© 2018 American University Model United Nations Conference All rights reserved. No part of this background guide may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means whatsoever without express written permission from the American University Model United Nations Conference Secretariat.

Please direct all questions to [email protected] Eden Yanaitis & Maddie McCarthy Chairs

Dear Delegates,

Welcome to the 2020 Olympics committee! I am super excited to be your chair for this Model United Nations conference! The main mission of our committee is to plan the Olympics, considering both basic factors and current-day issues. Our committee will focus on a wide variety of topics that the International Olympic Committee must address, from budgeting to sexual assault and everything in between. This will provide the opportunity for a wide variety of debate and discussion, so I’m sure everyone will find something that interests them. We hope that all of you have a wonderful time in committee- Model United Nations is always a great time to learn new things and have fun doing it. This is a crisis committee, so there is a lot of room for debate and ability to play around with key people and issues. Hopefully you will all use this to your advantage!

I’d like to take a little bit to introduce myself: I am currently a freshman at American University, and this will be my first time chairing for AmeriMUNC. I am beyond excited to meet you all and see the different perspectives and creativity that you will all bring into the committee. I participated in Model United Nations throughout high school, and the conferences were always a great experience. I was able to work on my debating skills, learn about parliamentary procedure, dress up, and meet new friends! I still talk to people I met in Model UN in high school, and I hope you will all have similar experiences. Being a part of Model United Nations in high school shaped who I am today and fostered my love for international politics and policy. As a result, I am majoring in international studies at American University, and I cannot wait to put my degree to use (hopefully at the real UN)! I was also on the staff for our Washington International Relations Conference (WIRC), a one-day learning conference, so if you have any questions about parliamentary procedure or want to know how to best form your arguments, do not hesitate to ask!

Your co-chair will be Maddie McCarthy. Maddie is an sophomore at American University studying Communications, Law, Economics, and Government within the School of Public Affairs. During high school, she participated in MUN, holding officer positions from sophomore year on. This past year, she served as a vice-chair for United Kingdom: Brexit. When Maddie is not doing stacks of homework, she is likely watching Netflix, spending time with her Alpha Xi Delta sisters, and talking about her Hill-ternships. Maddie is originally from Massachusetts, and will always talk about Dunkin' Donuts and how she loves the cold weather!

This background guide should be used as a foundation for your research for this committee. When coming into committee be aware of your jurisdiction as a part of this international committee and have ideas for how to solve some of the big issues we will tackle. I hope you will take the time to do research on your own and learn about these interesting topics- they are all very fascinating and relevant. Feel free to use the sources that are cited in this background guide and conduct your own research, so you have a solid grasp on the issues at hand. All delegates should be prepared to participate in committee. I am so excited to chair this committee and see all of you soon! If you have any questions about the background guide, topics, or Model UN in general, do not hesitate to ask me any questions.

Best, Eden Yanaitis & Maddie McCarthy 2020 TOKYO OLYMPICS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE 01 2020 TOKYO OLYMPICS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

ABOUT 2020 OLYMPICS

“The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXII Olympiad and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020”

Travel and Tourism double from 20 million to 40 million in The travel and tourism industry is a total tourists that visit as a result of the $2,570.1bn industry that is on an 2020 games. increasing upward trend expected to The Japanese National Tourism account for almost 12% of GDP by Organization (JNTO) has launched a 2028¹. The travel and tourism industry multilingual promotional campaign in an employs about 3.2% of the total people effort to attract potential tourists from employed. This can be in a variety of North America, Europe, and Australia³. capacities such as transportation, The JNTO has also included a website hospitality, and retail. About 78% of the that informs tourists of lesser known total industry revenue is made up of areas for activity. This is important personal and leisure spending as because it will help to improve and opposed to that of business spending. diversify the visitor- a portfolio that is However, only 27.3% of that spending deemed intimidating to many nonluxury comes from foreign visitors. travelers. This intimidation stems from Every two years when the the perceived expensive nature of the Olympics take over a city (or in some country and lack of English cases many cities), travel and tourism infrastructure. experts see a spike in the industry. In While it may come as no surprise 2016, Brazil (host of 2016 Summer that the summer games are more Games) saw a 532% increase in popular on a global scale than the spending on third-party sites such as winter games, the winter games Expedia and TripAdvisor². On the other actually cost significantly more⁴. The hand, is hoping to see just a 2006 Turin games cost $3.8 billion while the games cost only $40 02

