil layers will have undergone varying degrees of horizontal and vertical disturbance. Historic sites and features, if any, may have been adversely impacted by fires, modern cultivation and pasture maintenance practices, ripping of early cultivation fields and deliberate demolition.

Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla - Cultural Heritage Assessment 6 Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd October 2011 Figure 3.1: Extract of the “Canberra Federal Territory & NSW” (Military survey of Australia) map, 1914 - study area shown by solid red line (http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-gmod75).

Figure 3.2: Looking southwest over gently Figure 3.3: View of eucalypts and associated sloping ground of study area. introduced trees, looking northwest.

Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla - Cultural Heritage Assessment 7 Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd October 2011 4. ABORIGINAL CULTURAL CONTEXT

4.1 Tribal Boundaries

Tribal boundaries within Australia are based largely on linguistic evidence and it is probable that boundaries, clan estates and band ranges were fluid and varied over time. Consequently 'tribal boundaries' as delineated today must be regarded as approximations only, and relative to the period of, or immediately before, European contact. Social interaction across these language boundaries appears to have been a common occurrence.

A reconstruction of clan boundaries based on Tindale (1974) indicates that the central Canberra area fell within the tribal boundaries of the Ngunnawal people. There is some uncertainty as to which language was spoken by the Aborigines of northern Canberra. This area appears to have been close to the linguistic boundary between the Gundungurra and Ngunnawal languages. Eades (1976) notes that published grammars for these two languages (Mathews 1900, 1901, 1904) are virtually identical. However, according to Eades’ boundaries, the Ngunnawal of northern Canberra probably spoke the Gundungurra language.

References to the traditional Aboriginal inhabitants of the Canberra region are rare and often difficult to interpret (Flood 1980, Huys 1993). The consistent impression however is one of rapid depopulation and a desperate disintegration of a traditional way of life over little more than fifty years from initial white contact (Officer 1989). The disappearance of the Aborigines from the tablelands was probably accelerated by the impact of European diseases which may have included the smallpox epidemic in 1830, influenza, and a severe measles epidemic by the 1860s (Flood 1980, Butlin 1983).

By the 1850s the traditional Aboriginal economy had largely been replaced by an economy based on European commodities and supply points. Reduced population, isolation from the most productive grasslands, and the destruction of traditional social networks meant that the final decades of the region's indigenous culture and economy was centred on white settlements and properties (Officer 1989).

By 1856 the local 'Canberra Tribe', presumably members of the Ngunnawal or Ngarigo, were reported to number around seventy (Schumack 1967) and by 1872 recorded as only five or six 'survivors' (Goulburn Herald 9 Nov 1872). In 1873 one 'pure blood' member remained, known to the white community as Nelly Hamilton or 'Queen Nellie'.

Early accounts of Aboriginal lifestyles in and comparable with the current study localities describe aspects of a successful hunting and gathering economy and eventful social life and inter-group contacts. The material culture, which is partly reflected in the surviving archaeological record, included stone and wooden artefacts, skin clothing and bark and bough temporary dwellings (Flood 1980, Huys 1993).

4.2 Representative Aboriginal Organisations

Four local Aboriginal organisations have stated an objective to represent traditional Aboriginal cultural values and interests within the ACT. These groups have been recognised by the Minister as Representative Aboriginal Organisations (RAOs) as defined under the ACT Heritage Act 2004. These groups are the:  Buru Ngunawal Aboriginal Corporation (BNAC);  King Brown’s Tribal Group Pty Ltd (KBTG);  Little Gudgenby River Tribal Council (LGRTC); and  Ngarigu Currawong Clan (NCC).

It is the policy of the ACT Heritage Council that the RAOs should be consulted with regard to the management of, and potential impacts to, Aboriginal cultural values and places within the ACT.

Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla - Cultural Heritage Assessment 8 Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd October 2011 4.3 Consultation

Contact was made by phone and email with the RAOs to inform them of this assessment and to organise representation during the field survey.

The following personnel participated in the fieldwork program and represented the interests of their group in the project:

 Wally Bell (Buru Ngunawal Aboriginal Corporation);

 Carl Brown (King Brown’s Tribal Group Pty Ltd); and

 James Mundy (Ngarigu Currawong Clan).

Records of Aboriginal Field Participation are provided in Appendix 1.

Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla - Cultural Heritage Assessment 9 Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd October 2011 5. ABORIGINAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT

5.1 Regional Overview

Stone artefact scatters are the most frequently occurring residue of prehistoric activity in the region. They may range considerably in size and density, factors that are often interpreted as an indication of intensity of the Aboriginal landuse. As well, they provide insight into stylistic and technological behaviours. Such scatters are representative of one or more stages in what is termed a 'reduction sequence'. That is, the entire process from obtaining stone raw material, to manufacture of stone artefacts and to eventual discard or loss and incorporation into the archaeological record. Isolated finds are artefacts that occur without any apparently associated archaeological materials or deposit. Open scatters are defined as spatially concentrated occurrences of two or more flaked stone artefacts.

Broad distinctions may be made between sites formed as a result of general living and habitation activities and sites located in response to the fixed locations of specific resources. Occupation sites relating to the former activities are most commonly recognised by the discard of flaked stone materials in sedimentary deposits. Subsequent processes of erosion or landuse may deflate or section these sediments to reveal surficial or embedded (sometimes stratified) materials. Sites formed as a result of resource location may be recognised by a range of features including the proximity of discarded stone materials to source stone materials and characteristic extraction and use marks upon stone or wood materials, that is, quarries, hatchet grinding grooves and scarred trees.

The wider regional pattern of Aboriginal occupation site occurrence within the ACT is one of higher site size and frequency in areas proximate to major permanent creek lines with a reduction in site size and frequency around less permanent water sources. Whilst sites have been found to occur throughout topographic and vegetational zones, there is a tendency for more of the larger sites to be located in proximity to creeks, wetlands and proximate parts of valley floors. A trend for larger sites to be near major water sources, but avoiding frost drainage hollows was noted at a regional level by Flood (1980). Elsewhere in the Canberra region high site and artefact frequencies have also been correlated with the geographic occurrence of specific resources particularly, stone procurement outcrop locations (Access Archaeology 1990, Heffernan and Klaver 1995, Kuskie 1992a and b, Walshe 1994).

5.2 The Study Area

A search of the National Heritage Register, ACT Heritage Register, DoSEWPaC registers and the Australian Heritage Council Register revealed no Aboriginal sites have been previously recorded within the Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla, study area.

Several archaeological surveys have been undertaken within 2.5 km of the study area.

Navin Officer Heritage Consultants (NOHC) conducted surveys of Stirling Park, Block 1, Section 128, Yarralumla (NOHC 2004a), Blocks 2, 3 and 25, Section 44, in Yarralumla (NOHC 2006) and Block 22, Section 32 Yarralumla (NOHC 2007). No Aboriginal heritage sites or objects were identified in the course of these studies.

A number of Aboriginal scarred trees have been identified in Section 22 Block 4 and Section 44 Blocks 6 and 8 in Yarralumla. These sites are listed on the ACT Heritage Register.

The current study area was surveyed by NOHC (2004b) as part of a cultural heritage assessment of twenty blocks of land in the suburbs of Deakin, O’Malley and Yarralumla for use as Diplomatic Missions. No Aboriginal sites or objects were identified in the current study area or any other block.

Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla - Cultural Heritage Assessment 10 Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd October 2011 6. HISTORICAL CONTEXT

6.1 Regional Overview

The Canberra area was first settled in the mid 1820s when James Ainslie occupied land near the confluence of the Molonglo River and Jerrabomberra Creek on behalf of his employer Robert Campbell. From this time through to the mid 1830s most of the productive country was acquired by squatters and absentee landholders and by the 1850s substantial properties such as Duntroon, Canberry and Yarralumla were being established (Gillespie 1991).

While landuse up until the late 1850s was focused on sheep runs and some grain production, the establishment of smaller holdings with the passing of the Robertson Land Acts in 1861 heralded the emergence of a closer pattern of settlement. Sheep grazing continued, but with the addition of dairying and smaller scale cereal production. This landuse was characterised by the establishment of numerous small field systems and grazing, with limited cultivation and orchards around home paddocks (Farrington and Williams 1992).

During the latter half of the nineteenth century, there was a continuing consolidation of settlement throughout the region. George Campbell, the fourth son of Robert Campbell, came to Duntroon in 1855 and added to the large holdings left to him by his father by purchasing land north of Canberra. George resided at Duntroon until 1876, when he went to England and lived until his death in 1881. Duntroon was managed by Campbell’s nephew, Frederick until the Commonwealth resumed the property (Gillespie 1991).

The ACT was established from land ceded by New South Wales in 1911. Initial development of the ACT was slow, and management of the existing NSW infrastructure was continued by the Commonwealth with only gradual changes. The last ‘freehold’ properties were not resumed until the 1980s. Names already in use in 1911 such as natural features and locality names were retained. Although some localities have disappeared as a result of urban development, their names have usually been retained in some form.

