‘The chapters in “” Killing and bring an invaluable, interdisciplinary perspective to a topic that incites debates characterised more by heat than light. The contributors to this volume do not shy away from these controversies, which is what makes it so timely. At the same time, they do not allow those controver- sies to limit their analyses to well-trodden ground and blind alleys, which is why the volume is so illuminating. The chapters rely on original empirical evidence and argu- mentation informed by , criminology, legal reasoning, history, political science and psychology to urge a multilevel, multicausal approach to understanding honour violence and responses to it. No matter how much you think you know about ‘honour’-based violence, you will learn something new and question some of your assumptions about it by reading this book.’ – Professor Rosemary Gartner, Centre for Criminology and Sociolegal Studies, University of Toronto,

‘ “Honour” Killing and Violence is an important resource for academics, practitioners and students working in the areas of gender-based violence internationally and within Britain. This well-written volume provides coverage of a number of important issues and contexts, including law and policy; and community and state responses in Britain, Europe, and North America. It also benefits from its interdisciplinarity: the con- tributors use skills from a range of academic disciplines, including history, economics, law, criminology and psychology, to look at this issue, and together they provide a coherent and timely dialogue that will provide fresh and fascinating insight into the topical issue of “honour” killing and violence.’ –DrGeetanjaliGangoli,CentreforGenderand Violence Research, University of Bristol, UK

‘A worldwide investigation into a worldwide problem – Gill, Strange and Roberts’ col- lection is an excellent place to learn about current international efforts in the area of “honour” killings and violence.’ – Professor Nicole Westmarland, Co-Director, Durham Centre for Research into Violence and , University of Durham, UK

‘The contributions in this book skilfully analyse the between gender, , violence and cultural notions of honour, and their interrelatedness in the killings of women. Gender-related killings are not isolated incidents that arise sud- denly and unexpectedly, but are often the ultimate act of violence in a continuum of gender-based discrimination and violence.

To differing degrees, the contributions herein challenge the simplistic, stereotypical and often racist views and assumptions about who is impacted by this form of gender- related killing, and why. At the same time, some of the chapters acknowledge that despite the specificities linked to so-called “honour” killings, such killings are part of a pervasive and widespread continuum of violence and discrimination, as experienced by women around the globe. Patriarchy and gender inequalities transcend differences linked to, among others, geographic locations, cultures and other identity markers.

The book also highlights the structural inequalities between women and men, and the need to address the of women holistically, including individual rights to sexual autonomy and . The promotion of accountability and justice for the killings of women are impeded by structural, institutional, substantive and proce- dural obstacles. Under international human rights laws, states have the obligation to act with due diligence to address structural and systemic and dis- crimination, which leads to so-called “honour” crimes.’ – Ms Rashida Manjoo, United Nations Special Rapporteur on , South ‘Honour’ Killing and Violence Theory, Policy and Practice

Edited by

Aisha K. Gill University of Roehampton, UK Carolyn Strange Australian National University, Australia and Karl Roberts University of Western Sydney, Australia Editorial matter, introduction and selection © Aisha K. Gill, Carolyn Strange and Karl Roberts 2014 Individual chapters © Respective authors 2014 Foreword © Lynn Welchman 2014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-28954-4 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the , Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-137-28955-1 ISBN 978-1-137-28956-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137289568 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. For Monique and Renée Gill, with love Aisha K. Gill

For my , Victoria, with all my love Karl Roberts Contents

Foreword ix

Acknowledgements xvi

Notes on Contributors xvii

1 Introduction: ‘Honour’ and ‘Honour’-Based Violence: Challenging Common Assumptions 1 Aisha K. Gill

Part I Conceptual Frameworks

2 or Cultural Tradition? Approaches to ‘Honour Killing’ as Species and Subspecies in English Legal Practice 27 Rupa Reddy