million. There are about 2 million fewer society to benefit from the games in spectators at the winter games and ways it would not have been able to over 150 fewer games and events.So otherwise. why do we see such a gap in cost? For Questions to Consider: a number of reasons including 1. What are less expensive equipment, heating, and cooling inside alternatives to hosting the facilities, and the possible need for games? artificial snow to be manufactured⁵. For 2. Why do countries want to the 2018 games, Pyeongchang built a host the games? $109 million stadium that costs $10 million per hour to operate. This stadium will be used 4 times before it gets demolished. For this and other reasons, many cities do not want to host the games. In 2011, Xinjiang Normal University reported on the Beijing games and how host cities face negative effects as a result of tourism⁶. Host cities, for example, typically an overuse of water resources by means of pools, golf courses, hotels, and drinking water. Water degradation and water shortages are common during the games. Another negative effect is garbage pollution. Tourists do not tend to care as much for the environment in the country they are visiting, causing lots of rubbish to accumulate. Despite these astonishing facts, millions view the Olympics each time it rolls around. However, most of this is from home. From price surging to concerns about safety and security, to unsustainable venues, travel and tourism surrounding the Olympics may drastically change in the coming years. Overall, the Olympics encourage host cities to invest in themselves by means of transportation, accommodations, economic, etc. and are typically successful at doing so. However, it is usually at the cost of another sector of society. Tourists aid in bolstering the economy which allows 03 2020 TOKYO OLYMPICS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE 04

Anti-Doping marathon runner Thomas Hicks used a Performance enhancing drugs, mixture of brandy and the stimulant otherwise known as PEDs, have been strychnine which almost resulted in his used prior to and during the Olympic death. This, as well as cocaine, games since Ancient Greece. In 700 caffeine, and heroine, were common BC, people knew that heightened among dopers. Eventually, these testosterone would increase substances became more difficult to performance. “With no syringes or obtain due to transnational hormones in injectable liquid form, it pharmaceutical rules and regulations. was left to the athletes to gorge on Most recently, the IAAF banned animal hearts and testicles in search of Russia from competing in the 2016 Rio potency.” Other options included trying games due to a government cover-up a variety of fungi, herbal medications, of doping among athlete in 2014 at and potions in order to get an upper Sochi². This was the IAAF’s way of hand in the competition. finally taking a stand against a Members of the community ‘tradition’ that has been present since wanted to be part of the effort to have the inception of the games. their friend or neighbor win. Bakers Twelve-time Olympic medalist would inject opium from poppies into is also not a stranger to the bread while other athletes would the Olympic and IAAF rules regarding look to horsetail plants to give them the doping³. Lochte was not using illicit extra muscle mass and strength drugs but instead an IV to take legal thought to help in their competitions. supplements. However, he was still About 2,000 years later, athletes suspended for 14 months. from all over the world continued using A common question that has PEDs. In the 1904 St. Louis games, risen in light of this worldwide topic, is 05 2020 TOKYO OLYMPICS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

LGBTQ+ Inclusivity why athletes dope. It is not only to Figure skater Adam Rippon become faster and stronger but also to hides the technical difficulty of each fool their bodies from shutting down jump and spins with head-flips and a when overtraining. This tricks the body, commanding gaze, an entertainer when lactic acid is setting in, to keep likewise as an associate contestant. going and build their bodies even However, there’s one issue Rippon further. Athletes feel they need this won’t be concealment – this year, he extra edge in order to bring home a and race jock Gus Kenworthy will medal. become the primary overtly gay “These events are won by less American men to ever contend within than 1 percent — the margin of victory is the Winter Olympics. really quite tiny,” Mayo Clinic exercise “The atmosphere within the researcher Michael Joyner said. country has modified dramatically,” “People are looking for tiny edges, says Cyd Zeigler, who co-founded edges that can barely be measured in Outsports, a news website that the lab.” highlights the stories of LGBT athletes, The World Anti-Doping Agency in 1999. “Two men getting married (WADA) tests blood and urine samples wasn’t even a prospect after we started from hundreds of thousands of Olympic Outsports. currently, it’s a reality in athletes each year⁴. About 1-2% of Birmingham, Alabama. There are gay these samples test positive for role models at each flip – on tv, on prohibited substances, but actual native sports, and in our communities.” instances of doping are estimated to be Even so, the last time that the significantly more widespread. United States sent a gay man to any In an anonymous survey of Olympic Games was in 2004, once several thousand world-class amateur equestrians Guenter Seidel and Robert athletes, up to 57 percent admitted to Dover won bronze in team equestrian using performance-enhancing drugs in sport. it had been Dover’s sixth time the past year, according to a study representing the US at the Olympics; published in the Journal of Sports throughout his second Games, in 1988, Medicine. Dover came out, turning into the The IOC explains their testing primary overtly gay contestant to vie process as one where trust, support, within the modern Olympics. and examination will be present prior "I wish that all gay athletes to, during, and after the games⁵. The would come out in all disciplines – IOC has also taken steps to conduct football, baseball, the Olympics, testing through an independent agency whatever," said Dover. "After six in order to eliminate biases regarding Olympics, I know they're in each sport. the doping scandal. you just have to spend (one day at Questions to consider: some point in the future or later in 1. Would we feel different some unspecified time in the future) in about doping the housing, the gyms, or at dinner to regulations if athletes realize we're all over." were dying regularly? 2. How can we ensure the games will be substance free? 06

