Situation Overview: Central and Eastern , July - September 2018

Figure 1: KIs interviewed in each REACH base Map 2: REACH assessment coverage of Central and States, July (A), August (B) REACH Area of Knowledge (AoK) settlement coverage - August 2018 REACH Area of Knowledge (AoK) settlement coverage - July 2018 Introduction 1 1 Legend covering Central and Eastern Equatoria States and September 2018 (C) Legend 0 - 4.9% 0 - 4.9% 5 - 10% 5 - 10% 11 - 20% 11 - 20% (A) 21 - 50% (B) During the third quarter of 2018, dry climatic Moyo conditions have reportedly limited agricultural Phone 228 KIs 63 KIs production across most of Central and Eastern In person 215 KIs Equatoria States. As a result, a large proportion

REACH Area of Knowledge (AoK) settlement coverage - September 2018

1 of the population remained food insecure in Legend through interviews with Key Informants (KIs). 0 - 4.9% spite of the end of the lean season. Moreover, 5 - 10% Between July and September 2018, data was (C) Map based on Longitude (generated) and Latitude (generated) and Latitude (generated). For pane Latitude (generated): Color shows details about A.Indicator color (coverage). Details are shown for County, County Join and Month Month. For pane Latitude (generated) (2): Size shows Settlement Size (Parameters). Details are shown for Namecounty. The data is Map based on Longitude (generated) and Latitude (generated) and Latitude (generated). For pane Latitude (generated): Color shows details about A.Indicator color (coverage). Details are shown for County, County Join and Month Month. For pane Latitude (generated) (2): Size shows Settlement Size (Parameters). Details are shown for Namecounty. The data is filtered on Month Month and State Label. The Month Month filter keeps August 2018. The State Label filter keeps and Eastern Equatoria. The view is filtered on Latitude (generated), which keeps non-Null values only. worsening road conditions due to the onset of collected through phone call interviews with KIs filtered on Month Month and State Label. The Month Month filter keeps July 2018. The State Label filter keeps Central Equatoria and Eastern Equatoria. The view is filtered on Latitude (generated), which keeps non-Null values only. seasonal rains have led to a decrease in the across Central and Eastern Equatoria States availability of basic services such as healthcare who had direct knowledge of the situation in and education in the hard-to-reach areas of hard-to-reach settlements as well as through Central and Eastern Equatoria. Finally, other direct in-person KI interviews in Kapoeta town,

Map based on Longitude (generated) and Latitude (generated) and Latitude (generated). For pane Latitude (generated): Color shows details about A.Indicator color (coverage). Details are shown for County, County Join and Month Month. For pane Latitude (generated) (2): Size shows Settlement Size (Parameters). Details are shown for Namecounty. The data is areas remained inaccessible to humanitarian . in Kapoeta town. Findings were triangulated filtered on Month Mo(Morobo,nth and State Label. The Month Month filter keeps September 2018. Th e State LKajo-Keji,abel filter keeps Central Equatoria and Eastern Equatoria. The view is filtere d on LaLainyatitude (generated), which keeps non-Null values only. and Yei Counties) actors due to insecurity. As a result, only with secondary data. As settlement coverage following renewed armed clashes.1 Apart from From July to September 2018, REACH limited information is available on the was higher in August, figures provided in this triggering displacement, recent clashes have interviewed 465 KIs that had knowledge about humanitarian situation outside of large towns Situation Overview are based on August data. further limited humanitarian access to rural 439 different settlements: 191 settlements and displacement sites. This Situation Overview provides a summary areas surrounding Yei Town, including the in all six counties of Central Equatoria areas close to the border with the Democratic In order to fill these information gaps and of displacement trends and access to food and State and 248 settlements in six out of eight Republic of Congo which have been prioritized improve the humanitarian response, REACH counties of Eastern Equatoria State (Figure 1). other basic services for both internally displaced persons (IDPs) and host communities across as part of the Ebola Preparedness campaign began collecting monthly data on hard-to-reach Primary data collection was supplemented by that is currently being implemented by the areas in the Equatoria region from January 2017 interviews with humanitarian partners based Central and Eastern Equatoria States from July to September 2018. The following analysis will Ministry of Health (MoH) and humanitarian Map 1: Counties in Central and Eastern Equatoria States, September 2018 2 summarize trends for the two states overall and partners in the Equatorias. zoom into specific counties where REACH was Additionally, the security situation continued able to assess over 5% of the total settlements to deteriorate in and in the Lopa Kapoeta Kapoeta for a given month (Map 2). northern portion of following a North East Juba spike in intercommunal fighting that caused Juba Kapoeta town Population Movement and displacement.3 Kapoeta Yei Lainya Budi South Displacement Finally, isolated cases of flooding caused small Kajo-Keji Entering into the second half of 2018, scale displacement in the Morobo Data collection point Moyo displacement continued in the Yei river area area, and a number of farms were reportedly