6.2 The Local Area

In addition to the three large properties of Duntroon, Canberry and Yarralumla, a fourth, Klensendorlffe’s (or Klenzendorlffe’s) property of four square miles (2,560 acres) completed the rural tapestry of early nineteenth-century central Canberra. It lay on the southern side of the Molonglo River opposite Canberry (Acton) Station and between Yarralumla and Duntroon estates. This property was identified as Portion 7 on the 1903 Parish Map (Figure 6.1) and encompassed much of today’s south Canberra including part of Capital Hill. The current study area is located in the northern third of this property.

In 1828, Portion 7 was granted to John Stephen, second son of Mr Justice John Stephen and brother of Sir Alfred Stephen but it was worked by William Klensendorlffe, an innkeeper at Tahmoor and a substantial property owner, who acquired it in 1829 (Mort 1987:36). Overlooking the other main ford of the Molonglo River, Klensendorlffe built a substantial oblong ten-roomed stone house, which stood until the mid-1920s near the present site of Albert Hall. He named the cottage Elizabeth Farm after his wife. The building was usually known as Klensendorlffe’s Farmhouse or Kaye’s Barn. Klensendorlffe was not a popular figure on the Limestone Plains – cruelty to his assigned men being one of his alleged faults. His property passed to the Yarralumla estate after he had been declared bankrupt in 1846. He left the district the following year (Gugler 1997:1, Knowles 1990:1-3).

Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla - Cultural Heritage Assessment 11 Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd October 2011 In 1847, the land passed to Peter Plomer and was leased by various people until 1854 when Joseph Kaye leased 65 acres of Klensendorlffe’s land and Elizabeth Cottage. George Campbell bought Klensendorlffe’s land from Peter Plomer in 1860 and from then on it became part of the Duntroon Estate, with the tenant farmers remaining on the land. This land was never subdivided until it was resumed for the Federal Territory. The 1915 Territory Feature Map records a house occupied by “C. Kaye” on the southern bank of the Molonglo River in the Klenzendorlffe Paddock (Figure 6.2). Kaye Street and Kaye Place in Yarralumla are named after the Kaye family who were living there when Canberra became the capital city (Gugler 1997:2-3, Knowles 1990:1-3).

Figure 6.1: Extract of the “Narrabundah Parish, County of Murray’ 2nd edition map, 1903 - study area shown by solid red line (http://parishmaps.lands.nsw.gov.au/pmap.html).

In 1909, the first survey camp for the Federal Capital was established in Klensendorlffe’s paddock 20 chains from Kurrajong (Capital) Hill, and preliminary work commenced on an area of 36 square miles. In 1910, Scrivener established a base camp on the same site, and a number of timber offices and a concrete plan room were erected. In 1911, the Commonwealth resumed 940 square miles of NSW land for the site of the Federal Capital (Gugler 1997:4).

Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla - Cultural Heritage Assessment 12 Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd October 2011 In the early 1920’s several workers’ camps were constructed on the hillsides south of Kaye’s farm. These camps provided accommodation in the form of timber huts and tents for the labourers and tradesmen involved in the construction of the Federal Capital (Gugler 1997:5). By early 1932 all accommodation structures had been removed from this area. In 1963, Lake Burley Griffin was filled (Gugler 1997:6).

The study area occurs at the northern end of the Portion 7, near the residential focus of the Klensendorlff property. However, as illustrated in Figure 6.2, it appears there are no structures relating to the pre-Federal Territory history of the portion within the study area.

The Federal Territory Feature Map (Figure 6.2) shows the study area in general to have been open grassland with some areas of cultivation along the southern bank of the Molonglo River. Klensendorlffe’s Portion 7 is crossed by numerous tracks and the northern section of the portion had been fenced into smaller enclosures.

6.3 Previous Cultural Heritage Studies

Historical surveys of areas around the current study area have been undertaken in conjunction with Aboriginal archaeological surveys.

Navin Officer Heritage Consultants (NOHC) conducted surveys of Stirling Park, Block 1, Section 128, Yarralumla (2004a), 20 blocks of land in the suburbs of Deakin, O’Malley and Yarralumla (200b) Blocks 2, 3 and 25, Section 44, in Yarralumla (2006) and Block 22, Section 32 Yarralumla (2007). No Historic sites were identified in the course of these studies.

6.4 The Study Area

A search of the National Heritage Register, ACT Heritage Register, DoSEWPaC registers and the Australian Heritage Council Register revealed no historical heritage sites within the current study area.