By the time Dover came out on piece of writing printed within the international stage, it had been the International Herald. They treed the clear that gay athletes were competing athlete in an exceedingly news and winning all levels of skilled sports. conference to grill him on matters most Seven years earlier, tennis star Billie personal, consistent with Bill Jones’s Jean King was famously outed once a Alone: The Triumph and Tragedy of case filed by a former lover led her to John Curry. Curry acknowledged that publicly admit to having a lesbian affair. the rumors regarding his sex were true, King promptly lost her all her skilled however, once journalists asked lustful endorsements, however later she said queries revealing the era’s she wished she had come out sooner. misconceptions regarding gayness and In 1982, former Olympian Tom Waddell masculinity, Curry fought back: “I don’t – who would die from AIDS at the peak think I lack virility, and what other of the epidemic 5 years later – helped people think of me doesn’t matter,” he found the first Gay Games for LGBT said. “Do you think that what I did athletes where 1,350 competed. yesterday was not athletic?” But it had been over a decade But while the competition was earlier once a gay contestant 1st over for Curry, the custom had it that performed within the Olympic Games. medal winners were expected to Just not specifically throughout the appear in exhibition performances. competition. There, in a fiery, unintimidated athletic English figure athlete John Curry spectacle, Curry abandoned his usual had barely return off the high of spirited routine of skips and hops for a winning gold at the 1976 Winter stern technical masterpiece, making Olympics in Austria, once reporters him the first openly gay athlete to caught wind of his sexuality from a perform on the Olympic stage. 07 2020 TOKYO OLYMPICS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

LGBT journalists and historians Mauresmo was undaunted. have listed the numerous Olympians “No matter what I do, there will who were homosexual, however, always be people against me,” competed in an exceedingly time Mauresmo has same. “With that in before being “out” was safe and mind, I decided to make my sexuality acceptable. For example, German clear… I wanted to say it once and for runner Otto Peltzer competed in the all. And now I would like the US to talk 1928 and 1932 Olympics, however, was about tennis.” Mauresmo still faced in remission by the Nazis in 1934 for his criticism for her “masculinity.” however ‘gayness’ and was later sent to the her sponsor, Nike, embraced her concentration camps. In additional muscular look by planning garments recent years, athletes have waited to that will show her strength, consistent return out till once their time in the with the 2016 book out in Sport. competition was over, as well as figure Mauresmo went on to win silver in skaters Rebel Weir and Brian Boitano women’s singles in 2004. and diver Greg Louganis. Louganis was At the 2008 Summer Olympics long reported to be gay, however, in Beijing, eleven openly gay athletes didn’t embark publicly till the gap competed, just one of whom – ceremonies of the 1994 Gay Games: Australian diver Matthew Mitcham, who "Welcome to the Gay Games,” Louganis won gold and is a vocal LGBT activist – same to the group. “It's nice to be out was a man. All six openly gay athletes and proud." at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Though the first history of gay Vancouver were women, as were all Olympians is dotted with male athletes, seven of the openly gay athletes at the gay women have quietly gained 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. each of prevalence in recent competitions. the intervening Summer Olympics saw French jock Amélie Mauresmo is a larger turnout of openly gay athletes, among the first women to return out however, women still command the publicly before an Olympic committee massive majority. In 2016, four of the where they decided whether or not an players on the U.S. women’s squad – athlete comes out in public relies Delle Donne, , Seimone partially on the prominence of their Augustus, and Angel sport outside the Olympics. In 1999, a McCoughtry––were openly gay. year before her initial Olympic This accounting, in fact, elides competition, reporters questioned her that sexual orientation may be a sex once an opponent is known as her spectrum. Olympians UN agency “half a man” for appearance to a match overtly establish as bisexual, for along with her girlfriend. Mauresmo’s example, are growing in variety casual discussion of her sexuality as an likewise. in addition, the International integral a part of her life and dismissal Olympic Committee, and therefore the of considerations that she would lose several governing bodies among, have support delineate a shift within the created some strides once it involves stigma surrounding coming out as an recognizing that gender isn't binary, athlete. a concern of commercial failure though' policies for transgender still underpinned several athletes’ athletes stay a thorny discussion selections to not come out, however, among officers and athletes. 08

“The atmosphere for LGBT athletes has changed quicker in the past decade”

