9L AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE * * JOURNAL

VOL. 14 MARCH, 1937 No. 3 NEW YORKER FEATURES 43 floors of comfort—2500 rooms, each with radio, tuh and shower, Servidor, circu¬ lating ice water. Four popu- lar-pr'ced restaurants, in¬ Young and old, the nation’s on the move. cluding the Terrace Room For travel pays! Pays in so many ways. Pays now featuring Ahe Lyman and his Californians. Tun¬ in business. In more orders, new markets, nel connection from Penn Station. wider contacts. Pays in pleasure. In new Room rates from $3. experiences and interests. In new friends made, and old friendships renewed. 25% reduction to It pays to stop at the Hotel New Yorker diplomatic and con¬ when you come to New York. Comfort and r THE sular service. convenience at prices you can afford. Ser¬ NOTE 4 : the special rate re¬ vice that’s unmatched. Marvelous food in fate** duction applies only to kHOST gay modern restaurants. rooms on which the rate is $4 a day or more. HOTEL NEW YORKER 3 4 T H STREET AT EIGHTH AVENUE • NEW YORK RALPH HITZ, President JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

CONTENTS (MARCH, 1937) COVER PICTURE Maximilian s Baths, Borda Gardens, Cuernavaca, Mexico. (See also page 165.) PAGE SERVICE GLIMPSES—Photographs 129 SOCIAL SECURITY By Francis J. McDonald 131 MAORI SHRINE, ROTORUA, NEW ZEALAND— Photograph 135 ANTICIPATING TRADE AGREEMENTS Despatch from the Department’s archives 136 BY THE GRACE OF GOD By Honore Morrow 138 SAFARI IN THE SUDD OSTABLISHED as a commercial bank Fy Florence Nightingale Moore 140 PENN LAND in 1812, The National City Bank of By Augustus E. Ingram 142 New York has continued serving many ot AMERICA’S FLAG ABROAD the largest businesses, families and in¬ By Robert lanz - 145 THE EDITOR’S COLUMN 146 dividuals through its international system NEWS FROM THE DEPARTMENT 147 of oveTseas branches and affiliates in NEWS FROM THE FIELD 150 twenty-three countries and its close work¬ A POLITICAL BOOKSHELF ing arrangement with thousands of Cyril Wynne, Review Editor “The United States and Europe, 1815-23” correspondent banks in leading cities Reviewed by C. W 152 throughout the world. “Government Publications and Their Use” Reviewed by Yale O. Millington 152 Branches in Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES 154 Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba,Dominican DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE CHANCES 154 INDEX TO VOLUME XIII (1936) OF THE Republic, England, India, Italy, Japan, JOURNAL 154 Manchuria, Mexico, Peru, Philippine Is¬ OLIVER BISHOP HARRIMAN SCHOLARSHIP- 166 lands, Puerto Rico, Republic of Panama, MARRIAGE 166 Straits Settlements, Uruguay and Vene¬ BIRTHS 166 LETTERS 168 zuela. Offices of affiliated banking institu¬ SUPREME COURT DECISION IN CHACO CASE __ 169 tions in France and Spain. IN MEMORIAM 169 THE ROYAL WEDDING AT THE HAGUE— Photographs 172 The National City Bank HOME LEAVE 1936 174 CANNED GOODS 179 of New York PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE CHANGES 184 Head Office: 55 Wall St., New York VISITORS 184 72 Branches in Greater New York

Issued monthly by American Foreign Service Associa¬ (Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) tion, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Entered as second-class matter August 20, 1934, at the Post Office, in Washington, D. C., under the Act of March 3, 1879. 125 A FAMOUS MOTOR CAR AGAIN MAKES NEWS Chrysler has always led the automotive world to new accomplishments. This year Chrysler again makes headline news. Action-line contour, new aero-hydraulic shock absorbers, a new Chrysler engine, new safety-type instrument panel—these are only a few of the things that make the new Chrysler the perfect car to own.

1937

CHRYSLER CORPORATION Export Division Detroit, Michigan, U. S. A.

Bodies arc wider, interior dimensions The long, sleek hood is hinged at the back. So roomy is the new luggage compart¬ roomier . . . the same is true of the built- The side panels are easily removed to ment in the touring sedans that two tires in trunks and luggage compartments . . . allow ready access to all parts of the lar¬ can be readily carried without greatly There is plenty of room for everything. ger, more powerful new Chrysler engine. reducing the space you need for luggage.

126 To Patronize Our Advertisers Is If your route takes you to Europe to Insure a Bigger and Better journal for Our Service.

INDEX OF ADVERTISERS American Export Lines 165 American Security and Trust Company . 155 Bacardi, Santiago de Cuba 183 Brewood (Engravers) 180 Sail American Cathay Hotel—Shanghai 183 Enjoy the comforts Chase National Bank 171 Chrysler Corporation 126 of the great ships Crillon, Hotel—Paris 183 Diplomatic and Consular Institute— 180 Dunapalota Hotel—Budapest _ 183 WASHINGTON Federal Storage Company 169 Firestone Tire & Rubber Co 128 France et Choiseul Hotel—Paris 183 MANHATTAN General Motors Export Co. 167 George V, Hotel—Paris . — 183 Goodyear Tire and Rubber Export Co. 159 Grace. W. R.. and Company 168 Gmio Bros. Co 178 Whether you are sailing for a for¬ Harris and Ewing , 178 eign post in Europe, or a post Hennessy & Co., Jas.—Cognac 183 Hungaria Hotel—Budapest 183 reached via European ports, or International Telephone & Telegraph Co. 181 whether you are homeward hound Kressmann & Co., Ed. —Bordeaux 183 across the Atlantic, you wdll find Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Co. __ 156 the American living standards you Martinique Hotel 179 like on the ships of the United Mayflower Hotel — 161 Merchants Transfer and Storage Company 174 States Lines. Metropole Hotel—Shanghai — 183 Montgomery Ward 175 Huge decks, spacious public rooms Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of Amer¬ and large cabins with real beds and ica, Inc. 171 private baths contribute to your Munson S.S. Lines 179 comfort—so do fine meals served National City Bank *. 125 National Geographic Magazine 163 in air-conditioned dining rooms. New England Mutual Life Insurance Co. 178 New Yorker Hotel .... — II Cover Pagani’s Restaurant—London 183 Palace-Ambassadeurs Hotel—Rome 183 Pan-American Airways, Inc. — 171 A SAILING EVERY WEDNESDAY Park Hotel—Shanghai 183 Philco Radio Company—» 130 AT NOON Plaza Hotel — 157 Powhatan Hotel 1 177 to Ireland, England, France and Rockefeller Center III Cover Germany. Also “American One Sapp, Earle W., C.L.U 178 Class” ships fortnightly to Cobh Savoy-Plaza Hotel — 157 and Liverpool: and a sailing every Sea Captains’ Shop, The—Shanghai 183 Friday direct to London. Security Storage Company of Washington . 155 Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc. 173 Tyner. Miss E. J 178 Underwood Elliott Fisher Company.. 164 UNITED STATES United Fruit Company 177 l nited States Fidelity and Guaranty Company. 156 United States Lines — 127 LINES United States Steel Products Company 177 Waldorf-Astoria Hotel IV Cover Representatives in Principal Cities of the World Woodward and Lothrop , 160 127 BRINGING

IN THE FlRESTONE Gum-Dipped Tires are setting new standards of safety for motorists FOUR CORNERS in the four corners of the earth. Whether traveling over the blistering roads across the Syrian Desert, the treacherous mountain OF THE EARTH curves of Khyber Pass, the icy roads of Artie Finland, or the broad fast highways of America, the discriminating motorist prefers Firestone Gum-Dipped Tires. There are reasons for this unqualified acceptance.The thick, rugged tread gives up to 50% longer non-skid mileage; the scientifically designed tread will stop a car up to 25% quicker; the Firestone patented process of Gum-Dipping saturates and coats every cotton fibre of every cord in pure liquid rubber. This Firestone patented process counteracts internal friction and heat, giving longer life and greater blowout protection. Equip your car today with Firestone Gum-Dipped Tires, the safest and most dependable tires that money can buy.

Listen to the Voice of Firestone Monday evenings, from U. S. over short wave W2XAF — 9530 he. Tirestone

Copyright, 1937, Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. 128 Two Ike Waltons at Puerto Barrios— Minister Des Partes and Secretary Drew

Still upright—Con¬ sul George Abbot, Immigration Inspec¬ tor Hanney, Dr. Van Ackeren, U. S. P. H. S.f and Consul General Thomas H. Be van at Finse, Norway

Mrs. G. Teall, Rear Admiral W illiams and Mrs. R. Phe¬ lan aboard the USS Omaha at Barranquilla

John Harrington Littell and Mrs. Lit tell at Jamaica

Black-tail deer bagged by V ice Consul Yepis near Guay mas 129 JVot Just One Half— BUT ALL THE ORCHESTRA WITH A * PHILCO *

You get everything with a PHILCO — the high PHILCO Magnetic Tuning. See the other PHILCO delicate trills, the soft low notes - the subtle tones features too -— such as the exclusive PHILCO For¬ that make a symphony the musical masterpiece eign Tuning System — the it is. You can enjoy the entire musical range PHILCO Color Dial — and completely, not losing half the orchestra in the the inclined sounding board. shadows. Your PHILCO dealer will be And with this superb true fidelity of tone, PHILCO glad to demonstrate these offers the greatest feature in radio today — that wonderful features in your has changed the tuning habits of the world — home, without obligation. PHILCO Automatic Tuning. Tune in your favorite stations with a single twirl Ask him about his easy pay¬ of the dial, then — “Click — there’s your sta¬ ment plan and liberal trade- Illustration shows the tion!” tuned instantly with absolute precision — in allowance making owner¬ operation of PHILCO’S Automatic Tun ins? and held exactly on the station frequency with ship of a PHILCO so easyc Feature. PHILCO — ii tnusivtil instrument of quuiittj 130 THE

FOREIGN JOURNAL

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN SERVICE ASSOCIATION

VOL. 14, No. 3 WASHINGTON, D. C. MARCH, 1937

Social Securityw By FRANCIS J. MCDONALD* I WOULD like to review for you the evolution gress felt something was necessary to meet this of the Social Security Program. Of course, we situation. The question of whether remuneration make certain definite statements which we believe in employment is high enough for an individual to be the basis of social security, or economic se¬ to save is a debatable question, but we do know curity, or anything to avoid poverty. The vast ma¬ from experience, especially during this depression jority of wage earners are in some trade or occu¬ period, that these hazards have become more com¬ pation. They have accidents, sickness or old age mon. It has become evident that because of the incident to industry. The income of the employees’ wage level, the individual is hardly able to cope families is very seriously affected. This means with old-age and the other factors which enter into that the workers and the members of their families his insecurity. For those not able to meet the haz¬ have a constant feel¬ ards, it is now the ing of insecurity. policy of the gov¬ There is bound to The plates used with this article ernment to help take he a search for a through the courtesy of “The Cara¬ care of that need. sound solution of van” are a few of the outstanding Then, of course, this problem — the works in the American Artists’ Con¬ there are other haz¬ insecurity of the gress national graphic art show ards in connection worker. “America Today.” with illness which Now, in my judg¬ were not given con¬ ment, that is the sideration in this background of why act, and will more the Social Security than likely be one Act received the con¬ of the chief amend¬ sideration of Con- ments. gress. The first Another element thing, of course, in in the problem was considering this act the inadequacy of was to see if it was public relief. Pub¬ fit to meet the vari¬ lic relief is a depar¬ ous insecure periods ture from the tradi¬ which were due to tional poor house unemployment, age, but it has been ex¬ sickness, etc. Con- tended in a manner sen *A lecture delivered unsatisfactory to before the Foreign Serv¬ ice Officers’ Training sound administra¬ School on November 18, ltd tive government. 1936, by Mr. Francis J. McDonald, Acting Chief Criticism has been of the Claims Division hurled at our at¬ of the Social Security PROGRESS by Wanda Gag Board. tempt to administer AND NOW WHERE? by Rockwell Kent

“means lest” should be eliminated. We feel that the government’s assistance to the needy should be essentially humane. You should not have to transfer a small farm if you are in need; you should be able to receive this money and still be able to retain the property. In Europe, they have a voluntary social se¬ curity insurance. We have had a similar in¬ surance. Some of it has been good and some bad. Certain organizations have established a voluntary means of relief. On the whole, such voluntary relief programs in this coun¬ try have proved to be a failure because the organizations were unable to collect and maintain adequate funds. It was felt that the only way to reach ihe majority of workers in America was to estab¬ lish a compulsory plan in which employers and employees contribute. More than likely, some of this tax is going to be passed on to the consumer, but so far as the law is writ¬ ten, only the employer and employee are taxed. In that manner the worker contributes to his own old-age benefit and that he should receive it, in my opinion, is a matter of right. Social security has made rapid progress since it was introduced in Germany in 1883. when it was limited to certain industries. They have increased the number of people relief. It had to be done hurriedly. Whether or who are eligible to the benefits. But, on the not this act as written is the correct solution to the whole, they have not attempted to make any such problem remains to be seen. We make no conten¬ coverage as we have made in this country. How tion that Public No. 271, 74th Congress, is able to successful we will be. only the future can tell. solve all problems of insecurity. It is merely a step of progress to meet these conditions. Those of you who have given social security any consideration know there is no act in Europe that has re¬ mained unchanged, having solved all problems from the start. The disadvantage of this public relief is that it may affect certain political rights. When you accept public relief you may diminish your political rights in that you are subjected to the various conditions set for applicants for relief. Those of us who believe in social security contend that this

A. T. & T., by Karl Metzler

132 JHE /^MERICAN pOREIGN gERVICEJOURNAL

Mr. Graham, President of the University of North Carolina, very simply stated the problem. He testified before the Senate Committee: “ l he worker is, from my point of view, the victim and not the cause of unemployment, and to put the cost on the victim is not a logical pro¬ cedure. If I could use analogy, which I know is not entirely an analogy, during war time you have the soldier as a part of the military establishment. Now a casualty of war is pro¬ vided for by the military establishment and the cost of the military establishment is borne by the country or the society that it is an ex¬ pression of. Now, in the case of a worker, unemployment is a hazard of society. An un¬ employed man is a casualty of our modern in¬ dustrial society and the industrial establish¬ ment, of which he is a part, should logically bear the expense of the fact that he is a cas¬ ualty, and society (by a pay-roll tax) and the Nation (by a supplementary contribution if needed) back of that industrial society can logically be called on to pay the cost of his unemployment, as an incidence of our modern society.” Mr. Graham was Chairman of the Advisory Council to the President’s Committee on Eco¬ nomic Security. The Social Security Act is not without its faults, job of it, since we can profit by the experience but at least it is a step forward. The United of others. I will give you one or two notes on the States is the last great nation to undertake a pro¬ various titles of the Social Security Act. Title I, gram of social security. We hope to do a better headed “Grants to States for Old-Age Assistance’’ —that is administered by the individual states. The only part the Social Securit) Board has in this is that the State must submit to the Board a copy of its pro¬ posed legislation. That legislation must conform to certain minimum require¬ ments set forth in Title I. If it does, it is approved by the Social Security Board and the United States Government con¬ tributes to the payments a State makes to its needy aged residents. It is purely a matter of State administration, and the only control the Social Security Board has over it is to see that the minimum re¬ quirements are lived up to.

COAL PICKERS by Harry Gottlieb

133 Title II, “Federal Old-Age Benefits,” is a pro¬ Regulations 91 which goes into great detail as to gram with Federal administration. The adminis¬ the terminology, definition, meaning of casual la¬ tration of that Title belongs to the Federal Gov¬ bor, etc. It is rather a comprehensive regulation ernment entirely, and the principal sections of it and sets forth the taxing features of Title VIII. detail the method hy which the benefits are deter¬ Title IX is another taxing provision adminis¬ mined, provide for payment upon death to certain tered by the Bureau of Internal Revenue, and individuals, and provide further for the payment which is related to Title III. to individuals who will not be able to qualify for Title X—“Grants to States for Aid to the Blind.” benefits under this Title but who will have been The State passes certain laws in relation to this taxed. The monthly benefits will not begin until Title and, if the Social Security Board approves 1942. There are three requirements which qualify them, the State receives a Federal contribution for an individual to receive benefits. Please note that aid to its blind residents. benefits are based upon employment in this country. Title XI—“General Provisions”—includes sec¬ Title III is the “Unemployment Compensation” tion 1102 which, to all of us who are going to portion of the Social Security Act. That is again administer, is the important section. Section 1102 a State administered program, like Title I. The is the authority by which the Board issues regula¬ State must submit to the Social Security Board its tions. Without regulations, administrative law to¬ statutory legislation and it must conform to the day could not be carried out. minimum requirements as outlined in this Title. That, in brief, is the program which we hope to Having done that, it is then in the province of the carry out. Millions of persons will be affected. State to administer its own law. Our coverage in the Old-Age Benefits provisions For all practical purposes, as far as you are will be 26,000,000 employees and their families. concerned, these are the three major parts of the The coverage on Title I and III can only be Social Security Act—Old-Age Assistance, Old-Age guessed at, hut millions of people are being bene¬ Benefits and Unemployment Compensation. One fited right now. As the various States approve and three are State administered programs. Title plans the coverage will become greater. II is a Federal project which the Federal Govern¬ Before going on to a description of our organi¬ ment controls entirely. zation, if there are any questions suppose we take Title IV—“Grants to States for Aid to Depen¬ them now. dent Children”—is also State administered, with QUESTION : You said one of these titles applied the Board empowered to approve State laws which to employers of one person or more? meet the minimum requirements set by the Social MR. MCDONALD: Title II applies to employers Security Act. of one employee or more. Title V “Grants to States for Maternal and QUESTION: With reference to Title II, concern¬ Child Welfare”—is placed under the jurisdiction ing employment in the United States, an American of the Labor Department. That, like Title IV, will citizen employed in Canada by an American firm more or less be developed as time goes on and is will not be subject to the provisions? a very important feature of the entire social MR. MCDONALD: If he is employed in Canada, security plan. hut lives in the United States? The question is not Title VI—“Public Health Work”—is under the where he lives hut where he works. The employ¬ jurisdiction of the Public Health Service, and the ment must be on American soil. appropriations are carried there and its adminis¬ QUESTION : Regardless of by whom the factory tration will be in accordance with regulations and is owned? procedure of the Public Health Service. MR. MCDONALD: That is not material. The place Title VII gives the legal basis by which the So¬ of service, or the place where the employer-em¬ cial Security Act is administered in setting up the ployee relationship is established is the important Social Security Board. question. First of all. employment must be within Title VIII is one of the titles by which taxes are the prescribed definitions of Title II. Secondly, levied. You will note that with respect to employ¬ the employer-employee relationship must exist in ment during the calendar years 1937, 1938 and fact and in law. The third is the determination of 1939 the rate shall be one per cent. That is the wages. It is employment and not residence or income tax on both employees and employers. citizenship that establishes entitlement to benefits. Then, there is an increase in three-year periods QUESTION: IS there any limitation on amount of until each pays 3 per cent. This Title VIII, with your salary before you must join this? reference to the taxing feature, is administered by MR. MCDONALD: All workers not in the ex- the Bureau of Internal Revenue, which has issued (Continued to page 156) 134

