APPENDIX II LEARNER RESOURCES

1

2

3

Language Sample Transfer Transfer Issue Languages Errors in English

He goes to one class on Wednesdays. Chinese =He goes to a class on Wednesdays. Hmong There are no definite articles. Korean I bought one cake from bakery. Vietnamese =I bought a cake from a bakery. Do you have book? The can be omitted. Hmong =Do you have the book? =Do you have a book?

Chinese Haitian Creole He is teacher.

(article is optional if the predicate contains the =He is a teacher The indefinite article is not be) used before a profession. Korean My sister is famous doctor. Spanish =My sister is a famous doctor. Vietnamese The definite article is used The Professor Ruiz is helpful. Spanish before a title. =Professor Ruiz is helpful. Haitian Creole Singular and plural definite Examples: Note: Students may place definite articles incorrectly. articles follow the . zanmi an = friend (the) zanmi yo = friend (the)

Chinese I have many good idea. There is no plural form for nouns (plurals Hmong =I have a many good ideas. can be expressed through an Korean (plurals are used for "people" nouns, quantifier). such as my friends) The paper has several problem. Vietnamese =The paper has several problems. Chinese There are three new student. Haitian Creole =There are three new students. (plural form is often omitted) There is no plural form after a number. Hmong Vacation is four week. Korean =Vacation is four weeks. Vietnamese Haitian Creole A plural is formed by placing a plural Note: Students may add an additional word rather than (indefinite plurals are unmarked) marker after the nouns. adding -s to the . Korean

4

Language Sample Transfer Transfer Issue Languages Errors in English In English, -es is added only after the consonants s,x,ch,sh, and z. Also y is changed to i before adding -es. walles = walls Spanish In other languages, -es is added to nouns rayes =rays that end in y or any consonant to form the plural. Chinese I like dancings. English contains noncount nouns that do Haitian Creole =I like dancing not have plural form (i.e. fishing, money, Hmong bread, honesty, water, snow). Korean She wears jewelrys. Vietnamese =She wears jewelry.

Proper names can be listed last name first. Chinese Chinese example: (always last name first) Chan Fu Kwan is written last name first Note: Teachers and students may confuse first and last Hmong (in Asia) without a comma. names. Korean Vietnamese example: Vietnamese Tran My Boa is written last, middle, first.

A first name is preferred when repeating a Hmong Mr. Kou Xiong is a teacher. person's name. Vietnamese Mr. Kou (first name) speaks many languages.

Haitian Creole nouns are formed with an of (Southern Haiti only) This is the chair of Jamie. phrase. Spanish =This is Jamie's chair. Vietnamese I gave the forms to she. Chinese =I gave the forms to her. There is no distinction between subject Haitian Creole and object . Hmong Him helped I. Vietnamese =He helped me.

Chinese

(spoken language only)

Haitian Creole There is no gender difference for third Talk to the girl and give it advice. Hmong person singular pronouns. =Talk to the girl and give her advice. (uses the it) Vietnamese (uses familiar form of third person singular)

5

Language Sample Transfer Transfer Issue Languages Errors in English

The book is I. =The book is mine.

There is no distinction between simple, She is I sister compound, subject, object, and reflexive Hmong =She is my sister. pronouns.

I go I =I go by myself.

Korean

(modifying clause can function as a relative Look at the backpack is on the floor. There are no relative pronouns. clause) =Look at the backpack that is on the floor. Vietnamese

What time? Chinese =What time is it? It is possible to omit the pronoun it as a Hmong subject Korean Three o'clock already. Vietnamese =It is three o'clock already. A possessive pronoun is formed by This car is (of) him. placing a separate word or character Vietnamese =This car is his. before the pronoun. A possessive pronoun is placed after the That book is (for) me. Haitian Creole noun. =That is my book. We always cheerful. =We are always cheerful. Chinese

Haitian Creole The verb be can be omitted with I hungry. Hmong and prepositional phrases. =I am hungry. Korean

Vietnamese You at home. =You are at home. She beautiful. =She is beautiful. The verb be is not used for adjectives or Hmong places. Vietnamese The book on the table. =The book is on the table.

6

Language Sample Transfer Transfer Issue Languages Errors in English

Chinese That house have a big door. Haitian Creole =That house has a big door. A verb is not inflected for person and Hmong number. Korean Everyone like you. ( are inflected to reflect age or status) =Everyone likes you. Vietnamese

Several verbs can be used together with Hmong I cook eat at home. no words or punctuation to separate them. Vietnamese =I cook and eat at home.

Chinese (no form to show that an actions is ongoing)

There is no form (-ing) and/or no Haitian Creole She hates to read. distinctions between and Hmong =She hates reading. . Korean Spanish Vietnamese

I am car. The verb be can be used in place of have. Korean =I have one car.

I want learn English.

=I want to learn English Infinitives are not used to indicate Haitian Creole purpose. I go to the library for study. =I go to the library to study.

A that clause is used rather than an Hmong I want that they try harder. . Spanish =I want them to try harder. Have is used in place of there is, there Hmong In the library have many books. are, or there was, there were. Vietnamese =In the library, there are many books. She has ten years. =She is ten years old.

The verb have is used to express states of I have hunger. being (such as age or hunger). Have Spanish =I am hungry. (tener) is followed by a noun.

I have heat. =I am hot.

