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EX 4: Associated Images of the Cultural Landscape GEOG 247 Cultural Geography Visualization is when we form or recall Select 8 areas to illustrate mental images. A. North America (not Mexico/Hawaii/NYC Iconic image is a generalized represent- metro area) ation of an area, using a famous or well- B. Central America/ Caribbean known example to associate with it. C. South America . Each image should be a widely recogniz- D. North Africa/ ed illustration of the area’s culture or be Southwest Asia an attraction that draws people to it. E. Sub-Saharan Africa F. Europe (not Russia) . Use travel and tourism sites (travel agencies G. Russia Prof. Anthony Grande /government tourist boards) to find the images. H. South Asia Hunter College‐CUNY . Be sure to discuss the visualization/ I. Southeast Asia ©AFG 2017 association behind the images: The Why. J. East Asia Lecture design, content and K. Australia/ presentation ©AFG 1017 Individual images and illustrations What is the meaning behind the image? New Zealand may be subject to prior copyright. Why was it selected to represent the area? L. Polynesia/So.Pacific 1
Religion and Geography Cultural Interaction in Religion Religion and economy Geography of Religion: Spatial study of religions and Religious beliefs affect crop and livestock choices, as religious beliefs and practices. well as dietary habits. Geographers study religions to: . Muslim prohibition of pork Ascertain their origin on earth (HEARTH) . Hinduism’s sacred cows Look for their interrelationships with the physical . Catholic meatless Fridays (past) environment (ECOLOGY, SPACE, REGION) Study their movement and distribution (DIFFUSION) . Jewish prohibition of mixing (storing and eating) of meat and dairy Analyze their affect on the landscape (VISUAL RECORD, CREATION OF PLACE Religious pilgrimage Document the relationships between religions and their Journeys to sacred spaces have strong impacts on local adherents (INTERACTION) economies. . Major destinations: Israel, Rome, Mecca, sites along Ganges River . Important locations: sites of an individual religious event (miracle, birth
3 place, battle) or a special structure associated with a religious event. 4
Pilgrimages to the Holy Land Pilgrimages to India
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Pilgrimages to Islamic Sites Pilgrimages to Rome
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Religious Landscapes Religion and the Cultural Landscape Religion is displayed on the landscape Baptist Message Boards through the works of people or the designation of natural sites as being sacred. . Structures: churches, mosques, temples, pagodas . Faithful details – styles, colors and ornamentation associated with religion (religious icons) . Landscapes of the dead – religious burial practices . Sacred space – areas recognized as having spiritual significance; may be claimed by more than one group . Names on the land – religious toponomy designating, honoring, and commemorating aspects of religiosity
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Religion and the Holy Places Cultural Landscape Sacred Sites: Places or spaces Uluru (Australia), called Ayers Rock by the Religions may elevate places English in 1870, is a monolith 1,100 ft. high. It is a to a holy position. that people infuse with religious sacred place to local Aboriginal peoples and Grave of Hasidic Grand Rebbe was returned to them in 1993. For an ethnic religion holy meaning. MenachemJewish Mendel cemetery, Schneerson Brooklyn, NY places derive from the distinc‐ in Queens, NY Pilgrimage Site: Adherents vol- tive physical environment of its hearth, such as mountains, untarily travel to a religious site to rivers, or rock formations. pay respects or participate in a A universalizing religion ritual there. Includes Bodh Gaya, Bihar, India endows with holiness the cities structures associated and places associated with the Jamkaran Mosque, Qom, Iran founder’s life. with religion as build- ings, shrines, altars, Making a pilgrimage to these monuments, statues, holy places is incorporated art work and cemeteries. into the rituals of some univer‐ salizing and ethnic religions.
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Sacred Site Holy City
Western Wall of the ancient Jewish temple and the Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem
In religious tradition, this is the site of First and Second Temples; where Abraham prepared to sacrifice Isaac; and where Muhammad ascended into the heavens. The Old City of Jerusalem contains holy
Gary Cralle/Gettyone sites for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. 13 14
Sacred Sites Religious Structures Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine, France (Roman Catholic) St. Basil’s Cathedral, Hindu Temple, Russian India Orthodox, Stonehenge, England Moscow (Druid)
Hill Cumorah, Palmyra, N.Y (Mormon)
Temple of Emerald Buddha, Protestant Bangkok (Buddism) church, Southern U.S.
Great Mosque, Senegal In many cases the unique shape of a (Islam) structure gives an indication of the religious practices associated with it. 15 16
US&C Structures Death and Dying Associated with a Religion All cultures deal with dying and death. In most cultures religion plays a paramount role: . Promise of an eternal afterlife helps to ease the anguish of “death knowledge” for the living. . Concepts of heaven and hell in some form exist in all religions with “instructions” of how to get there or avoid it. (A moral road map?) . Rituals associated with death, as well as preferred means to deal with dead bodies, have developed over time and have become part of the cultural landscape. https://www.nps.gov/nr/publications/bulletins/nrb41/ http://www.thefuneralsource.org/tfs001.html
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Burial Practices Burial Practices Deposition of the body Practices are dependent upon Human reaction to news (forms of grieving; . Burial in the ground; individ- . Area geography mourning) ual site or cemetery plot • Climate (heat and humidity) Body preparation after death (washing, . Cremation • Geology (soil layer) embalming, dressing; use of coffins) . Placement above-ground; • Water table (closeness to Funeral processions (escort) protected mound, tomb or surface) mausoleum Funeral services (wake; scared ritual; • Available space (open land simple service; celebration of life) . Direct exposure to natural away from populated areas) elements Deposition of the body (burial, cremation, . Religious belief and local exposure to elements of nature) . Burial at sea custom . Endocannibalism . Ethnic cultural history . Local regulations Together they create a landscape of the
19 dead with a unique cultural identity. 20
Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia Landscapes of the Dead Landscapes of the Dead
Buddhist burial stupas
Necropolis, near Cairo, Egypt Taj Mahal, India Green-wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, NY
Pyramids of Egypt Above‐ground tombs, World War I Military Cemetery, Germany Yucatan, Mexico 21 22
Tibet Landscapes of Can you identify Religious Toponomy the French‐ the Dead Catholic settled area?
American Plains Canadian Arctic Ganges Valley, India
Queens, NYC Bahrain
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Role of Religion in Religion Conflict Zones in Africa Political Conflict Conflicts along Religious Borders • Interfaith boundaries: boundaries between the world’s major faiths • Christian-Muslim boundaries in Africa • Intrafaith boundaries: boundaries within a single major faith • Christian Protestants and Catholics, • Muslim Sunni and Shi’ite
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Religion and Religious Fundamentalism Political Conflict and Extremism Israel and Palestine Religious fundamentalism Cultural aspects can be • WWII, 1967 Arab-Israeli War, West Bank, Hamas Beliefs are nonnegotiable identified and mapped. Nigeria and uncompromising Core/source areas can • Muslim North/ Christian be located. South Religious extremism The Former Yugoslavia Fundamentalism carried to Means of diffusion can • Balkan Peninsula the point of violence. be studied. separates the Roman Catholic Church and the Fundamentalists can be Movement’s influence Eastern Orthodox Church extremists but this does not on an area can be Northern Ireland mean that all fundamental- profound including many • Catholics vs. Protestants ists (of any faith) are in the northern part of aspects of landscape. Ireland. extremists.
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N E X T
TOURISM
(God willing!)
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