science • technique 246 • f oyaet ain eals rs-ikg ad h ceto of creation the and cross-linkage permanent gels[3]. enables cations polyvalent of to 10.Acharacteristicpropertyofsuchsystemsisthatthepresence gels obtained in such preparations are stable in the pH scope from 4 The phase. water the of quantity sufficient containing solutions systems and water in hydrogels create turn, in derivatives, [5÷7]. Cellulose system the in concentration solvent’s the on depends also structure This used. solvent the of polarity the on depending varies substance, this with obtained gels of structure The solvents. organic Gels typesandstructure Introduction and alsobycarbohydrate moleculescomprising a fewatoms[8,9]. molecules protein large by both substances: varied very by formed oxides. metal Forming chemical gels on is an irreversible process. Physical based gels may be gels and gels silica polymers, weaker cross-linked much with bonded others, are among comprise, gels Chemical interactions. intermolecular agents gelling of molecules the which in gels physical also other,are each there between but bonds process of gel forming, the molecules of gelling agent create covalent the during which, in gels chemical are There agent. gelling of type a the on i.e. network, stiff a based of creation the for responsible is reactions of type gels of division general the The to aerogels. leading of drying, creation gel of process the within removed be may or system the within remain may phase This (organogels). solvent organic other any or alcohol be also can phase this but (aquagels), may be formed by various systems. A liquid phase is frequently water view,of point chemical gelsFromthe the immobilisation. its causing porous net propagating in the liquid, being the other gel component, entire volume of the mixture. Gelling agent creates a stiff, branched, the in dispersing phase, continuous separate a creates them of each manifested by are properties beneficial some derivatives, sorbitol of an systems, derivatives [1, 2] or cellulose described derivatives are applied [3,4]. In the case the In coats. sorbitol when obtained be may preparation the of form appropriate varnish of removal the for used preparations the concerns often feature this situations, other the in Among products. frequent chemical household and is cosmetic of composition concerned, is character their as far as another each other, andwhichareofbothhydrophilichydrophobictype. with blend not do degree, large a to which, ingredients the containing mixtures of case the in significant especially becomes property This consistence. product intended the of maintenance for and responsible creation are the they and mixture the of interaction ingredients of other of strength with the structure with connected chemical are used the substance from the directly resulting properties The product. final the in contained ingredients the of character the on all, of first depends, effect intended the guarantee can which substance the of selection The adhesion. or viscosity consistency, e.g. features utility desired the with products the provide to ability their to thanks industry of branches many in applied widely are solutions water and 1 A gel is a system consisting of at least two ingredients, in which in ingredients, two least at of consisting system a is gel A one from much so vary ingredients the which in situation A solvents organic of mixtures the in agents gelling and Thickeners ,3:2,4-di-O- benzylidene-D-sorbitol (D-DBS) ,3:2,4-di-O- Please citeas:CHEMIK2013,67,3,242-249 Technology, Cracow Organic and Chemistry University ofTechnology, of Institute Cracow, Poland – VOGT Otmar JAWORSKA, Małgorzata Sorbitol andcellulosederivativesasgellingagents in connection with D-DBS Types ofgellingsubstances only infewplaces[12]. strong gels, but also branched molecules may bond with each other bond may with each molecules other in a The linear way shapes. with transverse bonds solid and thus form and compact into coil tendencies to natural their limiting molecules, of the quantity of effective increase an causes and environment water in place takes with each other with permanent covalent bonds [11]. This process chain with hydrogen bonds. Polymer chain, however, are connected macromolecule the to molecules water of addition the in consists natural sugar alcohol, D-glucitol (sorbitol). natural sugaralcohol,D-glucitol the macromolecules[13]. between areas the water,fills and which chains polymer of net sional hydrogels are formed. These phase, are systems, consisting liquid of a three-dimen- of quantity