PERSONAL PROJECT
The development of tennis in South African countries; Comparison between South Africa and Zimbabwe.
Clarence Pérez Diaz
Harare October, 2009
The development of tennis in southern African countries; Comparison between South African and Zimbabwe.
Clarence Pérez Diaz
ABSTRACT
Development in sport is a subject which is growing every day and taking more importance in our society in general, the investment into sport in developing countries is less than in developed countries, as sport development is usually not a top priority in the national budget or in the education system of most developing countries and this is the main problem of sport development in those countries. This project is going to give us and overview about tennis in southern African countries and see the real situation of this sport comparing two developing countries with different facilities, background, cultures, history, political situations.... The research is about two specific tennis development academies in South Africa and Zimbabwe. The methodology use it for would be interviews to the youth players of the academies and others data collection and information.
SUPERVISOR: Ms. Jennifer Maguire,
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 2/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page:
List of Figures, Tables, and Abbreviations ...... 5
1.Introductin...... 6
1.1 Research problem...... 6 1.2 Position of ITF and organizations (UN , UNICEF)...... 6 1.3 Development and sport development in developing countries...... 8
2. Literature Review tennis development in South Africa and Zimbabwe...... 9
2.1 The fact about South Africa:
2.1.1 History of tennis in South Africa: the English colonization?...... 9 2.1.2 Situation of tennis organization in south Africa……………………….. 10 2.1.3 Youth players in south Africa………………………………………...... 11 2.1.4 Evolution and actual situation of tennis development in South African Players…………………………………………………………………...... 11
2. 2 The fact about Zimbabwe:
2.2.1 History of tennis in Zimbabwe: the English colonization?...... 12 2.2.2 Situation of tennis organization in Zimbabwe…………………………. 13 2. 2.3 Youth players in Zimbabwe…………………………………………… 13 2. 2.4 Evolution and actual situation of tennis development in Zimbabwean Players……………………………………………………………………….. 14
2.3 Integration of players in southern Africans
2.3.1 Classes………………………………………………………...... 15
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 3/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz 2.3.2 Private and public academies) how many private academies are in both countries…………………………………………………………………….. 16 2.3.3 Races ………………………………………………………………...... 16
2.4 USA scholarships, the future dream of those players...... 18
3.Methodology
3.1 Methodological approach...... 19 3.2 Organization of methodological approach ...... 19 3.3 Problem of the investigation...... 20
4.Findings and Discussion
4.1 OVERVIEW OF UNIVERSE: ATHLETES OF THE SAMPLES...... 20 4.2 Analysis of the Interview...... 23 4.3 Results of the investigation...... 23
4.3.1. The tennis and general background of the players...... 24 4.3.2. Family background situation...... 24 4.3.2.1. How the players got involved in tennis?...... 24 4.3.2.2. Parents occupation...... 25 4.3.2.3. Different Religions and impact in tennis ...... 25 4.3.2.4. Number of children in the family ...... 26 4.3.2.5. Classes...... 26
4.3.3. How is tennis considered in their country comparing with South Africa?...... 26 4.3.3.1. Public and private tennis academies...... 28 4.3.3.2. Sport science teacher in their school...... 28 4.3.4. Their future...... 29 4.3.4.1. Their future and dream: the scholarship...... 29 4.3.4.2. What is tennis for them?...... 30
5.Conclusion...... 31
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5.1 Review the main findings…………………………………………………… 34 5.2 Critically reflect on the project……………………………………………… 35 5.3 Directions for future and last conclusions………………………………….. 35
References and/or Bibliograph...... 36 Appendices...... 39
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ATA: American Tennis Association IOC: International Olympic Committee ITF: International Tennis Federation IYSPE: International Year of Sport and Physical Education SATA: South African tennis association SDPIWG: Sport for Development and Peace International Working Group Sport and Dev: Sport and development UN: United Nations UNESCO: United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEF: United Nations Children's Fund USLTA: United States Lawn Tennis Association USTA: United States Tennis Association
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 research problem
The case study central to this thesis offers an inside look at how the tennis as a sport is being developed among southern Africans youth players, making a comparison with two specific development countries: South Africa and Zimbabwe. The comparison will be specifically based on the development of two academies: the ITF development centre of Pretoria, South Africa and the Mutare academy in Zimbabwe.
1.2. Position of ITF and Organizations
Nowadays tennis is one of the Olympic sports played by all ages and at all levels of society in many countries throughout the world. It is the International Tennis Federation (ITF) whose support various tennis development programs in the different developing continents: Africa, South America and Asia.
The first-rate coachers' education is one of the priorities for the development programs. Every year, more than 60 countries from all around the world take part in ITF coachers' education program by arranging the course for national tennis coachers. The main goal of ITF coachers' education program is to assist National Associations with creating their own coachers' education programs and to develop a better level of tennis coaching all through out the world. To achieve this goal, the ITF has abundant resources, which can be accessed by coaches and National Association.
The main purpose of this project will be the development of youth players in developing countries in specific academies of high level training supported by the ITF.
Nowadays, a lot of organizations are working in sport development, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has a solidarity department exclusively for this aspect, United Nations (UN) also has a department for Sport Development and Peace, the United Nations Children's Fund (Unicef) also, has a department for sport and development and a lot of Organizations around the world like the Right to play.
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 6/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz “Sport is a universal language that can bring people together, no matter what their origin, background, religious belief or economic status”, Kofi Annan, UN Secretary- General.
HIV/AIDS is one of the priorities to improve in developing countries; UNICEF believes “that sport can be an effective programmatic tool to help achieve goals in health, education, gender equality, HIV/AIDS, child protection and child development. That is the concept of sport for development – that sport is not just an end in itself, but also an effective tool to help improve the lives of children, families and communities.”
Below is a chronological list of some of the key milestones that have occurred over the past few decades, putting Sport as a tool for development on an international agenda. (Sport and Dev) 1978 – UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization) General Conference adopts the International Charter of Physical Education and Sport
1997 – Heads of State and Government of the European Commission focus special attention on sport during the Amsterdam treaty negotiations, during which it was stated that "the Conference emphasizes the social significance of sport, in particular its role in forging identity and bringing people together".
2001 – UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan appoints Mr. Adolf Ogi (former President of the Swiss Confederation) as the first Special Adviser on Sport for Development and Peace to enhance the network of relations between UN organizations and the sports sector.
2002 – The UN Secretary-General convenes the UN Inter-Agency Task Force on Sport for Development and Peace to review activities that involve sport within the UN system.
2003 – First International Conference on Sport & Development, Magglingen, Switzerland. The conference was the first international, high-level event on Sport & Development, involving participants from sports federations, governments, UN agencies, the media, athletes, business and civil society.
2003 – First Next Step conference: „International Expert Meeting on Development in and through Sport‟, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. On a different level to the Magglingen conference series, the Next Step conference was established to target practitioners, mostly at the grassroots level, to share experiences and best practices in Sport & Development.