Anticipating Trade Agreements

No. 16 Legation of the United States tent, from the United States. Besides lumber, I Cochabamba, Bolivia, Feb. 12, 1864 found in Tacna, imported from the United States SIR: for consumption in Bolivia, drugs and medicines, Connected with the Port of Arica by a railroad, cutlery, agricultural implements, cabinet furniture, thirty-seven miles in length, at the Western base including all kinds of chairs, sofas, etc., clocks, of the coast range of the Andes, lies the City of sewing machines, nails, lamps and well oil, Tacna, by which and through which the northern brushes, brooms, stationery, lard, grey domestics, departments of Bolivia are supplied with foreign grey and white drills, blue drills, denims, ticks, goods and merchandise. While in Tacna, on my etc. way to La Paz, passing one morning by a carpen¬ As there was no representative from the United ter’s shop, I saw him at work upon a piece of States among the commercial wholesale houses in lumber, which, I knew at once, came from the Tacna, while England, Germany and, perhaps, United States. Upon inquiry, I learned that white France, are represented by houses of large capital, pine lumber—the kind upon which he was work¬ I was not prepared to find so great a variety of ing—was regularly imported, to a moderate ex¬ imports from the United States in Tacna as I found there. That our edge tools should be carried thither, under the circum¬ stances, is a strong proof of their excellence. The Eu¬ ropean manufacturers, I should have thought, would have wholly monopolized that branch of trade. One single commercial house in Tacna, of citizens of the United States, would unquestionably be the means of a largely increased intro¬ duction into Bolivia of our domestic manufactures. All along the Pacific coast, our lamps and well- oil have almost entirely su¬ perseded all other articles for lighting purposes. At Guayaquil, I was told, there was nearly a year’s supply of well-oil on hand—the de¬ mand for it having been so great as to give rise to large purchases on specula¬ tion. The City of Callao is lighted, under contract with the City Authorities, by a citizen of the United States, by means of this oil. In Callao and in Lima I saw splendid assortments of well-oil lamps from New York. In Tacna also, and even at La Paz, there are

136 HE MER1CAN QREIGN ERV1CE T A F S JOURNAL

SIXTY MILES FROM LA PAZ IS ILLIMANI. THE SACRED MOUNTAIN. THE BUILDING IN THE FORE¬ GROUND, WITH THE CLOCK. IS THE BOLIVIAN CONGRESS. shops for the sale of these lamps. As yet to the people here. Towards the accomplishment but very few have penetrated so far into the of both these objects, the Bolivian Government is interior as Cochabamba. The breakage and loss at this moment strongly hoping to receive effective occasioned by their transportation, on mules, to aid from the enterprise and capital of citizens of points so distant, are very great, and, added to the the United States. Some days ago, upon going to ordinary high cost of transportation on all articles the main plaza, or open square, of the City, I saw the military on parade, the square thronged with from Tacna to Cochabamba, enhance the price citizens on foot and on horseback, the balconies of here enormously. the houses on the four sides of the square filled I was particular, at Callao, in asking the coun¬ with finely dressed women—as were also the bal¬ tryman of ours, who lights that City, and deals conies on both sides of one of the streets leading largely, otherwise, in oil from the United States, into the square, as far down it as the eye could if it was the well-oil that was so extensively used reach—bands of music playing—the national flag there, and along the whole coast of the Pacific. flying everywhere, and other evidences of a great He said it was the well-oil, and no other. popular excitement. Presently, out of the Gov¬ There are two things which, if accomplished, ernment Palace came the President of the Repub¬ would largely increase our trade with Bolivia, viz.: lic, in full uniform, accompanied by his military the opening of roads, and the consequent diminu¬ suite and the members of the Cabinet. Putting tion of the cost of transportation, from the shores himself, thus attended, at the head of the military of the Pacific to the interior; and the develop¬ and a long procession of citizens, the President ment of the immense natural resources of the proceeded, dowm the street, above referred to, to¬ country, with the increased means of procuring wards the suburbs, where had just arrived from our goods which such development would furnish (Continued to page 163) 137 THE SURRENDER AT APPOMATTOX; BASED UPON THE LITHOGRAPH CALLED “THE DAWN OF PEACE." BY PERMISSION OF W. H. STELLE.

MINISTER CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS iay BY the t«i •ace of God awake the entire night of September 1, 1863. Nor was it the London noises which kept By HONORE MORROW him from sleeping. His agonizing anxiety beat (Reprinted through the courtesy of “This Week”) louder on his brain than any cobble-stoned traffic, and it was nearly breakfast time when he made a last forlorn decision. He would seek one more from sailing. But the iron-clads were to sail personal interview with Lord Russell, the British September third with English crews under Con¬ Foreign Secretary. federate officers. Adams’ was the calm of des¬ As soon as it was decorous, he started for the peration. He kissed his wife and went slowly Foreign Office, but Mrs. Adams detained him for out to his carriage. a moment in the hall. “My dear,” she said, “I’m Lord Russell saw him at once. Strangely, he going to begin packing. And war or no war, and the American Minister had a sort of liking Boston will seem like heaven!” for each other. The fierce war between them had Mr. Adams, drawing on his gloves, nodded. been completely without personal rancor. The “Yes, this is absolutely the end. War with Eng¬ Englishman was seventy-one and old for his land’s the logical and, I’m afraid, the inevitable years. Adams was fifty-six and seemed younger. next step!” Both men were square-faced and smooth-shaven, “And all for two absurd war vessels!” groaned except for a fringe of chin-beard worn by Mr. the Minister’s wife. Adams. They had a curious resemblance to each “Not absurd, certainly,” remarked Adams in his other. undisturbed voice. (No one ever had seen him The Earl sent his secretary away and, facing show anything but self-control.) “Those iron¬ each other from comfortable arm-chairs, the two clads are symbols of the British purpose—to help diplomats came to grips. the Confederacy destroy the North—not because They began by recapitulating their fighting they hate the North, but because they see a chance points. “My lord,” said Mr. Adams, “the Ameri¬ to contribute to the diminution of a dangerous can Consul at Liverpool gives us irrefutable evi¬ power.” dence that one of the two iron-clad rams is ready Mrs. Adams sighed. It had been a humiliating to sail within two days’ time. Does your gov¬ two years, socially as well as diplomatically. The ernment still refuse to detain these vessels?” Minister echoed the sigh, but for different reasons. Russell’s old eyes expressed only a vague in¬ He was sardonically amused by the discourtesies terest as he made his reply. “Mr. Adams, the he had received, for he took none of them per¬ Crown lawyers declare your evidence isn’t suffi¬ sonally. He sighed because he was, at last, dis¬ cient to convince the judicial mind that the ships couraged. Since January he had used every de¬ are intended for the Confederacy. They can’t vice known to diplomacy to keep the iron-clads advise the Government to detain them.” 138 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

The American Minister refused to be drawn secured those damages by a deposit of £1,000,000 again into an argument about evidence. He knew sterling in gold coin.” that not lack of evidence was permitting the iron¬ Hope died again in Adams’ soul. The iron¬ clads to sail hut the will of this old man and clads would sail in two days. The Atlantic cable Gladstone to destroy the American Union. Waiv¬ was out of order. It would require at least three ing indirection he played his last card. weeks to send a letter to Washington and receive “Mr. Lincoln says that if these two ships are a reply. Where in England could such a sum permitted to escape to America, it can only be be raised? The British governing, the wealthy, concluded that war is being waged against the class believed that the United States was already United States by a portion, at least, of the British defeated and bankrupt. Not one would risk a nation and that he, the President, may decide to shilling to help. Russell was only declaring war pursue the pirates into British ports. Under such in another way, by a demand which was legal, conditions the responsibility for war will not fall reasonable and impossible. upon the United States.” Adams knew at last that he had failed, but he The older diplomat leaned forward in his chair. only said, “I’ll make the necessary financial ar¬ “Is that a threat, Mr. Adams?” His voice ex¬ rangements at once, my Lord, and bowed himself pressed surprise, if Russell ever was surprised. out. Adams made no answer. He was like a man of The next hour was the worst of Charles Adams’ stone, but he was almost unbearably moved. life. He returned to the Legation; there the sec¬ Something of the American’s feeling, at last, retaries and his family were treated to a spectacle reached the Englishman and he said soothingly. more alarming than the news of any of the 1 ed- “Although we can’t interfere with the ships now, eral battle losses in the two years past. The we’ll watch them closely and be ready to stop Minister was walking the floor of his office. It was them if they show any procedure contrary to the the symbol of debacle! Mrs. Adams quietly began statute. to pack. Adams’ mouth twisted contemptuously. This The Minister’s thoughts ran rapidly over his was only another refusal! He spoke with unalter¬ British acquaintanceship. He had made a few con¬ able firmness. “I must utter a last solemn pro¬ verts. . . . John Bright, Monckton Milnes, W. F. test against such an attitude of hostility to a Forster, all of them fighting for the North, and friendlv nation.” He knew Lincoln, and he knew with them stood the British working class. But Seward. They would back him with every re¬ no such sum of money could come from these. source at their command. If Russell and Glad¬ This was the end. He had failed. His had been stone wanted war, by heaven, they could have it! the responsibility of keeping England out of the He threw his bomb. “It would be superfluous, my war. He had failed Lincoln and Seward. He had Lord, to point out to you that this conclusion of failed himself. your Government means war!” But he had forgotten one thing. Americans The Earl came to his feet. “No!” he exclaimed. have a profound belief that for every national “Not necessarily!” The American watched the emergency, God always has and always will raise other with astonishment. War was what Russell up a man. had worked for, yet he refused the responsibility Less than an hour after Minister Adams had when it actually faced him! “No, indeed! re¬ left Lord Russell, an unannounced caller entered peated his Lordship. “It is within my power to his office. Adams recognized him instantly. He detain these vessels while your claims are in¬ was one of the wealthiest men in England. vestigated.” ‘Mr. Adams,” said the gentleman, ‘I’ve come “So 1 have reminded you for eight months,” (Continued to page 178) said Adams, impatiently. “I’ll exercise that power!” declared Russell with an air of benevolence strange to him. Adams, for a moment, was stunned with relief. He tried to speak, but the Earl went on. “I’ll exercise that power if you secure the Government against damages. If your claims don’t satisfy the judicial mind, the owners of the iron-clads will claim heavy damages. So I can t issue the restraining order until you have Safari in the Sudd

By FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE MOORE

TT LOOKS He evidently thought he would remain in status 1 as though quo forever. But there he was badly mistaken, the 20th cen¬ for he did not take into consideration the avid tury scientists curiosity of men of science and tourists of the will not be twentieth century, particularly in regard to any¬ satisfied until thing that appears to have been deliberately re¬ they know moved from sight. Thus unerringly was Tut lo¬ all there is to cated in his underworld retreat and summarily know about routed out of bed, and he and his royal spouse how the an¬ and their belongings ruthlessly exposed to the cient bigwigs gaze of the inquisitive throng, and labeled “ex¬ lived, loved, hibits A, B, C,” etc. What a reincarnation! ruled,and Then take the case of Cheops, Egyptian poten¬ generally con¬ tate who antedated our friend Tut by a mere ducted them¬ seventeen centuries or so. No doubt he thought TEMPLE OF THE SUN, KARNAK selves some his personal remains would be good for all thirty-forty-fif¬ time beneath the hulk of the greatest of great ty centuries Gizeh pyramids on the edge of the Lybian desert ago in the Valley of the Kings and elsewhere. They that today, stripped of its outer coverings of are hot on the trail and it won’t be long before the dressed granite, measures approximately 746 story of ancient civilization will he an open scroll. feet on each side and four hundred and fifty But it seems a trifle hard on King Tut and his feet high. But alas! down the years Cheops’ sanc¬ royal contemporaries to be thus run to earth. tum too has been disturbed by countless vandals We had hoped to pay our respects to this mon¬ in search of treasures. arch of antiquity and the wife of his bosom, in Then consider those who willingly or unwill¬ their post mortem chamber in the interior of the ingly quarried those 2,300,000 blocks of stone, Theban hills opposite to Luxor. But when we each estimated at about two and a half tons, trans¬ got there the hot weather had commenced, and ported them from the opposite side of the Nile the door of the underground palace firmly barred and toilfully erected them ’nealh the blazing sun in our faces. So there was nothing to do but in order to keep Cheops in his place permanently. take time out and consider the irony of fate! Surely they have grounds for complaint. A sorry tale is that of Tutankh-Amen! A story And finally along came those Harvard lads who of misplaced confidence of lo these many centuries busied themselves in the neighborhood and un¬ gone, with a modern sequel, but who could call earthed the tomb and sarcophagus of King Cheops’ it a happy ending! It would seem that Tut was mother and uncovered her regardless of the poor wise in his age and generation and exhibited lady’s possible preference for solitude. no passion for world conquest, but like a sage Toward Cairo spread miles of irrigated garden politician held onto his job and died in harness. lands level as a table, cool in the setting sun and It would seem too that Tut believed in prepared¬ turning to mauves and greys where the shadows ness, for he made arrangements well in advance touch them. Along embankments plodding strings against the day when the grey reaper should har¬ of pack camels and herds of goats are shepherded vest, for his and his queen’s earthly remains to to neighboring villages by cloaked and lurbaned be mummified and housed in a superb marble riders astride donkeys; and in the distance, be¬ sarcophagus and together with their gods, house¬ yond the river, the Citadel and Mosque of Mo¬ hold relics, gold, chariots, and other valuables, hammed Ali. interred in the heart of a rock-ribbed hill of No sound disturbs the quiet of the scene as you Thebes, city of kings. watch the declining sun paint desert and sky with m 140 incredible pigments, sense the timeliness of Time, oration and water doing the work. At the dinner- the changelessness of the East. Then suddenly table many a piquant hors d’oeuvre is served up darkness snatches it all from you, leaving you by the little group of first class passengers (mostly chilled and unprepared. officials moving between posts), of fracases with Well, there were Tut, Cheops, et al, who thought Dervishes in the pioneer days at Omdurman and they had a 99-million year lease on privacy, and Khartoum; tales of weird African adventures, su¬ look what happened to them! perstition, vengeance, worship. Meanwhile an Arab All things considered, we decided to trek on via Reis sits inscrutable on the forward bridge reading river and rail to Khartoum, capital of the Sudan, the river bed like a crystal gazer, and guiding our and by leisurely government steamer paddle the destinies through sandbars, eddies and channels. remaining twelve hundred miles up to Rajaf, end At the stations, Kosti, Kodok; all down the line, of navigation and what looks like the cradle of native blacks travelling light or in the altogether, mankind. crowd off or on, sporting a spear or two, clay pot, SCENE ON THE NILE

Picture gasping along like an old-time Missis¬ tin can for water cup, and handful of rags with sippi side-wheeler convoying a brood of seven or which to bed down on deck. And with him swarms eight gregarious barges all jammed with a miscel¬ and clatters the omnipresent Arab merchant lany of cargo on the hoof,—passengers, black and swathed, turbaned, and carting along his bed, tan, donkeys, cows, chickens, geese; coal and board, assortment of wives and livestock. And life freight. None of the fleet drawing more than two goes on at the brush village stations to the buying, or three feet of water but capable of navigating slaughtering and cooking of sheep, goats and poul¬ on a heavy perspiration, and all clucking up the try; to the eternal concerto of Mohammedan bosom of the Nile to the steady accompaniment of prayer and clutter of wayside laundry. concerted din. Drawing away from the more populous Arab Lots of good eats and drinks aboard kept rea- country the river, a mile wide, spreading into lake¬ sonablv chilled, despite the withering heat, by the like broads fringed by swampy ground that sub¬ primitive refrigeration system the Egyptians call a merges in the wet season, pushes the forest back zeer. but more familiar to us as an oyah or great to a great blur in the far distance that shadows clav water barrel filled with Nile and packed with villages of negroid tribes in the land of the Shil- edibles and liquids in bottles and cans, the evap- luks and Dinkas. (Continued to page 170) 141 #Viin By AUGUSTUS E. INGRAM, Consul General, Retired hand:

a Ramble in the Chiltern Rills

THE LYCH GATE, STOKE POGES CHURCH

A FEW years ago, when visiting England, I ty miles. On the way, having to change trains chanced to hear while in London of the at Harrow on the Hill, the temptation was too Federation of Rambling Clubs,—of which Gen. great to alight there and climb the steep hill to Baden-Powell was then president, and E. V. Lu¬ see the old church, a fine old building of the cas, the author, was one of the vice-presidents— thirteenth century, and enjoy the view from the and it was then I learned of the delightful ex¬ tomb under a big shady elm tree where Lord cursions one could make on foot in the vicinity Byron, when a boy attending Harrow School, of London. loved to lie and meditate. The spot is still So one fine, sunny morning in June I set off known as “Byron’s Tomb,” though as a matter on a pilgrimage to the beautiful little village of of fact his body wTas buried at Hucknall Torkard, Chalfont St. Giles, in the heart of the Chiltern in the parish of Newstead Abbey, near Notting¬ Hills in Buckinghamshire. The name possessed a ham. charm, suggesting a quaint old-world village, The train journey on to Chalfont is through which indeed it still is, but the great attraction charming rural country, with the Chiltern Hills was that it was there that John Milton, then in the background, dotted here and there with blind and perhaps discouraged by the sad end¬ little hamlets or villages half hidden in the beech- ing of his public career as Secretary for for¬ woods. These villages still maintain their old- eign tongues (i. e. translator of despatches from world charm and remind one of the paintings of and composer of communications to foreign gov¬ Constable and Morland. This is the region of the ernments) in the Cromwell administration, sought Chiltern Hundreds, which date back to the days refuge during the Great Plague in London. It was when the Saxons dwelt in the Thames valley and there at Chalfont St. Giles that Milton put the gave their name to the three Hundreds of Des- finishing touches to his immortal poem ‘"Para¬ borough. Burnham and Stoke. These ancient terri¬ dise Lost.” torial Saxon divisions were once densely forested In order to get quickly from the bricks and and infested with robbers, on account of which mortar, and the paved streets that seem to stretch officials named Stewards of the Chiltern Hundreds endlessly out of Northwest London, it seemed were appointed by the Crown to protect the people best to take the train from Marylebone Station from depredation; later a parliamentary custom to Chalfont and Latimer, a distance of about twen¬ arose therefrom that when a member of parlia- 142 ment desired to resign, the only way he could do for the British Prime Minister. Hughenden, also so was to apply for and receive the sinecure of an in the vicinity, was the home of Benjamin Dis¬ appointment to the Chiltern Hundreds. raeli, Earl of Beaconsfield; while close by is the Burnham above named was famous for its beau¬ attractive little town of Beaconsfield (pronounced tiful forest, Burnham Beeches, which was a pic¬ as though it had no “a”) which was the home and turesque fragment of the primaeval forest lands last resting place of the great statesman Edmund in that portion of England. This forest has now Burke. Near Chequers is Great Hampden where been preserved as a park by the corporation of at Hampden Hall was the old home of the Hamp¬ the City of London. den family. The old “brick parlor” of John Alighting at Chalfont and Latimer, there was Hampden’s time is still standing. a pleasant walk of about three miles to Chalfont Wending our way to Chalfont St. Giles, we St. Giles, or Giles Chalfont as it is locally called. cross a little stream and before us lies the vil¬ Here and there down the shady road were old lage. A wide village green, with a picturesque thatched cottages, nestling in gardens redolent little duck pond, is surrounded with cottages, of honeysuckle, roses, and other old English over whose brown and moss grown roofs rises the flowers. Occasionally a stile, half covered with square tower of the church. At the southern end sweetbriar, giving access to a footpath across the of the village is the half-timbered, flowerclad cot¬ fields, or a lane lined with high hedges, would tage to which Milton came in 1665 from London, invite one to try alluring shortcuts. The beech- whence all who could were fleeing from the wood coppices, then all resplendent in green love¬ Plague which was causing the death of thousands liness, are in springtime carpeted with bluebells. each week. Thomas Ellwood, a young Quaker Is it any wonder that in this region so near Lon¬ who was tutor in the Pennington family living don there are so many little towns and villages nearby, was applied to by Milton to find him a associated with the names and scenes of persons shelter, and to this “pretty box,” as Ellwood called famous in English history. Chenies, nearby, is it, he brought the blind poet, with his devoted considered one of the most beautiful villages in young wife, and his three daughters by a former England, and it was for many years the holiday marriage. Here Milton lived until March, 1666, resort of Matthew Arnold and the historian An¬ when he returned to London, and soon thereafter thony Froude. A few miles farther north is he passed through the experience of the Great Chequers Court, standing in a fine park, presented Fire of London which destroyed two-thirds of the by Lord Lee of Fareham as a country residence city. This cottage is now the only place still

MILTON'S COTTAGE, CHALFONT ST. GILES 143 JORDANS MEETING HOUSE standing of all Milton’s residences, though Milton would dictate forty lines as it were in a breath, Street in Westminster, London, is so named as it and then reduce them to half the number. The marks the locality (near St. James Park) where difficulties of dictating must have been enormous, the poet lived in what was called “a pretty gar¬ but so his work progressed. His only recreation den house.” was music; he played the organ mostly, but When one enters the tiny cottage, which is sometimes the bass viol. filled with old furniture, pictures and other relics Thomas Ellwood tells us that it was at this of Milton, and walks through the garden filled little cottage Milton put in his hands the com¬ with fragrant flowers, the centuries seem to roll pleted manuscript of “Paradise Lost” for him to hack and one can picture the poet, after the po¬ read at his leisure and to return it to him with his litical defeat of the Puritan party to which he judgment. When Ellwood did so, he said “Thou had devoted so many years of faithful toil, which hast said much of Paradise Lost, but what hast had cost him so dearly even to the loss of his thou to say of Paradise Regained?” This casual sight, calmly carrying out in this peaceful spot his question evidently caused Milton then and there lifelong ambition to produce a great poem, an to begin work on “Paradise Regained.” It is said epic poem. that Milton first commenced to compose “Para¬ We read that after Milton lost his sight he had dise Lost” as early as 1642, but owing to his ar¬ “daily about him one or other to read to him; duous labors for the Government he had been some persons of man’s estate, who of their own obliged to lay it aside. accord greedily catch’d at the opportunity of The old garden where the blind poet spent so being his reader.” His friend, Thomas Ellwood, many hours reminds us that he did not revile at was one of these, for Milton kept “adding to the his sad fate, but “cheerfully” bid his “eyes keep rich resources of his own mind, the study of good holiday.” As it has been said, “God blinded him books” (in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and the modern that like the nightingale he might sing darkling,” languages of Europe) which he always asserted to so he himself in “Paradise Lost” invoked tha be necessary to nourish and sustain a poet’s imagi¬ Celestial Light, saying: nation. We read too of the regular hours he had “Shine inward, and the mind through all her for his literary work and for “contemplation,” powers rising in summer at four and in winter at five. He Irradiate; there plant eyes, all mist from thence loved a garden and would often walk therein Purge and disperse, that I may see and tell composing or pruning his verses. He mostly com¬ Of things invisible to mortal night.” posed at night and dictated during the day. He (Continued to page 182) 144 America’s Flag Abroad

By ROBERT JANZ, Department of State

. . And as these developments and others took interest. It will take you behind the scenes, place in 55 countries today, the eager eyes and into history, past, present, and in the making, of ears of the Secretary of State reached out round American diplomacy, showing again the Depart¬ the globe at 345 points, where field men of the ment of State in its manifold, romantic, far- Foreign Service, their eyes on the scene, ears to flung operations, as in fact the Department of the ground, reported every fact, rumor, condition, Peace. in order that Washington might determine that 130,- Cue: Up music and fade. 000,000 Americans will rise tomorrow for work, Announcer: In Washington tonight sits one and not for war!” man, Cordell Hull, of Tennessee, Secretary of State. And as he sits in his high top revolving- WITH these stirring words, there was inau¬ chair, behind a thick mahogany desk, his eyes gurated on January 24, 1936, at Nashville, and ears reach out to 345 points around the Tennessee, the first of a weekly series of broad¬ globe where field men of the Foreign Service, casts entitled by the sponsors “America’s Flag ears to the ground, eyes on the scene, are in fact Abroad—The Story of the Foreign Service.'’ the eyes and ears of one man—the Secretary of The programs have been broadcast by Station State, and for one purpose—the peaceful mainte¬ WSM, which is owned and operated by nance of American relations in a trou¬ the National Life and Accident Insur¬ bled world. In his hands, in his heart, ance Company, of Nashville. The pur¬ with the President’s, is the responsibil¬ pose of the company in organizing this ity that 130,000,000 Americans will series is best illustrated by the opening rise tomorrow for work and not for words of the script prepared for the war. How then, does this one man initial broadcast, which began as fol¬ function? How then, does America lows: know how it feels? How then, does it “Music. know who are its friends and who are Announcer: America’s Flag Abroad. its enemies? That is the story which The Story of the Foreign Service. the National Life and Accident Insur¬ Music. ance Company is privileged to inaugu¬ Announcer: Tonight as America returned home rate this evening to an audience eager to hear, from work and picked up its evening newspaper, anxious to know. anxious eyes and hopeful hearts read these head¬ Music up and fade. . . .” lines gathered by the Associated Press from The intimation that such a series of programs troubled quarters of the globe, Europe, Asia, had been decided upon was first given to the Africa, tinder boxes where the slightest interna¬ Department by Mr. E. M. Kirby, of the Educa¬ tional spark may set off another world conflagra¬ tional Department of the insurance company, tion. when he requested assistance in gathering mate¬ Music up and out. rial. Mr. Kirby explained that the broadcasts Cue: Wireless sound behind. would be sent out from a 50,000-watt station, Announcer: From England . . . From France and would be re-broadcast by 25 smaller sta¬ . . . From Rome . . . From Addis Ababa . . . tions, all in the South. The object of the broad¬ And as these developments and others took place casts, he said, would be to acquaint the man on in 55 countries today, the eager eyes of American the street, as well as students in a large number Foreign Service men, in instant touch with Wash¬ of Southern schools and colleges, with the work ington, scanned every development at 345 points of the Department and the Foreign Service. around the globe—America’s first line of de¬ The company established close relations with fense, the American Foreign Service, America’s several thousand grammar schools, high schools flag abroad. and colleges throughout the South and Southwest, Music up strong and out. and the programs are regularly heard by a large Announcer: Tonight the National Life and Ac¬ number of school children and teachers. Several cident Insurance Company inaugurates a series hundred schools make use of the programs in con- of important programs certain to be of timely (Continued to page 174) 145 THE THE EDITORS’ COLUMN jiiRiiM Herbert Bursley relinquished his post as editor of the JOURNAL with the publication of the Febru¬ FOREIGN IE JOURNAL ary issue. The great improvement in the JOURNAL during his editorship entitles him to the sincere voi. i~ MARCH, 1937 rU N°- 3 U7 congratulations of the Service. We believe that in PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN form and content the JOURNAL today compares fa¬ SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. vorably with magazines that have far greater re¬ sources to draw upon. It will be our endeavor to The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscrip¬ tion in the United States and abroad at the rate of $4.00 a maintain the standard achieved and, naturally, to year, or 35 cents a copy, payable to the American Foreign make still further improvements. Our predecessor Service Journal, care Department of State, Washington, D. O. This publication is not official and material appearing herein and the other members of the JOURNAL staff were represents only the personal opinions of its authors, or of indi¬ not and are not content to adopt a passive attitude. viduals quoted, unless otherwise specifically indicated. They sincerely feel that the JOURNAL can and Copyright, 1937, by the American Foreign Service Association should become even more representative of the Service and reflect to a greater extent the consid¬ JOURNAL STAFF ered views and interests of members of the Service. To digress slightly, an initiation into the mys¬ GEORGE H. BDTLER Editor teries of editing and publishing a periodical is EDWARD G. TRUEBLOOD Assistant Editor something of an experience. The new editors, be¬ PAUL H. ALLINC | ing family men of some years’ standing, probably HOWARD BUCKNELL, JR r Editorial Board would have been slightly less embarrassed to find LOWELL C. PINKERTON J a baby on the doorstep some morning than to be informed that they had been selected to edit the HARRY A. MCBRIDE—. .... Business Manager JOURNAL. Our abysmal ignorance was remedied to C. PAUL FLETCHER Treasurer some extent by following the make-up of two issues. During the first session between the editor The American Foreign and the printer that we attended, we were some¬ Service Association what startled and absolutely bewildered by a rapid- fire exchange of remarks about “bleeds,” “spots,” “widows,” “jumps,” “mastheads,” “running heads,” The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and voluntary association of the members of The Foreign Service of “tint blocks,” and the like. Future sessions brought the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fostering esprit de corps among the members of the Foreign Service and some degree of composure, if not of nonchalance. to establish a center around which might be grouped the united The issue finally “went to bed on time.” That had efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. a vaguely familiar domestic sound, but it happens to mean that the editor has passed the buck to the Honorary President printer—at least temporarily. CORDELL HULL . Secretary of State Your new editors have no magic formulas to offer in connection with the JOURNAL. They en¬ Honorary Vice-Presidents visage the task ahead as one calling for conscien¬ WILBUR J. CARR —r Assistant Secretary of State tious work and gradual progress. Impatience and ROBERT WALTON MOORE Assistant Secretary of State FRANCIS B. SAYRE Assistant Secretary of State dissatisfaction that the JOURNAL is not completely SUMNER WELLES _ Assistant Secretary of State to one’s liking (if such could be true!) ought to he replaced by helpful, practical efforts to improve COERT DU BOIS— President it. Service or trade magazines probably are the EDWIN C. WILSON Vice-President JOHN CARTER VINCENT Secretary-Treasurer butt of more criticism than any other type of pub¬ lication. To some, they are too pusillanimous, to EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE others, too outspoken; they are charged with being T. M. WILSON, Chairman colorless, or unrepresentative, or contentious. In EDWARD L. REED, Vice-Chairman; J. F. SIMMONS, view of this situation—and opinions of Foreign LOWELL C. PINKERTON, GEORGE L. BRANDT. Service Officers about the JOURNAL are character¬ Alternates istically divergent—we honestly believe that the DONALD R. HEATH, JULIUS C. HOLMES JOURNAL has done well to reach its present stage of development. Entertainment Committee: JOHN FARR SIMMONS, Chairman, Without attempting impossible or undesirable JULIUS C. HOLMES and RALEIGH A. GIBSON (Continued to page 165) 146 News from the Department

Inauguration. the afternoon, the parade started passing the Presi¬ The first Presidential inauguration under the dent’s stand. Rain still fell, but not so heavily, twentieth amendment to the Constitution took place and the stands were covered. Among the units at the Capitol on January 20, 1937. Incidentally, participating in the parade were the cadet corps it also took place in the midst of a downpour of from the Military and Naval Academies, units rain that impartially soaked the President, other from the National Youth Administration and the officials of the Government, the Diplomatic Corps, CCC, detachments from the Army, Navy, Marine and tens of thousands of distinguished visitors and Corps, and Coast Guard. observers. Weather conditions also served to de¬ Estimate of Appropriation, Department of State, tract from the brilliance of the spectacle offered Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1938. by the inaugural parade. Suggestions have been made that an auditorium large enough for such According to official figures made public, the ceremonies be constructed in Washington, or that budget estimates for the Department for the 1938 a quiet inaugural ceremony be held indoors on fiscal year amount to $15,334,968.40, an increase January 20th, with the more colorful public dem¬ of $171,418.40 over the appropriations for the onstrations to follow during the latter part of year ending June 30, 1937. Salaries for Ambassa¬ April or the first part of May. dors and Ministers are placed at $642,500, an For the first time, the Vice President took the amount equal to the 1937 appropriation. A total oath of office at the same time and place that the of $3,424,500 is requested for salaries of Foreign President did. The oaths were administered from Service Officers, as compared with $3,341,500 ap¬ the Presidential stand erected on the portico of the propriated during the 1937 fiscal year. This esti¬ Capitol. After taking the oath of office, President mate is based upon a total of 713 officers, classi¬ Roosevelt delivered his inaugural address. The fied as follows: text of the address was communicated to the field Class 1 20 at $10,000 Class 2 — - 6 at! $8,900 in the Department’s Radio Bulletin No. 15 of Jan¬ 1 at 9.800 15 at 8,400 uary 20, 1937. While the Presidential stand was 9 at 9,400 8 at 8,200 roofed, it provided little shelter from the driving 3 at 9,200 15 at 8,000 rain to which the President was exposed while 4 at 9,000 — making his address. He then drove back to the — 44 White House in an open car, bareheaded a good 37 part of the time. Fortunately, he suffered no ill effects from the experience. Class 3 3 at!$7,900 Class 4 — - 20 at!$6,400 The stand from which President Roosevelt re¬ 14 at 7,400 10 at 6,200 viewed the inaugural parade was a replica of 2 at 7,200 26 at 6,000 President Jackson’s home, the Hermitage, which 31 at 7,000 — had been constructed in front of the White House — 56 on Pennsylvania Avenue. At about two-thirty in 50 147 THE AMERICAN fOREIGN gERVICEJOURNAL