3 Adjusting the Lens of Honour-Based Violence: Perspectives from Euro-American History 46 Carolyn Strange

4 Towards a Psychologically Oriented Motivational Model of Honour-Based Violence 69 Karl Roberts

5 Honour as Familial Value 89 Johanna Bond

6 (Dis)honour, Death and Duress in the Courtroom 108 Jocelynne A. Scutt

Part II Operationalising/Practices of Honour and Violence

7 Ordinary v. Other Violence? Conceptualising Honour-Based Violence in Scandinavian Public Policies 135 Anja Bredal

vii viii Contents

8 ‘If there were no [ ...] everything will go haywire [ ...] young boys and will start marrying into the same ’: Understanding -Directed ‘Honour Killings’ in Northern India 156 Suruchi Thapar-Björkert

9 ‘All they think about is honour’: The of Shafilea Ahmed 177 Aisha K. Gill

10 Same Problem, Different Solutions: The Case of ‘Honour Killing’ in and Britain 199 Selen A. Ercan

11 ‘No Place in Canada’: Triumphant Discourses, Murdered Women and the ‘Honour Crime’ 218 Dana M. Olwan

Index 237 Foreword

Honoured by the invitation to write a foreword for ‘Honour’ Killing and Violence: Theory, Policy and Practice, I would like to start by congratulating the editors and individual contributors of this collection for challenging and advancing the scholarly examination of ‘honour’ killing and vio- lence in relation to the fields of law, policy and practice. Having been engaged for a number of years myself, with Advocate Sara Hossain, in a project concerning the same broad subject area, and working with different project partners,1 I am well aware of the commitment that the production of an edited volume such as this demands from all those involved, and am confident that their efforts will be met with appreciation from scholars, activists, lawyers and policy-makers alike. Over the course of the last decade, scholarly investigation, activism and advocacy regarding crimes of violence against women, including ‘honour crimes’ or ‘honour-based/related violence’, have gained inter- national momentum. New networks have been formed, new campaigns launched, significant meetings held and new studies published around the world, from both domestic and international perspectives, to which this current collection comes as a significant addition. In some places important gains have been made in the effort to reform existing laws, to remove discriminatory provisions in penal codes that permit reduced sentences for the murder of women and girls if the court accepts an ‘honour’-related defence, and also to work with the judiciary and law-enforcement agencies on policy and practice-related initiatives. I take the opportunity here to look briefly at three examples of such reforms to the criminal law in Arab jurisdictions not covered in detail in the current volume, but where work specifically targeting ‘crimes of honour’ began relatively early (), gained substantial interna- tional attention () and has recently illustrated the transnational as well as domestic complexities of the debates (Palestine). They thus give further context to the different considerations in this book. In all three cases, legal reforms have been the result of sustained engagement by women’s and human rights groups and wider civil society. Similar provisions in the penal codes variously allowed for the reduction in sentence in the case of a murder or other assault by a man upon his wife, sister, ascendant or descendant in the event that he surprised them

ix x Foreword in the act of adultery or unlawful intercourse. The symbolism of such provisions in the national legislation was critical; in practice they were rarely if ever applied, and sentences for ‘crimes of honour’ tended to be reduced in accordance with broader defences or (in ) at the discre- tion of the court.2 If campaigns placed a focus on criminal law reform, this was as part of a broader struggle seeking to address ‘honour’-related violence on a number of different levels in society and state institutions, resonating with analyses in this current volume and highlighted in the Introduction. In Lebanon, attention particularly focused on Article 562 of the Lebanese penal code, which allowed for exemption from punishment of the perpetrator and had been the target of women’s and human rights advocates since the early 1970s. This provision was amended in 1999, to reduce the full exemption enjoyed by the perpetrator to miti- gation of sentence. Building on this victory, advocacy continued for the full repeal of Article 562, and for action by both government and civil society to change assumptions and practices underpinning such crimes of ‘honour’.3 In August 2011, Article 562 was finally repealed by the Lebanese Parliament. It is clear, however, as Maya Mikdashi notes, that ‘we should not be too quick to assume that the repeal of Article 562 marks the end of legal protection for crimes that are framed within a discourse of honour’.4 In Jordan, where a significant amount of domestic and international attention has been directed at crimes of ‘honour’, amendments to the penal code provision (similar but not identical to the original Lebanese provision) were the focus of a high-profile civil society campaign, and in 2001 amendments were introduced by the government as tempo- rary legislation in the absence of a sitting parliament. When parliament reconvened, the Lower House twice rejected the amendments while the Upper House approved them. The government addressed the fate of the 2001 amendments in its 2006 report to the Committee on the Elim- ination of All Forms of Violence Against Women, stating that despite the challenges, public awareness had considerably increased and that ‘this experience clearly shows the importance of ensuring that efforts to introduce amendments to legislation go hand in hand with public education, pressure tactics and the systematic enlistment of support’.5 In 2010, again in the absence of a sitting parliament, the Jordanian gov- ernment issued a new temporary law which largely upheld the 2001 amendments, changes that were enacted into law by parliament the following year.6 Foreword xi