sufficient with systems and solutions in water etc.) hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, methylcellulose, locellulose, derivatives with theunitsofp-nitrophenol,-aminophenolandDBS[8]. sorbitol comprise Gelators liquid. organic an is medium dispersion the which in gels the are these formed: are “organogels” – gels thermo-reversible process phase this of result continuous a As gelators. as called are solvents organic with gels physical forming of the organicsolventisadsorbedandtrappedincreatednetwork[10]. fibrous of formation the on based network via interactions between is the low-molecular compounds. Then, gelling of process The LDF. – y h peec o mn fntoa gop cpbe f physical of capable forces, groups functional many interactions, such of as van der presence Waals forces, the hydrogen bonds, electrostatic by Fig. 1. Schematic gelation process using low-molecular organic Fig. 1.Schematicgelationprocessusinglow-molecular The process of solution bonding or dispersion forming by polymers -B (,:,-iObnyieeDsrio) s drvtv of derivative a is (1,3:2,4-di-O-benzylidene-D-sorbitol) D-DBS (hydroxyethy derivatives cellulose of case the in the However, Organic substances with a low molecular weight with the capacity Gelling substances with a low-molecular weight are characterised are weight low-molecular a with substances Gelling neatos “tcig) n Lno dseso forces dispersion London and (“stacking”) interactions π-π Fig. 2.1,3:2,4-di-O-benzylideno-D-sorbitol compounds [10] nr 3/2013 •tom 67 -

o obtl rm prx 151 o prx 191 Aysloi acid Arylsulfonic 1.9:1. ( approx. to 1.5:1 approx. from sorbitol to ratio mole the in mixture reaction the to added thatbe should aldehyde recommend authors meta in The relation used. be can group theposition carbonyl the in to or bromine chlorine fluorine, as such substituents For containing derivatives 2.5:1–3:1). benzaldehyde method, = the alcohol/sorbitol ratio: (the possible sorbitol of ethanol, isopropanol) in such quantity that can make total dissolution (methanol, alcohol some be should solvent the that suggest authors The catalyst. and aldehyde the with then and alcohol with sorbitol These ingredients may be mixed altogether at once or in groups e.g. solvent). organic and catalyst aldehyde, aromatic (D-sorbitol, other each with mixed be must ingredients chemical the all process, the (DBS) andtribenzylidenesorbitol(TBS)[1]. sorbitol dibenzylidene (MBS), sorbitol monobenzylidene of formation 220 approx. of temperature melting body,with benzaldehyde and sorbitol. In its pure form, D-DBS is a crystalline solid the quantity of MBS and TBS in the product and also it eliminates water,it thus eliminating thenecessitytodry product. also and product the in TBS and MBS of quantity the gel structure to be formed. This method makes it possible to reduce converted to other compounds which will not allow the appropriate is DBS mixture, the in remains catalyst the of 0.1% than more that up to6 case the In system. the from catalyst the of rid get to order in are repeated times extractions and filtrations consecutive methanol. The with extraction of means by mixture post-reaction the The process can last even up to 48 hours. The product is isolated from ratio between the catalyst and aldehyde should be 0.6:1 – 0.7:1 [15]. of case the In reaction. above the in catalyst the be can mixtures) their and acid naftalenesulfonic mn ohr i i otie b mas f h rato o benzoic of reaction the of means aldehyde andsorbitolinthepresenceofacidiccatalyst(Fig3). by obtained is it others Among form spherulitic(globular)gels. solvents polarity high whilst metaphase; of structures isotopic form – Solvents with low polarity form weak gels; [5÷7]. those with average polarity solvent the of polarity the on depending differs D-DBS with formed gels of structure The [8,14]. (PDMS) polydimethylsiloxanes and silicones (PEG), polyethylene (PPG), polypropylene with others may it Moreover,among – (polymers) macromolecules many (1). with gels stable form also others and alcohol) (butyl (propyl butanol propanol alcohol), ethanol, methanol, cyclohexane, hexane, xylene, benzene, formamide, dimethyl – DMF glycerol, 1,4-dioxane, glycol, D-DBS has the [14]. ability solvents to organic gel of such solvents variety as: wide ethylene a glycol, gel propylene to result, a as nano- and, fibres of network three-dimensional in molecules their organise to ability the of having group gelators a organic low-molecular-mass to i.e. belongs LMOGs, It [8]. compounds organic many in dissolve can it rings, phenyl hydrophobic its to thanks However, properties. p