1. OCHA. South Sudan Humanitarian Snapshot. September .3. Radio Tamazuj. Rokon residents urge leaders to implement the 2018 peace deal. 2 October 2018. 2. OCHA. South Sudan Humanitarian Access Snapshot. September 2018 Map 3: Displacement patterns across Central and Eastern Equatoria, July - September 2018 site, within Juba, where humanitarian actors METHODOLOGY Mixed permanent and temporary returns from to urban areas have mobilized to provide assistance. To provide an overview of the situation in Mixed permanent and temporary returns from to urban areas Displacement caused by insecurity Returns from Uganda largely inaccessible areas of Central and Displacement primarily driven by lack of food Eastern Equatoria, REACH uses primary data As a result of continued armed clashes in provided by KIs living in or who have recent the Yei River area over the period, returns of Terekeka information about various settlements across refugees to Morobo, Kajo-Keji, Lainya and Yei Terakeka the two states, or “Areas of Knowledge” (AoK). ! Counties from Uganda were reported to be afon Kapoeta ! Rokon North minimal over the quarter, although returning Information for this Situation Overview was Kwarik Kapoeta East ! Juba ! households were noted in Yei Town. KIs who collected through phone calls conducted out ! Imeheek Juba ! Kapoeta ! had recently visited Kajo-Keji reported that of Juba and Moyo with KIs who were in the ! ! Narus returns were observed occasionally, although settlements of interest, and supplemented ! Budi ainya ainya Torit Torit ! typically not whole households. Rather, men with face to face interviews with KIs who had ei ei Magwi ! ! Ikoto!s Ikotos typically come to build shelters, look for food recently arrived to Kapoeta Town. Participants Kao Kei ! ! Magwi Kao-kei Pageri and casual labour opportunities while the rest reached through phone calls were selected !Morobo through a snowball sampling technique, where of the family remains in the camps. According each KI was asked to name two addtional to KIs in Northern Uganda, returns could people who could be interviewed. increase to these areas in the last quarter of Central Equatoria State raiding. Field observations from REACH KIs 2018 provided that armed clashes come to A standardised survey tool was used that who visited Terekeka County over the period an end. As returnees will likely need to re- New displacement comprised questions on displacement revealed that harvests had been minimal this build shelters, some may take advantage of trends, population needs and access to basic Similarly to the trends observed since the year due to dry spells. Moreover, presence the increased availability of tall grass around services. beginning of 2018, renewed armed clashes of armed groups and attacks targeted at November to come back to their areas of After data collection was completed, all data in areas surrounding Yei town in September humanitarians in recent months has led to origin and re-build shelters. triggered new waves of displacement toward was aggregated at the settlement level, a decrease in the availability of essential Eastern Equatoria State and settlements were assigned the modal Yei Town and in remote bush areas nearby the services, including healthcare and food 5 response. A “no consensus” answer was affected settlements. Prior to the September distributions. REACH KIs reported that the Returns from Uganda given and the answers were not included in clashes, REACH KIs in Yei Town had been decrease in access to services in turn caused Between July and September 2018, reporting that some of the IDPs that had been reporting. Descriptive statistics and geospatial further displacement. Households have humanitarian sources continued to report displaced to Yei Town by previous episodes analysis were then used to analyse the data. reportedly been displaced from areas around returns of South Sudanese refugees who of armed clashes had started to return home Tali town by a lack of food in September and had been staying in Uganda to the counties as the roads were considered to be relatively October, moving toward Awerial County, in of Eastern Equatoria that border Ugandan safer than they had been in June. State, upon hearing that there were destroyed by the flooding of the Khos river in refugee camps, including Torit, Magwi and ongoing distributions in IDP sites. Lopa/Lafon and Torit.4 Moving deeper into the In Juba County, insecurity displaced around Ikotos Counties. REACH KIs in various rainy season, access to hard to reach areas 8,800 people from the area of Rokon toward In Juba, 3,500 households were displaced settlements of Torit reported that many continued to deteriorate due to the conditions Kwarjick. Other displacement fueled by from the Protection of Civilians site (PoC) households had returned from camps in the on the road, including around the Greater intercommunal fighting was noted in Terekeka, following inter-communal tensions.6 The vicinity of Adjumani district in Uganda in the Kapoeta area and in Lopa County. along the Tali-Tindalo axis, following cattle households were relocated to the Mangateen previous three months in order to cultivate,