Palestine has also seen significant civil society action against ‘honour’- related violence, and in 2011 the ‘honour killing’ of a university student prompted local demonstrations with placards hailing her as a (shahida).7 Palestinian President moved to repeal Arti- cle 340 of the 1960 Jordanian penal code still in force in the , and the British mandate-issued criminal code in force in the Gaza Strip was also amended, to exclude ‘crimes of killing women against the back- ground of honour’ from a defence otherwise available for the court to consider – that of ‘defence of one’s own honour or that of others’.8 In November 2012, UN Women launched a video by DAM, a well-known Palestinian hip hop group, entitled ‘If I could go back in time’ and aimed at raising awareness of ‘honour killings’ among youth, male and female, across the Arab world.9 The song and video tell a story in reverse, following a young back from the time of her death as a victim of an ‘honour killing’ through events that led there. In an indication of a particular line of academic critique of certain work on ‘honour’ crimes, a response was promptly posted on the widely read ezine Jadaliyya, and the online exchanges and comments that followed illustrate a range of views as to how such critical work might best be pursued within the and supported by those outside the region.10 Beyond the Middle East, as this current volume shows, key issues raised in our 2005 publication remain unresolved. A 2012 collection of papers by Manisha Gupta and co-editors is presented as bringing together ‘diverse feminist positions (some complementary and some dif- fering) and viewpoints from South and from groups working with South Asian communities in Canada, the UK and USA’. According to the editors, ‘the viewpoints range from wanting to name certain forms of misogynist violence as being “honour” related, to feeling uncomfort- able with the term, especially in the context of racialised South Asian minorities living abroad’.11 This diversity of perspectives resonates with Hannana Siddiqui’s consideration (in Welchman and Hossain, 2005) of activism in Britain, in which she explored, among other things, differ- ences between activists from ‘predominantly South Asian groups’, who argued for the integration of work on ‘honour’-related violence into the wider framework of domestic violence (‘to prevent a racist reaction from the state’), and ‘Middle Eastern Women’s groups [that] wanted to separate “honour killings” from domestic violence on the grounds that domestic violence is trivialised by the wider community and the state’.12 xii Foreword

Other differences also persist. In 2012 the United Nations Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Rashida Manjoo, addressed ‘gender-related killings of women’ in her 2012 report to the UN Human Rights Council. She explores some of the debates over naming and over concepts, including ‘honour killings’ and ‘crimes of passion’, and she warns against simplistic and ‘often stereotypical’ ways of approaching the subject. Manjoo also refers to developments in , notably ‘the versus femini- cide debate’, indicating a pragmatic approach when consensus was not achieved: she states that ‘feminists and academics have simply moved past the issue and adopted either or both terms, depending on the country, the context, or the lobbying target’.13 Nevertheless, criticisms of the way in which the issues are raised and dealt with in and from (mostly) Western fora have increased since 2005. These critiques come from academics and from activists who have seen their own concrete ‘on the ground’ efforts to eradicate these crimes in solidarity with victims and survivors undermined by partic- ular interventions. One case in point concerns Norma Khouri’s 2003 international bestseller, ,14 originally presented as a ‘mem- oir’ of an honour killing in Jordan and subsequently withdrawn by the publisher after interventions by pioneering Jordanian journalist Rana Husseini and the Jordanian Women’s Union, as well as investigations by Australian journalists, questioning the factual basis of the narrative. Husseini has since published an autobiography15 in which she traces the harmful impact of the book on the Jordanian campaign: ‘Those who opposed change, who suspected that a western agenda lies behind our activism,’ she reflected, ‘were suddenly presented with “evidence” that crimes of honour were a fiction and an exaggeration and sought to link our campaign with Khouri’s book.’16 In Palestine, Penny Johnson of Birzeit University’s Institute for Women’s Studies noted in 2008 that she and her colleagues had at first

steered away from topics that we considered had been framed, exoti- cised and sensationalised by Western media and writers as Orientalist tropes or emblems of Palestinian or other Arab societies. We were also critical of ever-escalating donor agendas and their funding interest in ‘violence against women’ which included individual male vio- lence but seemed to exclude the pervasive colonial violence in which Palestinian women, men and children lived their lives and sometimes met their deaths.17 Foreword xiii

