Paradiplomacy Practice in : a Lesson From Province in 2013-2018

Dhany Putra Pratama Master Program of International Relations, Faculty of Postgraduate, Universi- tas Muhammadiyah , Yogyakarta, Indonesia 55183 Email: [email protected]

Abstract This article attempts to reveal the factors inflicting the decision-making process of paradiplomacy in West Nusa Tenggara within six years between 2013 and 2018, including the problems faced by them under the administration of two governors, Tuan Guru Bajang and Dr. Zulkieflimansyah.Utilizing rational choice theory in the form of qualitative-descriptive research, various field findings and kinds of literature indicate one primary matter. It is that external and internal factors consisting of a combination of individual and bureaucratic rationalities and influence play significant roles in driving the trend of halal tourism-based paradiplomacy by Tuan Guru Bajang and education and investment-based one by Dr. Zulkieflimansyah. There are attempts from both governors and their administration to achieve the full potential of both paradiplomacy policies. the policies, however, are not flawless as errors and issues due to economic disparity, development rate inequality, and lack of proper management of information systems become points of critics by many parts of the society, both public and official.

Keywords: Dr. Zulkieflimansyah, Education, Halal Tourism, NTB, Paradiplomacy, Tuan Guru Bajang

Abstrak Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap faktor yang memengaruhi proses pembuatan kebijakan paradiplomasi di Nusa Tenggara Barat dalam kurun waktu enam tahun antara 2013 dan 2018 termasuk masalah yang dihadapi

Islamic World and Politics Vol. 4. No.1 June 2019 ISSN: 2614-0535, E-ISSN: 2655-1330 Dhany Putra Pratama Paradiplomacy Practice In Indonesia: 63 dalam administrasi dua gubernur, Tuan Guru Bajang dan Dr. Zulkieflimansyah. Melalui teori pilihan rasional dalam bentuk penelitian kualitatif-deskriptif, penemuan lapangan dan literatur menunjukkan bahwa faktor eksternal dan internal yang terdiri dari gabungan rasionalitas dan pengaruh individu dan birokrasi memengaruhi tren paradiplomasi pariwisata halal oleh Tuan Guru Bajang dan pendidikan dan investasi oleh Dr. Zulkieflimansyah secara signifikan. Meskipun usaha untuk memaksimalkan potensi kebijiakan telah dilakukan oleh kedua gubernur beserta administrasi mereka, kebijakan yang diterapkan belum sempurna dikarenakan kesalahan dan isu yang terkait dengan ketimpangan dan kurangnya manajemen yang mumpuni menjadi poin kritik oleh banyak orang, baik dari kalangan publik maupun pejabat.

Kata Kunci: Dr. Zulkieflimansyah, NTB, Paradiplomasi, Pariwisata Halal, Pendidikan, Tuan Guru Bajang

INTRODUCTION conducted by scholars in Indonesia, The term “paradiplomacy” explicitly pointing “paradiplomacy” is indeed unpopular but not as their concern of analyses. These without reason. At first, the term situations challenge the author paradiplomacy is not a common term to further introduce this term to in public. It is mainly used by social the public and policymakers and and political science academicians possible lessons from the already and researchers to mention foreign existing practices worldwide, relations conducted between sub- including those nearby. state actors across national borders With the rise of various new (Mukti, 2013), which becomes actors in the realm of international the initial focus of this research. relations along with new issues Secondly, the public, especially in to tackle, central governments Indonesia, tends to be more familiar worldwide start to open their tables with the word “diplomacy” and as for options to enforce their interests “meant to be coordinated by the further while guaranteeing others’ central government by any means” and paradiplomacy is among them. as the classic form. Thirdly and Indonesia is arguably among the presumably, lastly, there has been latest to include paradiplomacy in a limited number of researches its foreign relation options aside Islamic World and Politics 64 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 from the traditional state-to-state of NTB (Herbawati, 2018) and the relations with the first being the sister influence of ruling governor at the city agreement between Bandung time which the society continuously and Braunschweig, Germany, in expects to be the “agents of change” 1960. Under the principle of regional (Fitriani, 2016). the course of six autonomy, Indonesian central years displays the rise of NTB as a government guarantees the rights new powerhouse of tourism as the of local/provincial governments government of NTB initiated the to arrange, manage, and oversee “halal tourism” project to boost various aspects of domestic affairs NTB’s economy further. It is through without significant intervention the reforming of tourism aspects in from the central government with NTB fitting to the concept of Sharia a general assumption that local law and other elements belonging governments “recognize” their to Islamic faith (Subarkah, 2018) area the most (Rasyid, 2007). under the leadership of Tuan Guru Initially, paradiplomacy serves one Bajang as the governor of NTB. He of or all three primary purposes: popularizes the new NTB in the purely commercial purposes image of “Muslim tourists-friendly (open market and investment), tourism sites.” the government of multipurpose (economic, NTB also continuously welcomes social, culture, technology, and foreign governments and education), and regional identity companies to invest in various and political interests (expressing construction projects supporting autonomous, specific, and different NTB’s initial halal tourism project characters (Mukti, 2015). Based on and other projects with excellent these purposes, provinces across results. the local government of Indonesia begin to view more NTB receives awards worldwide possibilities for cooperation with for its achievements, the massive regions and cities worldwide. One increase of domestic and foreign of them is West Nusa Tenggara or tourist visits per year. A slight Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB). difference happened in mid-2018 The focus of paradiplomacy as the paradiplomacy focus of of West Nusa Tenggara province NTB adding education to be a new profoundly depends on the two main sector along with the change in the factors: the maximum utilization government: a new governor named of natural and social advantages Dr. Zulkieflimansyah elected. Dhany Putra Pratama Paradiplomacy Practice In Indonesia: 65