2 4. Torit Humanitarian Coordination Forum meeting minutes, 7 6. USAID. South Sudan Crisis Factsheet. 7 September 2018. September 2018. 5. OCHA. Humanitarian Snapshot. September 2018. citing low food rations in the camps as a push Figure 3: Percentage of assessed settlements serious impact in Terekeka County and in the that reported inadequate access to food, factor. However, KIs also reported that low reporting inadequate access to food, August Greater Kapoeta area. Meanwhile, southern 27% reported that it led to severe hunger in rainfalls in the areas of return prevented many 2018 Central Equatoria State continued to face their area, and 4% reported that hunger was returnees from having adequate access to 52% of assessed chronic food insecurity due to the presence of beyond severe, most of which were located food. KIs also reported that the return of South settlements reported armed groups. in Terekeka County. In addition, 40% of all inadequate access to Sudanese refugees to their former homes assessed settlements reported that most food In total, 46% of assessed settlements reported has created localized tensions over land and adequate access to food in Central and residents were eating one meal a day or less, housing ownership with the households that 52+48+A 9 further evidence of low food consumption in a Eastern Equatoria States in August. The are currently occupying the houses. , Juba County and . reason most widely cited to explain difficulties large portion of Eastern and Central Equatoria Returns from Kenya Most of these households are reported to to access food across settlements of Central States. Nevertheless, the end of the lean season in Central and Eastern Equatoria Over the reporting period, REACH Road be returning permanently to areas such as and Eastern Equatoria was the lack of rain did provide a respite from extreme hunger Monitoring teams in Kapoeta Town mostly Magwi, Torit and Ikotos in September. In (33% of assessed settlements). All counties in many areas, as evidenced by the low recorded households departing Kapoeta absolute numbers, however, more households of Central and Eastern Equatoria States were proportion of assessed settlements relying on town, generally toward areas of Kapoeta East crossed from South Sudan toward Kakuma affected by drier-than-normal conditions from 10 extreme coping strategies such as spending such as Narus where education services and refugee camp in Kenya than the contrary in June to September. Sporadic dry spells entire days without eating (8% of all assessed business opportunities are available.7 Among August and September (see Figure 2). followed by erratic rainfall ruined crops and forced farmers to re-plant many times.11 As settlements in August) and adults not eating households exiting Kapoeta town, 17% were Returning households typically leave some a result, many households were not able to so that children can eat (18% of assessed leaving toward Kakuma Refugee Camp, in members of the household in the camps while gather reserves, and harvests only provided settlements). Kenya. REACH also recorded households in they return to South Sudan, in order to cope a minor relief to food insecure households transit from Kakuma refugee camp moving on with lack of opportunities in areas of return. The decrease in reliance on extreme coping following the lean season. to different areas in South Sudan, primarily Partners report that some households are strategies compared to previous quarters may moving back and forth between Torit County Among the 52% of assessed settlements be partly explained by the appreciation of the Figure 2: Number of households passing and Kakuma refugee camp in search for Map 4: Dominant livelihood zone per county12 through Kapoeta Town toward and from resources and opportunities. Kakuma refugee camp, July - September 2018.8 Situation in Assessed

80 Settlements Terekeka 70 Food security and Livelihoods Kapoeta North Kapoeta East 60 Lopa 50 In line with the trends identified in the previous

19+22+33 40 quarters, food security continued to be affected Juba Kapoeta 30 by a combination of environmental shocks, South Torit Budi Yei 20 conflict and competition over scarce resources Lainya Highland Forest and Sorghum 10 between July and September. Erratic rainfall Ikotos Equatorial Maize and Cassava 0 Kajo-Keji Magwi Eastern Semi-Arid Pastoral July August September was reported to have disrupted cultivation Morobo cycles across all livelihood zones of Central Ironstone Plateau agro-pastoral From Kakuma Toward Kakuma and Eastern Equatoria, but with particularly

7. REACH. Kapoeta Town Road Monitoring. July to September due to contradicting answers given by KIs from the settlement. 12. FEWS NET. South Sudan Livelihood Zones. 2013. 3 2018 10. CLIMIS. South Sudan - Precipitation Anomaly Map. August 8. Ibid. 2018. 9. In 2% of assessed settlements, answers were classified as 11. FAO. South Sudan Crop Watch: Updates to 3rd Dekad. ‘‘no consensus’’ during data aggregation at the settlement level July 2018. Assessed settlements reporting on food security: inadequate access to food - August 2018