Johnson’s article critiques a report on violence against women in the West Bank and Gaza, in which she finds that ‘Palestinian society is portrayed as unrelievedly and unchangingly patriarchal’ without the contestation and competing interests that ren- der it subject to change. Many Palestinians (women and men alike), she tells us, would find Human Rights Watch’s description of their lives ‘not only unreflective of their lived experience, but offensive in its stereotypical generalization’.18 Johnson’s insistence on the political context seemingly ignored in donor agendas on violence against women in Palestine resonates with the suggestion by Columbia University professor Lila Abu-Lughod that we consider ‘the ideological role the honor crime might be play- ing in a period when critics of American imperial interventions and European anti-immigrant sentiment have questioned the liberality of existing Western democracies’.19 In this energetic intervention, Abu Lughod ranges across a set of texts from literature through ‘memoirs’ (such as Khouri’s), human rights reports and academic publications, interspacing her readings of these with findings from her own field research and observations among the Awlad ’Ali in Egypt. In so doing she draws our attention to ‘certain ethical and political dilemmas that feminists and other rights activists must face as they work in a global world’.20 Abu Lughod insists that ‘any diagnosis of gender violence that attributes it to timeless cultures distracts us from local, national, and international political, institutional and cultural dynamics that are essential to an analysis of violence and responsi- ble efforts to mobilise against it’ (a theme that criminologist Aisha K. Gill and historian Carolyn Strange both stress in this volume).21 ‘Whatever positive legal reforms and religious condemnation it has incited,’ Abu-Lughod suggests, ‘the honor crime may have exhausted its usefulness.’22 Sara Hossain and I have held that recently published scholarship (which now includes this important volume) indicates that Abu- Lughod’s suggestion may be somewhat precipitate.23 Despite all its attendant complexities, the editors of ‘Honour’ Killing and Violence: The- ory, Policy and Practice have found the ‘honour violence’ organising concept still of sufficient, indeed critical, academic and policy-related cogency to warrant investigation. For those involved on the ground in challenging harmful practices and working to determine the best advocacy strategies in light of the complex surroundings, dynamics and particularities of each setting, the chapters in this important and illumi- nating collection further remind us of the commonality of struggle as xiv Foreword well as the differences and distinctions that arise as we attempt to gain deeper understanding of, and forge responses to, violence cloaked in the guise of ‘honour’.