Class 5 — 1 at $5,400 Class 6 — 18 at .$4,900 dent Roosevelt wrote the Committee asking that 4 at 5,300 15 at 4,800 the Act be extended. Secretary of State Hull 23 at 5,200 16 at 4.700 made a statement before the Committee on Janu¬ 8 at 5,100 19 at 4,600 ary 21st urging that the reciprocal trade agree¬ 26 at 5,000 19 at 4,500 ment program be continued. The text of the statement is contained in a Department Radio 62 87 Bulletin dated January 21, 1937. Class 7 — 17 at $4,400 Class 8 — 23 at $3,800 Secretary Hull declared that a liberal foreign 10 at 4,300 39 at 3,700 trade policy is an aid to world peace and that 22 at 4,200 1 at 3,600 there has been a gratifying response in other coun¬ 15 at 4,100 22 at 3,500 tries to the initiative of the United States. The 20 at 4,000 reciprocal trade agreements program has been an 85 effective weapon with which to attack the “forces 84 of suicidal economic nationalism.” The Secretary Unclassified 70 at $3,000 believes that “there is a universally growing reali¬ 70 at 2,750 zation that economic well-being for all nations is 68 at 2,500 an indispensable foundation for durable peace” and that “no durable peace is possible except 208 among nations which are actuated, in their eco¬ The estimate for transportation of Foreign Serv¬ nomic dealings with each other, by friendliness, ice Officers is $610,000, as compared with appro¬ fair-dealing, and a sincere desire to keep open the priations of $546,700 during the 1937 fiscal year. channels of mutually beneficial trade.” Allowances for rent, heat, fuel and light are esti¬ Assistant Secretary of State Francis B. Sayre, mated at $2,003,250, as compared with $2,016,000 testifying before the Committee, observed that if for the 1937 year; while the figures for cost of the trade agreements program were to be aban¬ living allowance are $300,000 for 1938 and doned there would result an increase in the great $250,000 for 1937. Representation allowances re¬ political instability in the world, an increase in the main the same at $125,000. danger of war, and prejudice to the prosperity of The estimate for salaries of clerks is $2,255,900 this country. The Secretary of Commerce and the for 1938, while the 1937 appropriation was Chairman of the Tariff Commission also urged ex¬ $2,234,000. An increase from $1,067,400 to tension of the Trade Agreements Act during the $1,274,000 is Committee requested for hearings. contingent e x - Government Re¬ penses, Foreign organization. Service. On January Trade Agree¬ .12, 1937, Presi¬ ments Act. dent Roosevelt The House transmitted a Ways and Means message to Con¬ Committee com¬ gress forward¬ menced hear¬ ing the report ings. during the of the commit¬ third week in tee that he had January, on a appointed over Joint Resolu¬ a year ago to tion extending study govern¬ the reciprocal ment reorgani¬ trade agree¬ zation. The ment program President ap¬ for three years proved the com¬ beyond the ex¬ mittee report, piration date of Harris & Ewing entitled “Ad¬ ministrative the present au¬ FAIRFAX SHEILD McCANDLISH, NANCY MONTAGUE McCANDLISH, thority on June ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE R. WALTON MOORE. MARY Management in 12. 1937. Presi¬ WALTON McCANDLISH. the Government 148 of the United States,” and recommended action in ernment began on February 2nd at the American accordance with the committee’s findings. The University, Washington. Topics will include the major recommendations made by the committee Constitution, Congress, the Presidency, the Su¬ are as follows: preme Court, Civil Service, and various problems 1. Expand the White House staff so that the such as relations between government and business, President may have a sufficient group of able agriculture, the reciprocal trade agreements, etc. assistants in his own office to keep him in The course meets requests from members of the closer and easier touch with the widespread diplomatic corps and foreign colony in Washing¬ affairs of administration, and to make the ton, and it will be open to diplomats and other speedier clearance of the knowledge needed citizens of foreign nations. for executive decision. The following books of interest to the Service 2. Strengthen and develop the managerial agen¬ have been received at the Department Library: cies of the Government, particularly those Handbook of Latin American Studies, a guide to dealing with the budget and efficiency re¬ the material published in 1935. Cambridge, search, with personnel and with planning, as Mass., Harvard University Press, 1936. 250 pp. management arms of the Chief Executive. Joint Committee of the Carnegie Endowment and 3. Extend the merit system upward, outward the International Chamber of Commerce. Inter¬ and downward to cover practically all non- national economic reconstruction; an economists’ policy-determining posts; reorganize the civil and businessmen’s survey of the main problems service system as a part of management un¬ of today. Paris, International Chamber of Com¬ der a single, responsible administrator, and merce, 1936. 225 pp. create a citizen board to serve as the watch¬ Joint Committee of the Carnegie Endowment and dog of the merit system and increase the the International Chamber of Commerce. Sepa¬ salaries of key posts throughout the service rate memoranda from the economists consulted so that the Government may attract and hold by the Joint Committee on the improvement of in a career service men and women of ability commercial relations between nations and the and character. problems of monetary stabilization. Paris. In¬ 4. Overhaul the one hundred independent agen¬ ternational Chamber of Commerce, 1936. 417 pp. cies, administrations, boards and commis¬ Mrs. Rogers of Massachusetts, on January 21, sions, and place them by Executive order 1937, introduced H. R. 3454 authorizing the Presi¬ within one or the other of the following 12 dent of the United States to present in the name of major executive departments: State, Trea¬ Congress a medal of honor to Sara Cunningham sury, War, Justice, Postoffice, Navy, Conser¬ Engert. The resolution was referred to the Com¬ vation, Agriculture, Commerce, Labor, Social mittee on Foreign Affairs. Welfare and Public Works; and place upon the Executive continuing responsibility for Mr. Clinton E. MacEachran, Chief Clerk and the maintenance of effective organization. Administrative Assistant, Department of State, has 5. Establish accountability of the Executive to received a commission from Governor James V. the Congress by providing a genuine inde¬ Allred of Texas as a Texas Centennial Ranger. pendent postaudit of all fiscal transactions Mr. MacEachran was the Department’s represen¬ by an auditor general, and restore to the tative and was in charge of the Department’s Executive complete responsibility for ac¬ exhibits at the Texas Centennial Exposition, Dal¬ counts and current transactions. las, 1936. Americans Appointed to League of Nations Posts. The appointment of Mr. Leo Pasvolsky as Spe¬ Dr. Henry F. Grady, dean of the College of cial Assistant to the Secretary of State was an¬ Commerce at the University of California, and for¬ nounced on November 6, 1936. Mr. Pasvolsky mer Chief of the Division of Trade Agreements, has taken an active part in the development of the has been selected to succeed Professor James Rog¬ Trade Agreements program as an economist with ers as American member on the Permanent Eco¬ the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce nomic Committee of the League. Winfield William (September, 1934, to June, 1935) and as Chief Riefler, an American economist, was named by the Economic Analyst in the Division of Trade Agree¬ League Council as substitute member of the League ments, Department of State (December, 1935, to Permanent Finance Committee. June, 1936). He is the author of a number of books on economic and monetary subjects, and Miscellaneous Notes: participated in the work of the World Monetary A series of lectures concerning the Federal Gov¬ (Continued to page 176) 149 News from the Field

COLOMBIA dom conferred, and only for very special services The U.S.S. Omaha and the U.S.S. Manley visited of a civil nature to the Church. In the presenta¬ Barranquilla, Colombia, from December 20th to tion address of Cardinal Hayes he referred to the 23rd in connection with the inauguration of a new unusual circumstances of a husband and wife both maritime port. The photographs printed in this being decorated by the Pope at the same time. issue were furnished by Vice Consul Raymond The decoration conferred on the Minister has been Phelan. bestowed on only three others.

ECUADOR JAMAICA On August 22, 1936, the Government of Ecuador Kingston is becoming a favorite port of call conferred upon our Minister to Ecuador, Antonio for Naval and Coast Guard vessels. The new C. Gonzalez, The Grand Cross, A1 Merito, which cutler, Samuel I). Ingham, sister ship of the Wil¬ the President in his address stated was in recogni¬ liam J. Duane, brought as a passenger Mr. Her¬ tion and in testimony of the friendly relations man Oliphant, General Counsel of the United established through the promotion of the good Slates Treasury Department, and the Coast Guard neighbor policy in Ecuador by Minister Gonzalez. Cutter Chelan, en route from Seattle to Boston, Mrs. Gonzalez was also decorated with the medal also called at Kingston. The USS Woodcock of Commander A1 Merito, in recognition of her brought a party of officers and their wives for a charity work in Ecuador. short excursion from the United States Naval Sta¬ On January 5th, 1937, Minister Gonzalez was tion at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, Commander (now decorated at New York by Patrick Cardinal Hayes, Captain) M. L. Hersey, Jr., Commandant of the with the Papal Station, and decoration of a Mrs. Hersey be¬ Knight Com¬ ing on board. mander of the A new Swedish Order of St. destroyer, the Gregory with Gotland, spent Plaque, and a week in Mrs. Gonzalez Kingston, and with the Cross both the offi¬ Pro Ecclesia et cers and the Pontifice, both ship attracted a i n recognition great deal of of charity work interest. performed in Just as Con¬ New York and sul George Al¬ in Ecuador. exander Arm¬ The decora¬ strong was ex¬ tion received by pected to return Minister Gonza¬ VICE CONSUL PHELAN AND HIS FOUR SONS AS THE USS OMAHA from home lez is very sel- DOCKED AT BARRANQUILLA leave, he was 150 transferred to the American Legation at Dublin, and social and charitable functions seem incom¬ plete without his genial presence. A number of Service people have passed through Kingston re¬ cently. including Mr. George T. Summerlin, American Minister to Panama, and his son; Mr. Samuel S. Dickson, Consul at Vancouver; and Mrs. Gertrude Sloan Jameson, the sister of Con¬ sul Alexander K. Sloan, Mexico City. An opportunity was given to some eight hun¬ dred residents and visitors to hear a speech by Rt. Honorable David Lloyd George on the evening before his departure from Jamaica after a two months’ stay. J. S. L.

TOKYO (From a despatch from the American Ambassador) A monument to Townsend Harris, the first Minister of the United States to Japan, was un¬ veiled on December 19, 1936, at the temple of AMBASSADOR GREW AND MR. MASUDA Zempuku-ji, which is reputed to be over a thou¬ sand years old. The monument, which is of out under the auspices of the America-Japan So¬ black stone inlaid with a bronze disk bearing the ciety. Mrs. Grew unveiled the monument. image of Harris, is inscribed: Speeches were delivered by Ambassador Grew, “On this spot Townsend Harris opened the first Prince Tokugawa and Mr. Masuda. A Buddhist American Legation in Japan, July 7, 1859. Dedi¬ dedication ritual was held by the priests of the cated by the America-Japan Society, December temple and memorial trees were planted by the 19, 1936.” three speakers. The monument was presented by a group of Japanese headed by Mr. Takasgi Masuda, who LEIPZIG had served as an office boy in our first Legation On Friday night, January 15th, Consul General and who had seen Harris daily during that pe¬ and Mrs. Ralph C. Busser gave at their home at riod. The ceremony of unveiling was carried (Continued to page 176)

MRS. GREW UNVEILING THE TOWNSEND HARRIS MEMORIAL TABLET 151 A Political Bookshelf

CYRIL WYNNE, Review Editor

THE UNITED STATES AND EUROPE, 1815-23. A Canning that he was not present for Adams was Study in the Background of the Monroe Doctrine. unable to keep his denunciation of England” on a By Edward H. Tatum, Jr. Berkeley: University “high plane . . . his nationalism ran away with of California Press, 1936. Pp. x, 315. $3.00. him” (page 242). Whether the views Adams ex¬ The author challenges the “conventional inter¬ pressed on this occasion are the key to an under¬ pretation of the background” of the Monroe Doc¬ standing of his position with regard to the so- trine. There is a general agreement, he declares, called English aspect of the doctrine which was among historians “that the Monroe Doctrine was to be proclaimed two years later is a matter upon the result of two factors: the fear that the Holy which there will probably be some difference of Alliance would soon extend its extraordinary ac¬ opinion. tivities to the New World, and the threat of Rus¬ Certainly there will be a difference of opinion sian expansion on the Northwest Coast of this Con¬ with respect to many of Dr. Tatum’s statements tinent” (page ix). Dr. Tatum boldly indicts the and conclusions. Nevertheless, his book is well historians for having been “so dominated” by this worth reading. It is written in a clear style and general view or interpretation that “they have it will stimulate the reader to thought—perhaps forced their documentary evidence to fit into its to sharp and even to angry disagreement as it is arbitrary pattern” (page ix)—an indictment which at times irritating, if not painful, to see the old recalls the methods of Procrustes in inducing the formulas and conceptions attacked. But then, as guests to fit into his curious couch. Pliny the Younger observed, “History, however it Dr. Tatum contends that the enunciation of the is written, delights man” which in turn presents doctrine was, to a considerable extent, due to a the ancient question of just what is history—a “knowledge” that “it was plainly to the interest question which is of modern relevance if most of of both” Russia and France “not to antagonize our history books on the formulation of the Mon¬ the United States to the point of hostility . . . roe Doctrine are all wrong. Why should the American Government not make c. w. plain to all the world the principles for which it stood, if it knew in advance that neither Russia SCHMECKEBIER, LAURENCE FREDERICK. Gov¬ nor France would challenge them in an unfriendly ernment publications and their use. Washington. way?” (page 140). The belief that the Ameri¬ D. C. The Brookings Institution, 1936. xiii, 446 can Government should announce these prin¬ ciples was, according to the author, also largely p. $3.00. influenced by Secretary of State Adams’ opinion Previous to the publication of the book under that England was hostile to the United States and consideration three guides to the use of United that such an announcement was needed in order to States government publications were in use—Wal¬ let Britain know just exactly where the American ter I. Swmnton’s “Guide to United States Govern¬ people stood on the issues involved. In support ment Publications,” Washington, Government of his interpretation of John Quincy Adams’ atti¬ Printing Office, 1918; Edith E. Clarke’s “Guide to tude towards England the author quotes at length the Use of United States Government Publica¬ from Adams’ address delivered in Washington “at tions,” Boston, F. W. Faxon Co., 1918; and Anne the public celebration of Independence Day, 1821. M. Boyd’s “United States Government Publica¬ Ostensibly he was a private citizen speaking to tions as Sources of Information for Libraries,” the people of Washington; actually it was Secre¬ New York, The H. W. Wilson Co., 1931. These tary of State Adams talking to the nation and to were supplemented by certain others of limited Europe for the diplomatic corps was in attendance scope, such as J. K. Wilcox’s “United States and the tone of the oration as w'ell as the imme¬ Reference Publications,” Boston, F. W. Faxon Co., diate printing of thousands of copies of it for 1931, and 1932 supplement, together with the distribution gave it more than local significance” same author’s “Guide to the Official Publications (page 241). In commenting on the address Dr. of the Newr Deal Administration,” 1934, and sup¬ Tatum observes, “Fortunate it was for Stratford plement, 1936. 152 THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

In each instance the author arranged his ma¬ not only to Lhose whose acquaintance with Poore terial by government departments—an arrange¬ is slight, but to those who have been using the ment that is logical and systematic, and useful to book for years. an extent that insures its continued consultation. Under “Executive Publications” in chapter three Miss Boyd, however, indicated in the introduction there is a most useful discussion of the lack of to her book that “the ideal approach to the study uniformity in the use of the word “series” in gov¬ of government publications for reference use is ernment publishing with many pages of examples, by subject-content rather than by source of issue and the peculiarities of the numbering of census . . . but the enormous amount of material which publications are explained and clarified. In ad¬ has been and is still being printed and the com¬ dition there is informing treatment of the matter plicated form in which it is issued makes this ideal of duplication of publications. All is set down approach a more difficult one.” with dignity, clearly, and with understanding. The Dr. Schmeckebier, who has been on the staff author is content to expose the faults without of the Institute for Government Research of the passing judgment. Brookings Institution since 1921, and has written The chapter on “Congressional Publications” is at least seventeen books on various departments the most complete that this reviewer has seen. and services of the United States government, has Sixty-four pages are given over to the debates, made his study from the subject-content stand¬ proceedings, documents and reports, hearings, point. choosing the more difficult method and other committee publications and bills and resolu¬ using it to produce a book that is scholarly, com¬ tions. One who considers himself thoroughly fa¬ plete and practical. miliar with the subject is likely to find here many The sixteen chapters into which the work is things new to him. divided are headed—Catalogs and Indexes, Bib¬ The State Department “Documentary History liographies, Classification, Availability of Publi¬ of the Constitution of the United States” is gently cations, Congressional Publications, Federal and criticised in the chapter on “Constitution.” “The State Constitutions, Federal Laws, State Laws, lack of headings and explanatory notes makes the Court Decisions, Administrative Regulations and work somewhat baffling to one not familiar with Departmental Rulings, Presidential Papers, For¬ the form of the papers.” Constitutions, federal eign Affairs. Reports on Operations, Organization and state laws, court decisions and administra¬ and Personnel, Maps, and Technical and Other tive regulations are treated in successive chapters Department Publications. There is an appendix totaling one hundred and eighty-five pages. De¬ consisting of a list of depository libraries, and scriptions are detailed and clear, and the amount an index of twrenty-eight pages. of information given is amazing. The chapter on LTnder each heading the more important pub¬ “Administrative Regulations” meets a need that lications are described fully and evaluated, and has become increasingly great during the past detailed directions as to their use are given. The several years, and which has been met from the lesser publications are listed carefully and with standpoint of government publication by the “Fed¬ seeming completeness in the first chapter on cata¬ eral Register,” which the present work describes logues and indexes, but, of course, the other chap¬ fully. Here is new material that every student ters do not lend themselves to such detailed of government organization will find it necessary treatment and the author was not attempting to to possess. prepare a catalogue. He was preparing a guide The members of the Foreign Service and the to the utilization of the publications with specific Department of State will be particularly interested descriptions of catalogues and indexes and im¬ in the thirty-one pages devoted to “Foreign Af¬ portant sources of information, explaining the fairs.” Here the value of the subject-content ap¬ systems of numbering and methods of titling, and proach is especially noticeable, for grouped to¬ indicating how the publications may be obtained. gether are publications of the Department of State, In chapter one, five and a half pages are de¬ Congress, the Postoffice Department, the Library voted to Ben Perley Poore’s “Descriptive Cata¬ of Congress, the Tariff Commission, the Senate logue of the Government Publications of the Committee on Foreign Relations and the House United States, September 5, 1774-March 4, 1881,” Committee on Foreign Affairs, together with perti¬ that monumental work which is the only index nent laws. It is the only place where such a group¬ available for much of the material of the period ing is to be found. The discussion is carried on un¬ covered, but which has certain errors and am¬ der the headings—Treaties, Executive Agreements, biguities that are confusing. Dr. Schmeckebier’s Diplomatic Correspondence, Current Developments description is to be commended to all who use it, (Continued to page 162) Foreign Service Changes

The following changes have occurred in the Andrew B. Foster, Montreal. Foreign Service: Richard D. Gatewood, Zurich. Myles Standish of New York City, American Douglas MacArthur, 2d, Vancouver. Vice Consul at Manchester, England, assigned Elbert G. Mathews, Vancouver. to Managua, Nicaragua, as Third Secretary of John Ordway, Habana. Legation and Vice Consul. George F. Scherer, Ciudad Juarez. Norris S. Haselton of West Orange, New Jer¬ William P. Snow, Paris (D.A.-D.O.). sey, Foreign Service Officer assigned to the De¬ Louis W. Wallner, Jr., Naples. partment, assigned to Manchester, England, as American Vice Consul. Departures Hedley V. Cooke, Jr., of Orange, New Jersey, Herbert S. Bursley, formerly in ME, has left for American Vice Consul at Moncton, New Bruns¬ his new post at Mexico City. wick, assigned to Glasgow, Scotland, as American Robert Janz, who was temporarily detailed to Vice Consul. The American Consulate at Monc¬ Cl, is now on leave of absence. ton was closed, effective December 31, 1936. Avra M. Warren has departed on another tour Reginald S. Castleman of Riverside, California, of duty as a Foreign Service Inspector. American Consul at Porto Alegre, Brazil, assigned to Managua, Nicaragua, as Second DEPARTMENT OF Secretary of Legation and Consul. COMMERCE CHANGES Commercial Attache H. Coit Mac- The following changes in Foreign Lean, who has been in the States for Service officers on duty in the Depart¬ the past several months on leave and ment have occurred since January 1, itinerary, is scheduled to sail for his 1937: post at Paris on February 10. Arrivals Mr. Douglas P. Miller, Acting Raleigh A. Gibson, Consul at Commercial Attache, Berlin, will re¬ Tegucigalpa, now assigned to the turn to his post on February 10. He Division of Mexican Affairs. has been in the States for several Merritt N. Cootes, Vice Consul at months on statutory leave and itin¬ Habana, detailed temporarily to the erary. Passport Division. Mr. A. Cyril Crilley, formerly at Lima, Peru, E. Allan Lightner, Jr., Vice Consul at Buenos has been assigned as Trade Commissioner at Aires, detailed temporarily to the Trade Agree¬ Buenos Aires, Argentina, replacing Mr. Charles F. ments Division. Knox, Assistant Trade Commissioner, who has Harold H. Tittmann, Jr., First Secretary at returned to the States. Rome, now assigned to the Division of Western Mr. David M. Clark was appointed Assistant European Affairs. Trade Commissioner at Lima, and sailed recently The following officers, who have been serving as for his post. Vice Consuls at the posts indicated, reported for duty in the Foreign Service Officers’ Training School on January 19: INDEX TO VOLUME XIII (1936) OF E. Tomlin Bailey, Southampton. THE JOURNAL Russell W. Benton, Montreal. Roswell C. Beverstock, Mazatlan. A copy of the Index and Title Page to Volume Richard W. Byrd, Ottawa. XIII of the AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL James Espy, Mexico City. will be mailed upon request to any subscriber. JHE /^MERICAN pOREIGN gERVICEJOURNAL

Security (steel) lift vans Banking Service are economical because: for they save packing costs Foreign Service Officers furniture does not have to be boxed or crated. they save freight charges in one van at 900 CM. ft. goods may be Among the banking and loaded which if boxed would take 1200 io 1400 cu. ft. trust clients of the American they save insurance costs Security and Trust Company because the risks of theft, loss, breakage are greatly reduced. of Washington, D. C., are they save hotel expense many Foreign Service Officers. because the time of packing and un¬ packing are shortened. they save something else The Company is pleased to more important, the time and nervous strain of the owner and his family. make its modern facilities available to those in the Serv¬ jSmu’ftg ^forag? (jompang ice wherever they may be lo¬ of UJashmgJ>Dn cated.