1

A.indicator color (yes/no bad) Map 5: Percentage of assessed settlements in Central and Eastern Equatoria States reporting the 0%reporting period. In , for accessible from all assessed settlements in 1 - 20% inadequate access to food, August 2018 21 - 40% example,61 - 80% KIs reported that they began Yei, Torit and Magwi Counties, market prices 81 - 100% cultivatingInsufficient data around April, but that a dry spell continued to act as a barrier to access to food. ruined part of the crops in June and July. In Torit County, KIs reported that most people While the majority of assessed settlements were still unable to afford market commodities in Central and Eastern Equatoria reported in spite of observing decreases in prices. that members of the community had been 0% Insecurity continued to prevent access to 1 - 20% able to access their land for cultivation in markets in most of Morobo and Kajo-Keji 21 - 40% August, Yei and Morobo Counties were a clear counties. In August, all assessed settlements 41 - 60% exception. 75% of the settlements assessed of reported that there 61 - 80% in reported that land for cultivation was no physical access to a functioning 81 - 100% was not available in August, likely as a result Insufficient data market, further preventing households from Assessed settlement of insecurity in rural areas surrounding Yei finding alternatives to disrupted agricultural town. In Morobo County, where insecurity also South SudaneseMap based on Longitud e (genPounderated) and Latitude (gene rated(SSP)) and Latitude (generate d). Fagainstor pane Latitude (generated): Colother shows deta ils about A.indicaoftor color (yeslivelihoods/no bad). Details are shown for County and Moninth Mon th. FAugustor pane Latitude (generated) (2): (88%Size shows Settleme nt Sizofe (Para meterassesseds). Details are shown for Namecounty. The data is filtered on production. As a result, households have Month Month and State Label. The Month Month filter keeps August 2018. The State Label filter keeps Central Equatoria and Eastern Equatoria. The view is filtered on Latitude (generated), which keeps non-Null values only. US Dollar (USD) over the period. As a result, settlements), followed by livestock rearing remained high across most of the territory, had to restrict their own food consumption prices of commodities were reported to have (67% of assessed settlements). The latter was 69% of assessed settlements reported a lack and to share available food. Moreover, the of access to land for cultivation. Moreover, decreased in key markets such as Torit and especially frequently reported in the Greater most prevalent coping strategy reported by KIs reported that dry spells in June and July Yei, and to have stabilized in Juba. Markets Kapoeta area, as well as Terekeka and Budi assessed settlements of Magwi County to had prevented many farmers from harvesting were also reported to be physically accessible counties, where most pastoralist communities compensate for disrupted livelihood in August the crops that had been planted during the in 49% of all assessed settlements, including are concentrated. was to access food commodities in refugee first cultivation cycle. Instead, KIs reported all assessed settlements in Torit, Yei, Terekeka settlements across the border in Uganda. Greenbelt area that most of the civilian population in Morobo and Kapoeta South. However, the gap between While many households are reported to be In August, reports of inadequate access to relied on wild cassava that was planted before high reported levels of access to markets and returning to these areas, continued access food were high among assessed settlements the majority of the population was displaced low reported levels of access to food in these to settlements’ resources among the returnee of the ‘‘Greenbelt’’ of Central and Eastern in 2018. According to FAO, residents of Yei counties suggests that communities are still households is paradoxically key in allowing Equatoria States, which corresponds to the County coped with increasing insecurity those households to return. unable to fulfill their basic needs from the southern part of Central Equatoria State as by cultivating small gardens in residential markets alone in spite of reports of decreasing well as in the neighbouring counties of Torit and areas, thereby reducing expected agricultural Northern Central Equatoria 13 prices. This situation can be explained by the 14 Magwi, on the southwestern side of Eastern output. In Kajo-Keji County, KIs reported that Unusual climatic conditions and insecurity lack of income generating opportunities, which Equatoria State. Almost none of the assessed farmers were nonetheless cultivating kitchen severely limited access to food in Terekeka continued to prevent many households from settlements in this area reported adequate gardens near their households and were County between July and September. Terekeka relying on the market to fill food consumption access to food in August (0% in Morobo, 0% in hoping to harvest during the second cultivation County was reportedly affected by dry spells gaps over the quarter. Magwi, 19% in Yei, 27% in Torit). cycle later in the year. around July, which prevented households Instead, communities continued to depend As in the rest of Central and Eastern Equatoria In spite of reduced access to land, a majority from accumulating harvest reserves. Earlier in heavily on traditional sources of livelihoods in States, many settlements assessed along of assessed settlements in the Greenbelt area the year, Terekeka had already been affected order to access food. Subsistence agriculture the Greenbelt axis reported that dry spells reported relying on cultivation as their main by flooding along the Nile which had led to a was the most frequently reported source had impacted agricultural production over source of food. While markets were reportedly reduction in output of maize.15 In August, 100%