Professor Lynn Welchman School of African and Oriental Studies, London

Notes

1. The volume of papers from that project is published as Welchman, L. and Hossain, S. (eds) (2005) Honour: Crimes, Paradigms and Violence against Women (London: Zed Books). For abstracts of the contents, see http://www.soas.ac. uk/honourcrimes/publication/. 2. See the seminal article by Abu Odeh, L. (1996) ‘Crimes of Honour and the Construction of Gender in Arab Societies’, in Yamani, M. (ed.) and (Reading: Ithaca Press). 3. See Hoyek, D., Sidawi, R. R. and Mrad, A. A. (2005) ‘ of Women in Lebanon: “Crimes of Honour” between Reality and the Law’, 111–136, in Welchman and Hossain. 4. Mikdashi, M. (2011) ‘Honoring the Law: Honor, Gender and Crime in the Lebanese Penal Code’, Jadaliyya, 11 September 2011, http://www.jadaliyya. com/pages/index/2598/honoring-the-law_honor-gender-and-crime-in-the- leb, accessed 25 July 2013. 5. Jordan’s third and fourth periodic reports to CEDAW, CEDAW/JOR/3–4 10 March 2006, para. 34. 6. Temporary Law no. 12/2010 amending the Penal Code no.16/1960; replaced by Law no.8/2011. See Warrick, C. (2005) ‘The Vanishing Victim: Criminal Law and Gender in Jordan’, Law and Society Review, 39, 315. 7. Among other online reports, see Shiyoukhi, N. and Laub, K. (2011) ‘Palestinian Women Aya Baradiya’s “Honor” Killing Sparks Tougher West Bank Law’, Huffington Post, 19 May 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ 2011/05/19/palestinian-woman-aya-bar_n_864430.html, accessed 25 July 2013. 8. Presidential Decision no. 7 of 2011, amending the penal codes in force in the Northern and Southern Governorates, Official Gazette no. 91 of 10 Octo- ber 2011. The legislature, the Palestinian Legislative Council, has not been functional since 2007. 9. See: http://www.unwomen.org/2012/11/palestinian-hip-hop-group-dam- raises-awareness-of-honour-killings-through-a-powerful-music-video/. 10. See Abu-Lughod, L. and Mikdashi, M. (2012) ‘Tradition and the Anti- politics Machine: DAM Seduced by the “Honor Crime” ’, Jadaliyya, 23 November 2012, http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/8578/tradition- and-the-anti-politics-machine_dam-seduce, accessed 25 July 2013. 11. Gupta, M., Awasthi, R. and Chickerur, S. (eds) (2012) Honour and Women’s Rights: South Asian Perspectives (Pune: MASUM). 12. Siddiqui, H. (2005) ‘There Is No “Honour” in Domestic Violence, Only ’: Women’s Struggles against “Honour” Crimes in the UK’, 263–281, Foreword xv

in Welchman and Hossain, 276. See also Chakravati, U. (2005) ‘From Fathers to Husbands: Of Love, Death and ’, 308–331, in Welchman and Hossain. 13. A/HRC/20/16 (23 May 2012), paras, 22, 25. Section B: 3 (paras 43–50) is on ‘Killings of Women and Girls in the Name of H” ’. 14. Khouri, N. (2003) Forbidden Love (UK: Doubleday; Bantam, 2004). See dis- cussion in Abu Hassan, R. and Welchman, L. (2005) ‘Changing the Rules? Developments on “Crimes of Honour” in Jordan’, 199–208, in Welchman and Hossain, 207. 15. Husseini, R. (2011) Murder in the Name of Honour. The True Story of Women Woman’s Heroic Fight against an Unbelievable Crime (Oxford: Oneworld Pub- lications), 89–100. She notes that Khouri’s book ‘eventually sold 200,000 copies’ in Australia, 96. 16. Husseini (2011), 94. 17. Johnson, P. (2008) ‘ “Violence All around Us.” Dilemmas of Global and Local Agendas Addressing Violence against Palestinian Women, an Initial Intervention’, Cultural Dynamics, 20(2), 119–132, p. 120. 18. Johnson (2008), 124. Human Rights Watch. (2006) ‘A Question of Security: Violence against Palestinian Women and Girls’, November, 18(7) (E). 19. Abu-Lughod, L. (2011) ‘Seductions of the “Honor Crime” ’, Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, 22(1), 17–63, p. 32. 20. Ibid, 51. 21. Abu-Lughod, 50. 22. Ibid, 53. 23. In the preface to the Turkish translation of our 2005 book, forthcoming. Acknowledgements

Various people have helped us, in different ways, in putting this book together. While it is not possible to thank everyone by name, we would like to single out a number of people who believed in this project and provided logistical support. We wish to thank the wonderful staff of Palgrave Macmillan for their help, support and attention to detail. We especially wish to thank Julia Willan, Senior Commissioning Edi- tor, for her enthusiasm and for providing the platform that allowed this unique collection of papers to be published as a single volume. The editors and several contributors initiated contact through a conference hosted by the Australian National University and funded through the Australian Research Council, the ANU Gender Institute, the College of Arts and Social Sciences, the Centre for Arab and Islamic Studies, Centre for International and Public Law ANU, the British Academy and the Department of Social Sciences at the University of Roehampton. This book was also made possible by the cooperation and expertise of the contributors, who generously worked to the project’s tight deadlines. All proceeds of this book go towards supporting the well-being of students at Great Sankey High School in , Cheshire, where Shafilea Ahmed (14 July 1986 to 11 September 2003) was a pupil, and it is dedi- cated to all those who have suffered or lost their lives through violence predicated on ‘honour’. Aisha K. Gill, Carolyn Strange and Karl Roberts