1140 FIFTEENTH STREET Correspondence relative to A Safe Depository for 46 Years Telegrams "Storage” any phase of our financial serv¬ European Office: ice is invited. 31 Place du Marche St. Honore, Paris Telegrams "Medium”

PLEASE NOTE: Address the European Office about removals, packing, shipping from AMERICAN SECURITY Europe, and adjacent territory. Address Main AND TRUST COMPANY Office otherwise, and also about 15TH AND PENNSYLVANIA AVE. INSURANCE WASHINGTON, D. C. The special annual policies covering the risks of fire, theft, transportation hazards (cyclone, earthquake, war, riot, etc., also if desired) on CAPITAL $3,400,000 SURPLUS $3,400,000 household goods, baggage taken during travel¬ ing, silverware, jewelry, etc. Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

155 SOCIAL SECURITY (Continued from page 134) The eluded employments (see section 210) are includ¬ ed for retirement benefits automatically beginning Manhattan Storage & January 1, 1937. However, only the first $3,000 of salary or wages received from any employer in Warehouse Company one year counts in the computation of benefits. QUESTION : If he wants to, can an employee pay 52nd Street and Seventh Avenue a tax on six times that much? MR. MCDONALD: Only if he works for six em¬ 80th Street and Third Avenue ployers and receives $3,000 in wrages from each New York City during the year. QUESTION : In case a person is covered by un¬ ♦ ♦ employment compensation, is there any provision SUPERIOR FACILITIES FOR STOR¬ by which he must accept employment from a gov¬ ernmental employment agency? AGE OF HOUSEHOLD GOODS, MR. MCDONALD: That differs from one state to PACKING, MOVING, SHIPPING the next. Usually, public employment offices are to be operated in conjunction with the compensa¬ AND LIFT VANS tion offices. A person who refuses to accept a job ♦ ♦ may be denied benefits. However, the job offered SPECIAL SERVICE TO MEET must provide standard wages and working condi¬ PERSONAL REQUIREMENTS tions, and the conditions of employment must not force the man to resign from his labor union or ♦ ♦ join a company union. • Prices Most Reasonable • QUESTION : To what extent is it estimated that the tax w ill be a burden on the public as a whole? MR. MCDONALD: There are various estimates; but you can’t figure the cost of the program to the individual manufacturer until you know how the legislation is going to be administered. 7 o the Joreign Service Officers QUESTION: IS it anticipated that the fund will be self-sustaining in 1947? of the United States MR. MCDONALD: Of the retirement fund, a very small portion of money will be paid out during ♦ 1947. QUESTION : Are they going to invest the money THE UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUAR¬ that comes in? ANTY COMPANY puts at your disposal its serv¬ MR. MCDONALD: It must be invested in govern¬ ice in writing your bond. Special attention ment securities. is given to the requirements of Foreign Serv¬ QUESTION : If a sufficiently large reserve were ice Officers. Our Washington office specializes built up to take care of all needs it would be too large a sum to invest in Government Bonds, in this service. would it not? ♦ MR. MCDONALD: Not necessarily. But it would mean that the reserve fund would absorb all the UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND Government Bonds on the market, forcing private GUARANTY COMPANY investors to seek elsewhere for their investments. Lee H. Bowen, Manager QUESTION : Why was the plan drafted with the idea of reserve funds rather than out of current 1415 K ST., N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. income? Telephone—National 0913 MR. MCDONALD: It was desired to make the pro¬ gram self-sustaining by basing it on insurance Write for your copy of the "Insurance Guide.” principles. With the number of people eligible for benefits increasing every year, the tax upon current income would be very great and constantly 156 THE /j^ME RICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL increasing. By setting up a reserve, it will be pos¬ sible to level off the contribution rate at 3 per cent of wages from the worker, and 3 per cent of A REAL payroll from the employer. This, plus the com¬ pounded interest on the invested reserve, will take care of all anticipated obligations under Title II. (Welcome QUESTION : Is it expected that in any year the AWAITS YOU amount paid out will exceed the amount paid in? MR. MCDONALD: It is estimated that about the Atthe Savoy-Plaza you find a charm year 1930 annual disbursements will equal annual decidedly homelike . . . expressed receipts from both the appropriations and the in¬ in gracious service, in spaciously terest on the reserve. Until that time the amounts luxurious rooms, in superb cuisine, paid in will exceed the amounts paid out. and in delightful entertainment. . . QUESTION: DO those persons unemployed now Single rooms from $6. come under employment insurance? A 25% discount from room charges is allowed members of the Foreign Service. MR. MCDONALD: NO. One of the requirements Mi - ': , for unemployment benefits is to be employed in _*--9 • "SEHT Henry A. Rost, Managing Director t a Stale which has had a law for a certain length ini! George Suter, Resident Manager of time. Wisconsin is the only State which is feflijj]! ’ e ; already paying unemployment benefits. ny • tim QUESTION : How about those persons unemployed SAVOY for several years. Would they be taken care of? MR. MCDONALD: Benefits will only be paid for a certain number of weeks. After that, if the worker is in need, he must turn elsewhere. To gain any¬ PLAZA Overlooking Central Park thing under Titles II or III you have to work, pay into the fund and meet the requirements. FIFTH AVE.* 58th to 59th STS.-N.Y. QUESTION: Taking it altogether, is it costly? MR. MCDONALD: Yes and no. Billions of dol¬ lars will be paid out in benefits and assistance. But if you stop to consider it, billions of dollars are today being spent for national and local re¬ lief of the needy, the aged, the blind, the unem¬ ployed, the widows and the orphans. These ex¬ penditures have been made in a disorganized, almost haphazard way. It is the intention of the Social Security Act to place public relief on sound administrative principles, eliminate administrative wTaste, and operate with sound scientific manage¬ ment. It is believed that a greater amount of Perfection in good will be accomplished at a lower cost under every detail of the Social Security Program. appointments, service, QUESTION : What is the attitude toward private and cuisine is a Plaza pension plans now in operation? MR. MCDONALD: Many companies which have tradition which leads private plans for their employees have expressed membersof the Diplomatic Service to make this great hotel their intentions of keeping the plans, so that the their New York headquarters . . . Single rooms from $6. employee will receive two pensions, one from the company and one from the Social Security Board. A 25% discount from room charges is allowed members of the Foreign Service In some cases the company is adjusting its plan so that the employee will receive a combined Henry A. Rost, President and Managing Direclor benefit equal to the one which he is at present promised. Please note, however, that whereas the S7ZL P L fl Z employee usually loses his pension rights when he leaves a company, he maintains his pension rights Facing Central Park • FIFTH AVENUE AT 59th STREET in the United States Government no matter how 157 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL many times he changes jobs. an employment office to see if any jobs are avail¬ QUESTION: What effect will this program have in able. Benefits will be a certain percentage of his the issuance of old-age policies? customary wages, for a certain maximum number MR. MCDONALD: The insurance companies of weeks. Each State makes its own determina¬ thought at first that it would injure their busi¬ tions as to the operation of its plan. ness, but gradually came to see considerable For assistance to the needy, under other titles merit in it. The Social Security Act has brought of the Social Security Act, each State has its to the attention of more people the need of pro¬ own procedure and regulations. viding, by means of insurance, an old-age in¬ QUESTION : If a State board passed upon a claim, come. The progressive insurance company today would the claimant get it immediately? is delighted with the millions of dollars of pub¬ MR. MCDONALD: Yes. licity which the Social Security Act gives it. QUESTION: HOW will ages be determined? But aside from the publicity, the benefits under MR. MCDONALD: There are very few States from the retirement provisions of the Social Security which we can get complete official records of Act are small, so that people who can afford it age. We will have to accept people’s affidavits will want to supplement their government benefits in many cases. I don’t think we ought to make it with private annuities. too hard to get the money. The Government plan does not really compete QUESTION : In case of old-age pensions, do they with private plans because it covers millions of get what they put in plus 3 */2 per cent? people who could never even think of buying MR. MCDONALD: In case of death, the estate from a private company. receives SjA per cent of the total wages earned QUESTION : It seems to me that this is a compli¬ by the deceased. Non-qualified individuals re¬ cated program. Could you simply trace for us ceive 31/2 per cent of their total wages earned how it will work? How do you get “paid off?” while covered by the old-age benefit plan. Month¬ MR. MCDONALD: Let us take Title II, effective in ly benefits are computed as % per cent of the 1937. The regulations require that the manufac¬ first $3,000, plus 1/12 per cent of the next $42,- turer send in a statement of the individual earn¬ 000, and 1/24 per cent of anything above $45,000, ings of his employees. Each employee will have with a maximum monthly benefit of $85, and a an account set up for him. His record of wages minimum of $10. The individual or his estate will go on that ledger account. We will say he is guaranteed, however, that the benefits he will dies in May, 1937. According to section 205, receive will equal at least 3^/2 per cent of the there becomes due and payable to his estate 3^/2 wages earned. per cent of the total wages paid to him since Janu¬ QUESTION : In the case of unemployment insur¬ ary 1, 1937. The widow or any person entitled ance, do they get paid a weekly amount until a to his estate will present a claim. It must be job comes up? accompanied by proper proof of death and of the MR. MCDONALD: Every State provides a maxi¬ relationship which entitles the claimant to the mum number of weeks of benefit. Usually there money. is also a waiting period of two or more weeks The claims adjudicator will examine the claim before benefit payments begin. and pass upon this evidence and also upon these QUESTION: The longer a State lets them pay, questions: the more it costs the State? 1. Did employer-employee relationship exist MR. MCDONALD: Each State plan is constructed in fact and law? on a self-sustaining basis. That is, a reserve fund 2. Was employment within the meaning of is built up by all the employers in the State Title II? for a couple of years before any benefits are paid. 3. What is the total amount of wages? Then, when payments begin to be made, the un¬ Then, payment will be made. Where there is no employment compensation fund has a good start will, the payment will be made in accordance to carry any normal load. Whether or not the with the intestacy laws of the last place of the State government will have to contribute to the deceased’s residence—whether it will be paid to fund remains to be seen, but as far as the pro¬ the widow or the father or mother or a preferred gram is planned at present, no payments by the creditor will be determined by the State laws. State are anticipated. For unemployment compensation, the procedure QUESTION: IS there any danger that there will be will differ from State to State. None except a problem of keeping twenty-six million identi¬ Wisconsin pays benefits yet. The unemployed fied? person will probably have to appear regularly at MR. MCDONALD: Certainly.

158 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

IT SAYS StjeSf IN EVERY LANGUAGE Written here in the earth is a story of safety that the whole world understands — the sharp, clean-cut, deep biting signature of the Goodyear All-Weather center traction tread.

A bewildering variety of other tread designs have bid for public favor in the more than quarter century since Goodyear first adopted THE ALL-WEATHER TREAD — not one has ever equalled it in popularity, because, we believe, not one has ever approached it in traction and safety. That is proved beyond all argument by the fact that for 21 consecutive years it has been true, "more people the world over ride on Goodyear Tyres than on any other make!" QUESTION: IS it possible to devise a system of bookkeeping simple enough to care for it? MR. MCDONALD: We hope that the system now WOODWARD & LOTHROP being installed will do that job. I rather think 10th, 11th, F and G Streets it can be done. The volume of it may seem big, WASHINGTON, D. C., U. S. A. but if the set-up is correct, it will function. QUESTION: Are the various funds collected and "A Store Worthy of the Nation’s Capital” segregated as to each benefit to he paid? MR. MCDONALD: The Treasury is to set up two funds for investment purposes. One is the old- age reserve account. The other is the Unemploy¬ ment Compensation Trust Fund. For the latter, the Treasury will keep a separate bookkeeping ac¬ count for each State. QUESTION: If you have a State unemployment feature with a period of benefits for sixteen weeks or two months, how will the situation hold up in time of depression? MR. MCDONALD: That is hard to say. There is no attempt to take this as a panacea for all future economic evils. This legislation will provide a cushion against a sudden economic collapse. The Social Security- Act is nothing more than an attempt to take a step to provide a uniform method for handling relief, and to provide a certain amount of pro¬ tection to the individual. How well that will suc¬ ceed depends upon how well Congress and others allow this thing to go on and how well it is ad¬ Every woman has her prefer¬ ministered. ences when it comes to beauty QUESTION: Have any of the States which have preparations, yet purchasing submitted old-age assistance provided for the them in a foreign country is elimination of the “means test?” often far from easy. Here in MR. MCDONALD: Not to my knowledge. I don't our Toiletries Section are the think so. products of world - famous The “means test” is a very difficult problem to houses that we can keep you administer. The question arises as to who is to supplied with. To mention be held responsible for a person or family in only a few—Elizabeth Arden, straightened circumstances. Take the case of a Coty, Helena Rubenstein, Dor¬ girl making $15.00 a week; her family is not able othy Gray, Charles of the Ritz, to meet its bills; the mother may have sickness H. H. Ayres, Frances Denny, causing large medical expenses; the father is un¬ Kathryn Mary Quinlan, and employed, and cannot get a job; another daugh¬ Marie Earle. So let us help ter is too young to get employment. Now the you keep your beauty with you question presents itself, what are you going to do? always. Should the girl turn over the entire $15.00 to support this family or not? Or should a married Address your communications son, barely able to support his own family at a to Mrs. Marian Tolson, Wood¬ decent standard of living, he forced to assist the ward & Lothrop, Washington, family before the State will step in to help? D. C., United States of Amer¬ QUESTION: You spoke of the desirability of ica. She will personally shop eliminating the “means test.” Does the Social Se¬ for you and send your order curity Board have any instrumental provisions according to your instructions. of this law by which it can require such elimina¬ tion of the State? MR. MCDONALD: NO. But it is hoped that by 160 education the “means test” will be made less stringent and its enforcement as humane as possible. QUESTION: Why was the administration of the Social Security Act divided between three different agencies? Thoughts of MR. MCDONALD: The Social Security Board, De¬ partment of Labor and Public Health Service are the three different divisions. The Public Health WASHINGTON Service has the best set-up to handle the public health features of the Social Security Act. Why set up a new agency to compete with an estab¬ lished one? The same is true of the grants for maternal and child welfare—the Department of Labor is already engaged in this work. FOREIGN Service QUESTION: How much of an organization has Officers Have A Particular the Board now? MR. MCDONALD: I believe they have about two Interest In The Many thousand employees. (Note: The latest announced Activities of Government. figure (December 10) is about 4,000 employees, of whom 2,000 are permanent and about 2,000 are • When next you visit temporary employees.) The Capital, stay at the insti¬ QUESTION : Is the Board organized along Stale tution where international per¬ lines? sonages reside and great events MR. MCDONALD: No. There are twelve regions occur. and fifty-seven districts. There is a further sub¬ division into branch offices and sub-branch of¬ Single Rooms from $4 fices. This is for the old-age administration. The various State administered programs are, of course, Double Rooms from $6 organized on State lines. Subject to a Diplomatic QUESTION : Is there any attempt to line up the private insurance companies in some form of co¬ Discount operative scheme? MR. MCDONALD: I don’t know. QUESTION : I should think they would have the equipment for handling the whole thing. MR. MCDONALD: They may have equipment, but they are equipped to work for profit. At any rate, the program is much too large to be handled by a private company working for profit. QUESTION: Would it not be more efficient to at¬ tempt to put through an amendment whereby all procedure can be in the hands of the Federal Government? MR. MCDONALD: The program is in an experi¬ mental stage, and it is hard to say positively what will be more efficient and what will be less effi¬ cient. To completely centralize all of the Social Se¬ curity Program in one agency might be advan¬ tageous. In fact, there has been talk of estab¬ lishing a new Cabinet Office, the Secretary of Public Welfare. But the present set-up will, over a period of years, provide a very wide variety of experience upon which to base a program of amendments and development. ****** Some form of this type of legislation is going 161 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL to be the law of the land. I am firmly con¬ The General Counsel’s Office interprets features vinced that there is not going to be a return to the of the Social Security Act. The Research and policy “Let them take care of themselves.” I Statistics Bureau makes various studies of prob¬ don’t think that individual thrift today can be lems presented to them by the operating bu¬ expected to take care of our citizens. Many peo¬ reaus. The Accounts and Audits Division re¬ ple have saved religiously and lost their savings views accounts and audits them. Business man¬ in banks and are now on relief. They have lost agement takes care of space, purchases equipment, the old-age funds in mortgages and all other kinds arranges for personnel, etc. Informational Service of investments. Today a man of middle age is sees that the work of the Social Security Board comparatively out of the picture when jobs are gets proper publicity. available. A man forty years of age is looked Then, we have the twelve Regional Offices. The upon as passe so far as a modern personnel man¬ Regional Offices are set up to cover the various ager is concerned. The first thing we know, no¬ activities of the entire Board. The District Offices body over twenty-five will be eligible for a job and Branch Offices are sub-divisions in the va¬ anywhere! You gentlemen will see that industry rious States. That is the general picture of the wants youth and youth only. I have interviewed Functional Chart of the Social Security Board. fifteen hundred people looking for positions in the Should an individual die in a foreign country, Social Security Board; I have heard the story of we would like to obtain through the State Depart¬ a side of life that I don’t want to hear again. I ment necessary documentary evidence to establish had a man tell me lie would take $1,260, and the claim. All activity in that particular categorv five years ago he was worth a million in the we hope to clear through the American Consuls. I building industry. I have had lawyers and doc¬ have recommended procedure similar to that of the tors come to me offering to take $1,620. They Veterans’ Administration to be followed and all ac¬ have had good positions, are out of work, can’t tion be taken through the State Department. That get work and they will take anything. They are is the only way to be sure of any information. For not old men and they are not people who through years the Veterans’ Administration has requested their own weaknesses have been responsible for the State Department to conduct physical examina¬ their condition. They were in positions that were tions in their behalf and they have always come completely wiped out in the depression. There through. The same thing is true in establishing is no further use for them. It is a tragic picture birth records and death records. We have found to me. In Washington, at least, we have stayed that if we present our problem to the State Depart¬ away from the bread lines characteristic of other ment we get our answers and we have always re¬ cities. I knew of a man practicing before the ceived them promptly. Supreme Court of the United States who told me he would take a $1,400 job—he had to eat. There POLITICAL BOOKSHELF is no investigation report that shows it is their (Continued from page 153) fault that they are in this condition. They are up against an economic problem which they cannot in Foreign Relations, Conferences, Arbitrations, solve. If people can solve it by some other Regional Problems, Senate Publications on For¬ method, it is time they do it. eign Relations and Miscellaneous Publications on When industry tried to borrow money from the Foreign Relations. It is detailed enough to note Government they got it. If an individual has to the fact that Postal Agreements, although made get relief from the Government, he is entitled by the Postoflice Department, sometimes are pub¬ lished with the seal of the Department of State. to it just as much as industry is. The chapters on Reports on Operations and Now, just a few words about the Functional Organization and Personnel are careful surveys Organization of the Social Security Board: The of department and bureau reports and registers Board consists of a Chairman and two members, of employees. Thirty-six pages are taken up with Mr. Winant, Mr. Altmeyer and Mr. Miles. There a discussion of the map-making activities of the is also an Executive Director responsible for the government, included in which is the topic Inter¬ business management of the entire Bureau. There national Boundaries. are three operating bureaus, the Unemployment Compensation Bureau, the Bureau of Federal Old- Attractive binding, size and type help to make Age Benefits (divided into the Records Division, this book fascinating to one who has an interest in the organization of the government of the Claims Division and Field Division) and Public Assistance Bureau. United States and in its publications. Then, there are five service bureaus and offices. YALE 0. MILLINGTON. 162 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL jg