13. WFP. Monthly Market Price Monitoring - South Sudan. 15. FAO. South Sudan Crop Watch: Updates to 3rd Dekad. July 4 August 2018. 2018. 14. FAO. South Sudan Crop Watch: Updates to 3rd Dekad. July 2018. of settlements assessed in Terekeka County to sell livestock in order to be able to afford triangle was still experiencing “significantly condition of livestock. While cattle keepers reported inadequate access to food, with 74% commodities at the market. KIs also reported drier-than-normal conditions” by early had returned from their grazing areas early attributing the low access to food primarily to that many households had been displaced to October.17 The same area has seen profound in the season following onset of rain in April, a lack of rain. IDP sites in Awerial County (Lakes State) in changes in climatic patterns over the past five the exceptionally dry conditions experienced order to cope with disrupted livelihoods. years or so, and communities are struggling in July and August led to a high scarcity of While lack of rain primarily affected to adapt livelihoods to the new patterns. This available pasture. This reportedly affected the households that rely heavily on subsistence Food consumption was also restricted in situation had led to chronic food insecurity and body condition of some of the animals that had agriculture, it also reportedly had an adverse Terekeka County over the assessment a gradual depletion of coping capacity. migrated closer to urban areas, and it forced impact on households and communities that period, with 83% of assessed settlements cattle keepers to start moving along atypical rely on fishing, due to the low level of water in in Terekeka reporting that most households While KIs reported that harvests were migration routes in search for water. With the seasonal rivers. were eating only one meal a day. Assessed ‘fair’’ in Kapoeta North and Kapoeta South, end of the rainy season approaching, cattle settlements also reported a higher reliance on farmers from Kapoeta East had reportedly A sudden influx of cattle coming from Juba keepers may begin to migrate back to remote severe coping strategies than other assessed produced very little agricultural output as of County reportedly led many agricultural grazing grounds earlier than usual in order to counties of Central and Eastern Equatoria in the end of September. However, short term households of Terekeka to hold off on cultivating access water. August, such as 70% of assessed settlements access to food was aided by an increase in large plots of land out of fear that incoming reporting that adults had stopped eating in availability of milk over the reported period, The limited agricultural output caused by dry cattle would eventually trample the crops. order for children to eat, and 35% of assessed given the proximity of cattle to urban areas in conditions and the early departure of livestock KIs reported high confusion between farmers settlements reporting that entire households the rainy season. Moreover, KIs in Kapoeta to grazing land should lead to a very early start and pastoralists following the selection of were forced to spend entire days without East and Budi reported that an upscale in to the lean season in the Greater Kapoeta agricultural land as grazing areas. As a result, eating. Households have also coped with food distribution had improved access to area. many farmers resorted to cultivating smaller constrained livelihoods by relying heavily on food. As such, settlements of the Greater plots of land around their houses, leading to a Protection wild foods (100% of assessed settlements in Kapoeta area generally reported that they had decrease in total production output from what August). According to KIs, there is a strong enough access to food in August, with 72% In spite of a noticeable lull in conflict across was expected. perception that wild food consumption had of assessed settlements reporting adequate South Sudan following the signing of As a result of constraints on normal traditional caused a surge in stomach diseases in access in Kapoeta East. As such, assessed the peace agreement, multiple incidents livelihoods, the population of Terekeka County Terekeka County. settlements reported very little reliance on caused insecurity over the third quarter of 18 was reported to be highly dependent on extreme consumption-based coping strategies 2018 in Central and Eastern Equatoria. In Greater Kapoeta area markets throughout the reporting period. As in August. Nevertheless, high proportions August 2018, 35% of assessed settlements per the seasonal calendar, communities in Below average rainfall also limited agricultural of assessed settlements in Kapoeta East, reported that most people did not feel safe Terekeka County are usually able to rely on output across the Greater Kapoeta area. Kapoeta South and Kapoeta North reported in their settlement. These settlements were their own production from August through While early harvests helped sustain the that some members of the community had to particularly concentrated in Kajo-Keji County March. While all assessed settlements of population in July and August, subsequent dry sell excess livestock and others had to move Figure 4: Reported incidents during which Terekeka County reported physical access to spells reportedly led to a large loss of crops.16 to cattle camps early in order to cope with civilians were killed or property damaged, disrupted livelihoods. August 2018 a market in August, households reportedly lack According to KIs, the county that was most liquidity to purchase articles, which, KIs report, affected by the lack of rain was Kapoeta East. In the medium term, food security is far from 9% of assessed led to an increase in the practice of bartering. In July, Kapoeta East experienced 80% below ensured in the Greater Kapoeta area. In settlements reported Moreover, 87% of assessed settlements also than average rainfall. According to FEWSNET addition to impacting agricultural production, conflict-related reported that some community members had estimates of rainfall, the Kapoeta East – Pibor the lack of rain also reportedly affected the 9+91+A incidents 16. CLIMIS. South Sudan - Precipitation anomaly map. July 2018 5 17. FEWSNET. East African Seasonal Monitor. 