That being same, the IOC allowed and Olympic scholar. “In the 20th pre-surgery transgender athletes to century, there was more homophobia in require half within the 2016 city Games, sport and society in general. as the With the Winter Games in increase in LGBT equality has PyeongChang, Rippon and Kenworthy progressed, so has acceptance of are the primary gay American men to LGBT athletes.” vie within the Olympics since the There’s one notable exception: lawfulness of same-sex marriage was Sochi 2014. The summer before hosting established throughout the United the Winter Olympics, in what several States in 2015, and therefore the saw as an affront to gay rights policy, cultural shift is obvious. whereas the Russian government passed a law American tennis legend Martina prohibiting the promotion of Navratilova, who came out in 1981, “nontraditional” sexual relationships to however, competed as associate minors. The US used the Olympic Olympian for the primary time in 2004, platform as a chance for refined has same that starting off in 1981 cost protest, as well as outstanding gay her $10 million in sponsorships, athletes Brian Boitano, Billie Jean King Kenworthy boasts sponsorships with and Caitlin Cahow in its Olympic Visa, Toyota, and Ralph Lauren, to call delegation, and protests were staged some. The athlete additionally recently across the planet. Despite the appeared in a poster for Head & outpouring of international support, Shoulders, with a rainbow pride Canadian figure athlete Eric Radford demagoguery behind him. opted to attend till once Sochi to return “The atmosphere for LGBT out, citing his need to be recognized for athletes has changed quicker in past his talent, instead of his sex. He’s decade,” says Scupham-Bilton, LGBT already created his mark at the

09 2020 TOKYO OLYMPICS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

PyeongChang Games, wherever as prevent it from happening in the first his performance with sport partner place. Meagan Duhamel rounded North American country to the highest of the Despite the new awareness to this team ice skating competition. abuse of power, sexual misconduct is Rippon and Kenworthy have not a new concept. “Since 1982, over used their new platforms to create 290 coaches and officials who’ve statements on political problems. worked in U.S. Olympic sports Rippon recently created headlines once organizations have been accused of he refused a suggestion to satisfy with sexual misconduct”-- and those are just vice chairman Mike Pence thanks to the American figures. Clearly, this disagreements together with his problem extends far and wide to impact stances on LGBT rights – that embrace all participating countries. Additionally, past statements that seem to support while the gymnastics team has funding gay conversion therapy. received a lot of attention over sexual Pence’s former press secretary denied assault, the problem of sexual assault his support for gay conversion medical extends over 15 sports and averages care throughout the 2016 presidential eight adults tied to an Olympic campaign. Kenworthy additionally organization accused of sexual criticized the vice chairman as a “bad misconduct each year, or one about fit” to guide the United States' every six weeks, for over 36 years. This delegation at the Opening Ceremony in shows that while recent exposure of PyeongChang on Friday. the problem is beneficiary to promoting change and action within the Olympics, Questions to Consider: this issue is one that has been long 1. How could the Olympic Council ingrained not only in the Olympic take further steps in ensuring Games, but in sports themselves. gay athletes would be protected The big name that comes to mind when at the games? thinking about how sexual assault is a 2. Should incentives be provided to major problem in the Olympics is Larry nations who send more openly Nassar, a former Olympic doctor who gay athletes to compete? was found guilty of sexually assaulting Sexual Assault and Abuse of Power hundreds of athletes throughout his In the wake of the #MeToo movement, career. After 156 athletes accused him establishments must face the reality of of assaulting them as children, he has sexual harassment by making strides to been sentenced to 40 to 175 years in protect those who have been affected, prison. But Nassar is not the only punish those who have abused their worker who abused his power: Marcel power, and prevent incidents from Aubut, the former Canadian Olympic happening in the future. While the Committee (COC) president, was also Olympics and sports in general have a accused of sexual harassment and it long history with sexual assault, the was found that “more than 100 staff new societal awareness for it has led to members either experienced or the International Olympic Committee to witnessed harassment.” Sexual institute changes that aim to assist harassment has found its way into the those who have been affected, as well 10

IOC as well, after the vice chairman of many of them minors. Additionally, a the panel overseeing the 2020 Tokyo lack of response is displayed when Olympics, Alex Gilady, was accused of athletes who have been accused of sexual assault and harassment. With sexual misconduct are permitted to sexual assault running rampant not only compete. One such notable example is in the sports themselves but also in the Jonas Junias, a Namibian Olympic planning board, this abuse of power boxer who was allowed to compete in a has become a common problem that is light-welterweight fight after being stereotypically known in the sporting charged with attempted rape. By industry. Sexual misconduct has also allowing athletes who have been been revealed as prevalent in the accused of sexual misconduct to Paralympics as well, as the Jordanian compete, it perpetuates a culture in Paralympic Committee sent three which those who abuse their power are paralympic athletes home and barred protected and those who have them from competing in the 2012 experienced sexual assault will not be Olympics following accusations supported if they come forward with of sexual assault of minors and their stories. voyeurism. While the Jordianian The Olympic Committee has Paralympic Committee reacted quickly recognized a need to address sexual and precisely, one of the major issues misconduct within the hierarchy of the facing abuse of power in the Olympics Olympics, and has recently taken is the slowness and/or lack of response measures to confront and prevent to accusations or knowledge of sexual abuses of power. Centers have opened misconduct. This can be shown in the in the hopes that athletes, volunteers, lack of response to years of Larry and even spectators will have a safe Nassar’s abuse of hundreds of girls, place to report sexual misconduct. 11 2020 TOKYO OLYMPICS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