2004 – Roundtable forum: Harnessing the Power of Sport for Development and Peace, Athens, Greece.
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 7/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz The roundtable forum was hosted during the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens and brought together political leaders and experts in development to discuss the potential of sport in achieving development goals. The roundtable forum laid the cornerstones for establishing the Sport for Development and Peace International Working Group (SDPIWG) creating a new policy framework for the use of sport for development and peace.
2005 – International Year of Sport and Physical Education (IYSPE) 2005 is proclaimed by the General Assembly of the United Nations.
2005 – The Sport for Development and Peace International Working Group (SDPIWG) is formed, with representatives from Ministers of Sport, Youth and Development from 15 countries, directors of UN agencies, and NGOs in the field of Sport for Development and Peace.
2005 – Second Magglingen Conference on Sport & Development, Magglingen, Switzerland.
2005 – Second Next Step conference, Livingstone, Zambia.
2007 – Third conference „The Next Step‟, Windhoek, Namibia.
July 2007 – European Commission publishes a White Paper on Sport stating it will promote the use of sport as a tool for development in international development policy.
January 2008 – IOC and the UN agree on an expanded framework for action to use sport to reach the goals of the UN.
2008 – UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon appoints Mr. Wilfried Lemke as the new Special Adviser on Sport for Development and Peace, after Mr. Adolf Ogi steps down. Nowadays the field of Sport and Development has emerged and continues to evolve as a result of major International Organizations Development.
1.3. Development and sport development in developing countries
„Sport & Development‟ refers to the use of sport as a tool for development and peace, (sport and dev definition.)
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 8/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz Sport is probably the most effective means of communication in the modern world, bypassing both written and verbal communication and reaching directly out to billons of people world-wide. There is no doubt that sport is a viable and legitimate way of building friendships between nations‟ (Nelson Mandela).
In sociology, social development theory attempts to explain qualitative changes in the structure and framework of society that help the society to better realize its aims and objectives. Development can be broadly defined in a manner applicable to all societies‟ at all historical periods as an upward ascending movement featuring greater levels of energy, efficiency, quality, productivity, complexity, comprehension, creativity, mastery, enjoyment and accomplishment.
In a general point of view, investment into sport in developing countries is less than in developed countries, as sport development is usually not a top priority in the national budget or in the education system of most developing countries and this is the main problem of development in developing countries.
This project is going to give us and overview about tennis in southern African countries and see the real situation of this sport comparing two developing countries with different facilities, background, cultures, history, political situations....
2. LITERATURE REVIEW TENNIS DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA AND ZIMBABWE
2.1. The fact about South Africa: 2.1.1. History of tennis in South Africa: the English colonization
Movements of the British colonization: http://www.southafrica-travel.net/history/eh_xhosa.htm
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 9/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz South Africa was colonized by the English and Dutch in the seventeenth century. English domination of the Dutch descendents (known as Boers or Afrikaners) resulted in the Dutch establishing the new colonies of Orange Free State and Transvaal.
With the enactment of apartheid laws in 1948, racial discrimination was institutionalized. Race laws touched every aspect of social life, including a prohibition of marriage between non-whites and whites, and the sanctioning of ``white-only'' jobs. In 1950, the Population Registration Act required that all South Africans be racially classified into one of three categories: white, black (African), or colored (of mixed decent).
Two important facts in South Africa are: The independence from Britain in 1934 And the independence from white minority rule in 1994 social acceptance, and descent.
The British new colonization brought tennis to South Africa. There is no specific fact about when exactly tennis became famous for the black population but was a long time process. At the beginning was just a sport for the white people but with the passing of the years and the equality of races, tennis become a game or sport played and followed also by the black population.
Tennis in South Africa is ranked as a second type of sport with swimming, golf, soccer…. Soccer will possibly become something more important because of the next world cup to be held in South Africa in 2010.
2.1.2. Situation of tennis organization in South Africa The South African tennis federation has its own tennis updated web site, in which they show the South African news and results of competitions, calendar of the matches in all the categories, sponsors names. The organization in South Africa in tennis could be compared with the tennis organization in Europe, they have a lot of facilities and there is tradition of tennis in the population. If it is compared with Zimbabwe we could see that they have much more competitions than them, and they have much more bases to be organized. The tennis Federation of South Africa has also a development center academy, where they are training the best players of the southern African region, is linked also with the ITF but it is based in Pretoria, South Africa. Please find attached in the annex the calendar of the junior games in South Africa, were it is clear than comparing with the calendar of the Zimbabwe junior games. They have much more possibilities to practice tennis and practice their competition skills. The calendar could demonstrate the organization of tennis in South Africa.
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 10/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz 2.1.3. Youth players in South Africa
In South Africa firstly it should be clearly explained that there are two kinds of population and tennis players, the difference of races is something very actual, so usually it is more commune to see white players playing in private clubs than black players because of the economical recourses they have.
The South African junior tennis team is based in Pretoria, where they train most of the best players of South Africa and the majority of them are white. On the other hand, the ITF development academy of southern region of Africa, which is based in Pretoria, there are actually 12 players, who play and train at a high level. Those players come from different countries of the southern region of Africa and the majorities are black. This academy will be one of the objects of comparison in the research because of the thematic of the project, the development of youth African players in developing countries.
2.1.4. Evolution and actual situation of tennis development in South African players.
Evaluating old facts and researches, in the 75th Anniversary of the South African tennis Union the message from Justice Blen Franklin, President of the South African Tennis Union was:” Tennis in South African has come a long way since those and ready pioneering days back at the turn of the century, and the facilities we now have to offer are comparable with those on offer anywhere in the world. “South African tennis players have always be among the world’s foremost and have held their heads high in international competitions” “ I am proud to have been associated with tennis in this country, and hope that it will continue to develop & thrive”
That was a positive perspective of future tennis in South Africa around the year 1978. In terms of development South Africa has been faster and better developed in all the sports in general in the last century, the soccer world cup in 2010 will be a future point of development for the next years.
Every day South African players are having more opportunities to improve their tennis, better coaches, facilities, physical trainers, in the case of the development academy of ITF they have a specific physical trainer who is taking care of this aspect of the players, they have three trainers for 12 players, so in terms of development is very good.
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 11/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz The ITF academy started 10 years ago, before they were living in a hostel, now they have their own house, they use the tennis courts and fitness facilities of the Sport Science University of Pretoria. Everything has come together very well in the last years. In terms of future for the development:
Donnate ….director of the ITF center says” we improved a lot and the perspective for the future always are better, there is always a way to improve and get better players from developing countries, is hard but at the beginning we had nothing.
Karl Davis, Development Director of south African region says: Is very hard to work in development in developing countries, the dynamic is slow and sometimes we don’t have any bases to start anything but we are getting better we can just see the facts” Both of them are very positive for the future situation of development in South Africa.