7

Language Sample Transfer Transfer Issue Languages Errors in English

Two-words verbs, or phrasal verbs, exist in very few languages. (in addition to Note: Most ESL students find two-word verbs difficult, but English, they are found in a few other it is necessary to learn them in order to understand informal languages, such as Dutch, German, and conversational English. Scandinavian languages.

Chinese When I am small, I ask many . There are no tense inflections. Tense is Hmong =When I was small, I asked many questions. usually indicated through context or by (infinitive form of the verb used with an adding an expression of time. expression of time) She teach math next semester. Vietnamese =She will teach math next semester. Verb tense does not change within the Haitian Creole When we finish, we leave. same sentence. Hmong =When we finish, we will leave. Present perfect tense can be used in place I have seen Lucas yesterday. Haitian Creole of past tense. =I saw Lucas yesterday. I finish it tomorrow. Present tense can be used in place of Haitian Creole =I will finish it tomorrow. future tense. Hmong The present tense is used in place of the Spanish I live here a long time. present perfect. =I have lived here a long time. I run fast fast. are not used. Two adjectives or =I run really fast. two verbs can be used to describe an Hmong adjective or verb. I run run to school. =I run quickly to school.

Hmong

Spanish They have a house big. (The position of the adjective can also indicate =They have a big house. Adjectives follow the nouns they modify. meaning. In Spanish, limiting adjectives go before the noun, descriptive adjectives go after We live in a village Laotian. noun) =We live in a Laotian village. Vietnamese

I have kinds parents. Adjectives can reflect number and gender. Spanish =I have kind parents.

8

Language Sample Transfer Transfer Issue Languages Errors in English Note: Students may have difficulty choosing between noun and adjectives forms. Some nouns and adjectives share the same Chinese form. She wants to be independence. =She wants to be independent.

Comparative adjectives do not change Hmong She is fast more. form. They are expressed with the (add adverbs after the adjective) =She is faster. equivalent of more and most. Korean

Spanish A definitive article is used in place of a Ana broke the leg. (definite article used for parts of the body and possessive adjective. =Ana broke her leg. articles of clothing)

A possessive adjective is formed by Chinese he (possessive character) book placing a separate word, character, or (suffix may be omitted in some cases) =his book article between the pronoun and the noun. Hmong

Possessive adjectives are omitted when Korean He raised hand. the association is clear. Vietnamese =He raised his hand.

There is no distinction between personal It is book I. Vietnamese pronouns and possessive adjectives. =It is my book. Meanings of prepositions do not always I like the songs in the CD. Spanish correspond to those in English. =I like the songs on the CD.

Arrived the teacher late. The verb may precede the subject. Spanish =The teacher arrived late.

Verbs are placed last in a sentence. The The teacher the assignment gave. Korean usual word order is subject-object-verb. =The teacher gave the assignment.

Chinese She is content and so I am. Subject and verb order is rarely changed. Haitian Creole =She is content and so am I. Korean

9

Language Sample Transfer Transfer Issue Languages Errors in English Is crowded. Chinese =It is crowded. A can be omitted when Korean the subject is understood. (can omit the subject pronoun you) Am hungry. Spanish =I am hungry.

A direct object precedes an indirect object Chinese I gave an apple him. when the indirect object is a pronoun. ( only) =I gave him an apple. I hard study. =I study hard. Adverbs and adverbial phrases can Chinese precede verbs. Korean He by train goes to school. =He goes to school by train.

Chinese The book is interesting, yes? Yes/No questions can be formed by Hmong =Is the book interesting? adding an element to the end of Korean declarative statement. Vietnamese You like that color no? (statement followed by phrase "or not") =Do you like that color? Yes/No questions can be formed by Chinese You want not want watch movie? adding a verb followed by its negative Vietnamese =Do you want to watch a movie or not? within a statement. Yes/No questions can be formed by You ( word) like the school? adding the question word between the Hmong =Do you like the school? pronoun and the verb. Question words are placed according to He told you what? the position of the answer. For example, if =What did he tell you? Chinese the answer functions as an object, the Korean question words are placed in the regular Tell me he is where? object position. =Tell me where is he is?

Note: Students may substitute a verb for a yes or no answer.

Do you speak English? Speak. The answers yes and no vary depending Hmong =Do you speak English? Yes. upon the verb used in the question.

Do you speak English? No speak. Do you speak English? No.

10

Language Sample Transfer Transfer Issue Languages Errors in English Hmong Commands can be formed by adding an (add the now) Do now. adverb after the verbs to be emphasized. Vietnamese =Do it! (add the adverb right now) Commands can be formed by adding a Fix the car at 3:00. time indicator after the verbs to be Hmong =Fix the car. emphasized. Commands can be formed by adding the Buy my groceries, go! verb go for emphasis at the end of the Vietnamese =Buy my groceries. sentence. Commands can be formed by changing Bring(ing) it over here. Korean the verb ending. =Bring it over here.

Haitian Creole They don't like nothing. Double negatives are routinely used. Spanish =They don't like anything.

Korean The negative marker goes before the verb (especially in informal situations) Joey not has finished the homework. phrase. Spanish =Joey has not finished the homework. (when using perfect tense)

Is fun cook? =Is it fun to cook?

Is raining. Sentences do not always include a subject. Spanish =It is raining.

Is your mother? Yes is. =Is she your mother? Yes, she is.

11

82