tleeufnc cd bneeufnc cd 5sloaiyi acid, 5-sulfosalicylic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, -toluenesulfonic In the method described by Gardlik et al., in the first stage of stage first the in al., et Gardlik by described method the In the to leads aldehyde benzoic with sorbitol of reaction The of condensation the of means by proceeds synthesis Its The methods of D-DBS synthesis are generally known [15÷19]. [15÷19]. known generally are synthesis D-DBS of methods The Fig. 3. Synthesis of D-DBS (figurevocabulary:acidiccatalyst, Fig. 3.SynthesisofD-DBS benzoic aldehyde, D-sorbitol, D-DBS) benzoic aldehyde,D-sorbitol, nr 3/2013 •tom 67 p -toluenesulfonic acid, the initial moleinitial the acid, -toluenesulfonic o C. It has amphiphilic has It C. The Lewis acids which are most often used as catalysts are: AlCl are: catalysts as used often most are which acids Lewis The mixtures. their or acids Lewis acid), phosphoric acid, sulphuric acid, The catalyst proposed by Xie can be protonic acids (e.g. hydrochloric catalyst. acid one least at and water with mixing solvent organic one least at alcohol, multi-hydroxyoxide benzaldehyde, non-substituted following or substituted The D-DBS: obtain to product. order in necessary final are substances the of isolation the with connected is meant to increase the process efficiency and to limit the difficulties authors,the of opinion the in which, solvents, and catalysts different Xie [16]. It differs from the previous one mainly by the application of H ZnCl uig h poes f eln. h mr plr arx te larger the matrix, polar more The gelling. of process the areformed during which bonds hydrogen intermolecular the on influence precipitate intheentiregelstructure. crystals concentrations, higher With efficiency. highest its guarantee acid catalyst is used (e.g. 35 % HCl, concentrated H concentrated HCl, % 35 (e.g. used is catalyst acid process, the For butanol. and propanol ethanol, methanol, dioxane, solvents such alternative as hexane, N,N-dimethyl authorsuggests formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, The efficiency. process the on influence adverse an has time reaction the of prolongation The ). hours 7 to 5 requirements concerning the time scale for running the process (from between benzaldehyde and sorbitol = 2:1 and also to follow closely the formation of the appropriate diacetyl is to maintain the proposed ratio entire process. In the the author’s opinion, of the necessary temperature conditions the for the determines which 68.95°C, approx. is point of water, in these condition azeotropic mixture is formed and its boiling ration between cyclohexane and benzaldehyde as 2:1. In the presence rinse itwithwater. to neutralise the reaction mixture with NaOH solution and repeatedly in the solvent used for the reaction. After the process it was necessary solution a as or acid pure a of form a in either temperature, reaction the to reactant the warming after gradually added was catalyst The 0.05–10%. of quantity the with process the of catalysts the as acid) Gels formedbyD-DBS mmol/dm found that the gelling process occurs with the concentration above 10 were carried out in the following system: experiments D-DBS/ethylene The glycol. process. It gelling was the by treated is which system the in concentration its on depends D-DBS by formed gel the of form the in thesystem. gelator the of concentration the on and matrix solvent the of polarity os n n 5 8°. h atos rpsd rntd cd (e.g. acids Brönsted proposed H authors HCl, The 81°C. – 75 in on goes used and varies between 40 and 200°C, with cyclohexane, the process 5 from ranging 30 reactants to of hexane, concentration xylene, the toluene, with benzene, cyclohexane), (e.g.. solvent hydrophobic a in ambient an in progresses temperature [16]. reaction The mixtures. their or dioxane this process are: C1-C10 alcohols, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran (THF), between thecatalystandbenzaldehydeis0.6:1–0.15:1. sorbitol from1:0.75to1:1.75isadvantageousfortheprocess. : benzaldehyde ratio the that however, states, author The catalysts. cyclohexane, in the temperature of about 70°C in the presence of acid 3 PO oevr plrt dge o te ovns itr hs strong a has mixture solvents the of degree polarity Moreover, Uchijama [18] carried out the syntheses in cyclohexane, maintain the The research carried out by Yamasaki and Tsutsumi [7] showed that The structure of the gels formed by D-DBS depends strictly on the A different method of D-DBS synthesis was suggested by by suggested was synthesis D-DBS of method different A Scrivens et al. [17] proposed running the synthesis for 2-16 hours 2-16 for synthesis the running proposed [17] al. et Scrivens for beneficial are which water with mixing solvents organic The iial, ahl [9 pooe t cry u te ytei in synthesis the out carry to proposes [19] Machell Similarly, 2 4 SnCl , . h tmeaue f h poes eed o te solvent the on depends process the of temperature The %. ) withthequantityfrom0.1to10%. 