2.2. The fact about Zimbabwe:
2.2.1. History of tennis in Zimbabwe: the English colonization, tradition of tennis.
The land of Zimbabwe was settled by the British in 1890 and named Rhodesia after its founder, Cecil John Rhodes. Formation of this colony was seen as a continuation of the British Empire's plan to bring the whole of the "uncivilized worlds under British rule." Rhodes believed that the English had an inherent right to imperial rule because they were the "first race in the world and therefore the more of the world (they) inhabited, the better it would be for the human race" (Nyangoni 19). This ideology of innate British superiority served as justification for their discriminatory colonial policies. In the colony of Rhodesia the native Africans were ruled by an all-white government in which they were not allowed to participate. Only whites were granted the right to vote and elect the leaders governing their land. Laws were passed which prohibited the presence of Africans in many public places.
Zimbabwe was the last southern African country to become independent from Britain in 1965 (Unilateral Declaration of Independence). Finally in 1980 was the independence from minority white rules, Robert Mugabe was elected president of the free nation.
Soon after independence in the early 1980s, there was political instability in the south western part of the country. The government claimed it was caused by some political rebels. Government troops killed many civilians and violated other people's human rights in the region while trying to deal with the situation. This continued until 1988. It is estimated that more than 5,000 people were killed.
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 12/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz Tennis was brought from the British new colonization to Zimbabwe; sometimes it could be a miss understanding in that aspect, who brought tennis to Zimbabwe? It could be maybe also South Africa? Because, nowadays a lot of products in Zimbabwe come from South Africa: tennis rackets, balls, tennis shoes and those products are imported from South Africa to Zimbabwe at very high prices.
2.2.2. Situation of tennis organization in Zimbabwe
The general situation of the organization of developing countries compared with developed countries is huge the basic problem is that they don‟t have bases and structures, so they try to make planes and organize without basics things,” is something very hard to organize a tennis tournament or give tennis lessons without balls, you should be very patient in Zimbabwe” says Dermot SWEENNEY Director of the ITF center in Pretoria.
The main problem also of the organization in the Zimbabwe tennis is linked to the political problems that the country had, not long ago and they are still having going through it but not to the extent as before. It is hard to travel or conceive a tournament if the country doesn‟t allow movement and doesn‟t allow visas for players. The Zimbabwe tennis federation doesn‟t have a web site ,Cliff NHOKWARA, Director Manager of the Harare Sport Center says:”we had but nowadays it is not updated”
That could explain and demonstrate the organization of the Zimbabwe federation. In terms of tournaments Zimbabwe compared with South Africa doesn‟t have a lot of tennis tournaments during the year and they are basically placed in the same place Mutare or Harare. Please find attached in the annex the Zimbabwe Junior tournaments 2009/2010
A beneficial evolution in the Zimbabwe Junior Tournament is that for the first time in the history of Zimbabwe tennis the Zonal Africa Junior Championship will take part in Harare, something that used to happen in Pretoria or countries with more tennis power in the region of southern Africa. With this tournament their main goal is to promote tennis in their country and to have more players representing their country, more participation. This event will take part from the 9th until the 17th of January 2010 in Harare the capital of Zimbabwe.
2.2.3. Youth players in Zimbabwe
The best youth players in Zimbabwe basically are based in the Mutare academy, in Mutare one of the 10 provinces of Zimbabwe, where the President of the tennis federation in Zimbabwe, Ann Martin is living and had created this academy of high level performance in tennis, they have 18 players which they choose from the development program of the schools in Mutare( they come from a poor economic
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 13/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz family background and all of them are black). The families have to pay for part of their training and education; things are not very easy for the families. In Harare they are also some private clubs where white and black players of a higher class could practice tennis but the majority of the Zimbabwean players come from the Mutare academy.
During my internship in the southern countries of Africa, we started a development program in the governmental schools close to Harare, the main goal was to involve more the lower class kids in tennis. President of Zimbabwe tennis federation says:” We would like to do more in the development of tennis looking through the government schools and not the private clubs and helping kids without facilities as we did in Mutare”
Another issue for the youth players of Zimbabwe is the development of private tennis academies and not development of government schools. Players from private centers could have good training and facilities but is basically the only place where a youth player could grow up and improve his tennis.
2. 2.4 Evolution and actual situation of tennis development in Zimbabwean players
The tennis Zimbabwe development program is basically in Mutare, where the president of Zimbabwe created the Mutare Academy but the rest of the 9 provinces don‟t have programs and facilities in terms of development.
When a player from the Mutare academy become very good or they see a future potential in him or her, the player could have the possibility to go to the ITF center in Pretoria and have better preparation, but as the Tennis Zimbabwe Vice President Tanyaradzwa Chinamo says” it is not so easy, the ITF center don’t provide the full scholarship to go there, Zimbabwean players still have to pay a lot and sometimes is impossible for their families”
And in general terms of development, the Tennis Zimbabwe Vice President Tanyaradzwa Chinamo says “it could take nearly a decade for the country to find and develop local players to follow the footsteps of Wimbledon doubles champion Cara Black.” Cara Black is an example for all the youth players in Zimbabwe and for the development of players in this country, Cara was born in Harare, she is the current World No. 1 in Doubles.
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 14/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz Another comment from the ex development director and captain of Zimbabwe team in 2006, Claudio Murape said” Tennis Zimbabwe should engage the government for more funds to ensure that the junior players are exposed to more professional tournaments. "There is need to look into the future" It was tree years ago, but the situation still is the same maybe the political situation has got better but still need to do a lot.
The future development of tennis in Zimbabwe as the vice president was saying is quite hard because they are no resource, no economic profit, political problems, but the ITF and IOC are some of the organization that are trying to help, hoping for a better future.
2.3 Integration of players in southern Africans countries different type of programs
As we mentioned before southern Africans countries are doing different development programs in each of their countries depending on the facilities that they have and their priorities, obviously always it could be done more in terms of development but everything is about investment in time and money from their federations, their governments, their NOCs. The differences of classes and races are also important factors of integration in those two developing countries.
2.3.1 Classes (BORDIEU) interest in tennis from both classes.
In Pierre Bourdieu writings about habitus, he makes distinctions between classes, and the way they consume. He suggests the bourgeoisie likes sports without contact and use more equipment, for example tennis, golf and ski. The working class, on the other hand, values the body and finds more value in contacts sports. Nowadays in developed countries the difference between classes is less big than it was before, the working class could afford their selves to have tennis equipment and could follow the tennis on the television but in developing countries of southern African region they still having a high difference between classes and a lot of people in those societies don‟t have possibility or facilities to play tennis and even to watch or know about the sport.