These centers will “provide counseling, affect. With big sporting events such as medical care, legal advice, and help the Olympics, there are “increased risks making a police report”. Throughout the of human trafficking, exploitation of course of the PyeongChang Winter workers, forced prostitution and sexual Olympics, the four centers reported at tourism.” Sexual misconduct and least 10 cases of sexual misconduct. exploitation are clearly an issue not Eun So Yoon, one of the directors of only inside the Olympic sporting the centers said, "It's not how many events, but also for the citizens who live cases were reported, but that victims in the surrounding community. Not only came forward and that a support does the Olympic Committee need to system was made available to them.” It focus on the protection for survivors is unclear if the IOC will continue to from within, it also must focus on the have these centers at future Olympic rippling effect that Olympic Games has Games, but they show a start to how on the surrounding area and directors of the Games are addressing diminishing human trafficking. sexual misconduct. Additionally, the IOC has recently Questions to consider: updated its definition and statements 1. What policies can be on sexual assault following “research implemented in order to not only on the different types of abuse, how address sexual exploitation and abusers target athletes, and the impact assault within the Olympic of that abuse on athletes”. In 2016, the framework, but also within the IOC created a framework for dealing host communities? with sexual assault. This framework 2. In what ways can those accused includes a “safeguarding officer… to of sexual assault be document reports of abuse, determine Gender Equality whether a follow-up is necessary, and While women have come a long way in decide whether to turn reports over to terms of equality, there is still a long the IOC Disciplinary Commission and/or way to go. The sports industry is a local authorities.’ Furthermore, “a microcosm of society itself in this section of the IOC's integrity and regard, and by promoting equality in compliance hotline was also designated sport, change in society can be made. to address harassment and abuse Sport has the power to bring us ahead of 2016” and educational together and break down barriers, materials about sexual assault will be regardless of race, nationality or dispersed to call attention to the issue. gender. The Olympics provide an While sexual assualt remains a major international stage for this, in which problem within the framework of the nothing else matters except the Olympics, sexual exploitation remains a competition and the sport. However, major issue for hosting communities as gender-based stereotyping still exists well, and is rarely addressed. The 2006 within the Olympics, even as societal World Cup in Germany saw a 30 attitudes change. percent rise in sexual exploitation, while the 2010 World Cup in South Africa saw a 40 percent increase, and the Olympic Games have a similar 12

The Olympics has a long history of a lot of work to be done. The gender inequality, and the impacts are current-day gender gap in the Olympics still being seen today. In the Olympic still exists. It was not until the 1976 Games in in 1960 and the Olympics that women’s Olympic Games in Tokyo in 1964, “the participation rose above 20 percent. opportunities and resources available One of the major problems that the IOC to female athletes were extremely still faces is women within the IOC limited. Women competed for less than itself. In 2017, four of the fifteen one-third of the medals”. Volleyball was members of the Executive Board of the the first women’s Olympic team sport, International Olympic Committee were but it was only added in the Tokyo 1964 women-- a sparse 27 percent. Olympics. Only with the passage of the Moreover, only 11 of the 135 national historic Title IX legislation did things Olympic committees who took part in a begin to really change for women in survey in 2015 had a woman president. sport. Title IX “prohibits discrimination That’s a measly 8 percent of all the on the basis of sex, [and] has been the Olympic committees. Clearly, women starting line for the development and still have a long way to go in terms of recognition of interscholastic and securing their place in leadership intercollegiate athletic opportunities or positions. While equality on the playing the females of this country.” It “opened field is an important first step, it is the doors for non-discrimination on the necessary to have gender equality in all basis of gender in any American school positions, especially those that oversee that received federal funding, athletic the Olympics itself. directors at educational institutions had no choice but to make way for female The IOC has begun to address these athletes”. Title IX was nothing short of problems through multiple programs. revolutionary for women in sports, and The IOC has released a Gender it has spread into other sectors in Equality Report that includes five facets: modern day to promote gender Sport, Portrayal, Governance, Funding, equality. After the passing of Title IX, and HR, Monitoring, and the number of women playing college Communications. This plan ensures that sports has seen a 545 percent there will be equal participation in the increase, while the number of women Games, protects athletes from playing high school sports has seen a harassment and abuse in sport, sets 990 percent increase. But these forth a plan for balanced portrayal of changes did not just affect the playing both genders in the media, sets the field. Since its passing in 1972, Title IX guidelines for gender equality has created courageous and bold leadership within the framework of the leaders who take the lessons from Olympics itself, promotes an inclusive sport and bring it into their field of work. culture and diversity in leadership, EY research shows that over 90 among many other points. Clearly, this percent of senior female executives plan, if enacted correctly, will bring a played sport in their earlier years. new wave of gender equality to the Olympics. Additionally, the Women in While this progress is a good start to Sport Commission was established in addressing the gender gap, there is still order to “advise the IOC Session, the 13 2020 TOKYO OLYMPICS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