2 SO 3 , and the concentration between 10 and 30 mmol/dm 30 and 10 between concentration the and , 4 , H , 2 SnCl , 3 PO 4 , 4 SnBr , - and m- 2 SnBr , - toluenesulfonic acid, naftalenesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic p- 4 MgBr , 2 FeCl , 3 BF , 2 SO 3 Te ratio The . 4 , 80-90 % 80-90 , • 247 3 shall 3 ,

science • technique science • technique 248 • Cellulose ethersandtheirderivatives Cellulose anditsderivatives into thecrystallinephasedependingontemperature[6]. shifting of ability the has It molecules. DBS of structure the to similar aggregates. However, the The isotropic mesophase ahs a [6]. network structure areas (globular) crystalline phase consists of DBS molecules organised in spiral (helical) spherulitic the between mesophase and phase crystalline the being areas, structure spherical the of consisting formed, is system two-phase a glycol, ethylene in formation, gels DBS of case the example In structure. for spherical have gels as the formamide, dimethyl such solvents, polar more of case the in However, a structure in with there is an isotopic mesophase (liquid crystal forms phase). DBS 1,4-dioxane, as such matrix, medium-polar of nm,isformed. case the In 100 ofapprox. diameter the with nano-fibres spiral non-polar with DBS mixing of result a as and DBS over the DBS-DBS bonds. Yamasaki solvent and Tsutsumi the between [5] proved that formed bonds hydrogen the of advantage as methylcellulose (MC), methyl hydroxy ethyl cellulose (MHEC), cellulose ethyl hydroxy methyl (MC), methylcellulose as or bivalentcations[20]. single-valuedof presence the to insensitive is and hydrogels forms It water.warm in and units. anionic numerous contains CMC Modified coldin both dissolve =0.6 index DS with derivatives alkalies; in only derivatives with less than 1/3 of hydroxyl groups substituted, dissolve ofswelling theCMC, of case the In derivatives. cellulose of solubility water and degree the influences (DS) substitution of degree The [20]. substituent the of type the on depend cellulose modified the planned properties[21]. attractive an raw product (ingredient), it allowing for adapting the structure to makes the derivatives its easiness forms of The cellulose 20]. which [4, with number DS) – Substitution of The Degree the called group). is nitro or OH acetate oxide, propylene to introduce another function group (methyl, ethyl, carboxymethyl, formations, OH in hydroxyl active chemically three are there ring D-glucose each DP. in Moreover, – Polymerization of Degree as number of units D-glucose in the cellulose polymer chain is defined Thetemperature. hot in even soluble, water not is cellulose chain, regards to the presence of numerous hydrogen bonds between the in crystalline areas, but in the areas where the chains are not arranged chains are lying close to each other creating in the majority of cases, biopolymer.Specific chain) (open aliphatic linear a in another one fibres consisting of a few thousand glucose radicals connected with 1,4-β connected a parallel way to one another, amorphic structures are formed. With B. A. the following positions: 2, 3 and 6. In those places it is possible is it places those In 6. and 3 2, positions: following the Methylcellulose is a customary name of cellulose ethers, such ethers, cellulose of name customary a is Methylcellulose of theproperties on groups introduced the of influence The units D-glucose of consisting polysaccharide a is Cellulose groups substituted with another group in each D-glucose unit D-glucose each in group another with substituted groups Fig. 4.Structureofcellulose:A.singlechain,B.fibres (figure vocabulary:amorphicarea,crystallinearea) -glycoside bonds. Thanks to this, cellulose forms cellulose this, to Thanks bonds. -glycoside -xylene, a net consisting of consisting net a p-xylene,