It is true that there is an evolution from the colonization of the British to southern Africa, at the beginning it was just the high class which was playing tennis, nowadays, we can see an increase of participation from the working class who have more possibilities and freedom than ever before and would like to have the same taste and be involved with the higher class as we could see in the Pierre Bourdieu writings. He means that society is also following a „sense of one‟s place‟, the working
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 15/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz class try to have the same taste about social leisure activities to be indentify, in summary to have the same social space.
2.3.2 Private and public academies.
The fact is in both countries, the private academies or clubs centre work very well, and if a player wants to become professional, he or she should need a good coach and facilities and it is something that is given in Africa by private centre.
Depending on the country, some government schools have tennis as an option of physical education or extra sport activities and other schools they don‟t have tennis courts. In Both countries there are high numbers of private academies and private tennis coaches and in the majority of the cases, is where the higher level of tennis is coming from.
2.3.3. Races in sports in southern Africa
In this study not only the culture and the classes of the athletes of the project is taken into account but also the ethnical group.
According to the data research of the Africa online guide, the South Africa Population percentage is White 9.1%, colored 8.9%, and Asian 2.5% and the rest black. The percentage of the white population in Zimbabwe according to World Cultures date 2002 is 0.433% of the total of population and the rest Black.
There is more white population in South Africa than in Zimbabwe, but in both countries it is a small percentage. The majority of the population in both countries is black, a lot of people during the last few years have immigrated to different developed countries such as Australia, New Zealand, England, the USA, This movement of people was called “the brains flew”, they were looking for a better life, leaving their own countries.
In general the people of different races in South Africa and Zimbabwe don‟t mix together. In sport is also the same, is very hard to see people or teams of different races playing together or against. About the culture of tennis at the beginning they were just white people playing tennis nowadays it is becoming a sport for all races.
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 16/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz The black tennis foundation was created in 1974, the most important fact of the foundation was to encourage and nurture the innovation of tennis as a black people‟s sport in South Africa. The major assistance came from the Anglo American Corporation. The American Tennis Association, ATA was founded in Washington, D.C. on November 30, 1916 by a group of African-American businessmen, college professors and physicians as the black equivalent to the whites-only United States Lawn Tennis Association (USLTA), later renamed the United States Tennis Association (USTA).
A clear example where it could see the differences in classes from the past to the actual days in tennis is the case of the government school of Prince Edwards in Harare, in the tennis team of 1939, all the players were white players and in the year 2000 all the players were black players, this is a very interesting evolution but also should be clearly explained that it is a government school, in a private school that‟s couldn‟t happen, they would continue having white‟s in the majority because of the high price that they need to pay for the private schools.
Prince Edwards Team 1939
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 17/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz Prince Edwards Team 2000
2.4. The scholarship in USA and the future of these players
The scholarship is the dream and goal of the majority of the players of the development program in southern Africa.
A lot of University‟s in the USA are proposing scholarships to youth players in south Africa, some of the most famous in term of scholarships are at 1) University of California: Los Angeles 2) City University of New York: City College 3) San Francisco State University 4) Los Angeles Valley College 5) Florida Southern College 6) University of California: Berkeley 7) California State University: Los Angeles 8) New York University 9) San Diego State University 10) University of Southern California.
It is not difficult to get a scholarship in USA but the players need to have enough points in the academic level, and in the majority of the cases it could be a problem. Some of them have to pass their exams again to be accepted.
President of Zimbabwe tennis federation Ann Martin says, ”This is a big issue of our players, they dream to become famous tennis players to get outside the poverty and they don’t pay attention to the studies, they think tennis is enough”
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Also players from the ITF center in South Africa have more possibilities to get a good scholarship than players from the Mutare academy in Zimbabwe because of their tennis level. But the Zimbabwe tennis president‟s support and help in this aspect towards the youth players of the Mutare academy is a great help and they could have possibilities also to go to the academy based in Pretoria at the ITF center.
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Methodological approach
As a student of the AISTS Master I have got the opportunity to introduce my project to the ITF development program and to find an internship in the development department of the southern African region.
With this internship I had the privilege to be at the place so I could know better the culture of tennis in those countries and theirs major priorities and worries in the development aspect of tennis.
My methodological approach is to interview 14 players from different developing countries of southern Africa, towards the the end of my internship and my project I have got a better understanding of the development of tennis in South Africa and in Zimbabwe, making a comparison between both countries, and more concretely between two development academies: ITF development center in South Africa and the Mutare development Academy in Zimbabwe
3.2. Organization of methodological approach
During my first week in Pretoria I interviewed 8 players of the South African development program, it is an academy with the best players of the southern African region, which is similar or has the same facilities in tennis than the European countries, the players of this academy ( ITF center) are the best players of their countries(southern Africans countries) and they had got scholarships to study and train in a high level in Pretoria.
In another hand I interviewed 6 players of the academy of tennis development in Zimbabwe more concretely, The Mutare or Mantas Tennis academy, also those players are the best of their region in Zimbabwe.
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After those interviews and research I will be able to see the main goals of these players and how is tennis developing in those two countries.
Problem of the investigation
The organization of tennis in the region of southern Africa is quite different depending on the country. South Africa is a country where tennis plays a very important role in the society as an old colony of English people . High class people used to be involved with tennis being tennis one of the top 5 sports of their country.
Zimbabwe is also an old English colony with tradition in tennis but it had a lot of political problems in the last decades, which were affecting in the general life of the people at a very high level. In the last years both countries had suffered the process of the “brains flow”, that‟s means that all the qualified people were immigrating to developed countries where they could find better work and life. The major country of immigration of Zimbabwe was to South Africa but majority of the population of both countries immigrated to developed countries such as Australia, New Zealand, England or the USA.
It is clear that those two countries have different process of evolution and different results, and it would be the goal of my project to find out how is tennis development of youth players in South Africa and Zimbabwe. And why they are developed in a way or not?How they could be better developed? Basically, the main purpose would be: comparing the experiences of these youth players, how the research could contribute to the further development of tennis?
4. Findings and Discussion
4.1. Brief overview of universe: Athletes of the sample:
The sample is composed by 14 tennis players interviews from two different development tennis academies: 8 players from the ITF center academy in Pretoria, where they are training the best players of the south African region, the players come from: 2 from Madagascar, 2 from Burundi, 1
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 20/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz from Botswana, 1 from Zimbabwe, 1 from Ghana, 1 from Nigeria. And 6 players from the Mutare academy in Zimbabwe, is the academy of the province of Mutare one of the 10 provinces of Zimbabwe, where they are training the best players of Mutare. It is the only province of Zimbabwe where they have a development program and center, the president of Zimbabwe tennis federation is based there.
Characteristics
Some of specificities:
1. Races of the players: The majority of the players are black, the fact that the research is about tennis development is important, because usually the lower class in southern African countries is black, and also the fact that the majority of the population is black in those countries is important. They are 13 black players and 1 white player.