IOC Executive Board and the IOC consequences if you don’t”. Gender President on the development and equality cannot stop at women, implementation of the IOC women and however. Support and equality for sport policy and to promote equal athletes must be intersectional, and opportunities for girls and women to include those who do not identify with a participate in, and benefit from sport certain gender or who are transgender. and physical activity.” This commission Only through continued support for helps promote gender equality in sports these athletes can the Olympics and through supporting women joining Olympic athletes reach their full sports and the Olympics, recognizing potential. women in sports and their Budgeting achievements, and ensuring equal Budgeting is arguably the most critical media coverage is given to male and part of preparing for the Olympic female athletes. As stated in the Games. Finances are at the heart of Olympic Agenda 2020, the IOC has choosing a host, building the necessary called for a 50 percent increase of infrastructure, and remodeling an entire female participation, a massive increase city for the world to see. Over the that would change the Olympics years, the cost of hosting the Olympic forever. The Olympic Agenda 2020 Games has increased exponentially, also calls for an increase in female with cities often more than doubling officials, coaches, and heads of their original proposed budget.This has Olympic commissions and sports made it increasingly difficult to find host federations. Some countries, such as cities, as well as for host cities to take Nigeria, India, and Togo, even sent on the onus of running the Games as female athletes to the Games for the best as possible. In order to ensure the first time in 2018. These measures have smooth running of the 2020 Tokyo led to massive change for female Olympic Games, it is critical to weigh athletes, from leadership boards to the importance of hosting, managing, playing fields. and creating sustainable outputs while remaining as close to the budget as Only through continued cooperation of possible. sporting federations, officials, commissions, and executives will The first step in addressing this topic is gender equality in the Olympics be analyzing the exact budget allotment. reached. Additionally, more women The Tokyo Metropolitan Government must be placed in leadership positions, (TMG) reported last year that hosting so that the organizing board can reflect the 2020 Games could cost as much as society itself. Legally, it is essential that $20 billion. While the budget proposed we build upon Title IX and expand in May of 2017 was $12.9 billion, efforts rights and protective measures for have been made to cut that budget women. But change cannot stop there, down even further. This is reflected in “Change will not, however, take place the newly proposed $12.6 billion merely because we put new policies in budget in December of 2017. The cost place. We have to find ways to of the Olympics begins before the effectively implement gender equality guarantee of hosting it is even secured, policies, and there have to be “Cities must first invest millions of 14

dollars in evaluating, preparing, and many country officials believe hosting submitting a bid to the IOC. The cost of the games brings along goodwill, planning, hiring consultants, organizing national pride, and international events, and the necessary travel recognition. In addition to the intangible consistently falls between $50 million benefits of the Games, many host and $100 million. Tokyo spent as much countries take the Olympics as an as $150 million on its failed 2016 bid, opportunity to better the city as a and about half that much for its whole. One such example is the 2014 successful 2020 bid” . Once the host Sochi Winter Olympics, in which city is confirmed, the costs of setting up approximately 85 percent of the more the Games begins. One of the major than $50 billion budget went to expenses included in the Olympic building non-sports infrastructure from budget is infrastructure, ranging scratch. Additionally, more than half of anywhere from $5 billion to over $50 Beijing’s 2008 $45 billion budget went billion. Additional costs come in the to rails, roads, and airports, while nearly form of security, which has skyrocketed a fourth went to environmental since the 9/11 attacks, often costing clean-up efforts. Following the Sochi between $1-2 billion dollars. Winter Olympics, locals said the Games One might wonder why a city would be brought new roads, hotels, schools, willing to spend this exorbitant amount sewage and water systems, a of money. Host countries often justify completely rebuilt international airport, the cost of running an Olympic Games and a new electricity grid, all of which with the value it has for the city. The would not have been accomplished TMG holds the 2020 Olympics and without the pressure of the Olympics to Paralympics at a $300 billion value present a destination-worthy city. Along with showing off the host city, Increased tourism following the Games 15 2020 TOKYO OLYMPICS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