groups [22,24]. -OH with reacting of capable group function with chain hydrophobic hydrines, with compounds other halogenated and haloids haloids, arylated anhydrides, ethers, acid esters, glycidyl are process this in used compounds hydrophobising The derivatives. hydroxypropyl or hydroxyethyl methyl, its are modification of type this for used ethers lead to forming thickeners with refined rheological properties. Cellulose and Kijeński [24] it seems that further cellulose ether modifications may • • to thefollowing: with substituted are cellulose insoluble methyl, hydroxyethyl,hydroxypropylorothergroups[22]. of particles the in groups the in chlorides hydrogen presence ofauxiliarysubstances. other or ethyl chloride, methyl agents: pH rangefrom3.5 to11[4,20]. thein stable are They oxide. propylene with units of contents the of of presence increase an with the together increases tolerance their and electrolytes to insensitive and thermolabile they transparent, are pseudo-plastic, are solutions water Its properties. emulgating and dispergating dampening, densifying, membrane-forming, has It does not dissolve in organic solvents such as: ethanol, ethers, acetone. cream-white powder and is easily soluble in cool water. MHPC almost a fewtimeslargerthanthemassofdrygelator[20]. quantity the in water bond to ability its is CMC of advantage An DS. with decreases and increase DP with together increases suspensions suspensions well, within the pH range from 4 to 10. The ability to stabilise etherifying agent[23]. treated with NaOH solution, forming alkalicellulose which reacts with inalkaline out carried first is Cellulose hydroxide. sodium of use the with usually is conditions, etherification Cellulose 5). (Fig. reaction (CMC) andafewothercellulosederivatives[22]. cellulose methyl carboxyl (HPC), cellulose hydroxypropyl (HEC), cellulose hydroxyethyl (MHPC), cellulose methyl hydroxypropyl From the patent overview described in the article of Szczygielska of article the in described overview patent the From -CONH -CN, as such bond, double with carbon to attached is electrons environment (in this reaction, a substituent which strongly attracts active double bond, and then the reaction is carried out in alkaline where acid, R=H, -CH RX with catalysed is cellulose then and ring epoxy Other methods of ether preparation are cellulose addition reactions hydroxyl of atoms hydrogen processes, above the of result a As etherifying RX as used are substances following the industry, In Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (MHPC) has a form of white or white of form a has (MHPC) cellulose methyl Hydroxypropyl stabilise which solutions viscous stable-plastic forms CMC n o te an ehd o ehr rprto i Williamson’s is preparation ether of methods main the of One Fig. 6.DegreeofsubstitutionCMCDS=1[20] 2 or-SO 3 , -C Fig. 5.Etherificationofcellulose 2 H 3 Na group[23]. 5, nr 3/2013 •tom 67 1. Literature Recapitulation Gels formedbycellulosederivatives n MP i cmlx rprtos eintd o te eoa of removal varnish coatsispresentedinaseparatearticle. the for designated preparations complex in MHPC and and physical reactions. chemical both of result a as formed “hydrogels”, the cross-link physical reaction. Cellulose and its derivatives, in turn, substances as bio-polymers, low-molecular to causing the “ogranogels” formation as of a thermo-reversible result of belong andcellulose derivatives Sorbitol type. byD-DBS gel is played rheological different a forms densifiers these of Each MHPC. as such derivatives, modifying role significant substances a properties, numerous gelling adequate Among an of selection substance. the by guaranteed is consistency appropriate Their coats. varnish of removal the mortars for preparations adhesive and of ingredients the be also may they cosmetics; in may assumetheformofanentangledhelix[13]. polymer.net the this of derivatives, properties cellulose of case the In chemical and physical on depend hydrogels of net polymer Spatial [26]. chains of elongation maximum of moment the until lasts process The them. into penetrate can water and chains are the between spaces created Free forces. electrostatic of result a as other each repel dissociation radicals which polymer charged of negatively whilst result separate, Cations a occurs. as liquid, by surrounded are groups of the water solution [25]. Once water is added, the polymer function viscosity larger causes turn, in this, and hydrocolloid this of molecules side chains, the larger the possibility of binding water by the extended larger molecular The weight molecules. of the hydrocolloid of and dimension the effective number of the function of groups increase and an Attaching water molecules to the polymer limits this tendency causing coils. compact convoluted, tightly form to tendency a have they state and water, which fill the areas between macro-molecules [13]. In a dry 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2.