2. Gender of players The majorities of the players are boys, but was a casual fact, wasn‟t profusely made it. They are 7 girls and 8 boys.
3. Age of the players The average is between 14 years until 18 years old. 2 players of 14 years old, 4 players of 15 year old, 4 players of 16 years old, 3 players 17 years old, 1 player of 18 years old
4. Classes/economical level of their family The majority of the players come from the law class, but some of them have got help or sponsors. The only player who comes from the” higher class” is the white player, from Zimbabwe, Benjamin Lock.
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 21/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz
RACE OF THE TENNIS PLAYERS
GENDER OF THE PLAYERS
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AGE OF PLAYERS
4.2. Analysis of the Interviews
The survey is constituted by four different parts, firstly the tennis and general background of the player, in which level he or she is playing, ITF ranking, or Zimbabwe ranking, age, gender, why he or she started playing tennis. The second part is about the family background, if he or she‟s family is involved with tennis, parent‟s occupations, and number of members in the family, religion and affect of the religion in tennis & daily life. In the third part the questions are about how is tennis considered in their counties, how is it organized, how are the facilities and accessibilities to play tennis, how it is compared with South Africa, is it the political situation affecting tennis, how? The fourth part the main point was about, how do they see in their life the future in tennis? .The scholarship option? Studies? What is tennis for them? to see basically the importance of tennis and their dream.
4.3. Results of the investigation
4.3.1. The tennis and general background of the players
This part of the interview is previously mentioned and answered in the characteristics of the players.
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 23/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz Obviously the tennis level of the players of the ITF center development was better, because they were the best players of the region of southern Africa and they were playing the South African tournaments, and they had ITF rankings, something that the majority of the players of the Mutare academy did not have. In the Mutare academy they just had the Zimbabwe Ranking.
4.3.2. Family background situation
The all 14 players were living in a tennis academy. The development players were coming from different southern African countries. But the development players of Mutare they were living in their country and same province as their family.
4.3.2.1. How the players got involved in tennis?
The majority of the players from the ITF development center were coming from a tennis family background so they would have a specific interest in tennis from their youth and the majority of the payers from the development academy of Mutare just had a chance to start playing tennis in their province without any family background, because the president of tennis Zimbabwe opened the center.
The concrete results are: ITF center: 5 players got involved in tennis because of family background and 3 by luck Mutare Academy: 5 players by luck and 1 because of family background.
With these results we could see that tennis Zimbabwe is working well in tennis development because their players start playing because of this developing program but also we see that it is a small development program because from the 10 provinces they have just one center of development and they are the best players of Zimbabwe.
Ednha Masumba, player from the Mantas academy in Zimbawe says: What shall I do in Mutare, there are not too much opportunities to do anything ells!!!!!!!
On the other hand, players from ITF development center in South Africa come from different developing countries, which is a good development fact but all of the majority of them have their families involved with tennis.
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Players got involved in tennis
4.3.2.2. Parents occupation
This point is linked with the previous one. The occupation of their parents was very different; a lot of them had one of their parents as a tennis coach. In the majority of the cases from the ITF center but also they were teachers, secretary, farmer, and waiters. A general aspect was that mothers used to stay at home. Here we could see the function of the women still being at home with the kids in the African culture in general.
Most ethnic groups in southern Africa have patriarchal (male-headed) families. In these, women play a subordinate role. They are expected to serve their husbands, work for them, and bear them children. However, women do have certain rights.
4.3.2.3. Different Religions and impact in tennis
The majority of the players were Christian, two of them Muslin, one Anglican. Niriantsa Rasolomalal, girl from ITF development center says: “Being Christian I am not suppose to wear a short but because of tennis I am”
Two of the 14 players said that was affecting their training, because they have to pray, but they can manage to have time for it.
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4.3.2.4. Number of children in the family Also, the majority of them have big families, three minimum kids; this is something about the African culture
Ann Martin, president tennis federation of Zimbabwe says:“Parents use to have a lot of children’s to have after a better life, because they are going to take care of them” Family numbers children result: 1 player is alone, 8 players are 3 brother and sister, 4 players are 4 brother and sister, and 1 player 5 brothers and sisters.
A typical southern African family today is made up of a husband and wife and at least two children. Traditional families are big, including five or more children, plus grandparents and the children of relatives. Some men have more than one wife. It is not unusual to find a man with ten wives. In this aspect we couldn‟t see difference between the players of the ITF center and the Mutare Academy it is a general fact of the southern African society
Those numbers reflect also why poverty is higher in these countries and education lower, because is more expensive to pay for the education of three kids rather than for the education of one or two like in Europe.
4.3.2.5. Classes
The majority of the families come from the lower class, they don‟t have a lot of economical facilities and sometimes the basic needs such as has food, clothes are hard to come by.
In the research we could appreciate that in those countries there is not really a middle class, so the difference between the two classes is very high and in the majority of the time. the higher class is linked with the white race and the lower class with the black race.
4.3.3.1. Tennis perspective of South Africa and their own countries. Where is better tennis in South Africa or in your country?
All the players of the project come from developing countries. The players, which live in the Mutare academy, say that Zimbabwe tennis is good and they have possibilities to play. When I interview players who are living at the ITF center in South Africa they say that they don‟t have facilities in
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 26/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz their country and they are very lucky to have this opportunity to play tennis at that level with good coaches and tennis court facilities.
Another case is the white player from Zimbabwe who comes from a high class family, he was training in a private club in Zimbabwe: Benjamin lock says : is normal to have this opportunity and Zimbabwe tennis is good and organized, but if you compare with South Africa they are better. In that case his father is working for the Zimbabwe Tennis Federation. The other players from Madagascar (two girls) say that tennis in their country was not very organized as compared to South Africa, they were coming from a tennis family background and because of that they had the opportunity to play and to go to the ITF center in Pretoria. For the ones who come from others developing countries Nigeria and Burundi some of them weren‟t able to speak good English, they didn‟t even have a good primary education, they come from a very poor environment, they were lucky to be chosen to represent their country in a provincial tournament, and after that they were sent to the ITF center in Pretoria.
The concrete results are:
ITF center: 7 of the players think that tennis is better in South Africa, 1 of the players that is in the USA. Mutare Academy: the 6 players think that tennis is very good in Zimbabwe.
Tennis perspective of South Africa and their own countries
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4.3.3.2. Public and private tennis academies
The majority of the players from the of the ITF development center were coming from private academies that could also explain why they have better tennis level. But also in terms development could be a point for Zimbabwe.
The concrete results are:
ITF center: 2 players start playing tennis in public academy, 6 players in private academy Mutare Academy: the 6 players start playing tennis in public development programs
Public and private tennis academies
4.3.3.3. Sport science teacher in their school: players from the ITF Center development in Pretoria have specific sport teacher for the sport lesson and even they have tennis sometimes as an option in school but players from the Mutare academy they don‟t have specific teachers and there is no option of tennis at school for the others kids.