To thank all the people who have helped me, directly and indirectly, in writing and editing this special collection would significantly add to its length. My loved ones and colleagues, as well as fellow violence against women activists and practitioners, have all been kind and gen- erous with their support, information and advice throughout the years of my work in the violence against women and girls sector. Most impor- tantly, though, I am indebted to all of the victims/survivors of so-called ‘honour’ crimes whose lives have touched mine. You know who you are – thank you! It is in the memory of my , Surinder Kaur,that I do this kind of work. Aisha K. Gill

xvi Contributors

Johanna Bond is Professor of Law at Washington and Lee University School of Law in Lexington, VA, USA. She has written widely in the area of women’s human rights, with a focus on women’s rights in Africa. Some of her scholarship also focuses on exploring the struc- ture and methods of the United Nations human rights treaty bodies. A former Fulbright Scholar, Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and Ethan Allen Faculty Fellow for Outstanding Scholarship, she teaches torts, international human rights, family law, and gender and the law.

Anja Bredal is a sociologist and senior researcher at the Institute for Social Research, Oslo, . She has conducted qualitative research on arranged among young Norwegians of South-Asian back- ground and published a series of commissioned reports on forced marriages, including an evaluation of service provision and shelter in Norway. Recently she completed a study on Scandinavian public policies in the field of domestic violence, including and honour- based violence. Her English publications include ‘Border Control to Prevent Forced Marriages: Choosing between Protecting Women and Protecting the Nation’, in Gill and Anitha (eds) Contesting Forced Mar- riage: Introducing a Human Rights and Social Justice Perspective (2001) and ‘Tackling Forced Marriages in the Nordic Countries: Between Women’s Rights and Control’, in Welchman and Hossain (eds) Honour: Crimes, Paradigms and Violence against Women (2005).

Selen A. Ercan is a postdoctoral fellow at the ANZSOG Institute for Governance, University of Canberra. Her PhD thesis, under the super- vision of Prof. John Dryzek, looked at the ways liberal democracies address ‘illiberal’ cultural practices and aims to identify the possibili- ties for intercultural deliberation in culturally polarised settings. The thesis focuses on ‘honour killing’ cases and the debates that they cre- ated in Britain and Germany as two examples of such settings. She has a BA in political science from the Middle East Technical University, , and an MA in political science and sociology from the Univer- sity of Heidelberg, Germany. She has been involved in research projects examining the theory and practice of democracy in a variety of settings

xvii xviii Notes on Contributors from small group deliberations to the multi-level decision-making of the European Union.

Aisha K. Gill is Reader in Criminology at the University of Roehampton. Her main areas of interest and research are health and criminal jus- tice responses to violence against black, minority ethnic and refugee (BMER) women in Britain, and India. She has been involved in addressing the problem of violence against women at the grassroots level for the past 15 years. She has extensive experience of providing expert advice to the government, Ministry of Justice, Scotland Yard, Crown Prosecution Service and the voluntary sector on legal policy issues related to so-called ‘honour’ killings and forced mar- riage. She has challenged politicians to be more inclusive of BMER women’s voices in policy-making on issues of gender-based violence and human rights. Her current research interests include rights, law and forced marriage; gendered crimes related to patriarchy; ‘honour’ killings and ‘honour’-based violence in the South Asian/Kurdish diaspora and femicide in Iraqi Kurdistan and India; missing women; acid violence; post-separation violence and child contact; and and exploitation. She is often in the news as a commentator on forced mar- riage, violence against women and so-called ‘honour’ killings. She writes for mainstream popular as well as academic audiences.