The discussion of the research carried on the application of D-DBS carriers substance active and drug others, among be, may Gels Hydrogels consist from a three-dimensional net of polymer chains Chem. Soc.Jpn.1994, 67,8,2053. Bull. System. Glycol 2,4-Di-O-benzylidene-D-sorbitol/Ethylene : 1,3 the Yamasakiof TsutsumiTransitionState S., Phase Gel The the H.: in 4,906. in Ethylene zylidene-D-sorbitol Glycol. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1994, - 2,4-Di-O-ben : 1,3 of Studies TsutsumiMicroscopic YamasakiS., H.: 1995, 68,1,123. Jpn. Soc. Chem. Bull. Gel. 2,4-Di-O-benzylidene-D-sorbitol : 1,3 on Solvents of PolarityYamasaki the Tsutsumiof S., Dependence The H.: Hercules InternationalLtd.Netherland16.08.2007. S. 20000 MHPC Culminal reologii Modyfikator charakterystyki: Karta kosmetyków ifarmaceutyków2007,2 Sikora M.: Modyfikatory reologii, środki zagęszczające i żelujące. Rynek stancje zagęszczające.Chemik2005,10,531. Sikora E., Tomaszkiewicz-Potępa A., Rączka K.: Małocząsteczkowe sub- lidenosorbitolu jakosubstancjizagęszczającej.Chemik2005,58,11. Tomaszkiewicz-Potępa A., Sikora E., Heród D.: Zastosowanie dibenzy Fig. 7.Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC)[20] nr 3/2013 •tom 67 , 36. 67, - 8. 26. 25. 24. 23. 22. 21. 20. 19. 18. 17. 16. 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. 10. 9. cals andnaturalpesticides. chemi- household friendly environmental in application their and substances gy, fine chemicals technology, including the research on forming natural-origin Cracow University of Technology. Specialization – catalysis, organic technolo Technology at Kościuszko Organic Tadeusz Processes Refinery of and Chair of Chemistry of the Jagiellonian University. He is an associate professor in the Faculty the at sciences chemical in degree doctoral the obtained He 1990. in ering and Technology of Tadeusz Kościuszko Cracow University of Technology h seilss n omtc ceity n tcnlg, n atclr in particular in technology, andstudyingtheirproperties. forming nano-emulsions and chemistry cosmetics in specialises She Technology.of University Cracow TechnologyTadeuszKościuszko and of TechnologyOrganic and Chemistry Engineering Chemical of Faculty the at of Institute the in student doctoral a is ofshe TechnologyCurrently 2008. in University Cracow Kościuszko Tadeusz Technology and Engineering e-mail: [email protected],tel.: +4812 6282761 Otmar Małgorzata e-mail: [email protected],tel.:+4812 6283072 Łukasik N.,Kamińska B.:Hydrożele. ChemikLight2012,6,12. żywność 28.11.2012. Bezpieczna pochodzenia-roslinnego-jako-zamienniki-zelatyny.html” „http://www.czytelniamedyczna.pl/3228,hydrokoloidy- HYPERLINK snych-zastosowaniach.html” ChemicalReview 28.11.2012. modyfikowane-etery-celulozy-8211-cenne-surowce-w-nowocze- „http://www.chemical.pl/artykuly/chemical-review/6456/ HYPERLINK 15.09.2012. wanie karboksymetylocelulozy” PolitechnikiBiotechnologii i Bioorganicznej nicznej, „OtrzymyŚląskiej Orga- Chemii Katedry dydaktyczne Materiały zwnatCHceluloza.pdf” „http://www.polsl.pl/Wydzialy/RCh/RCh2/Documents/ HYPERLINK 20.11.2012. Izolacje Miesięcznik praw-klejowych-do-plytek-cz-ii-metyloceluloza” „http://www.izolacje.com.pl/artykul/id439,skladniki-za- HYPERLINK Current OpinioninColloidsandInterfaceScience2003,8,4-5,396. Nishinari K., Takahashi R.: Interaction in polysaccharide solutions and gels. domości PTK2001,4 Wia- W.: naturalnego. Fabianowski pochodzenia reologii Modyfikatory patent nrUS4,562,265,USA. patent nrUS4,267,110,USA. patent nrUS5,731,474,USA. patent nrUS2006/0079720,USA. patent nrUS5,106,999,USA. dene SorbitolNetworks.MacromolecularSympozia2005,277,1,255. Wilder E., Antonucci J.: Improved Dental Composites Utilizing Dibenzyli- ceutyczna 2009,2 Sosnowska K.: Hydrożele jako nowoczesna postać leku. Gazeta Farma- sytetu Przyrodniczego wPoznaniu 28.11.2012. TechnologiiZakładu dydaktyczne Materiały Warzywi Owoców Uniwer HYPERLINK „http://www.up.poznan.pl/ztoiw/dydaktyka/zelowanie.pdf” 159. sopismo techniczne2007,1-Ch, Cza- polimerowych. superabsorbentów biomedyczne zastosowanie – Tyliszczakhydrożelowych matryc Charakterystyka K.: Pielichowski B., Shibata M.:Soybean–MolecularAspectsofBreeding.InTech 2011,473. Luboradzki R.:Substancjenagranicy. Academia2009,20,4,36. posites. J.Phys.Chem.B2003,107,42,11633. Nanocom- Silica Its and methacrylate) Poly(ethyl in Networks fibrillar Wilder E., Braunfeld M., Jinnai H., Hall C., Agard D., Spontak R.: Nano Vogt Jaworska – M.Sc., graduated from the Faculty of Chemical – Ph.D., graduated from the Faculty of Chemical Engine- Chemical of Faculty the from graduated Ph.D., – , 34. , 3-4,42. • 249 - - - - science • technique