This paper investigates the articles mentioned above and thesis factors driving both governors, already indicate that scholars have Tuan Guru Bajang and Dr. studied paradiplomacy practices Zulkieflimansyah, to direct the in NTB. This article explores the trend of paradiplomacy as it is and problems the governor’s face that the problems and critics each other drives their paradiplomacy policy face during the implementation. trends and the issues during the the underlying assumption the implementation, which becomes the author adopts is that each governor novelty of this paper. belongs to different backgrounds Paradiplomacy projects of and experiences, and each period West Nusa Tenggara government presents its challenges, later with are to enhance regional economic various criticism from the public conditions through building over their rather unorthodox relations with foreign institutions policies. This paper also attempts and the government conduct so to take a neutral stance regarding by reaching several provinces in the view of paradiplomacy trends foreign countries, such as Zhejiang between the governor and the province of the People’s Republic people of NTB by comparing both of China, and other countries. governors’ paradiplomacy policies Paradiplomacy practices are mainly and how the public views them. in forms of sister cities of sister provinces and foreign investment LITERATURE REVIEW agreements, as stated by Sibawaihi This paper is the first to (2016) and Utami (2017). Those study paradiplomacy practices options are the most applicable for in West Nusa Tenggara (Nusa the region and arguably the simplest Tenggara Barat- NTB) province despite the process not being as is an overstatement as studies simple as it seems. the power of on this topic in forms of journal city and province branding should articles and thesis from Indonesian be into vital account as without scholars and foreign researchers proper objects to be promoted collaborating with Indonesian ones. to the international community Despite not directly mentioning (Subarkah, 2018), the attempt to “paradiplomacy” in the titles, terms attract collaborators and investors “foreign investment,” “tourism,” will be more difficult. and “sister cities/provinces” by the Islamic World and Politics 66 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020