Dana M. Olwan holds a PhD in English literature with a specialisation in from the Department of English at Queen’s Univer- sity in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. She is the Ruth Wynn Woodward Junior Chair and Assistant Professor in the Department of Gender, Sexuality and Women’s Studies at Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia. Her academic work focuses on gendered and colo- nial violence against women. She is currently working on a book project, Dishonourable Crimes: Murder, Rescue, and the Politics of Canadian Multiculturalism. This focuses on the highly publicised murders of 12 Muslim Canadian women and the national debates that they have evoked about the status of women in Canada, violence against women in racialised communities, and questions and anxieties over assimila- tion, accommodation and multiculturalism. She is also editor of Muslim Mothering: Local and Global Histories, Theories and Practices (2012), a col- lection of articles addressing how religious practices shape and inflect mothering and the institution of motherhood in Muslim communi- ties. More broadly, she studies the racialisation of Muslim men and Notes on Contributors xix women post 9/11, violence and debates about religious accommodation in multicultural states such as Canada.

Rupa Reddy is a part-time teaching fellow in the School of Law at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), specialising in criminal law and international human rights law. She studied for her LLB and LLM degrees in law at University College London, UK, and recently com- pleted her PhD research at the School of Law at SOAS on ‘Approaches to Honour-Related Violence in the English Legal System’. She is cur- rently employed as Research Skills Trainer in the Academic Development Directorate at SOAS, delivering research skills training to SOAS research students.

Karl Roberts is Professor of Policing and Criminal Justice at the Uni- versity of Western Sydney, Australia, and has over 20 years’ experience working with police forces and other investigative agencies. His research explores issues of risk and risk assessment within domestic violence. This has resulted in the design of risk tools for use by investigative agencies such as the police in investigating , and he is currently develop- ing risk models for HBV. He is accredited by the UK Association of Chief Police Officers as a Behavioural Investigative Advisor and since 1992 has advised the police on investigative strategies in over 400 major investi- gations worldwide. He is also involved in training in the investigation of domestic violence, honour violence and stalking. He worked with the Metropolitan Police Service Violent Crimes Directorate in developing responses to HBV and stalking. He is one of the authors of Honour-Based Violence: Policing and Prevention (forthcoming).

Jocelynne A. Scutt is a barrister and human rights lawyer, and a visit- ing professor at the University of Buckingham, UK. In Fiji, as a Judge and Judge of Appeal in the High Court and Court of Appeal, she sat on trials and appeals involving, among other matters, crimes of violence, including and unlawful killing. As Chief Judge of the Family Court Division of the High Court, she dealt with many cases of forced and arranged marriages in applications for nullity under the Family Law Act 2003, Fiji. Her books include Even in the Best of Homes – Violence in the Family (1983), For Richer, For Poorer – Men, Women and Marriage (1984, with Di Graham), Women and the Law – Cases and Materials (1990), The Sexual Gerrymander – Women and the Economics of Power (1996) and The Incredible Woman – Women and the Sexual Politics of Power (1998). xx Notes on Contributors

Her films include the DVD Installation Covered and she is editor of the Artemis ‘Women’s Voices, Women’s Lives’ series.

Carolyn Strange is a senior fellow in the School of History, Australian National University (ANU). In 2010 she received a grant (as chief inves- tigator) from the Australian Research Council to examine the theme of ‘family, violence and honour’. One outcome of that was the interna- tional interdisciplinary conference, Honour Killing across Culture and Time, which she convened in December 2011, drawing over 50 partic- ipants from Australia, Britain, Germany, , and the United States. Prior to her appointment at ANU in 2004 she taught for ten years at the Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto, Canada. An his- torian by training, she has published widely and across disciplines in leading journals such as The British Journal of Criminology, Law and His- tory Review,andCrime, Media and Culture, for which she serves on the editorial board. In 2005 she convened an international conference enti- tled Pain and Death: Politics, Aesthetics and Legalities at ANU, and the proceedings were published in a special issue of Humanities Research (2006).

Suruchi Thapar-Björkert is an associate professor in the Department of Government, University of , . She has previously held academic positions at the London School of Economics and Political Science, Warwick University and University of Bristol, UK. Her research falls into four specific areas: gendered discourses of colonialism and nationalism; gendered violence in India and Europe; gender, social cap- ital and social exclusion; and qualitative research methodologies. She has published in journals such as Feminist Review, Ethnic and Racial Stud- ies, The Sociological Review, Women’s Studies International Forum, Journal of , Women’s History Review and International Journal of Social Research Methodology and Interventions.