There are 27 historical heritage sites registered within a 2km radius of the study area including private dwellings, hotels, public recreational facilities, churches and gardens. Of these sites, the following six are located within a 1km radius of the study area: three private dwellings (in Deakin and Yarralumla), the Canberra Girls Grammar School Boarding House in Deakin and examples of Canberra’s “Garden City” design in the suburbs of Forrest (such as Blandfordia 4) and Barton.

Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla - Cultural Heritage Assessment 13 Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd October 2011 Figure 6.2 Location of the study area (red outline) relative to the Federal Territory Feature Map (c.1915) (map courtesy of NLA, Australian Federal Capital Commission, Sheet 4 and Sheet 11, County of Murray)

Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla - Cultural Heritage Assessment 14 Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd October 2011 7. RESULTS

7.1 Summary

 No previously recorded Aboriginal sites occur within Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla.

 No previously recorded historical sites occur within Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla.

 No historical sites or features were identified in the study area in the course of the current investigation.

 No Aboriginal sites or features were identified in the study area in the course of the current investigation.

 No areas of Aboriginal or historical archaeological potential or sensitivity were identified within the study area in the course of the current investigation.

7.2 Aboriginal Sites

No Aboriginal sites or areas of potential were identified during the field survey of Block 9, Section 64.

7.3 Historical Sites

No historical sites or objects were located during the field survey of Block 9, Section 64.

The location of the ‘salt shed’ indicated on the Territory Feature Map (Figure 6.2) was not visible in the study area. It is presumed that little evidence remains of the timber structure forming this object.

7.4 Survey Coverage and Visibility Variables

The effectiveness of archaeological field survey is to a large degree related to the obtrusiveness of the sites being looked for and the incidence and quality of ground surface visibility. Visibility variables were estimated for all areas of comprehensive survey within the study area. These estimates provide a measure with which to gauge the effectiveness of the survey and level of sampling conducted. They can also be used to gauge the number and type of sites that may not have been detected by the survey.

Ground surface visibility is a measure of the bare ground visible to the archaeologist during the survey. There are two main variables used to assess ground surface visibility, the frequency of exposure encountered by the surveyor and the quality of visibility within those exposures. The predominant factors affecting the quality of ground surface visibility within an exposure are the extent of vegetation and ground litter, the depth and origin of exposure, the extent of recent sedimentary deposition, and the level of visual interference from surface gravels.

Block 9, Section 86 in Yarralumla is a low to moderately disturbed site. A total of 80% of the ground area in the study area was inspected during the survey, with 5-10% providing useable archaeological exposures.

Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla - Cultural Heritage Assessment 15 Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd October 2011 8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

8.1 Conclusions

No Aboriginal or historical sites or areas of archaeological potential were identified in Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla.

Taking into account the results of this assessment and previous heritage studies conducted in the local area, landscape disturbance in the study area, the lack of foci for Aboriginal activity in the area in the past (eg water sources, raw material sources), it is concluded that the Yarralumla study area has low Aboriginal archaeological potential and low sensitivity.

The absence of historical features and sites in the Yarralumla study area indicates that study area has low historical archaeological potential and low sensitivity.

Consequently there are no cultural heritage constraints to future development of Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla.

8.2 Recommendations

It is recommended that:

1. No further cultural heritage assessment is required for development on Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla.

2. A copy of this report should be provided to the ACT Heritage Unit at the following address:

ACT Heritage Unit GPO Box 158 Canberra ACT 2601

3. One copy of this report should be provided to each of the ACT RAOs at the following addresses:

The Secretary Buru Ngunawal Aboriginal Corporation PO Box 6900 CHARNWOOD ACT 2615

Mr Carl Brown King Brown’s Tribal Group Pty Ltd 17 Cassia Crescent QUEANBEYAN NSW 2620

Ms Antoinette House Little Gudgenby River Tribal Council 61 River Drive QUEANBEYAN NSW 2620

Mr Tony Boye Ngarigu Currawong Clan 6 Buckman Place MELBA ACT 2615

Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla - Cultural Heritage Assessment 16 Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd October 2011 9. REFERENCES

Access Archaeology Pty Ltd 1990 Ginninderra Water Quality Control Pond 1: Archaeological Survey. Report to ACT Public Works, Department of Urban Services.

Butlin, N. 1983 Our Original Aggression: Aboriginal populations of southeastern Australia 1788-1850. Allen & Unwin, Sydney.