Aside from the challenge to from the central government, the create the desired image through lower-level officials have yet to adapt the branding, the existing social, to the demand. cultural, political, and geographical conditions, West Nusa Tenggara RESEARCH METHOD province shall be for the success This paper intends to describe of every project initiated by the paradiplomacy trends belonging to local government. the geographical each governor, Tuan Guru Bajang, situation of NTB province alone and Dr. Zulkieflimansyah, and is already challenging, with the create a trend comparison on the existence of two main islands trends along with the problems (Lombok and Sumbawa) along during implementations, doing with a wide variety of landscapes this paper qualitative-descriptive (Laplaza, Tanaya, & Suwardji, research with inductive analysis. the 2017). Three major ethnic groups data collecting methods of this paper are dominating the province utilized both primary and secondary (Sasak, Samawa, Mbojo) inhabiting sources as the information required the islands complete with their in either official publications and traditions. the differences between autobiographies or the talks with one another can sometimes conflict government officials, which could due to different understanding only be through interviews to on an issue and the tendency to maintain eligibility. promote ethnic superiority over provincial unity (Zulkieflimansyah, RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY 2019), something the government The definition of “rational” is continuously fighting against or “rationality” may vary between through time. Further, Laplaza, one scholar and another along with Tanaya, and Suwardji (2017) their disciplines and despite being indicate the long-living, rigid, and initially a term commonly used top-centered development pattern in economic studies, “rational” or of West Nusa Tenggara province “rationality” finds its position in frequently causes poor coordination the studies of social and political and uncertainty. It becomes a science and policymaking process bitter pill for the local government in various levels. Warsito (2017) as, despite the leader promoting suggests that rational analysis decentralization on some sectors is logical, valid, and efficient Dhany Putra Pratama Paradiplomacy Practice In Indonesia: 67 assessment tested empirically choice does not necessarily involve and, most importantly, based one person only (single charismatic on fact; further explanation also individual) in the policymaking recommends that rationality may process or the decision-making differ in the condition of different process (DMP) with some occasions contexts and situations. Despite of rational decisions made by the difference of interpretations bureaucratic organizations along between scholars and disciplines, with a specific set of characteristics. they find one common ground on In the case of the charismatic one aspect: it is indeed the ideal individual entity of DMP, the nature of the human mind (Tillyer, leader possesses certain “charisma” 2011) when concluding a decision influencing his/her followers to based on intentional considerations. voluntarily follow the lead of the Rationality in political leader and support any of his/her science is “rational choice theory,” decisions. Past examples indicate the which focuses on the condition existence of charismatic individuals of human minds “wanting more” often related closely to theological out of something; this term is as (religious) figures such as prophets, the attempt to gain maximum messengers, saints, priests. Other benefits out of a decision without religiously influencing characters in-depth good-bad consideration. may have closer ties with God and in considering an option based on possess features normal humans rational choice theory, three aspects are unable to maintain as God gave should be the consideration. They those features. Further development are completeness (all alternatives/ indicates that charismatic leaders options listed based on priorities), may also have links to genetic transitivity (all options can be backgrounds, educations, social compared, such as A is better than contributions, and more as what B, while B is better than C. modern charismatic figures display Thus, A is better than C, and when leading his/her people. Weber, on), and independency from in Warsito (2017), considers that relevant alternatives (when option becoming overestimated frequently, A is to be better than B, despite bureaucratic organizations are “the later emergence of option X, B will more efficient, systematic, and never be better than A) (Warsito, predictable” option available to a 2017). Warsito suggests that rational longer extent of time compared to Islamic World and Politics 68 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 the single counterpart. It is often full the leader is virtually an impersonal of secrecy, personal and family-tied, order. Bureaucracy is the definitive and short-term execution. However, form of law domination. bureaucracy is not flawless; in On many occasions, studies fact, Tocqueville in Elster (1986) regarding rational choice theory in described these flaws as follows: international relations discipline inability to coordinate specific often carefully refer to how details of a plan, the lack of secrecy, national-level entities (central and the lack of courage during governments) decide a foreign execution in time of crisis. policy to be imposed towards other In answering the debate objects at the same level. in this of individual and bureaucratic article, the local government-level effectiveness in deciding a policy approach of rational choice theory rationally, scholars suggest the by Merrilee S. Grindle (2009) is combination of both entities in one presumably the most suitable in system. answering the research question The author considers a useful provided previously. the application practice in many democratic of rational choice theory in