26 October 2018. 18. Reuters. South Sudan’s President, Rebel Leader Sign Peace Deal. 12 September 2018. and Morobo County, where tensions remained concern among girls in the assessed Figure 5: Proportion of assessed settlements In August 2018, 76% of assessed settlements high in spite of the signing of a peace deal at settlements was early marriage (42% of reporting primary health concern, August 2018. across Central and Eastern Equatoria reported 40+17+8 the national level. Perception of insecurity was assessed settlements). Among boys, a broad Malaria 40% the presence of at least one borehole in their also reported by assessed settlements located variety of concerns were cited, including Typhoid 17% settlement. Among those, 90% reported that in areas with high pastoralist presence. Cattle the fear of harassment (10% of assessed at least one of the boreholes was functioning Hepatitis 8% raiding was rampant over the period, and led settlements) and looting (9% of assessed properly. Overall, this means that 68% of to many loss of lives, especially in Kapoeta settlements). NFI need among IDPs in 69% of assessed all assessed settlements had access to a East and Terekeka Counties). Perceptions Shelter settlements of Yei County. functioning borehole. In Kapoeta East, the of insecurity appeared to be tied to a heavy REACH KIs in areas like Torit and Magwi county where access to an improved water and visible presence of armed actors who IDPs in Central and Eastern Equatoria reported that disputes over ownership of source was reported to be the lowest, only were moving along atypical routes as a result States continued to face more restrictions in shelters were starting to rise between those 41% of assessed settlements reported access of decrees requesting them to go back to access to adequate shelter relative to host who were occupying the shelters prior to to a functionning borehole. According to KIs, their areas of origin. Among settlements that communities. While the majority (81%) of displacement and those who moved into the local communities that have no access to reported that an incident of conflict had led to assessed settlements reported that most shelters following the other’s departure. With boreholes tend to drink unfiltered water that the loss of life of civilian(s) over the month prior of the host community was living in tukuls 68% of assessed settlements in Central and they extract from dried up seasonal rivers by to data collection, almost all were in pastoralist in August, a bigger proportion of assessed Eastern Equatoria reporting that people have digging in the ground. It is not uncommon areas ; 31% of assessed settlements in settlements reported that IDPs were living in returned from displacement and 46% among for local communities to share such water in August, 19% of assessed more precarious shelters such as abandoned those reporting that such returns had occurred sources with their animals, further increasing settlements in , and structures (12% of assessed settlements) and within the previous three months, Housing, the risk of transmission of a variety of zoonotic 9% of assessed settlements in both Kapoeta rakoobas (18% of assessed settlements). In Land and Property (HLP) is expected to diseases. Regular access to improved water South and Terekeka counties. 9% of assessed settlements, it was reported sources should continue to decline among that at least some IDPs were sleeping out become a central issue in areas where high In areas still believed to be affected by the population over the next quarter. As the in the open. These settlements were largely proportions of the population were displaced active conflict between armed actors such concentrated in Kajo-Keji County, where most by conflict, including most areas of Central and area enters in the dry season and pastoralist as Kajo-Keji and Morobo counties, sexual shelters have reportedly been destroyed or Eastern Equatoria States that border Uganda. communities start searching for better violence was most frequently cited as the looted over the past two years of conflict. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) pastures, these populations will be moving main protection concern for women in the The others were in Terekeka, where sudden away from settlements equipped with WASH assessed settlements in August (61% and At the height of the rainy season, vulnerability onset displacement occured over the period infrastructure. Even at the height of the wet 67% of assessed settlements respectively). to waterborne diseases continued to appear following inter-communal tensions. season, when pastoralists are typically closer In all counties of the Greater Kapoeta area higher in the Greater Kapoeta area, where to permanently settled areas and therefore as well as in Terekeka County, the primary Mosquito nets were the non-food item (NFI) access to and use of adequate WASH to improved water sources, a high proportion protection concern reported to be experienced most often cited to be needed by the assessed infrastructure was reported to be severely Figure 6: Access to a functioning borehole, by women was domestic violence. Among settlements. However, blankets were reported limited. Assessed settlements in most of August 2018 men, protection concerns mentioned by the as the top NFI need among IDPs specifically. Central Equatoria State and the western 68% of assessed assessed settlements were diverse in August, In Kajo-Keji County, 59% of assessed portion of Eastern Equatoria State (Torit and settlements reported ranging from cattle raiding (15% of assessed settlements reported that soap was the most Magwi counties), in comparison, tended access to a settlements) to family separation (13%) and needed NFI among IDPs in their community, to report better access to improved water functioning borehole looting (12%). The most cited protection while cooking pots was cited as the main sources. 68+32+A