The concrete results are: ITF center: all the 8 players have tennis sport teacher Mutare Academy: all the 6 players don‟t have specific sport teacher at school
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Sport science teacher in their school
This is also an important point to keep comparing South Africa and Zimbabwe education at school in sport and tennis. All the players from South Africa and Zimbabwe study at government schools, just one player who is white and comes from high economical level study in a private school.
4.3.4. Their future 4.3.4.1. Their future and dream: scholarship
The majority of them have as a dream to attain a scholarship in USA, to become a professional tennis player and to study something. An interesting thing is that the majority of the Mutare academy players want to be a professional tennis player and study law, this could be an interesting possible research, why do they want to be lawyers? This could be because of the political situation that they had and has the Zimbabwe country.
Also an interesting point is the player from the ITF center who see his studies more important,he is the only white race in the group and also is one of the only one who‟s family has good economical level.The two tennis players from the ITF center, who want just to be professional players, their families come from a lower economical level.
An Extra appreciation: The option of coaching in their future wasn‟t for all the players, they don‟t consider to coach, because they just think to be professional tennis players because of their age, they don‟t think about after professional period, if they get in.
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 29/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz The concrete results are:
From the Mutare academy: The 6 players‟ priority and dream are first to become a professional player and second to study.
From the ITF center: 2 players just want to become professional tennis players, 1 see studies first and second tennis, and 5 see first studies and second studies.
Their future and dream
4.3.4.2. What is tennis for them?
Two answers or meanings:
1: tennis the most important thing: Tennis is my life (two players answers), Tennis is everything, is the best, Tennis is a sport where I can fell free, Tennis is something mental …., Tennis is my future and my life, I can’t live without tennis
2. More abstract, less passion: Tennis is something strict, it’s a game which provide everything: competition, possibility to travel,
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 30/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz Tennis it’s a very interesting game, Tennis it’s a game, Tennis is good sport to have fun, Tennis is a sport is education, Tennis is a sport, which help you to be strong & to achieve your goal.
All the answers were with a big smile, transmitting passion for the sport, those players dream is to have the possibility to leave their country and have a better life with money which is a very important aspect for players in those two development programs. Poverty is something that was present in their family life and still in their families.
Rose Mary, ITF coach says” my main preoccupation in life is when I week up in the morning if I would have money in my pocket to be able to continue living well with my family and to coach tennis”
5.1 Conclusion
5.1. Review the main findings
The original goal of this project and case study was to observe how tennis is developed in developing countries specifically in South Africa and Zimbabwe, knowing more about development in these two countries; I decided to analyze the main programs of youth players in both countries.
Development is a subject very hard to treat but very enriching at the same time, there are a lot of unfair actions, programs, departments… in those developing countries and not many opportunities to go outside the poverty zone.
After the research and analysis of the investigation the idea that I had of development in youth players in South Africa and Zimbabwe is completely different from what I was expecting. In the research and analysis of the investigation, we could appreciate that in some points Zimbabwe tennis development is doing well and better than the South Africa tennis development or sometimes the opposite, depending which point of view we are looking from.
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 31/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz The political, economical and social situations it‟s something very hard to compare in both countries in the past and nowadays. A lot of political problems had happened. In Zimbabwe in the 1990‟s the tennis Davis cup was taking part in Harare, tennis Zimbabwe was in group 1 of the world. But the political problems of the country made everything very hard even just to find food was something difficult, so tennis wasn‟t one of the priorities of the country.
Linsent CHITIYO, coach of Harare Province says:” Now it is ok we have places were we could buy food last year wasn’t possible”.
Coming back to the point of: how tennis players got involved in tennis?
The Zimbabwe federation looks more involved, it is doing a great job because the majority of the players got involved in tennis by luck but in another hand Zimbabwe development is just in Mutare so it could look very small and the fact that in South Africa the majority of the players started playing tennis because of their family could be interpreted as an easy way.
Players from Zimbabwe were funded and players from South Africa were also funded but with help of their parents (coaches parents). Linked to this fact the international point is also important to treat, players from South Africa were coming from different countries of the region of southern Africa and players from Zimbabwe were coming just from a Region of Zimbabwe. An International tennis development ( ITF center)against a “ provincial” tennis development program (Mutare tennis academy). Here the South African tennis development could be better. In conclusion the mutare academy should operate more at a national level, not just in one province of Zimbabwe. And the ITF Center in South Africa should continue working at this international level, finding players from different southern countries but not just having players with tennis family background, but also more under privileged players.
Classes, religions, numbers of children in the family, there is not a appreciated difference from the two development programs, is more a general fact about the African culture as it‟ s explained previously.
Another interesting aspect to emphasize is the question asked to the players: Where is better tennis in South Africa or in your country?
In this aspect there is an enormous difference between the two development programs.
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 32/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz The Mantas Academy players are more ignorant in this aspect as they think that tennis in Zimbabwe is very good but they don‟t really see the reality comparing with others countries because they don‟t have possibilities to travel and play International tournaments, as have the ITF center players. In conclusion the level and the exposition of the players in the ITF center is higher, they have better level and more competition possibilities. The solution of this problem would be to give more possibilities to travel for players of the Mutare academy so they would be able to improve their tennis faster and they would have a clear picture about the level of competition around the world, being more realistic.
In general the problem of the public and private tennis academies is in both countries, is higher in Zimbabwe because of their public facilities” they don‟t have public facilities”, they don‟t have even specific sport teachers” and in Zimbabwe there is no University of physical education, the schools teachers teach sport, so in the majority of the cases tennis is not a possible option but they have sport managers at schools which are supposed to manage the teachers, something that is not working very well, not being specific physical education teachers and in the high density no physical education subject.
In South Africa they don‟t‟ have this handicap at the public centers or governmental schools. South African schools have specific physical education teachers. Sport is something important in the culture of the country, representing heath and long life.In the Zimbabwean culture sport is starting to be considered in the society but is very far away to become something crucial, there are more general needs before that.
The solution of this problem in Zimbabwe would be to have specific University of Physical Education and to include as a subject physical education in the academic program of the schools. A proposal that Linsent CHITIYO, coach of Harare Province did but still being studied by the provincial board,” things doesn‟t move so fast in Africa”.
Coming back about their future or dream, the word scholarship, is the main word for these two development program and development of tennis in general in Africa, scholarship could be considered the best way for these players to escape the difficulties or poverty of their countries.