is also an incentive to host countries. this massive budget can be kept in One such success story can be seen in check.The IOC has been making Barcelona following their hosting of the conscious efforts to fix the difficulties 1992 Summer Games, as it rose from associated with bidding and hosting the the eleventh to the sixth most popular Olympic Games, hoping to increase the destination in Europe. Certain studies number of bidding cities. Currently, have also shown a correlation between many have pointed out that the IOC hosting the Olympics and increases in bidding process promotes wasteful international trade of about 30%. When spending due to the way it picks its addressing the budget for the potential hosts. Often, those who are Olympics, it is crucial to consider how chosen are those who present the most preparing for the Games and bettering ambitious plans, leading to the city go hand in hand. In this way, over-inflated bids and an overshooting budgeting is at the center of not only of the actual value of hosting. Recently, preparing for the Olympics, but also the the IOC has introduced the Olympic effects that follow after. Agenda 2020: a plan to better the However, there are some challenges bidding and hosting process, eliminate associated with running the Olympic doping and corruption, and increase Games. In recent years, it has become the outcomes of the Olympic Games. increasingly difficult to find a host city This agenda specifically addresses, for the Olympics, as the cost exceeds “reducing the cost of bidding, allowing material wealth. It is often argued that hosts more flexibility in using the benefits of the Games do not make already-existing sports facilities, up for the cost to set up and host them. encouraging bidders to develop a Therefore, one of the goals of this sustainability strategy, and increasing committee is to find ways to best outside auditing and other mitigate the losses of the Games while transparency measures”. The also finding realistic ways to balance budgeting method is currently in the the budget. One of the many struggles process of being reformed. It is argued tied to the budgeting of the Olympics is that “Olympic committees should what happens after--how the reform the bidding and selection multi-million dollar facilities are used process to incentivize realistic budget efficiently in a way that still manages to planning, increase transparency, and bring in reasonable revenue to justify promote sustainable investments that their continued existence. This struggle serve the public interest” . Within this can be seen in Rio, Brazil following the committee, it is important to prioritize 2016 Summer Olympics. Following the budgeting as the epicenter of planning Games, the city continues to fight with the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. the massive debt incurred, Questions to consider: maintenance costs for abandoned 1. What are ways in which the facilities, under-equipped public Olympic budget can be cut in services, and rising crime as candidate order to avoid budget overflow? cities for future games withdraw their 2. How can host cities utilize bids or scale down their plans. Olympic facilities, following the The question to be addressed is how Games, in a manner that still brings in sizable revenue? OLYMPICS | POSITION 001 ANITA DEFRANTZ Vice President of the IOC

Date of Birth: 10/4/1952 Home Country: United States

Anita DeFrantz is currently serving as a member of the International Olympics Committee (IOC). Anita DeFrantz was born on October 4th, 1952 in Philadelphia, PA. DeFrantz received her B.A. at Connecticut College and her J.D. University of Pennsylvania Law School. She began her law career in Philadelphia with the Juvenile Law Center of Philadelphia as the acting Staff Attorney. DeFrantz has many honorary degrees from universities like Pepperdine University, Pomona College, and Mount Holyoke College.

In 2018, DeFrantz was elected the Vice President of the IOC for a second term. DeFrantz will also serve as an advisor to the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, as she serves on the Legal Affairs Commission of the IOC and the Financial Commission of the IOC.

Prior to becoming a member of the IOC, DeFrantz was the captain of the U.S. women’s rowing team and rowed to win the bronze medal in the 1976 Montreal Olympic Games. DeFrantz was the Vice President of the Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee in 1984. In 1986, she was elected into the IOC as the first African American and first American woman to serve on the IOC. Anita DeFrantz has served on the United States Olympic Committee Board of Directors since 1976.

In 1987, DeFrantz became president of the LA84 Foundation and has maintained this position for the past 28 years. LA84 invests into local youth sports programs in the Los Angeles area. The foundation has also conducted sports research and has the largest digital sports library in the nation.

In 1992, she was elected into the IOC Executive Board and was appointed to the IOC’s Olympic Program Commission. In 1995, DeFrantz serves as the chair of the Women’s and SPort Consortium. In 1997, DeFrantz became the first women to be elected the vice president, a position held until 2001.

Currently, DeFrantz is the president of the Tubman Truth Corp. and serves on LA2028. OLYMPICS | POSITION 001

Overt Crisis Powers

As Vice President of the IOC, DeFrantz is the highest ranking member of the IOC in the room. As such, she makes the organizational decisions for the Olympics and would be given extensive leeway in decision making related to Tokyo 2020. Secondly, DeFrantz is the founder of the Tubman Truth Corp. which aims to promote civil rights and gender equality in athletics. She has extensive connections to similar activism-related groups and the corporation gives her credibility in the business world. OLYMPICS | POSITION 002 LYDIA NSEKERA Chair of Women in Sports Commission

Date of Birth: 4/20/1967 Home Country: Burundi

Lydia Nsekera is currently serving as the Chair of the Women in Sports Commission.

Lydia Nsekera was born on April 20th, 1967. She represents Burundi in the IOC. Nsekera studied at the University of Burundi, earning a degree in Economics and Administrative Sciences in 1992. As an athlete, Nsekera practiced basketball and the high jump. Although Lydia Nsekera never played football herself, she created a Women’s football team in Burundi, which would later become the model for many other women’s football teams. Nsekera has been an advocate for women in football and other sports.

Throughout her career, Nsekera has served as the internal auditor of Brasserie et Limonaderie du Burundi from 1994 to 2001 and the company auditor of Garage Tanganyika Cars since 2002.

Within the field of sports administration, Nsekera serves as the leader of a women’s football club, a member of the Burundi NOC Executive Bureau, a member of the Organizing Committee of the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) Olympic Football Tournaments, President of the Women's Football and the FIFA Women's World Cup Commission, and as a member of the Executive Committee of the Association of National Olympic Committees (ANOC).

