De watervoetafdruk Een instrument voor overheden en bedrijven

Arjen Hoekstra Universiteit Twente

The total of a consumer in the

4015 litre/day ► 1% of the water footprint is at home

26 litre/day (32% blue, 68% grey)

► 99% of the water footprint is ‘invisible’, related to the products bought in the supermarket

86% agricultural products, 13% industrial products

► 95% of the water footprint lies abroad

[Hoekstra & Mekonnen, 2012]

Global water footprint of Dutch consumption

soybean

95% of the water footprint lies outside the Netherlands

[Hoekstra & Mekonnen, 2012] Former Aral Sea, Central Asia

20081989

Cotton for export Flowers from Kenya Decline of lake level in Lake Naivasha

[Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2010] of water

Production Water consumption and pollution related to production for export; water is not factored into the price of traded commodities

TRADE Trade

Consumption

Water saving, but also water dependency

- ► The water footprint concept - ► Water footprint of a product ► Water footprint of nations ► Water footprint of business - ► What can we do?

The water footprint concept Water footprint milestones

► 2002 introduction of the concept (in science) 1st global water footprint assessment

► 2004 2nd global water footprint assessment

► 2007 start uptake of the concept by ngo’s, companies, govt’s ► 2008 foundation of the Water Footprint Network ► 2011 publication of the Global Water Footprint Standard

► 2012 3rd global water footprint assessment launch of online Water Footprint Assessment Tool

The water footprint of a product

► the volume of fresh water used to produce the product, summed over the various steps of the production chain.

► when and where the water was used: a water footprint includes a temporal and spatial dimension.

The water footprint of a product

Green water footprint ► volume of rainwater evaporated or incorporated into product

Blue water footprint ► volume of surface or groundwater evaporated or incorporated into product

Grey water footprint ► volume of polluted water.

Components of a water footprint

Direct water footprint Indirect water footprint consumption consumption Green water footprint Green water footprint Water Water withdrawal

Return flow Blue water footprint Blue water footprint pollution pollution Water Grey water footprint Grey water footprint The traditional statistics on water use

[Hoekstra et al., 2011] Grey water footprint

• volume of polluted freshwater that associates with the production of a product in its full supply-chain.

• calculated as the volume of water that is required to assimilate pollutants based on ambient water quality standards.

Grey water footprint

Process Substance intake Substance output

= Abstr × cact = Effl ×ceffl

Freshwater body

Critical load = R × (cmax - cnat) Load = Effl ×ceffl - Abstr × cact

The water footprint of a product The water footprint of food products

Global average water footprint (litre/kg)

sugar crops 200

vegetables 300

starchy roots 400

fruits 1000

cereals 1600

pulses 4000

poultry 4000

pork 6000

beef 15000 [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2010] The water footprint of a cow

Food ► 1300 kg of grains (wheat, oats, barley, corn, dry peas, soybean, etc) ► 7200 kg of roughages (pasture, dry hay, silage, etc) 99%

Water 1% ► 24000 litres for drinking ► 7000 litres for servicing [Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008] The water footprint of beef

[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008] ≠ The two major factors

80 Feed conversion ► feed conversion improves from 60 grazing to industrial systems. 40

20

0 kg#feed#(dry#mass)/kg#output mixed mixed mixed grazing grazing grazing industrial industrial4 industrial poultry pork beef

Concentrate feed in total feed dry matter 100 ► but at the cost of more 80 high-nutrient concentrate feed with a 60 larger water footprint than roughages. % 40

20

0 mixed mixed mixed grazing grazing grazing industrial industrial5 industrial

poultry pork beef [Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2010] Meat versus vegetarian diet

Industrialised countries:

Meat diet kcal/day litre/kcal litre/day Vegetarian kcal/day litre/kcal litre/day diet

Animal Animal 950 2.5 2375 300 2.5 750 origin origin

Vegetable Vegetable 2450 0.5 1225 3100 0.5 1550 origin origin

Total 3400 3600 Total 3400 2300 Meat versus vegetarian diet

Industrialised countries:

Meat diet kcal/day litre/kcal litre/day Vegetarian kcal/day litre/kcal litre/day diet

Animal 950 2.5 2375 Animal origin 300 2.5 750 origin

Vegetable Vegetable 2450 0.5 1225 3100 0.5 1550 origin origin

Total 3400 3600 Total 3400 2300 Water footprint of biofuels from different crops [litre/litre]

BioKethanol" Biodiesel" 20000" 18000" 16000" 14000" 12000" Car driving on bio-ethanol Grey" 10000" from sugar beet: Blue" 8000" 20-300 litre/km 6000" Green" 4000" 2000" 0" Water"footprint"(litre"of"water"per"litre"of"biofuel)" Rye" Rice" Maize" Barley" Wheat" Cassava" Oil"palm" Potatoes" Sorghum" Soybeans" Rapeseed" Sunflower"" Sugar"beet" Sugar"cane" Seed"coGon" Groundnuts"

► coherent energy- water strategies?

[Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011] Water footprint of nations The spatial distribution of the water footprint of humanity

[Hoekstra & Mekonnen, 2012] The spatial distribution of the water footprint within Europe

[Hoekstra & Mekonnen, 2012] Europe: the worlds largest import region

wheat, sunflower seed, cotton, industrial products

soybean cotton cotton, wheat industrial products cotton

cocoa cotton coffee soybean coffee

soybean, sunflower seed

41% of the water footprint of European consumers is outside Europe

[Hoekstra & Mekonnen, 2012] National water footprint accounting framework

Internal External Water footpr. water + water = of national Consumption footprint footprint consumption + + + Water use Virtual water Virtual for export + import for re- = water export Export export

= = =

Water Virtual Virtual water footprint + water = budget within nation import

Focus of traditional water use statistics (and within that focus a limitation

to blue water withdrawals) Import Production [Hoekstra et al., 2011] Water footprint of national consumption

Global average water footprint

► global water footprint ► a Kyoto protocol reduction targets? for water? [Hoekstra & Mekonnen, 2012] National virtual water balances

Arrows show gross virtual water flows >15 Gm3/yr

► WTO trade rules?

[Hoekstra & Mekonnen, 2012] Virtual water transfers in China

Import =2 North China Export =7 Northwest Northeast

rt =6 Huang-huai-hai 14 North-central Impo Export =9

2 6 6 52 2 Gm3/yr

Import =1 3 1 13 Yangtze Southeast

Export =2

Im por 0 t =8

1 3 1

1 3 Import =3 ► revisit large Southwest water transfer South-central Export =1 Import =8 projects? South China Unit: Gm3/yr

[Ma et al., 2006; Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008] Number of months with blue water scarcity > 100%

Blue water scarcity = blue water footprint / blue water availability

► an international ► minimum water pricing protocol? water rights

[Hoekstra & Mekonnen, 2011] Future under growth and climate change

Net virtual water import Mexico, Northern North & South Africa, Europe, Middle East, Japan Southern Europe

Central Water scarcity Africa China

South USA, India America Australia

Net virtual water export

[Hoekstra, 2012] The water footprint of business The Coca Cola Company

New Delhi, 4 Oct 2006 Water footprint of a Coke

Water footprint of a 0.5 litre PET-bottle coke as produced in the Dongen factory, the Netherlands

0.44 litre water content 27.6 litre for sugar 5.3 litre for PET bottle and closure 3.0 litre for other ingredients & overheads ______36 litre total

Water footprint: why businesses are interested

Water risks for business • Physical risk • Reputational risk • Regulatory risk • Financial risk

Water opportunity for business • frontrunner advantage • corporate image

Corporate social responsibility Water footprint: whats new for business

• From focus on own operations to supply-chain thinking

• From focus on water withdrawals to considering consumptive water use

• From securing the right to abstract to assessing environmental & social implications of the company’s direct & indirect water use

• From meeting ‘emission permits’ to assessing the company’s contribution to pollution What can we do? Water footprint reduction: what can we do?

Industry ► Towards full water recycling in industries: zero blue water footprint ► Towards full recycling of materials and heat: zero grey water footprint

Agriculture ► Make rainwater more productive: lower green water footprint ► Towards supplementary or deficit irrigation & application of precision irrigation techniques: lower blue water footprint ► Towards organic or precision farming: zero grey water footprint

Reducing humanitys water footprint – Companies

• Shared terminology & calculation standards – Global Water Footprint Standard

• Product transparency – water footprint reporting / disclosure – labelling of products – certification of businesses

• Quantitative footprint reduction targets – benchmarking International water governance

► product labeling? ► certification of industries? ► water disclosure?

► global water footprint reduction targets? ► a Kyoto protocol on water?

► WTO trade rules?

► an international water pricing protocol? ► minimum water rights?

► coherent energy-water strategies? The Water Footprint Network

Mission: Promoting sustainable, equitable and efficient water use through development of shared standards on water footprint accounting and guidelines for the reduction and offsetting of impacts of water footprints.

Network: bringing together expertise from academia, businesses, civil society, governments and international organisations.

Overview of partners Water Footprint Network

Partners by category XL company 30 Large company 10 Medium company 23 Small company 33 Government 10 International organisation 9 Academic Institute 29 Civil society / ngo 25 www.waterfootprint.org

www.waterfootprint.org www.waterfootprint.org www.waterfootprint.org