6 Assessed settlements reporting on water and sanitation: absence of a functional borehole - August 2018

1 Map 6: Percentage of assessed settlements in Central and Eastern Equatoria States reporting the WhileA.indicator color (y es/57%no bad) of assessed settlements reported Kaya, Morobo County, and a few mobile clinics 1 - 20% 21 - 40% absence of a functioning borehole, August 2018. access41 - 60% to health services in August, access in Kajo-Keji County, the local community has Insufficient data declined particularly from the previous no choice but to rely on services offered in the quarter across the Greater Kapoeta area, as refugee settlements of Uganda. According to movements become increasingly difficult as KIs from Kajo-Keji, most health facilities have the rainy season progresses due to very poor been looted or destroyed, as reported by 56% 0% road conditions and harsh terrain (mountains of assessed settlements. 1 - 20% and swampy areas). Elsewhere, constraints on The most frequently cited primary health 21 - 40% humanitarian access have also made it more 41 - 60% concern among assessed settlements in difficult for communities to reach functioning 61 - 80% August was malaria (40% of assessed 81 - 100% health facilities in Terekeka County, forcing settlements), followed by typhoid (17%). Insufficient data people to walk longer distances to access Accordingly, malaria was also the most cited Assessed settlement services. While all assessed settlements in of the assessed settlements of the Greater In August, the most reported barrier to latrine cause of the deaths that occurred within Terekeka County reported physical access to the month prior to data collection in 30% of Kapoeta areaMap based on Lonandgitude (genera ted)Terekeka and Latitude (generated) and Latitud e (gCountyenerated). For pane Latitude (gereportednerated): Color shows details ab out A.indicator cousagelor (yes/no bad). Details arein shown fother County and Moassessednth Month. For pane Latitude (genera tedsettlements) (2): Size shows Settlement Size (Parameters ). ofDetails areCentral shown for Namecounty. The data is filtered on Month Month and State Label. The Month Month filter keeps August 2018. The State Label filter keeps Central Equatoria and Eastern Equatoria. The view is filtered on Latitude (generated), which keeps non-Null values only. healthcare services in August, 48% reported that the population was sharing its preferred and Eastern Equatoria States was the absence assessed settlements. While the proportion that the services were located within an hour of latrines (49% of all assessed settlements). of assessed settlements reporting hunger water source with animals. to half a day walk from their settlement. Moreover, cultural barriers were also reported and malnutrition as the main cause of death Other barriers to the adoption of safe WASH to be at play, as 17% of assessed settlements Finally, some areas of southern Central remained low (7% of all assessed settlements), practices further contributed to the proliferation reported cultural reasons to explain the lack of Equatoria State were still reeling from the most of these settlements were concentrated of waterborne diseases over the period. latrine usage in their settlement, most of which destruction and mass displacement that has in southeastern Central Equatoria (Morobo and Even where boreholes are available within were concentrated in the Greater Kapoeta taken place over the past two years. In Morobo Kajo-Keji counties). 58% of the settlements walking distance, insecurity often prevents area, including 41% of settlements assessed and Kajo-Keji counties, none of the assessed assessed in Central and Eastern Equatoria communities from sourcing their water. In in Kapoeta East County. settlements reported physical access to health reported that there were no nutrition services August, one assessed settlement out of four services in August. Apart from one clinic in available from their settlement, leaving many (25%) reported that some residents of their Health Assessed settlements reporting on health: physical access to facilities providing services - August 2018 Map 7: Percentage of assessed settlements in Central and Eastern Equatoria States reporting 1 A.indicator color (yes/no good) settlement had been unable to access their As the rainy season advanced, access to basic 0% access to health care services, August 2018 21 - 40% 41 - 60% preferred water point because they feared for health services became more challenging 61 - 80% 81 - 100% their safety. The settlements that reported this in several areas where road infrastructure is Insufficient data were largely concentrated in Kajo-Keji County, inadequate. In many areas, communities were where armed clashes took place throughout not necessarily cut off completely from health 0% the reporting period, and in Kapoeta East, services, but the journeys required to access 1 - 20% where low rainfalls reportedly heightened such services became much longer and more 21 - 40% tensions between different pastoralist groups hazardous due to poor road conditions. As a 41 - 60% over grazing land. Moreover, as in previous result, the more vulnerable people in remote 61 - 80% quarters, only a few assessed settlements in settlements became more likely to be unable 81 - 100% the Greater Kapoeta area and in Budi County to reach the services that they needed when Insufficient data reported that the community was using latrines. they fell ill. Assessed settlement