A lot of times is wrongly interpreted they need this scholarship and is a good possibilities as long as they continue studying. Both countries see it as the best thing but they should be more realistic, to become a professional player is not so easy, a player could have potential but the most important
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 33/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz things to prevail are: good coaches, international and good tournaments and competitions, definitively, Money. They don‟t become professional just hoping, it‟s a mixture of complements. Tanya CHINAMO, Vice president of tennis Zimbabwe, says” we informed the players and their parents that professional tennis is not so beautiful, is not easy to become a Nadal or a Federer but they want to op their child could make it also and they are not realistic enough”
In the question: What is tennis for them? They should think also more realistically but in development there is hope, this is what gives to them emotion, tennis is everything in their life in both academies and that could prove that development is doing well in those two Africans countries, they are giving hope and opportunity to those children.
The solution of this aspect would be to undertand the families and the players what is the real level outside their country and the true to become a professional player but not taking out the illusion of the sport, continuing the development of tennis.
I would like to come back to development, also those two countries should try if they want to develop their country to think in a future to give possibilities for youth tennis players to have the same opportunities( university studies, scholarship, professional training) staying at home in their own countries, developing their developing country and not sending them to USA. but it is something hard.
5.2. Critically reflect on the project
Significantly looking at the project and tennis in both developing countries, the idea that you could have about Africa could be different as you were thinking before. It is true that in Africa you would see different things that in developed countries you would not see:
Karl Davis, Development officer for southern Africa says:”In Africa you learn about things which they are not written in books”. A problem that I had during my research was the finding of relevant books, how could you find books if in some places they don‟t have universities or library? In Pretoria they have a library but wasn‟t so easy to find specific books about the project and in Zimbabwe even they don‟t have University of Sport.
It could be impressed obvious basses we have in Europe or developed countries that they don‟t have, or their miss organization, it is hard to work or analyze things if people just don‟t come to a
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 34/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz training or they come 2 hours late or they come without tennis balls but those two developing countries have other values in sports that we don‟t have, an example is youth tennis players burning their foot but enjoying tennis so much, some of them have a giant passion or hope to learn how to play tennis and they don‟t think about basics needs that we have taken for granted in Europe and developed countries.
Girls from a government school of Zimbabwe
Also the project could have been better done having more time to take part in the culture and understand it, having the opportunity to analyze more south Africans countries and also analyzing tennis development in general in both countries, not just comparing two specific academies.
5.3. Directions for future and conclusions
Some future interesting topics to analyze could be the races; the project didn‟t really compare the races of these countries in sport and it is a very important topic. I found that both societies still being “racist “compared with Europe or others developed countries, the fact that we can‟t see mixed couples and mixed sports is something very impressive for an European, in my case but I did not live their political situation and history.
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Also the classes in tennis, it could be an interesting topic because of the huge difference between the higher and the working class in these countries. Another aspect that impress me as I was saying at the beginning of my conclusion is that coming to AFRICA I was looking for something more authentic, I could see the values of sport in these youth players but also I saw the value of money and how in all the federation and organization the political and economical aspect take part even in development.
Ann Martin, President of the Zimbabwe tennis federation and development department in Zimbabwe says:” Nothing is free in this life and even in development Clarence”.
The future research could be to find how could be these countries better organize in terms of development, going through the bases and general problems of southern African countries and trying to find more help from developed countries.
Coming back to the main aspect and the conclusion, development in both countries is happening so this is something positive, it is happening slower in Zimbabwe compared with Europe because they have others priorities, but it is happening, in different way also comparing South Africa and Zimbabwe, but because of the facilities and the organization of the countries.
As I mentioned the solution to improve the high level of tennis in both countries , they should try if they want to develop their country to think in a future to give possibilities for youth tennis players to have the same opportunities( university studies, scholarship, professional training) staying at home in their own countries, developing their developing country and not sending them to USA. but it is something hard, specially in Africa.
The money aspect could be an asset to develop it better but also if we compare ITF with other International Federations, ITF is doing a lot of development in developing countries. Sport Development nowadays could start to be one of the priorities of developed and developing countries. The goal of the project was to understand and show how development of tennis is in South Africa and Zimbabwe, comparing the experiences of these youth players and how the research could contribute tothe further development of tennis. Something that I felt I have been answered with the research of the project, leaving always open future possible studies and analysis about it because
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 36/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz development is a process in evolution and Sport and Development‟ refers to the use of sport as a tool for development and peace.
References and/or Bibliograph
Book/ Journal Article
Collin, B, 1994, modern encyclopedia of tennis, edited by Bud Collins and Zander.
Bourdieu, P, 1997, Razones prácticas. Sobre la teoría de la acción, Barcelona, Anagrama,
Brebnor,K, 1978? Tennis The South African Story, the Black tennis foundation, edited by Russell Eldridge, Maguire, J, 2009, Sport and development and development through Sport, lectures AISTS Master 2009.
Mhlanga-Nyahuye, M , 31 October 2007, Zimbabwe Tennis Working To Develop New Generation of Professionals, , Washington. Marks, S. and Trapido, S. (1987)The politics of Race, Class and Nationalism in Twentieth Century South Africa, New York : Longman
1978?, Tennis The South African story: commemorating the 75th Anniversary of the South African Tennis Union, and edited by Russell Eldrige.
The International Politics of Sport in the Twentieth Century, edited by James Rioordan and Arnd Krüger.
Other Internet Source
AFRICA ON LINE GUIDE SOUTH: AFRICA, available: http://www.colonialvoyage.com/africa/eng/southafrica/index.html
Cara Black, from Wikipedia, available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cara_Black
Bourdieu, P, 26 Août 2006, Une approche originale des classes sociales, available:
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 37/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz http://www.intellego.fr/soutien-scolaire-Terminale-ES/aide-scolaire-Sciences-economiques-et- sociales/3.-Pierre-Bourdieu-une-approche-originale-des-classes-sociales/1583
World Cultures: Tajikistan to Zimbabwe, Zimbabweans available: http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Tajikistan-to-Zimbabwe/Zimbabweans.html
10, September 2009, South African INFO, Sport in South Africa, available: http://www.southafrica.info/about/sport/sportsa.htm
South African tennis association, SATA, available: http://www.satennis.co.za/SATAWebContent.aspx?ID=a6026b31-3c9e-43bd-b861-89ef0c7077a7
Student Guide USA, Education, Sports, Adventure of a life time, available: http://www.studentguideusa.com/Membership/StudentMemberStatistics.php
Xinhua, July 27, 2006, Zimbabwe urged to invest in younger tennis players, available: http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200607/27/eng20060727_287023.html Nov 23, 2008, Duke tennis player wins prestigious international scholarship, Web Editor: Anne Johnson, available: http://www.wral.com/news/local/noteworthy/story/4014461/
Social development theory, Wikipedia, available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_development_theory
July 27, 2006, article people daily, Zimbabwe urged to invest in younger tennis players, available: http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200607/27/eng20060727_287023.html
White people in Zimbabwe, Wikipedia, available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people_in_Zimbabwe
12/01/2005, National tennis programs are well developed in the United States as the government is spending enough money on developing sports among young people, available: http://www.syl.com/hb/newtennisstarsofthenationaltennisprograms.html
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 38/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz Ethnicity and Race in Africa - Race in Africa, The Concept Of Ethnicity, Ethnicity Debates In Africa, Ethnic Experiments In Africa, available: http://science.jrank.org/pages/7672/Ethnicity-Race- in-Africa.html#ixzz0SskgthJC
Vale, B, Apr 13, 2009, Legacy of the British colonization, available: http://african-colonialism.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_legacy_of_british_colonisation_in_africa
American Tennis Association, from Wikipedia, available:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Tennis_Association
ITF Web site, available: http://www.itftennis.com/
Zimbabwe's Struggle for Liberation, available: http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Zimb.html
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 39/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz APPENDICES
Boys of a government school of Harare
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Boys of a government school in Zimbabwe.