local countries by eliminating any “we government-level stresses on the often do this” or “it is often done this influence of decentralization of way” mentality. This strategy seeks power by the central government for further reach of available options the local governments in affecting in experiments to find suitable the entrepreneurship capabilities alternatives to policies for solving and capacities of local elected rulers specific issues without creating (governors, regents) to manage and broader issues or crippling each utilize available resources and range other’s credibility. in this situation, of connection in competing against Weber, in Warsito (2017), mentions other regions within the state five importances of the rule of law and beyond. Grindle in Wibawa specified. They are standard norms (1994) later continued with the formed by agreement. the law is explanation. the final decision from a consistent system consciously the decision-making process shall constituted from basically abstract focus on five aspects. They are types rules, obedience to law obligated for of benefits, desired degree of change, all entities, decision making based the position of decision-makers, on the rule of law, and obedience to Dhany Putra Pratama Paradiplomacy Practice In Indonesia: 69 programs’ executors, and resulted the previous governor of NTB in in resources. the 2008-2013 period. Muhammad As for final implementation, Zainul Majdi, who is famously four aspects shall also become a known as Tuan Guru Bajang or often consideration: power, interests, abbreviated as TGB, ruled NTB for strategies of involved actors, and ten years. He is also the grandson obedience and response capability. of Nahdlatul Wathan founder, Muhammad Zainudin Abdulmajid. Research Findings It is the most significant Islamic Each leader in all systems ideally movement in West Nusa Tenggara believes that every decision he/she based in Pancor, East Lombok makes must serve the betterment regency, and an alumnus of Al- of the public based on his/her Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt. vision, thus making the policy He becomes a significant “different” to his/her predecessor. influence on how Tuan Guru This situation regularly happens in Bajang formed his policies. He the policymaking process of West primarily mobilized the support Nusa Tenggara or NTB. It considers of the people by utilizing the the rate of congeniality between three fundamental identities of each governor’s background, the people of NTB (Indonesia- vision, and policy. It is safe to ism or Pancasila, NTB-ism, or the assume that the role of charismatic harmony of people of NTB despite individual influence significantly in the ethnic and religious diversity, the policymaking process of NTB and Islam-ism or the belief in Allah government, but the statement does and Muhammad. Mentioning TGB’s not necessarily discard the part of success in improving West Nusa the representative council (Dewan Tenggara’s economic problems, Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah/DPRD) most of his achievements (TGB. entirely in the process (Mahdi, id, n.d.) focused on the sector of 2019). halal tourism, infrastructure, and Halal Tourism as the Foundation of relations with the Islamic world. TGB’s Paradiplomacy Furthermore, his vision for the Between 2013 and 2018, a 2013 governor election of NTB, governor named Muhammad Religious and Cultured, Prosperous, Zainul Majdi ruled the province of and Competitive NTB (Maga, West Nusa Tenggara. He was also 2013), already annunciated the Islamic World and Politics 70 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 influence of Islamic value in his In terms of paradiplomacy, programs and created a distinction the focus of Tuan Guru Bajang to prior governors’ plans and other administration in developing governors in Indonesia. Neneng NTB’s economic condition through Herbawati (2018) went as far as foreign relations is the promotion of putting TGB’s development principle halal tourism brand. Halal tourism side-to-side with Obamanomics in the definition is an attempt to by US President Barrack Obama, create a tourism system based on Widjojonomics by Prof. Dr. Widjojo the Islamic Sharia law in which Nitisastro, Habibienomics by Prof. the food and drink consumption, Dr. BJ. Habibie, and other economic accommodation, and other facilities experts and leaders, by naming are standardized based on the TGB’s principle “TGBNomics” in need of Muslim tourists (Hariani, her autobiography book entitled 2016). Still, it does not necessarily TGBNomics: Ikhtiar NTB Untuk designate to Muslim tourists only Indonesia. Through TGBNomics as non-Muslim tourists are also (Herbawati, 2018), Tuan Guru guaranteed to enjoy the leisure Bajang attempted to create a system provided by the halal tourism of politics and economy in NTB system. the positive impact of the friendly to lower-class community, development of halal tourism in investors, tourists, and supporting NTB aside of the increasing number the national development program of tourist visits and the amount of based on Islamic values as well as national and international awards nourishing the pride and confidence is the increase of working field in of NTB people from the negative the tourism sector for the people image Nanti Tuhan Bantu (roughly of NTB and the nourishment of translated into May God Helps) friendship between NTB with caused by prolonged high poverty Islamic countries across the world rate. Furthermore, the role of the (Busaini, 2017). Attempting to Indonesian government should be unleash NTB from the “shadow” accounted for as the 10 Baru of Bali as Indonesia’s iconic tourist (10 New Bali) project by the central destination of Indonesia, the halal government transformed into an tourism project instigated by Tuan excellent opportunity for NTB’s Guru Bajang served not merely as policy options. one of the policies promoted by his governance but also the flagship Dhany Putra Pratama Paradiplomacy Practice In