Eades, D. K. 1976 The Dharawal and Dhurga Languages of the New South Wales South Coast. Australian Aboriginal Studies Research and Regional Studies No 8. AIAS, Canberra.

Farrington, I. and D. Williams 1992 Ploughlands and Related Features in the 'Tea Gardens' Area, Gungahlin, ACT. Report to Navin Officer Archaeological Resource Management.

Flood, J. 1980 The Moth Hunters. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra.

Gillespie, L. 1991 Canberra 1820-1913. AGPS, Canberra.

Gugler, A. 1997 Westlake: One of the Vanished Suburbs of Canberra. Printed by CPN Publications Pty Ltd, Fyshwick, Canberra.

Heffernan, K. and J. Klaver 1995 A Conservation and Management Plan for Aboriginal Surficial Chert Quarries, Gungahlin, ACT. Report to ACT Heritage Section.

Horton, D. R. 1999 Map of Aboriginal Australia - part of The Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia. AIATSIS.

Huys, S. F. 1993 Prehistoric Gungahlin. A Model of Human Occupation. Unpublished BA Hons thesis, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra.

Knowles, B. 1990 The Cottage in the Parliamentary Triangle. Canberra & District Historical Society, Canberra.

Kuskie, P. J. 1992a A Preliminary Cultural Resource Survey of the Proposed Residential Development Areas C1, C2, C3 and C4, at Gungahlin, ACT. Report to ACT DELP

Kuskie, P. J. 1992b An Archaeological Investigation of Two Quarries and an Open Scatter at Gungahlin, ACT. Report to ACT Public Works.

Mathews, R. H. 1900 The Gundungurra grammar. In The organisation, language, and initiation ceremonies of the Aborigines of the south-east coast of NSW in Royal Society of NSW Journal and Proceedings, vol. 34:262-281.

Mathews, R. H. 1901 The Gundungurra language, American Philosophical Society Proceedings, vol. 40 no 167:140-148.

Mathews, R. H. 1904 The Ngunawal language, in The Wiradyuri and other languages of NSW. In Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Journal, vol 33: 294-299.

Mort, E. 1987 Old Canberra A sketchbook of the 1920s. National Library of Australia, Canberra.

Navin, K., K. Officer and K. Legge 1996 Proposed Duplication of the Federal Highway, Stirling Avenue to Sutton Interchange EIS - Cultural Heritage Component. Report to Ove Arup & Partners.

Navin Officer Heritage Consultants (NOHC) 1999 Cultural Resource Assessment Part Block 1195, Weston Creek, ACT. Report to Connell Wagner Pty Ltd.

Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla - Cultural Heritage Assessment 17 Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd October 2011 Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd (NOHC) 2004a Kings Park and Block 1 Section 128, Yarralumla, Canberra, ACT: Cultural Heritage Assessment. Report to the National Capital Authority.

Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd (NOHC) 2004b Deakin, O’Malley and Yarralumla Diplomatic Mission Sites: Cultural Heritage Assessment. Report to the National Capital Authority.

Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd (NOHC) 2006 Blocks 2, 3 and 25, Section 44, Yarralumla, Canberra, ACT: Cultural Heritage Assessment. Report to the National Capital Authority.

Navin Officer Heritage Consultants (NOHC) 2007 Cultural and Natural Heritage Assessment Block 22, Section 32 Yarralumla, ACT. Report to the National Capital Authority.

Officer, K. L. C. 1989 Namadgi Pictures: The Aboriginal rock art sites within the Namadgi National Park, ACT. Report to ACT Administration, Heritage Unit, and the ACT Parks and Conservation Service.

Schumack, J. E. and S. 1967 An Autobiography, or Tales and Legends of Canberra Pioneers. (Edited by L.F. Fitzhardinge), ANU Press, Canberra.

Tindale, N. B. 1974 Aboriginal Tribes of Australia. ANU Press, Canberra.

Walshe, K. 1994 Documentation of, and, Management Options for three Chert Procurement Sources (Sites C1/1, C1/2 and C1/3) in the Proposed Gungahlin Town Centre. Report to ACT Planning Authority, DELP.

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Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla - Cultural Heritage Assessment 18 Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd October 2011 APPENDIX 1

RECORD OF ABORIGINAL FIELD PARTICIPATION

Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla - Cultural Heritage Assessment 19 Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd October 2011 Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla - Cultural Heritage Assessment 20 Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd October 2011 Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla - Cultural Heritage Assessment 21 Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd October 2011 Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla - Cultural Heritage Assessment 22 Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd October 2011 Block 9, Section 86, Yarralumla - Cultural Heritage Assessment 23 Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd October 2011