TRADE AGREEMENTS (Continued, from page 137) the United States ten or a dozen stage coaches, to TELL US THE STORY be run on roads leading to and from this place! It was the arrival of these coaches that had cre¬ OF YOUR TRAVELS— ated the great popular excitement and display I have above described. It was to express his sense of the public importance of the arrival that the President, in all the pride of civil pomp and mili¬ tary splendor, went out to meet the coaches, which, as they passed along the street, to the square, were greeted with acclamations, and showers of roses and other flowers thrown upon them from the bal¬ conies by the ladies who occupied them. There can be no doubt but thal the President and others of his countrymen regard the arrival of these coaches, in the hands of enterprising North Amer¬ icans. as the beginning of an era of internal im¬ provement which will result in the redemption of their vast and magnificent country from the want of enterprise which has effectually excluded it from greater progress, in an age of discovery, in¬ vention, activity and progress. The President and those who entertain views similar to his own no doubt hope that this enterprise and the men who conduct it (citizens of the United States) will be followed by others from the same quarter, until results of the greatest benefit and importance to their country shall have been achieved. And, truth to say, these expectations would not be extrava¬ gant, if this country were not so distant from ours, as it is, and if our countrymen could be made to know, what I am fully persuaded is true, that the same amount of energy, enterprise and capital, which have drawn fifty or sixty millions of gold Photograph bj MeU ille < ’hater per annum from California, could extract an equal, if not greater, amount of silver and gold —WITH WORDS AND PICTURES from the abandoned mines of Bolivia—abandoned, at least two-thirds of the ten thousand that were Hu man-interest photographs .... personal formerly worked—for the sole reason that in the narratives of travel experiences—these THE lapse of time they became filled with water. There GEOGRAPHIC wants for its million reader- is one steam engine in Bolivia that is employed for families. As a traveler and trained observer, such purposes. It was brought from New York a you are equipped to provide such material few months ago, at a cost of ten thousand dollars; and thus to participate in The Magazine’s has answered fully all the expectations entertained far-reaching work in geographic education. of it by the prospectors; and has rendered acces¬ Liberal payment is made for material accepted. sible to them, in large quantities, silver ore of the Before preparing manuscripts it is advisable richest character. The wealthiest family in this that you submit a brief outline of your pro¬ City were made so a few years ago by one silver posed article. Write for our booklet on types mine, which they abandoned, after drawing from of photographs and manuscripts desired. it three or four millions of silver, for no other reason than the impossibility of working it longer, in consequence of its having become full of water! The National Geographic Magazine Gilbert Grosvenor, Litt.D., LL.D., Editor The engines and other machinery which could be WASHINGTON. D. C. profitably used in the thousands of abandoned mines, yet rich with silver, in this country, would 163 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

prove a source of no inconsiderable revenue to that branch of mechanical industry in the United UNDERWOOD UNIVERSAL PORTABLE States. Along with the coaches came about twenty per¬ sons, principals and assistants, of whom all but two or three of the latter are citizens of the United Stales. The horses, seventy in number, were brought from Chile. They disembarked at the port of Tocopila, which is situated about forty miles to the north of Cobija; and so gradual was the ascent from the seashore to Oruro, a distance of one hundred and eighty-three leagues, that they never had occasion to take the wheels off the coaches, but drove them the whole way. Oruro is between eleven and twelve thousand feet, English measure, above the level of the sea, and four thousand feel higher than this City, from which it is distant thirty-six leagues. The descent from the plain of Oruro into the valley of Cochabamba is more abrupt and dangerous than the worst part of the road from Tacna to La Paz. It is scarcely safe to ride down it on the sure-footed mule. The Gov¬ For All Who Write ernment has been employing, for more than a YOU need the Portable that is equipped to year, a part of its military force in opening a do a real typing job . . . that is easy to wagon road, by another and a better route, from use, hardy enough to stand up under the this place to Oruro, and expects to finish it in the toughest of service conditions . . . you need course of six or eight months. From Oruro to the new Underwood Universal Portable. La Paz is, all the way, an open plain, and for a considerable distance beyond La Paz in the direc¬ From Champion Keyboard (exclusively tion of Tacna. Underwood and developed by World’s Cham¬ This Department (Cochabamba) ten or fifteen pion Speed Typists) down to its improved years ago, obtained its foreign goods through the vacuum non-skid feet, the Underwood Uni¬ port of Cobija, over a land transportation, by versal Portable is new. It offers a new quiet means of mules, of two hundred leagues in length carriage return ... a new and longer line space and forty or fifty days in duration! As the trip lever ... a new and improved carrying case from Tacna can be made in less than half the time, . . . and many other new features. It’s a this City now draws the whole of its foreign sup¬ worthy little brother of the famous big Under¬ plies through that place instead of Cobija. To wood of the business world. Made to perform Cobija, however, Chuquisaca, which (the City) is up to Underwood’s typing standards by the situated near the centre of Bolivia, and the country largest manufacturer of typewriters in the south of it are indebted for a channel through world. which to procure the needed supplies of foreign See the new Universal at your nearest merchandise. Besides Cobija, Bolivia’s eighty-four Underwood Dealer’s or Underwood Elliott leagues of seacoast embrace the port of Tocopila, Fisher Branch office. before mentioned, and several fine bays. The bay of Mejillones, which lies half a degree south of Typewriter Division Cobija, completely sheltered as it is from the winds, possessing fine anchoring grounds, and be¬ UNDERWOOD ing of prodigious extent, would be one of the very best ports on the Pacific, were it only supplied ELLIOTT FISHER COMPANY with fresh water. But that necessary article is Typewriters . . . Accounting Machines . . . Adding Ma¬ chines . . . Carbon Paper, Ribbons and other Supplies only to be had at Cobija and the bay of Nuestra Senora (at both of which places it is of very indif¬ Homer Bldg., 13th & F Streets, N. W. ferent quality) along the entire line of coast pos¬ Washington, D. C. sessed by Bolivia. Sales and Service Everywhere Unquestionably there is a time coming, and it may not be very distant, when the trade of Bolivia 164 will become very valuable. It is well worth, therefore, our watching. To any company or association of individuals, how great soever might be their numbers, coming hither from the United States for mining, manu¬ facturing or agricultural purposes, the Govern¬ ment would concede extraordinary and valuable privileges. The thousands of abandoned mines, yet rich with silver, would he freely thrown open to them, as would also all the mineral regions throughout the country, save only such spots as are in actual use by individuals. I have the honor to be,, very respectfully, your obdt. servt. ALLEN A. HALE. Hon. William H. Seward, Secretary of State, etc., etc. Washington, U. S. A. EDITORS’ COLUMN (Continued from />age 146) radical changes, and not being committed to any specific policy, there are some things that we hope to do. We would like to have the JOURNAL com¬ posed of contributions from the Service to an even greater extent, and so keep it as personal as pos¬ sible and reduce to a minimum material that is brought to the attention of the Service through other channels. There should be sufficient talent in the Service to make it unnecessary to purchase much material from outside. Informal pictures and articles describing the life, adventures and ponder- ings of officers in their varied environments should be of general interest. What about more fiction? Where is our Paul Morand or Harold Nicolson? Articles on the foreign services of other countries might make excellent material for the JOURNAL’S “barrel.” We also want to try to publish more information regarding significant developments in the United States—duplicating as little as possible that which is readily available in other published material. In all of this we need opinions, suggestions and contributions from members of the Service. The JOURNAL staff genuinely wants your cooperation. Only in that way can progress continue and the JOURNAL be constantly improved so that it will please an increasing number of members of the Service.

COVER PICTURE Maximilian’s Baths, Borda Gardens, Cuernavaca, Mexico. Contributed by John Farr Simmons. 165 Iff JHE AMERICAN FOREIGN gERVICEJOURNAL

OLIVER BISHOP HARRIMAN FOREIGN “(a) The recipients shall be selected from SERVICE SCHOLARSHIP among the children of persons who are then or The Advisory Committee of the Oliver Bishop shall theretofore have been Foreign Service Of¬ Harriman Foreign Service Scholarship invites ficers of the United Slates; and the moneys paid children of present or former Foreign Service to a recipient from the income of the trust fund Officers interested in applying for the scholarship shall be used by the recipient in paying his or to submit their applications in such time as to her expense at such American university, college, be in the hands of the Committee not later than seminary, conservatory, professional, scientific or June 1, 1937. Applications should be in duplicate other school as may be selected by the recipient. and addressed to the Honorable Sumner Welles, “(b) The scholarship may be awarded to a Chairman. Advisory Committee, Oliver Bishop single recipient or may be divided among two or Harriman Foreign Service Scholarship, Depart¬ more recipients in such proportions as the Ad¬ ment of State, Washington, D. C. visory Committee shall determine. Each application must include information “(c) The candidates for the award of the covering the following particulars: scholarship shall apply therefor in writing to the Age and sex of applicant; a full statement Advisory Committee at such times and at such concerning the education and courses of study place as may be designated by it on or before pursued by the applicant up to the present time, May 1 in each year. Such applications shall be including scholastic ratings; the courses of study accompanied by letters from the parent or guar¬ and profession which the applicant desires to fol¬ dian of the candidate and by such other data or low; whether or not the applicant contemplates information as from time to time may be re¬ the Foreign Service as a career; the need of the quired by the Advisory Committee. Each appli¬ applicant for financial assistance (this should in¬ cation shall be made in duplicate. clude a statement whether the applicant will be “(d) Each candidate shall submit evidence that able or not to complete or continue bis education his or her school experience covers the work re¬ without the aid of this scholarship) ; the institu¬ quired for admission to the American educational tion at which the applicant proposes to make use institution selected by him or her. of the scholarship if granted; and evidence that “(e) No payments from the income of the trust the school experience of the applicant covers the fund shall be made to a recipient until the recip¬ work required for admission to the institution ient shall have been finally admitted to the uni¬ selected. A small photograph of the applicant versity or other institution which he or she may must also be included. The application may in¬ desire to enter and payments of such income to clude any further information which the applicant any recipient shall continue only so long as the deems pertinent and which, in his or her opinion, Advisory Committee shall direct.” should be taken into consideration by the Com¬ The Advisory Committee is at present consti¬ mittee. tuted as follows: The Honorable Sumner Welles, The application should be accompanied by a Chairman; Mr. Elliott Debevoise, Manufacturers letter, likewise in duplicate, from the parent or Trust Company; Mr. Charles W. Weston, Manu¬ guardian of the applicant. facturers Trust Company; and the Honorable Wil¬ The Committee calls attention to the following bur J. Carr. conditions, which should be borne in mind by applicants: The amount available for scholarships MARRIAGE in any year will presumably be little in excess Jordan-Grayson-Bell. Mr. Russell B. Jordan of 81,200 and may, in the discretion of the com¬ and Miss Lauriz Elizabeth Grayson-Bell were mittee, be divided among two or more recipients. married on January 27, 1937, at Ottawa, Canada. Funds awarded under the scholarship may be used only in defraying expenses at an American uni¬ BIRTHS versity, college, seminary, conservatory, profes¬ sional. scientific or other school. This school may A daughter, Marjorie, was born to Consul and be selected by the recipient. No payments may Mrs. John H. Madonne, at Beirut, on December be made until the recipient has been finally ad¬ 3, 1936. mitted to the particular educational institution A son, Edgar Lee McGinnis, 3rd, was born to selected. Vice Consul and Mrs. Edgar L. McGinnis, Jr., at It may be recalled that the deed of trust in¬ La Ceiba, on January 4, 1937. stituting the scholarshin provides that in the selec¬ A daughter, Eliza Davidson, was born to Vice tion of recipients the Advisory Committee shall be Consul and Mrs. Orray Taft, Jr., at Warsaw, on governed by the following rules and regulations: January 26, 1937. 166 Through its world-wide organization of assembly plants, sales offices, distributors and dealers, General Motors is in a unique posi¬ tion to facilitate delivery and subsequent ser¬ vice on its products in any part of the world.

CHEVROLET • CHEVROLET TRUCKS • PONTIAC OLDSMOBILE • BUICK LASALLE • G.M.C. TRUCKS • CADILLAC

GENERAL MOTORS EXPORT COMPANY 1775 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY

167 LETTERS Mr. Christie, Chief of the Translating Bureau, GRACE LINE took occasion to write Sinclair Lewis just to “kid” him—pointing out a misprint of a German "SANTA" SHIPS SERVE word which occurs in his book “It Can’t Happen Here;” and incidentally, Mr. Christie mentioned NEW YORK Lamore’s numerical language. Following is Mr. Lewis’ reply: KINGSTON, JAMAICA Dear Mr. Christie: HAVANA, CUBA And now it’s probably too late ever to cor¬ PANAMA CANAL ZONE rect the spelling of Gleichschaltung! ECUADOR I did manage before the last edition to re¬ move a wife and a couple of children from PERU the Jewish character who, in the first edition CHILE of the book, appeared in different chapters as a COLOMBIA lorn bachelor and as a much married gent. And there are a few like assassinations, but EL SALVADOR I am afraid the linguistics will have to stand COSTA RICA now. The thing that worries me about Mr. La- GUATEMALA more’s otherwise admirable suggestion of a MEXICO numerical language is that it would lead to LOS ANGELES considerable violence. Suppose at some bar 1 were to go up to a man and remark “27.1 SAN FRANCISCO 649,” which you will readily recognize as meaning “Have you a match, neighbor?” and he, not understanding the language, supposed me to be reflecting on his ancestry. Can you think of what would happen? R You also suggested the difficulties of war if :v *clJ we were to sing “Rally ’round the 6.02. boys.” But suppose some lad of indolent memory were to sing, “Rally ’round the —, boys,” I am afraid there would he trouble. EUROPE-SOUTH AMERICA Yours sincerely, via NEW YORK SINCLAIR LEWIS. Through tickets at no extra cost Consul Lester L. Schnare has written the JOUR¬ Shortest,fastest route between NewYork and NAL about the article on “Revolving Motor Car Buenos Aires, via Valparaiso and across the Fund” that was published in the July, 1936, issue. Andes by train or Pan American-GRACE Mr. Schnare was interested enough in the sugges¬ Airways. tion to write four of the large American automo¬ Regular service of de luxe, first class, and bile manufacturers in order to ascertain if the)' cabin class ships, meeting every demand of might be w'illing to carry out a similar plan time and purse. through the use of their used cars. The replies received from three of the companies indicated that such an arrangement is not practicable. One manufacturer, however, stated that dealers would GRACE LINE he glad to sell Foreign Service Officers a new car for the short time they were in the United States New York, Boston, Washington, D. C., Pittsburgh, Chicago, Los on leave, and undoubtedly would arrange to re¬ Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and in Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Panama, Colombia, Havana, all purchase the car at a stated amount at the expira¬ West Coast South American Countries, London, Hamburg and Paris. tion of the leave, provided, of course, the car is in satisfactory condition at such time. 168 SUPREME COURT DECISION IN THE CHACO ARMS EMBARGO CASE The opinion of the Supreme Court in this case is published in full in the Department’s Informa¬ tion Series No. 115 of December 28, 1936. It is of special interest because of the consideration given in the opinion “to the differences between the powers of the federal government in respect of forign or external affairs and those in respect of domestic or internal affairs.” The Court observed: “That there are differences between them, and that these differences are fundamental, may not be doubted.” The defendants were indicted in the United States District Court of New York on January 27, 1936. The indictment is in two separate counts, the first of which charges that the defendants con¬ spired to sell in the United States fifteen machine guns to Bolivia, one of the countries engaged in FOREIGN armed conflict in the Chaco, in violation of the Joint Resolution and the Presidential Proclama¬ tion of May 28, 1934. The defendants demurred SHIPPING to this first count and the District Court sustained the demurrer upon the ground that the Joint Reso¬ lution constituted an improper delegation of legis¬ WL lative power to the President. The United States ilt appealed the decision to the Supreme Court, which Ht handed down its opinion on December 21, 1936. The world over everyone The opinion of the Supreme Court, delivered by likes the internationally Mr. Justice Sutherland, concluded: known Bowling Green steel EUROPEAN “The judgment of the court below must be lift vans for foreign ship¬ OFFICES reversed and the cause remanded for further ment of household effects and art objects. Carefully LONDON proceedings in accordance with the foregoing Tottenham Court Rd., opinion.” prepared and loaded by London, W. Mr. Justice McReynolds did not agree, but was of expert packers, all articles the opinion that the court below reached the right are safe from point of PARIS 29 Rue de la Jonquiere conclusion and its judgment ought to be affirmed. origin to destination in these sealed steel vans. VIENNA IN MEMORIAM The Federal Storage Walfischgasse 15 With deep regret the JOURNAL records the Company is the Exclusive BERLIN deaths of: Agent in Washington. Wichmannstrasse 7-8 Alexander M. Thackara, Consul General, re¬ tired, who died at the American Hospital, Neuilly- sur-Seine, Paris, on January 19, 1937. Derrill H. McCollough. former honorary Vice Consul at Ceiba, Honduras, who died at Dallas, Texas, on January 18, 1937. The JOURNAL staff will be very glad to consider FEDERAL STORAGE for publication short articles upon members or former members of the Foreign Service who have died. Such articles could be submitted either by COMPANY Foreign Service Officers or by individuals outside E. K. MORRIS, President of the Service, and would supplement the custom¬ 1707 FLORIDA AVENUE ary short obituary notices that are published by the JOURNAL immediately following the receipt of WASHINGTON, D. C-, U. S. A. information regarding deaths that occur. 169 SAFARI IN THE SUDD reappears bounced to the surface on the back of an emerging hippo, and is whisked out of danger (Continued from page 141) to a clamoring barge, while hippo, contemptuous Replacing their biped neighbors along the shore¬ and staring, closes his great jaws and submerges line, the banks of the Nile are crowded with for other pickings. divers wild life in the water, out of the water, over Blacker than night, shiny as tar, naked and un¬ the water. A pot shot at random and darkness ashamed blacks, men, women and children, swarm covers the face of the earth as whirling clouds of to the boat landings at casual villages or groups vari-colored geese darken the horizon and kaleido¬ of huts where a halt is called: in customs and scope the ground. Flamingos, marabous and great architecture the difference in tribes obviously ap¬ fish-eagles strut their stuff; pelicans, assorted her¬ parent even to the uninitiated. The thatch and mud ons, ducks, cranes, wheel and dip along the shal¬ huts of their kraals ranging from pointed affairs lows of the waters of the Nile in wild abandon. to the mushroom variety, and their personal deco¬ The sun comes up ruddy and without prelimi¬ rative schemes numerous and bizarre. naries, catching myriad fowls of the air en route Since there are not many five and tens in these to the feeding grounds; on a sand-bank serried reaches of the Nile to satisfy budding yearnings rows of inquisitive black teal are as interested in for hardware, etc., our empties are swooped upon our approach as the village postmistress in the with the enthusiasm of a Mahdist uprising and affairs of a newcomer, and as unabashed. Loping borne off in triumph to the interior. antelope or waterbuck lip the river fringe for an In build the Dinka males seem to run to six feet early drink, but the most consistently satisfying six and even six feet nine of height and svelte. performers of the whole menagerie are the hippo¬ These human elongations smeared from head to potami! Primitive great creatures snorting and foot with wood-ashes to discourag marauding flies kicking in the water around the boat in herds, and and mosquitoes, sporting a weird haircut “touched coming up with cavernous mouths yawning as up” to a lively carmine with a clay and oil though capable of polishing off the entire convoy “pack,” and balancing on one leg, supported by a at the drop of the hat. The big chaps look as pair of vicious-looking spears (as is their man¬ though they weigh a ton or two, and en famille, ner), are startling, but seen en masse in death draping shore or sand-bar, are a bit hard to grips over an empty soup can, are harder to be¬ realize. lieve than the aquatic hippos. Sudden commotion rends the air—Native over¬ These tribes are domestically inclined with a board! He vanishes a moment, then unexpectedly (Continued to page 180) THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

Outstanding Foreign Banking Facilities MERCHANT MARINE of the AIR The foreign banking organization of The On duty or on leave. Pan American Chase National Bank includes branches will take you there three times faster, and representatives on three continents and more comfortably. Service to 41 supplemented by thousandsof correspon¬ dents. Branches are located in London, Havana, Panama, Cristobal, and San Juan. In addition, the bank maintains offices for its representatives in Rome, Berlin and Mexico City. Through an affiliate, The Chase Bank, branches are operated in Paris, Shanghai, Hongkong and Tientsin. THE CHASE NATIONAL BANK OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK ff/V IMERW tX Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation P/#/f S^/HRHZtYS SYSTEM

171 Scenes at The Hague During The Royal Wedding Ceremonies

(Pictures contributed by John M. Cabot)

THE GOLD COACH STREET DECORATED WITH FISHNETS 172 PETROLEUM ON PARADE

ANEW exposition at Rockefeller Center, New York right into the great plants—alongside the gigantic mod¬ City, brilliantly presents the spectacle of mechan¬ ern machines used to manufacture textiles and paper, ized industry's progress—the drama of transportation by to mine coal, to generate electric power and light. land, sea and air—and Socony-Vacuum's 71-year share in that progress. Movies explain the new Socony-Vacuum Clearosol Process and how it improves Mobiloil. See an automobile Here is revealed the part played by the makers of engine run on Mobiloil—the world's largest selling motor Gargoyle Lubricants in the up-building of American oil—in desert heat one minute—and winter cold the next. industry. Edison, Dr. Diesel, Selden, the Wright Brothers step out of the past across a miniature stage. You are cordially invited to visit this modern industrial exposition the next time you are in New York. A huge electrified map brings the world's leading trans¬ portation systems to life. Press a button and trace the The dramatic achievements of Socony-Vacuum products routes of great airlines. Press another, and see the Nor¬ —the 71 years of experience behind them—their accep¬ mandie and the Europa cover their routes before your tance in 63 countries of the world . . . will give you a very eyes. new appreciation of products branded with the Red Through the medium of modern photography you step Gargoyle or the Flying Red Horse.

173 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

HOME LEAVE 1936 Yankee freighter sails from Buenos Aires Carrying hides, Quebracho, other wares. Clcross the street Adios to cabarets and tangos! Adios, muchachas and amigos! Cold and rough the crossing of the Plate, or across Then in Monte loading bones as freight. Loading coffee. What are minutes, hours In land of sun, exotic fruits and flowers. seven seas Yankee freighter steaming steadily home, Parting seas in cataracts of foam, Ten thousand miles or a few city blocks Bucking tireless trade winds till at last . . . an entire household or a few effects Rio Grande do Norte’s cape is past. . . . we ship your furniture anywhere. Our years of experience guarantee you Nosing north in equatorial heat safety and economy. Deck plates shimmer, scorching sailors’ feet. We use only tailor-made containers . . . Radiant winged fish skim near the prow, fitted and built to the size and weight of your particular shipment. This means Watery humming birds sprung from Neptune’s more protection for you and minimum brow. shipping and handling costs. Special Government Service Insurance Dazzling sunlight glares, metallic white, Available. Beats relentless till the cooling night. Our fire-proof storage warehouses are Then vestigial breezes, gently soothing, constructed of steel and concrete. A Stir the smoke cloud o’er the smokestack hovering. wide range of space to select from. Crew reposing aft, half stark. No sound Breaks the silence save the engine’s pound; FIREPROOF STORAGE Swish of wavelets, breaking, effervescent, Flecked with fireflies, foaming, phosphorescent. We also offer unsurpassed storage fa¬ cilities for the safe keeping of house¬ Ship’s bell, lookout faintly sings, “All’s well, hold furniture and personal effects of Lights are burning bright.” The lazy swell every description. Hundreds of sepa¬ rate Fireproof Locked Rooms of vari¬ Rocks the deck in gentle slumbrous motion,— ous sizes enable you to select the Cradle rocked by ageless mother ocean. proper space to suit your individual requirements. Half-moon, silver sea, diaphanous clouds Silhouette the swaying masts and shrouds.

OUR FOREIGN AGENTS: PITT a SCOTT. LTD. Bears and Draco from their lairs emerging.

LONDON LIVERPOOL GLASGOW HAVRE PARIS Centaur, Cross and Argo downward verging. E. A. L.

AMERICA’S FLAG ABROAD (Continued from page 145) nection with their curriculum, some of them giving STORAGE COMPANY extra credits to the students who demonstrate that they have been benefited. After the date of the broadcast the program continuity is available for 920 E Street Northwest free use by educational institutions and educators through the Script Exchange of the United States WASHINGTON, D. C. Commissioner of Education, Washington, D. C. JOHN L. NEWBOLD. PRESIDENT Various divisions of the Department furnish Cable Address “Removals” practical material on a number of countries, in¬ cluding Mexico, Japan and England, which were made the subject of the programs during the first 174 year. This material was studied by the drama staff and script writers of the radio company and used by them as the basis for their programs. Later the company asked for some human inter¬ est items which could be incorporated into the programs to give them a wider appeal. The va¬ rious divisions of the Department furnished a great many of such items of which the follow¬ ing are samples: In one country you cannot check your trunks when traveling by rail. You must have them placed in the baggage car by a porter and you find them when you reach your desti¬ nation. In another country the taxi drivers have evolved a system of horn signals by which they A WORLD-WIDE salute and insult one another. One inspired foreign service officer sent back the request which SELLING ORGANIZATION was sent to him and said that he had no items which would be edifying to children, thus identify¬ ing his pursuits. Wards Products are in steady demand The Department further assisted the company the world over. And no wonder! by checking each script upon its completion. Advanced engineering and painstak¬ The programs were broadcast for 18 weeks ing research insure products of un¬ during 1936 and it is expected that they will be usual quality. Mass production and run for 14 weeks this year. They are broadcast mass distribution assure the mainte¬ by Station WSM, of Nashville, on 650 kilocycles nance of prices that are highly com¬ at 9:30 P. M., Central Standard Time, each petitive. Monday. In 1936, about 18 smaller stations in the South Hence Wards leadership in the auto¬ and West rebroadcast the programs. The flood motive, electrical and mechanical emergency this year has prevented expansion specialty fields. Users of Wards Air¬ over other stations, but negotiations are to be line Radios are now running into the resumed now for a short wave outlet to South second million. Sales of Wards River¬ America over KDKA. side Tires have now exceeded the 25,000,000 mark. The demand for The programs during 1937 will be confined Wards refrigerators, washers, vacu¬ to the American Republics, and will include such um cleaners, power plants, paints, subjects as the Monroe Doctrine, the Pan Ameri¬ tools and automotive equipment is can Movement, the Hull Trade Agreements, The steady and consistent. Rise of Argentine, The Empire of Brazil, The Gran Chaco, The Panama Canal, Mexico, Central Distributors interested in securing America and the Caribbean, Cuba, and the Bue¬ exclusive franchise for the distribu¬ nos Aires Conference and its results. tion of Wards Products should write WSM has engaged twelve Vanderbilt graduate immediately to the Factory Export students in history and political science to as¬ Division. Franchises are still avail¬ semble the necessary material. These students able in a number of territories. work under the direction of Dr. D. F. Fleming, professor at the University, who is research di¬ Wards Specialties are sold abroad rector for the series. Dr. Fleming has said through Distributors and of the series of broadcasts: “It is an experiment Dealers ONLY in combining university work with a serious un¬ dertaking in public education.” NEW ADDRESS MONTGOMERY WARD Mr. William F. Cavanaugh, who resigned from Established 1872 ... the Service on June 6, 1936, gives his present ad¬ FACTORY EXPORT DIVISION A , P r ” 618 W. Chicago Ave., Chicago, U. S. A. '' P r ' dress as 7 North Rolling Road, Catonsville. Md., Cables — Thorn ward telephone Catonsville 1086. Visitors from abroad cordially invited to Chicago Headquarters 175 HE M T AMERICAN FOREIGN ftERVICE JOURNAL

NEWS FROM THE FIELD NEWS FROM THE (Continued jrom page 151) DEPARTMENT Zoellner Strasse 1, a “Fairyland Ball,” at which (Continued from page 149) about one hundred guests appeared in costumes representing characters in well known stories and and Economic Conference, London, 1933, and plays of enchantment and illusion. “It is not other similar conferences. children only that one feeds with fairy tales.” The Department has accepted the invitation of (Lessing in “Nathan der Weise”). All the rooms the Egyptian Government to attend an inter¬ used for assembly and dancing were decorated to national conference at Montreux, Switzerland, be¬ picture familiar scenes in the “Arabian Nights,” ginning April 12, 1937, to consider termination of and the fairy tales of Hans Andersen, the Brothers the capitulatory regime in Egypt and “the even¬ Grimm, and other favorites of the nursery. Among tual transfer to the Egyptian courts, following a those present were foreign consular officers and transition period, of tbe jurisdiction now exer¬ members of the local American Consulate, with cised by the mixed tribunals and consular courts.” their wives; American students at the University Announcement of the members of the delegation of Leipzig, Conservatory of Music, and the State of the United States to the conference will be made Academy for Graphic Arts and Bookmaking; Ger¬ at a later date. For further information, see the man friends and members of the American and Departments Radio Bulletin No. 39 of February other foreign colonies in Leipzig. 17, 1937.

LEIPZIG CONSULATE STAFF WITH WIVES Front row: Mrs. D’Ambly, Mr. Herrnleben, Mrs. Busser, Mr. Stier, John Busser. Second row: Miss Floge, Consul General Busser, Mrs. Herrnleben, Mrs. Stier. Mrs. Buffum, Mrs. Fricke, Mr. Fricke. Third row: Miss Kob, Dr. D'Ambly, Mrs. Bdsenberg, Mr. Bosenberg, Miss During, Vice Consul Lewis, Consul Buffum. 176 THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICEJOURNAL

ESS High Tensile Steels USS COR-TEN USS MAN-TEN USS SIL-TEN SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR LIGHTER WEIGHT CONSTRUCTION SHAPES, PLATES, BARS AND SHEETS CSS Stainless and Heat Resisting Steels SHEETS, PLATES, BARS, STRIP, TUBES, WIRE AND CASTINGS Abrasion Resisting Steel STANDARD BAR SIZES STRUCTURAL SHAPES STRIP AND PLATE

Booklets, descriptive of these products, will be sent at your request. United States Steel Products Company GENERAL OFFICES: 30 CHURCH STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y.

Export Distributors of the products of

Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corporation American Steel & Wire Company National Tube Company Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Company American Bridge Company

"We Invite You to a Distinguished Hotel” HOTEL

ADE to your personal order Staterooms that all face the POWHATAN sea . . . orchestras, talking pictures wide choice of fascinating ports. •9 DAYS $210 ... to JAMAICA, B. W. I., PANAMA 18TH & PENNSYLVANIA AVE. CANAL and 3 ports in COLOMBIA, SOUTH AMERICA 2 visits at Kingston; a day and night in the Canal Zone, opportunity to see Canal and Panama City; historic Carta WASHINGTON, D. C. gena; Puerto Colombia (time to visit Barranquilla); Santa Marta. Every Saturday. 17 DAYS . . . $210 to Havana, Jamaica, B.W.I., Panama Canal and Costa Bica. Time to visit Panama and Costa Choice rooms with bath $0 Rica’s mountain capital. Every Thursday. from Slightly Lower Rates Effective March 25 Sailings from New York. No passports necessary. Superior accommodations only slightly higher. . . . 15% Discount allowed Diplo¬ Also weekly Guest Cruises from New Orleans, Los Angeles matic and Consular Service! Harbor and San Francisco. Apply any Authorized Travel Agent or UNITED FRUIT COMPANY, Pier 3, N.R., New York City. ■ One block from State, War & Navy Building ■ A Refined Hotel on European Plan