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Map based on Longitude (generated) and Latitude (generated) and Latitude (generated). For pane Latitude (generated): Color shows details about A.indicator color (yes/no good). Details are shown for County and Month Month. For pane Latitude (generated) (2): Size shows Settlement Size (Parameters). Details are shown for Namecounty. The data is filtered on Month Month and State Label. The Month Month filter keeps August 2018. The State Label filter keeps Central Equatoria and Eastern Equatoria. The view is filtered on Latitude (generated), which keeps non-Null values only. Assessed settlements reporting on education: availability of services - August 2018

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Map 8: Percentage of assessed settlements in Central and Eastern Equatoria States reporting the Arainy.indicator color (yes /no gseasonood) due to exceptionally poor County, in the Greater Kapoeta area and 0% access to education services, August 2018. 1 - 20% road 6infrastructure.1 - 80% Finally, education service along the Green Belt. Even in areas that are 81 - 100% deliveryInsufficien t daremainedta severely hampered by the considered to be stable and more prone to impact of previous years of conflict in Kajo-Keji high agricultural productivity such as Magwi, County, where 100% of assessed settlements perception of food insecurity remained high 0% reported that there was no physical access among the assessed settlements. This was 1 - 20% to education services from their settlement. reportedly due to the combination of poor 21 - 40% Among those, 72% reported that the main harvests, remaining pockets of insecurity and 41 - 60% reason for the lack of services was the pressures created by a growing number of 61 - 80% destruction of facilities during conflict. returnee households. 81 - 100% Reported attendance rates were much higher Households continued to return from refugee Insufficient data among boys than among girls, with 24% settlements in Uganda toward Magwi, Torit and Assessed settlement of assessed settlements where education Ikotos Counties between July and September. households highly vulnerable. be noted that settlements assessed in Magwi services were available reporting that more Returns reportedly generated competition over Map based on Longitude (generated) and Latitude (generated) and Latitude (generated). For pane Latitude (generated): Color shows details about A.indicator color (yes/no good). Details are shown for County and Month Month. For pane Latitude (generated) (2): Size shows Settlement Size (Parameters). Details are shown for Namecounty. The data is filtered on Month Month and State Label. The Month Month filter keeps August 2018. The State Label filter keeps Central Equatoria and Eastern Equatoria. The view is filtered on Latitude (generated), which keeps non-Null values only. resources, as well as a number of localized Finally, while no Ebola cases have been and Torit counties were largely located in than half of boys were attending school in disputes over ownership of land and housing. reported in South Sudan, the discovery of urban areas within each respective state. the settlement, as opposed to 16% of girls. In Elsewhere, such as in southern Central cases in areas of the Democratic Republic those settlements where some boys and girls In areas where access to education services Equatoria, the pace of returns remained slow of Congo prompted humanitarian partners were reported to be out of school in spite of the was reported to be lower, reasons provided due to continued insecurity. and the Ministry of Health to launch a full- varied considerably. In the Greater Kapoeta availability of services within walking distance, fledged Ebola preparedness effort focusing on area, settlements that reported a lack of the main reason cited as to why girls were out of school was high fees. In the midst of the border areas of the Equatorias, and delivery access to education services also largely of preparedness supplies and trainings has harvest season in August, the main reason About REACH reported that this was due to the long distance intensified throughout the period, especially cited to explain why boys were out of school to the nearest facilities (43% in Kapoeta East). REACH facilitates the development among humanitarian partners in town, was that they had to work in the fields. of information tools and products that Walking distances that were acceptable for Maridi town, Juba town, Yei town and enhance the capacity of aid actors to able-bodied residents during the dry season Conclusion town.18 make evidence-based decisions in are no longer acceptable in the middle of As the height of the wet season approached in Education emergency, recovery and development Figure 7: Reported proportion of 6-17 year old Central and Eastern Equatoria States, access contexts. All REACH activities are Access to education services was found to be girls and 6-17 year old boys attending school, to services became constrained. As heavy conducted through inter-agency aid constrained over the quarter, with only 35% August 2018. rain flooded existing roads, more assessed coordination mechanisms. of settlements assessed in August in Central settlements found themselves cut off from For more information, you can write and Eastern Equatoria States reporting that basic services such as healthcare, nutrition to our in-country office: southsudan@ education services were accessible from their 65+11+7+16 and education. Access to early harvests reach-initiative.org or to our global office: 65% None 65% settlement. Magwi County and Torit County increased overall access to food in much of [email protected]. 6% Less than half 11% were two clear exceptions, with respectively the area over the quarter, yet exceptionally Visit www.reach-initiative.org and 5% 7% 89 and 87% of assessed settlements reporting Half dry conditions have led to a crop productivity follow us @REACH_info. 24% More than half 16% physical access to services. It should however 25+5+6+65 far below expectations, including in Terekeka

18. WHO. Ebola Virus Disease Risk Map 2018. 8