Indonesia: 71 leading almost all his strategies vice governor, Sitti Rohmi Djalilah, by focusing regional development the sister of Tuan Guru Bajang, through infrastructures supporting muster public support throughout halal tourism. Further observation the province by harnessing both indicates the building of relations educational background and public with local and foreign governments contribution before the election and institutions such as the period. Among the most perceivable Australian government and the feat by Dr. Zul reasonably boosting states included as “Muslim-majority his reputation is by being the founder states” in assisting the realization of Universitas Teknologi Sumbawa of NTB’s goals through various (UTS), one of the most recently training of foreign languages and established universities in Sumbawa tourism management, constructions regency (Universitas Teknologi projects, and fairs. the result is Sumbawa, n.d.). arguably fruitful as NTB received Dr. Zul is an alumnus of multiple awards from national the University of Strathclyde in and international communities Glasgow, United Kingdom (UK) successfully applying halal tourism graduating from Doctoral Program to such extent that it becomes of International Marketing a continuous program for the and Business of Department of following periods. Economics in 2001, along with Dr. Zul, Education & Investment, several non-degree programs and Paradiplomacy attained in various universities across Australia, Japan, the The rise of Dr. Zulkieflimansyah Netherlands, UK, and the United as the new governor of West States. He eventually delivers a Nusa Tenggara province since significant influence on how issues mid-2018 is a further step in the of his administration’s policies: politics of West Nusa Tenggara. focusing on the regional economic Dr. Zulkieflimansyah or famously development by enhancing the known as Dr. Zul or Bang Zul quality of human resources through becomes one of few Sumbawanese education. the situation presumably (one of three majority ethnic groups goes as far as his entire plan in NTB aside from Sasak and Mbojo) generally guided by his experience becoming a governor after a few as an Indonesian student studying decades. Another matter deserving abroad and various reputations attention is that how Dr. Zul, with his Islamic World and Politics 72 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 as a lecturer and a member of the civil society and law and justice national representative council enforcement). (DPR), and all of them achieved Several findings suggest that Dr. within a period less than fifteen Zulkieflimansyah has developed a years. Dr. Zul (2019) frequently set of a rather unorthodox form of admits that his policies receives an paradiplomacy for fulfilling the goal influence from his experience and of enhancing the quality of human his vice governor’s desire to build resources through education. It is NTB on their vision, becoming utilizing a local-established non- the driving force of the formation governmental organization in of NTB Gemilang five-year providing support for the regime development plan which consists of and its goals. Such policy is visible six fundamental pillars (Pemerintah through the establishment of a sister Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat, province plan between NTB and 2019): NTB Tangguh dan Mantap Kujawsko-Pomorskie voivodeship (reinforcing disaster mitigation and (province) in Poland. Appearing development of infrastructure and like other typical forms of inter- regional connectivity), NTB Bersih regional paradiplomacy, Lembaga dan Melayani (transformation for Pengembangan Pendidikan (LPP) integrated, high-performance, NTB serves a supporting role by corruption-collusion-nepotism- establishing relations with universities free, and dedicating bureaucracy), in Kujawsko-Pomorskie before the NTB Sehat dan Cerdas exploratory phase of the official (enhancement of quality of human sister province plan’s establishment resources as the foundation of started in October 2018 (Imansyah, regional competitiveness), NTB Asri 2018). Based on the Letter of Intent dan Lestari (management of natural (LoI) signed by the governors of both resources and environment), NTB provinces in April 2019, both regions Sejahtera dan Mandiri (poverty intend to cooperate in sectors such eradication, reduction of economic as economy, art and culture, science discrepancy, and inclusive economic and education, tourism, and sports development relying on agriculture, (Aulia, 2019). tourism, and industrialization), and Regarding the relation NTB Aman dan Berkah (realization between Dr. Zulkieflimansyah’s of religious and characterized administration and LPP NTB, the information retrieved from Dhany Putra Pratama Paradiplomacy Practice In Indonesia: 73 the Bureau of Cooperation (CSR) of companies operating in Administration of Governor Office NTB, donors of the sympathizers, of NTB and LPP NTB suggests and scholarships from universities that LPP NTB is established by Dr. agreeing to cooperate in succeeding Zulkieflimansyah himself outside in the program (Rahadi, 2019), the administrative system of the particularly those outside Indonesia. Governor’s office (Aulia, 2019). It in many negotiations conducted serves as a means to accomplish between the Governor’s office one of the administration’s mission: with regions outside Indonesia, the 1000 Cendikia (Rahadi, negotiators from LPP NTB are also 2019), a continuation of one of present in the meeting along with Dr. Zulkieflimansyah’s campaign Dr. Zulkieflimansyah himself, thus promises to send 1000 NTB revealing the pivotal role of LPP students to study abroad. A non- NTB in the process. As per 2019, governmental organization means as this article was in the making, that LPP NTB’s funding undoubtedly the awardees of the LPP NTB’s sources from funding outside the scholarship ranging around 250 official budget (APBD). It relies with details provided below: on corporate social responsibility