Transport facilities, Mutare academy players
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Tennis courts, Mutare Academy.
INTERVIEWS for players
Easy background What is your name? Where are you come from? Where do you live? What is your tennis level? How many times do you train a week? Why did you start playing tennis? Have you been coaching? How was it? (Hard/ easy) Family background 1. What is your parents work? Do they like tennis or any sport? 2. Are you a big family? 3. Which religion are you? How long have you been living outside your parents place? How was at the beginning? Did you find any obstacles? MATURITY AND COMPARISON WITH OTHERS YOUNG PEOPLE OBSTACLES Tennis in your country How is tennis in your country? How is the culture of tennis in your country? How is the political/economic/cultural situation in your country? ORGANIZATION Do they have facilities to know the sport? Did you learn tennis in a PRIVAT academy or PUBLIC? SPORT AT SCHOOL- How was? Your Future MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 42/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz
How do you see your future? How do you see your future in tennis? And in general and studies/ TO GET A SHCOLARSHIP There is a coaching option? What is your dream? Who he is your favorite player? WHY?
Finally Part
WHAT IS TENNIS FOR YOU? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ITF center Development players: Name Country 1. Ruth Dromo Crawford Ghana 2. Umarubalami Alli Nigeria 3. Anne Sophy Rufiykiri Burundi 4. Benjamin Lock Zimbabwe 5. Hassan Ndayishimiye Burundi 6. Lame Botshoma Botswana 7. Rasolomalala Niriantsa Madagascar 8. Zarah Razafimahatratra Madagascar
Mutare Development Academy players: Name Country Ednha Masumba Zimbabwe
Innocent Mhere Zimbabwe
Meagan Mohamed Zimbabwe
Pauline Chawafambira Zimbabwe
Tatenda Mavunduke Zimbabwe
Zibusiso Nioimande Zimbabwe
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Junior Tennis Calendar of South Africa 2009/2010
1 FREE STATE JUNIOR NATIONALS 28 Sep- 03 Oct 09 1 WESTERN PROVINCE MINI MASTERS 09 Oct 11 Oct 09 2 BORDER EAST LONDON NEW BALANCE MINI MASTERS17 Oct 18 Oct 09 3 BOLAND MINI MASTERS18 Oct 25 Oct 09 4 KZN FUTURES WEEK 1 DURBAN - CANCELLED 31 Oct 07 Nov 5 FREE STATE MINI 5 06 Nov 11 Nov 09 6 ITF SUPER WORLD INDIVIDUAL CHAMPIONSHIPS 08 Nov 14 Nov 09 7 KZN FUTURES WEEK 2 PIETERMARITZBURG - CANCELLED07 Nov 14 Nov 09 8 NORTHERN CAPE TECNIFIBRE RRR09 Dec 11 Dec 09 9 GAUTENG NORTH JUNIOR OPEN12 Dec 28 09 10 SWD GREAT WILSON JUNIOR OPEN GRAND PRIX12 Dec 15 Dec 09 11 BOLAND KEY HEALTH SERIES13 Dec 17 Dec 09 12 GAUTENG NORTH JUNIOR TOURNAMENT16 Dec 18 Dec 09 13 GAUTENG EAST JUNIOR OPEN - CANCELLED16 Dec 19 Dec 09 14 WESTERN PROVINCE KEY HEALTH SERIES18 Dec 22 Dec 09 15 BORDER KEY HEALTH SERIES SA JUNIOR OPEN (OPEN SECTION)03 Jan 07 Jan 10 16 BORDER KEY HEALTH SERIES SA JUNIOR OPEN03 Jan 07 Jan 10 17 GAUTENG CENTRAL JUNIOR OPEN06 Jan 09 Jan 10 18 EASTERN PROVINCE KEY HEALTH SERIES07 Jan 11 Jan 10 19 GAUTENG NORTH MOOT JUNIOR OPEN09 Jan 12 Jan 10
Zimbabwe Juniors Tournaments 2009/2010
Date Event Age group Venue 6-9 January New Winners U10-U18 Harare 22-24 April Harare Province U10-U18 Harare Junior Open 25-27 April Zimbabwe Closed U10-U18 Harare Championships 18-20 August Manicaland Junior U10-U18 Mutare Open 21-23 August Brookes Trophy U16-U18 Mutare 21-23 August Dunlop Trophy U12-U14 Mutare 25-29 August Astra Paints Tennis U10-U18 Mutare Center Open December-Open dateCara black U10-U18 Harare
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Clarence Pérez Diaz Student of the AISTS Master I would like to thank the following persons for their contribution:
Jennifer MAGUIRE, Course Director at University of Leicester, BSc Communications, Media & Society, Supervisor of this project, for her clear advices and fast answers during the project, also for being available always.
Karl DAVIS, ITF Development officer of south African region, for his support and advices, as well as the opportunity that I had to do my internship supervised by him.
Ann MARTIN, President of the Zimbabwe Federation, for the opportunity to analyze her players and stay in Mutare for a period of two weeks.
Tanya CHINAMO, Vice president of tennis Zimbabwe, for his support in my project, help during my stay in his place during 1 month and 3 weeks.
Dermot SWEENNEY Director of the ITF center in Pretoria, to give me the opportunity to analyze his players and stay in the centre during 1 week.
Cliff NHOKWARA, Director Manager of the Harare Sport Center, for his help during my time in Zimbabwe and guidance in his culture.
Scott OVER, ITF Director of the Development/ Coaching Department, to gave me the opportunity and put me in contact with Karl Davis and ITF southern Africa Development Program. Linsent CHITIYO and Rosemary Owino, coaches of Harare Province and ITF Center, for their help and guidance in the tennis African culture and situation.
Adhip Bhandary and Nicolas Lhiost, candidates of the AISTS Master 2009, for their support, guidance and encouragements before and during the project.
MSA 2009 – AISTS - Personal Project 45/46 Clarence Pérez Diaz WISH AND WOMEN association from EPFL, for the scholarship, which helped me for the trip to South Africa. AISTS Staff and all my colleagues of the MSA 09.
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