177 BY THE GRACE OF GOD (Continued from page 139) to make you an offer. The offer is bona fide but you will oblige me by not even speaking my name. I have just learned of the crisis which re¬ quires a large sum of money. I am a friend to the United States. I loathe slavery. I look upon a war between our countries as a world catas¬ trophe. I beg of you, sir, to permit me to make the deposit you require.” Adams clutched the desk and then his head! The visitor chuckled. “I know I seem mad, but I have no interest in the cotton market!” The Minister nodded. “You needn’t assure me of that, sir!” “I think the simplest way to avoid all difficul¬ ties,” the Englishman went on, “would be for me to deposit the gold coin to your credit as United States Minister. I’m prepared to do this, at once.” Adams swallowed hard. “I’ve been in the depths,” he said, quietly, “and I prayed for a miracle. You, sir, are that miracle.” “Then you’ll accept my offer and never let my name be known?” asked the Englishman. “With gratitude!” replied the American. The two men exchanged a clear look. Then Adams said, “1 must secure your loan.” “It might be proper,” agreed the visitor, “for you to enter into an obligation, showing that the American Government recognizes the deposit. I leave the details to you.” “I’ll immediately send a messenger to Mr. Lin¬ coln asking him to transmit $10,000,000 in United States Treasury bonds by the first boat leaving New York. Will that collateral be satisfactory, sir?” asked Adams. “Quite, if you will keep my name out of it now and for all time,” said the other. He held out his hand. “You have done a noble job here, Mr. Adams. I fancy that now England will always stand by the United States when any great moral issue is involved.” He smiled and before the Minister could reply, he was gone. Adams took a quick turn up and down the room. After the weeks of grilling anxiety, out of the depths of failure and despair—this! He heaved a great sigh, then sat down to write to Lord Russell. The gold coin, he informed the Foreign Secre¬ tary, would be on deposit whenever it was re¬ quired by law. He rushed the note off by mes¬ senger and forced himself to concentrate on the letter of explanation to Mr. Lincoln and Mr. Seward. Before he had finished, the messenger was back with Lord Russell’s reply. “I have directed,” wrote the Earl, “that the 178 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL iron-clad steam-rams be detained and proper pre¬ cautions taken to prevent their escape.” The American Minister looked out the window Enjoy Summer Now in at the somewhat sooty acacia tree which orna¬ mented the Legation garden. Then he went in search of his wife. He found her on her knees before her trunk. SOUTH AMERICA! “My dear,” he asked, mildly, “what are you Right now, a summer sun is shining in doing?” glorious South America! This is a fine time “Getting ready for the first ship home,” Mrs. to visit Rio dc Janeiro, Santos, Montevideo Adams replied, firmly. and Buenos Aires. “But we’re not going home,” smiled her hus¬ Sailing now via Munson Line means a thor¬ band. “There’ll be no war between the United oughly enjoyable trip, too—Munson’s four States and England, Lord Russell has capitulated!” large, modern liners provide real travel Mrs. Adams got to her feet. “Knowing you, I might have known this!” And she kissed him. pleasure. One of these ships, the Pan America, has a brand new built-in-deck pool, enlarged sports deck and air-condi¬ CANNED GOODS tioned dining salon. Fortnightly sailings, We were digging ourselves in at our first post. with a northbound call at Trinidad. Details Our furniture and precious wedding presents had from your local travel agent or just arrived and I didn’t want to drag myself away from the unpacking and arranging of these to supervise luncheon. A box of canned things had already been unpacked and arranged on the pantry shelves—and there was my brand new cook smilingly awaiting orders. “Etwas von dort,” said MUNSON S. S. LINES I. waving vaguely at the canned goods. Then back 67 WALL STREET. NEW YORK CITY to the unpacking of the barrels of china. Later, beginning to feel the pangs of hunger, I ran in to the kitchen to see how the cook and luncheon were progressing. On the stove in a big Hotel Martinique open kettle—madly boiling—were a half a dozen tennis balls! These had been packed in hermeti¬ FIVE BLOCKS FROM THE WHITE HOUSE cally sealed tins, and were on the shelves with the SIXTEENTH STREET AT M rest of the canned goods. The cook thought they looked filling and substantial! WASHINGTON, D. C. (The above experience teas related recently by • a young Foreign Service wife. Perhaps there are other wives willing to step forth with their digging in. or other experiences.) dAn Hotel of AMERICAN STEEL EXPORT CO. \Distinction Mr. Dempster McIntosh and Mr. John S. Haber, Vice-Presidents of the American Steel Export • Company, of New York City, and known to many Foreign Service Officers, left New York during SPECIAL RATES

January on trips which will take them to widely To ACTIVE AND RETIRED FOREIGN SERVICE scattered parts of the world. Mr. McIntosh will visit South Africa, making stops in Trinidad, OFFICERS AND THEIR FAMILIES Bahia, Rio de Janeiro and St. Helena en route, • while Mr. Haber’s trip will take him around the Caribbean and through Mexico. They will visit Write for Booklet Philco distributors and dealers in the various L. R. HAWKINS, Manager cities on their itineraries. 179 SAFARI IN THE SUDD Preparing exclusively for the (Continued from page 170,1 F 0 RJ I C N S E R V I C E tendency to farming. They have many cattle be¬ sides the proverbial sheep and goats. Heavy grain E XA M lNAT I 0 N S crops of durra are bartered up and down the river routes or wherever it can be transported; while milk shows up irregularly as to time, quantity and The Diplomatic and Consular Institute quality, and in gourds. It’s as well to play safe, 712 JACKSON PLACE, N. W. however, and add this item to the list of un¬ touchables. WASHINGTON, D. C. You wish to high heaven you’d never heard of CAMPBELL TURNER, Director the Sudd as heathenish heat and a straightjacket of boredom envelop day and night with a consis¬ tent mercury at 106-108 where the Nile wavers divergently through a wilderness of spreading ft Sudd area for several hundred miles—Sudd, Sudd, Members of the American Foreign Service endless, monotonous, uninhabited, uninhabitable can depend upon this firm promptly to Sudd, as though the master chemist was called ! fill orders for Engraved cards, Invitations, away before he quite finished the job and this mal¬ Stationery, etc. leable mass was left to simmer indefinitely. Dense¬ ly covered with bamboo-like papyrus growth cfBW(SO twelve to fifteen feet high, islands of this marsh ENGRAVERS quagmire tear themselves loose and come drifting to Washington’s Most Distinguished Residents downstream, jamming up the river and holding up Reasonable Prices navigation, making fine real estate developments for crocodiles and hippos, of course, but that’s 1217 G STRF.ET : WASHINGTON, D. C. about all that can be said for them. Now and then you come on a crude camp of nude natives butchering hippo beef, but that’s all. Just thou¬ FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL sands of miles of papyrus waiting for modern science to do something about them. SPECIAL SUBSCRIPTIONS No one is permitted to shoot wild game from Your relatives and friends will welcome this inti¬ the boat, but the crocodiles are anybody’s business, mate news about the Service, the people in it so that their one-time comatose domesticity is be¬ and its work. coming a bit shattered with the increasing invasion Send them a subscription at our special rate. of their territorial rights. At Shamba, and thereon to Rajaf (termination THE JOURNAL offers to each active and as¬ of navigation, Greek traders’ post for ivory and sociate member of the American Foreign Service other commodities, and huddle of grass huts Association the privilege of subscribing for the JOURNAL for or on behalf of relatives and crowding a main structure), the world comes to friends at the rate of $2 per year. life again. Each member may use up to five of these Villages clutter the shores; herding elephants special subscriptions. Please use the coupon lumber leisurely along or group for drink or feed; below. hippos swarm, gazelle and waterbuck troop dain¬ SPECIAL OFFER tily; a great golden lion splashes in the shallows AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, completely ignoring our presence. The topography Care Department of State, characterized by another of Africa’s curiosities— Washington, D. C. areas spotted with ant hills of from six to twelve Please send the JOURNAL for one year feet high, puncturing the elephant grass or cir¬ To cling tree trunks, and making perfect lookouts for inquisitive natives or shelter for warring tribes. This is the Soudan as it was in the beginning, Send bill for $ is now and ever will be. To Lounging on deck, plodding past dormant kralls under a theatrically brilliant moon, the stillness (Continued to page 184) 180 THERE IS NO PLACE THAT CANNOT BE REACHED BY

THE of all telegraph traffic of the country is between INTERNATIONAL cities in which Postal Telegraph maintains its SYSTEM own telegraph offices for the sole purpose of receiving, trans¬ mitting and delivering telegrams. There is no point for which Tostal Telegraph Postal Telegraph will not accept and transmit your telegrams with promptness ... with dependability ... with accuracy. Postal Telegraph is the only American telegraph company that offers a world-wide service of coordinated telegraph, cable and radio communications under a single management.

181 JHE /^ME RICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

PENN LAND bethan date and has been carefully preserved. The (Continued jram page 144) house, with all its modern comfort, and the gar¬ Perhaps in this very garden Milton recited his den with its flagged paths, trim lawns and sunken immortal sonnet: lilypond, have a delightful air of peaceful serenity. Indeed the Society of Friends in England and “When I consider how my light is spent America have done what they could to save it from E’re half my days, in this dark world and wide unsightly buildings and to keep away the noise and And that one talent which is death to hide, bustle of modern highways. Lodged with me useless, though my soul more On the lower side of the hostel garden stands bent the Great “Mayflower” barn, of which the in¬ To serve there with my Maker, and present terior, with its fine old timbering, constitutes a My true account, lest he returning chide; most interesting feature of the settlement. The Doth God exact day-labor, light denied, claim that this barn was built from the actual tim¬ I fondly ask? But Patience to prevent bers of the “Mayflower,” in which the Pilgrim That murmur, soon replies, God doth not need Fathers first sailed to find a new home across the Either man’s work or his own gifts; whc best seas, was put forward by Dr. J. Rendel Harris Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best; his in 1920, and from a guidebook published in Sep¬ state tember, 1928, the following has been taken: Is kingly; thousands at his bidding speed, And post o’er land and ocean without rest; “In support of this claim, there is clear proof They also serve who only stand and wait.’’ that the barn was actually built in 1625, and that the ‘Mayflower’ was broken up in 1624. Near the cottage used to stand an old elm tree, The oak beams used in its construction are cer¬ under which Milton undoubtedly often sat. It was tainly ships’ timbering. The other evidence is that a venerable old tree then, and indeed was among one of the central beams was cracked and has the famous old trees of England. Recently, how¬ been repaired, which corresponds to a known ever, it was condemned as dangerous and felled. accident on the ‘Mayflower.’ There is a door Retracing our steps to London, we can by which resembles a cabin door carved with a walking through the country lanes or through the Mayflower, and there is writing on a beam which woods come to the little village of Jordans, the looks like ‘Mayflower.’ There is also a docu¬ Quaker settlement and stronghold established in ment preserved in the barn giving the names of the seventeenth century. (A year ago I revisited three out of four owners and in which the valua¬ this spot by automobile—a “Baby” Austin—which tion is given of the boat after it was broken up in negotiated the narrow roadways very satisfacto¬ the Thames in 1624. There is also a strong local rily; and thus had more time than when on foot.) tradition that this barn was in fact built from It was there that Ellwood, Milton’s friend, resided, ‘Mayflower’ timbers.” and also Isaac Pennington, whose daughter mar¬ In midsummer a village festival is held at ried William Penn. Here still stands the little Jordans, and a feature of it sometimes is a pas¬ Meeting House, built in 1688, a plain building of dark red and blue bricks, with a mellow tile roof. toral play or pageant given in the Mayflower Barn and surrounding garden. Its white doors, window frames and shutters, and its unpretentious interior of whitewashed walls The English twilight tempts one to wander on and plain old wooden benches give an impression by pretty unfrequented roads to Stoke Poges, of rugged simplicity. In the adjoining graveyard whose beautiful peaceful churchyard inspired are the graves of William Penn, founder of the the eighteenth century poet, Thomas Gray, to Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, who died in 1718, write his famous Elegy. Though nearly two cen¬ and five of his children. Nfear them are the graves turies have passed since the poem was written, of Pennington and Ellwood. the two “rugged elms” and the immense yew tree On the hill above the graveyard, separated from still stand, and here “far from the madding it by gardens and fields, stands the Jordans Ho-tel, crowd .... the air a solemn stillness holds.” originally a farmhouse where meetings of the And so, as “fades the glimmering landscape to Friends in the neighborhood were held as early the sight”— as 1669. It was in recent years purchased by the “The curfew tolls the knell of parting day Friends and converted into a hostel for visitors to The lowing herd winds slowly o’er the lea, the settlement. The fireplace in the old kitchen, The ploughman homeward plods his weary way, where the earliest meetings were held, is of Eliza¬ And leaves the world to darkness and to me.” 182 pHE y^MERICAN fOREIGN $ERVICE JOURNAL DIRECTORY OF SELECTIVE FIRMS /\BR 0\D

• BRITISH ISLES PACANI’S RESTAURANT Great Portland Street, London, England

WORLD FAMOUS Five minutes’ walk from American Consulate General Patronized by American Foreign Service Officers for over 40 years. SPECIAL RATES TO FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS

• CHINA

• CUBA • HUNGARY BACARDI B _ ^ „ DUNAPALOTA U HOTELS- QUALITY SINCE 1862 A HUNCARIA P E UNDER ONE MANAGEMENT SANTIAGO DE CUBA S T ON THE CORSO FACING THE DANUBE

• FRANCE • ITALY Hotel Palace-Ambassadeurs, Rome HENNESSY (OPPOSITE THE AMERICAN EMBASSY) ( Special Reduced Rates for Diplomats ) This hotel is unrivalled for Its Palatial Beauty, located In the name that made the exclusive section of Rome, and near the Pinclo Gardens RENOWNED FOR ITS FINE CUISINE Cognac famous RESTAURANT :: AMERICAN BAR :: GRILL ROOM C. F. ROTA—Gen. Manager

183 VISITORS SAFARI IN THE SUDD The following visitors called at the Depart¬ (Continued from page 180) ment: only broken by jungle night calls, one realizes December H. D. Finley, Port-au-Prince 31 that this Africa is slipping, slowly sliding into the January realm of things that were, into the maw of on¬ E. Allen Lightner, Jr., Buenos Aires 4 coming civilization with all its portent. Kenneth C. Krentz, Kobe 4 Plugging the heart of the smoldering desert, Raleigh A. Gibson, Department 4 R. M. tie Lambert, Lima 4 Khartoum, imposing governmental seat, is linked R. P. Butrick, Shanghai 5 today to the outside world by wireless, wire, boat Andrew B. Foster, Montreal 5 and rail. Edward Albright, Helsingfors 5 Across from it where Blue and White Niles Arthur R. Ringwalt, Yunnanfu 5 Landreth M. Harrison, Warsaw 6 merge, seethes the sprawling adobe town of Om- H. J. L’Heureux, Windsor 7 durman, jumble of native blacks and Arabs in an Jose de Olivares, Retired . 8 eternity of drifting yellow sand touched now and Henry B. Day, Manila 8 then with shifting mirages of topaz lakes. But William P. Snow, Paris 9 Odin G. Loren, Rio de Janeiro 9 there are also stretches of dry sterile land that Henry M. Donaldson, Havre. — 11 with irrigation will raise heavy crops of cot¬ E. Tomlin Bailey, Foreign Service School 11 ton. And cotton and irrigation are the key words Richard W. Byrd, Foreign Service School. 12 of development in the Sudd. Gradually desert James Espy, Foreign Service School 12 R. D. Gatewood, Foreign Service School 12 and arid waste are being split further and further William E. Beitz, Rio de Janeiro 12 and the thin threads of civilization woven closer Woodruff Wallner, Foreign Service School 12 together. R. C. Beverstock, Foreign Service School 12 Immense irrigation schemes with battalions of G. L. Brist, St. Stephen 14 A. R. Goodman, Seville 15 dams, reservoirs, arterial and radiating channels Boaz Long, Managua 15 controlling and directing the source and flow of Hugh Gibson, Rio de Janeiro 15 the mighty Nile and flood waters of the mountains J. K. Caldwell, Tientsin 15 and plains of Abyssinia are irrigating some mil¬ T. Eliot Weil, Canton 18 Leo R. Sack, San Jose _ 19 lions of acres of arid lands in the tricorn between Donald H. Nichols, Moscow 21 the two Niles, blue and white. Herbert S. Bursley, Mexico City— 21 James E. Parks, London 21 William F. Cavenaugh 21 H. Merle Cochran, Paris 23 PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE CHANGES Elbert G. Mathews, Vancouver 25 L. J. Keena, Tegucigalpa 25 Passed Assistant Surgeon Charles T. Meacham, Clarence E. Macy, Karachi 26 Jr. Relieved from duty at Naples, Italy, after Robert B. Streeper, Nairobi 26 arrival of Passed Assistant Surgeon W. J. A. Hedley V. Cooke, Jr., Glasgow 26 Wickman; proceed to Warsaw, Poland, for duty. William F. Busser, Buenos Aires 26 Joseph L. Brent, Istanbul 27 Passed Assistant Surgeon Frank F. Thweatt, Jr. Theodore Marriner, Beirut 27 Relieved from duty at Warsaw, Poland, upon ar¬ H. A. W. Beck, Athens 28 rival of Passed Assistant Surgeon Charles T. Donald F. Bigelow, Bern 28 Meacham, Jr.; proceed to Ellis Island, N. Y., for William M. Cramp, Tegucigalpa 28 Jefferson Patterson, Oslo 29 duty at the U. S. Immigration Station. Harry M. Donaldson, Havre 30 Passed Assistant Surgeon George G. Van Dyke. Robert Janz, Belfast 30 Relieved from duty, U. S. Immigration Station, February Ellis Island, N. Y.; proceed to Toronto, Canada. Wylie G. Borum, London 1 Passed Assistant Surgeon Waldemar J. A. Wick¬ Sabin J. Dalferes, Hamburg 1 William P. Cochran, Jr., San Salvador 1 man. Relieved from duty at Toronto, Canada, Joseph C. Satterthwaite, Baghdad 2 proceed to Naples, Italy, for duty in the Office of Edward M. Groth, Calcutta 2 the Consul General. Norman Armour, Ottawa — 2 Passed Assistant Surgeon M. A. Roe. Relieved S. Pinkney Tuck, Paris 5 J. Wallace Hill, Paris—.— — 5 from duty at San Francisco, Calif.; proceed to Charles W. Thayer, Moscow 5 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for duty. Charles H. Taliaferro, Merida .— 8 Passed Assistant Surgeon John R. Murdock. J. S. Kralicek, Prague 8 Relieved from duty at San Francisco, Calif.; Arnlioth G. Heltberg, Bergen 8 Lyle C. Himmel, Rangoon 8 proceed to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for duty. 184 ROCKEFELLER CENTER NEW YORK CITY ■p' OREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS are cordially invited to visit Rockefeller Center. ^ Mr. Wallace Benjamin of our organization will be pleased to escort you through the development and explain the facilities of our Bonded Warehouse and Special Exhibition Act, which offer exceptional opportunities for foreign manufacturers contemplating the ETnited States market. Dept. E; 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York City. Home—to America

Why is it that so many members of the clubs, theatres, within easy strolling distance. American Foreign Service choose The Wal¬ Or perhaps it is simply that The Waldorf, dorf-Astoria for their New York home? one of the truly great hotels of the world. ,. Perhaps it is Waldorf rooms . . . serene, cosmopolitan, urbane ... is still able to be¬ comfortable, faultlessly appointed. stow hospitality in the American way . . . Or Waldorf restaurants ... with their gay the home way. music and spirited entertainment . . . with Whatever the reason, The Waldorf is menus which include so many favorite dishes. proud to extend special courtesies and a Or Waldorf convenience . . . with the Diplomatic Discount of 25% to members of smart world of New York, the shops, the American Foreign Service.

Services of the Information Bureau and Special Interpreters from our Foreign Department are available to all guests. THE WALDORF-ASTORIA

Park Avenue * 49th to 50th • New York