Type(s) of Host Program No. Grade Awardee Study Intake Scholarship Countries Batch 1 Category A (Fully Poland Batch 1 S2 20 October 2018 Funded) Batch 2 S2 26 February 2019 Batch 3 S2 26 October 2019 Malaysia S2 141 September 2019 2 Category B China S1 21 October 2019 (Partially Funded) S3 16 October 2019 Table 1 Awardee of Beasiswa NTB Year 2018-2019 (https://lppntb.com/) Another purpose of the bureaucracy required for establishment of LPP NTB is to the establishment of formal outmaneuver the “complicated” paradiplomacy cooperation Islamic World and Politics 74 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 with regions (Aulia, 2019). Dr. NTB’s local government attempts to Zulkieflimansyah (2019) argued benefit from the sending of students during an interview that education- to Poland, Polish corporations invest based cooperation through LPP in various sectors, including tourism NTB serves as a “stepping stone” and construction, by cooperating for more structured and formal with national companies with cooperation between the Governor’s one recent example being the office of NTB and other regions construction of Sambelia Power Plant potentially welcoming NTB as their (Suara NTB, 2019). Under President partner. With twelve procedures, ’s administration, the Governor’s office has to foreign investment has become accomplish to establish formal a priority for the government to cooperation based on Regulation enhance national and regional of Foreign Minister (Permenlu) economy and, with regional leaders Number 3 the Year 2019 regarding authorized to de-bureaucratize the General Guideline on Foreign investment-related regulations Relations by Local Governments. (Badan Koordinasi Penanaman the considerable amount of time Modal, n.d.). the Governor’s office expended on coordination with of NTB adapts with the system DPRD, the Ministry of Internal by promoting cooperation with Affairs, and External Affairs included governments and organizations on in the twelve procedures respectively education with an opportunity for has driven Dr. Zulkieflimansyah investment in return. for another alternative requiring less bureaucratic procedures and DISCUSSION time to establish. Tasking a non- Based on discoveries related governmental organization, creates to paradiplomacy practiced an early start for the Governor’s by Tuan Guru Bajang and Dr. office of NTB. Zulkieflimansyah, several points Such a form of cooperation are taken into account, particularly received immediate approval from the reasoning behind the focused the central government (Liputan6. sectors of paradiplomacy in each com, 2018), particularly Indonesia, period and how the public of NTB for the central governments of both views the policies of each governor. Indonesia and Poland attempt to in the case of paradiplomacy policies fulfill their interests in NTB. As issued by the two governors of Dhany Putra Pratama Paradiplomacy Practice In Indonesia: 75

NTB between 2013 and 2018, both representative council (DPRD) legislative and executive may have serves as both an opportunity and different reasonings on enlisting halal threat to NTB’s economy as the tourism in TGB’s era and education loosening of regulations on the and investment in Dr. Zul’s era as flow of people, goods, services, and an option for paradiplomacy aside technology between member states. with the afore-existing tourism At the same time, it benefits NTB as and investment options. Further the trade road becomes wider and investigation reveals that the factors more flexible, are also vulnerable why the two governors alongside the to domination as the free market representative council decide to select model of ASEAN is a competition. the two options: external and internal. Those unable to compete will experience an unintended overflow Factors and Rational Consi­ of such goods, services, and more, derations thus leading both governors to be External factors of such creative in handling such issues. paradiplomacy options mainly refer the second issue is the fulfillment to situations occurring outside the task of United Nations’ Sustainable national jurisdiction and border of Development Goals (SDGs), which NTB’s government and Indonesian Indonesia signed in 2015 and, along government entirely, thus leaving with the other 189 UN member NTB’s government, particularly states, plan to gratify in the year both governors, with the option to 2030. the SDGs’ fulfillment aims for adapt to the situation. Two of the global mutual prosperity consisting most prominent and repeatedly of 17 goals and 169 targets. discussed factors is the emergence The third factor emerges from of ASEAN Community as a new the demands of cooperation initiated integration platform of Southeast by foreign governments and other Asian countries included in the institutions, which undeniably Association of Southeast Asian intend to fulfill their own previously Nations or ASEAN consisting mentioned three goals (purely of economic, socio-cultural, economic, multipurpose, and and politics-security integration regional identity/political interests). agreements signed by presidents in the practice of paradiplomacy and legal representatives of each agreements between NTB and member state. the integration plan foreign institutions (governments, for both governors and the local Islamic World and Politics 76 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 companies, and universities), the backed by experiences. As TGB agreement regularly involves two intended to build NTB through a paradiplomacy sectors or more religious-based tourism concept, Dr. with the expectation that when Zulkieflimansyah intended to build one side does not receive a direct NTB through developing human benefit from one sector. the other resources and economy through included sectors may assist. For education (Zulkieflimansyah, 2019) instance, the agreement between and investment. NTB and Kujawsko-Pomorskie, The second factor is the Poland, involves the Polish condition of NTB’s Human government’s and companies’ Development Index (HDI) being investment in Special Economic “lower than the national average Zone (Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus rate.” the latest calculation of HDI or KEK) Mandalika, Lombok in issued by Badan Pusat Statistik exchange of NTB students studying (BPS) indicated that the HDI of in Toruń and other cities across the NTB experienced a gradual increase Kujawsko-Pomorskie. However, for eight years by starting at 61,16 in foreign direct investment (FDI) in 2010 and ending at 67,30 in 2018. Indonesia is a national-level issue, Despite the increase, such numbers and the sustainable energy facilities are still below the national means investment is a continuation ranging from 66,53 per 2010 to 71,39 of the Indonesia-Polish central per 2018. the HDI Growth per year government agreement. for the province is also relatively Internally, the first factor to inconsistent, with the lowest laying at consider is the demand of people 0,88 percent in 2014 and 0,95 percent and the governors’ vision to in 2016. Still, the numbers indicated moderate a “change” in the system, signs of improvement with average demanding it to improve on sectors growth being higher compared with previous governments missed the national mean every year with continuously. in other words, while graphics designated below: the governors insist on creating a distinct vision, missions, and policies to their predecessors, the people simultaneously request “better government” than before, based on the desired conditions Dhany Putra Pratama Paradiplomacy Practice In Indonesia: 77

Graphic 1 HDI Growth Percentage of NTB Province Year 2011-2018 (Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat (2019))

Graphic 2: HDI of NTB Year 2010-2018 (Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat (2019))

Lastly, the desire of each and province through diaspora for governor to “globalize” NTB the same purpose. Furthermore, in their plan is influencing the both governors fulfill the goal by paradiplomacy trend. If Tuan increasing the reach of their policy Guru Bajang “globalized” NTB and flexibility of the application. through the introduction and One example is the determination massive promotion of the “halal of Dr. Zul to exclude “obligatory tourism” brand to the global dedication” to a governmental Muslim community, Dr. Zul focuses institution for the scholarship on granting a chance for NTB awardees and allow them to “seek students to promote their country their career” while building the Islamic World and Politics 78 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 image of NTB in the international to extract the desired output. community. Another example is the However, the development of “halal continuous deregulation of NTB’s tourism” in NTB almost entirely bureaucratic and licensing system focuses on Lombok island with in TGB’s era, responding President’s considerably little-to-no attention Joko Widodo’s mandate to create to potentials Sumbawa island might an investor-friendly ecosystem, provide (PSnews, 2016). For people particularly in the newly established residing in Sumbawa, this condition KEK Mandalika (Herbawati, 2018). frequently leads to the “jealous sentiment” of Sumbawanese, which Public Opinion and Critics ironically has been a long-living A dubbed good and applicable sentiment even before the period policy is not completely perfect nor Tuan Guru Bajang became the necessarily pleasing everyone within governor of NTB firstly in 2008. the society, either those belonging to the author realizes TGB’s plan to the civilian or government officials. exploit the Pulau 1000 Masjid (1000 At some moments, critics are Mosques Island) identity of Lombok inevitable as a systemized policy is island, indicating the majority of the regardless prone to flaws at some Lombok population being Muslim points, particularly executions. the (Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi same rule frequently happens in Nusa Tenggara Barat, 2019) in the last two periods of government building “halal tourism.” Despite so, within the scope of West Nusa such a situation may lead to other Tenggara province, where, despite sectors receiving less attention, and various innovative policies issued the Sumbawanese are considerably with such deemed-perfect planning, anxious that such a condition they still display flaws, thus possibly turns into a reality. triggering critics from the society. Another issue that often emerges Responding to Tuan and purposively aimed towards Guru Bajang’s “halal tourism” the “halal tourism” paradiplomacy paradiplomacy policy, the author is the fear that TGB systematically admits that executing such a publicly ignores the economic role of other unfamiliar policy, arguably the first religious groups residing in NTB, in Indonesia at the time, requires particularly Lombok island as the lots of courage and systematic center of “halal tourism” policy. planning thus enabling the policy Maintaining harmonious relations Dhany Putra Pratama Paradiplomacy Practice In Indonesia: 79 between ethnoreligious groups and News, 2019), the policies of Dr. having Balinese ethnic embracing Zulkieflimansyah’s administration, Hinduism as the second-largest including the education and community in NTB serve as both investment-based paradiplomacy, a unique trait a challenge to NTB are prone to mal-administration due regardless of the time and place. to the hurried implementations but Fortunately, research by Setiawati able to be tackled through proper (2019) indicated that the Hindu planning and information system. community involved in the halal Another issue commonly discussed tourism project is generally pleased is the inequal treat the government and positive with the economic laid on the revitalization of Lombok prospects potentially emerging island following the earthquake from halal tourism. However, lack of in mid-2018, stated by Koalisi proper socialization and training to Masyarakat Sipil NTB and Partai the society, particularly the workers Demokrasi Indonesia – Perjuangan at various tourism facilities (hotels, (PDI-P) NTB (Hidayat & Zulfikar, restaurants), and the tourist often 2019). led to misunderstandings, thus For the public, the critics on reducing the effectiveness of such a Dr. Zulkieflimansyah’s policies, perfectly-planned policy. education, and investment-based The next administration also paradiplomacy, in particular, appears to be struggling with the mostly aim at how the lack of same issue (Baihaqi, 2019) despite proper information and contact the routine visits and monitoring system of the Governor’s office conducted by the governor. the on the scholarship during first desired executions are considerably months of application. Due to patchy and hasty (Talika News, this issue, applicants often found 2019), thus triggering critics from themselves ignored by LPP NTB the public and government officials. as the committee with uncertain Officials and political parties often requirements and the inability of the become one of the first to respond committee to respond immediately and criticize the policies of the local and later refrained their intentions government in NTB. For the Chief to enlist (Fahriza, 2018). For worse, of Fraksi Bintang Perjuangankan the inability for proper information Nurani Rakyat (FBPNR) for DPRD and communication system also NTB, L. Budi Suriyata (Talika causes suspicion among society. the Islamic World and Politics 80 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 awardees are “close” to the governor, society that ideologies adopted in any causing what the author describes as states are not necessarily affecting “a waste of potential talent.” Another the ideologies of the students, and issue is as stated by the Secretary of character-building at home is the Education and Cultural Department primary task of the parents to guide of NTB (Disdikbud NTB). Sukran and strengthen their children’s (2019), mentions the necessity principles. With such effort, the of improvement of the capability knowledge and experience retrieved of all students of NTB, especially by the students can open the minds those participating in LPP NTB’s of people fearing to face the outside scholarship, namely Beasiswa world. NTB, to speak, write, and read in foreign languages (i.e., English, CONCLUSION Mandarin) to improve their study NTB’s paradiplomacy trends for abroad. the author suggests that the the last five years rely on the initiative improvement of the capability of of the governors as the leader of students of NTB in communicating the movement and their capability with foreign languages may also to exploit available resources and elevate NTB’s reputation towards connection to improve the regional the host countries. competitiveness in the middle The last issue appearing of competition between regions during the implementation is the within the same state and outside. presence of unnecessary fear of With various available options, the NTB society that is known the governors should experiment to be religious, particularly the and expand the region’s capability parents, that studying abroad may in challenging the continuously lead their children into ideologies changing and demanding global contradicting religious teachings economy. Frequently relying (Fahriza, 2018). While appearing on regional identity, personal trivial, such issue shall be the experience, and the current trend, attention for fear of communicating the two governors ruling between with the outside world will hinder 2013 and 2018 exactly committed the progress of the government and so by introducing halal tourism the society to improve. in tackling paradiplomacy initiated by Tuan the issue, the task of the government Guru Bajang and education and mainly centers on educating the investment-based paradiplomacy by Dhany Putra Pratama Paradiplomacy Practice In Indonesia: 81

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