In the past, she has served as President of the Burundi Football Federation from 2004 to 2013, a member of the Burundi National Olympic Committee (NOC) Women and Sport Commission from 2001 to 2006, a member of the Organising Committee of the 5th African women’s football championships in 2006, a member of the Women’s Football Commission of the African Football Confederation (CAF) from 2006 to 2012, a member of the Executive Committee of the Council of East and Central Africa Football Associations from 2007 to 2011, a member of the Organising Committee of the Olympic football tournaments in Beijing in 2008, and a member of the Organising Committee of the FIFA World Cup, Chile in 2008.

Nsekera has been honored by being a FIFA representative present at the medal presentation for Women’s football at the Game of the Olympiad, Beijing in 2008. Nsekera was as nominated by the Bujumbura Mayor as one of the 10 best women workers of 2008 and was the winner of the IOC Women and Sport Award in 2009. OLYMPICS | POSITION 002

Within the IOC, Nsekera has been a member from 2010 to 2014. In 2014, Nsekera became a Chair of the Womens and Sports Commission and served until 2015. In 2015, she became the Chair of the Women in Sports Commission, which she continues to serve on. Nsekera has also been a member of the Radio and Television Commission from 2011 to 2014, the Marketing Commission from 2014 to 2015, the Coordination for the Games of the XXXII Olympiad Tokyo 2020 Commission, the Communications Commission, and the Evaluation for the Youth Olympic Games 2022 Commission in 2018.

Overt Crisis Powers

As Nsekera has an extensive history in the field of sports in Burundi, she possesses a lot of sway in the organization of the Games. Because of her role in various African commissions regarding sports, she has a lot of credibility in the eyes of many African nations. Secondly, Nsekera has the ear of women around the world. In her official capacity, she arranges opportunities for women in the Games. She has vast sweeping jurisdiction relating to business, employment, sports organization, and culture and many women look to her for guidance related to sports. Lastly, Nsekera sits on many boards relating to the organization of future Games, any future arrangements would surely suffer if they did not have her blessing on the project. OLYMPICS | POSITION 003 HIDEMASA NAKAMURA Chief Financial Officer

Date of Birth: 2/1/1959 Home Country: Japan

Hidemasa Nakamura is an Assistant Graduate Professor in Hitotsubashi University’s School of Commerce and Management. Nakamura possesses a degree in sociology from Hitotsubashi University, as well as a doctorate in Commerce from the same school. Currently living on the outskirts of Tokyo, Nakamura is the Chief Financial Officer of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. Before being appointed to this position, Nakamura has conducted significant research on the fiscal details of several previously Olympics, notable the 1998 Nagano Winter Olympics. Focusing on research regarding finance and organization, Nakamura is well versed on the potential costs of the Olympics as a whole, often to the dismay of local and government officials.

Due to Nakamura’s position and understanding of finance he is well entrenched in the Olympic committee both in terms of reputation and power, having done extensive research on previous Olympics and currently being the appointed Chief Financial Officer. Furthermore his involvement in education at Hitotsubashi University in Tokyo allows Nakamura considerable personal connection to posts within Tokyo’s government, including the Vice of Tokyo, Head of Culture and Education, and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Finance Director.

Overt Crisis Powers

As the Chief Financial Officer of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, Nakamura holds considerable power over the Game’s overall operation, with full discretion of the committee’s budget. With this authority comes significant soft power in the overt form of financial withholding, as finances for the Games and therefore who or what receives how much lies solely on Nakamura. However, being Chief Financial Officer, he is also required to present accurate accounting of said finances and may potentially have to justify them to a Chief Executive Officer given accusations of financial mismanagement. Regardless of this potential check, the duty of CFO in planning and spending the Committee’s budget is considerable nonetheless. Nakamura similarly is given discretion in decision making for anything that risks leading to poor return on investment, such as the construction of venues or programs associated with any events. OLYMPICS | POSITION 004 KOJI MUROFUSHI Sports Director

Date of Birth: 10/8/1974 Home Country: Japan

Koji Murofushi serves as the Sports Director for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. A former Olympic athlete specializing in hammer throwing, Murofushi possesses both a bronze and a gold medal from the 2004 and 2012 Olympic games. Furthermore, he has competed in many non-Olympic international sporting competitions, and was crowned the ‘World Champion’ of hammer throwing in 2011. Murofushi comes from Shizuoka Prefecture, about 150 kilometers southwest of Tokyo. Both his parents were athletes, his father being a former Olympic hammer thrower, his mother being a javelin thrower from Romania. With a degree in physical education from Nagoya Chukyo University, Murofushi now is a professor at the Tokyo Medical and Dental University. Well versed in both physical education and actual Olympic competition, the position of Sports Director is nonetheless difficult. Creating the schedule for events as well as organizing them could prove to be a formidable task for both Murofushi and the entire Olympic council. This said, Murofushi uniqueness among the Olympic council is solidified in the fact that he, and few others, have been participants in previous Olympics, giving him an insight into the games’ operation that others may not see.

Overt Crisis Powers

As Sports Director, Koji Murofushi is expected to not only categorize sports but also decide what events take place and where, allowing him control over what venues are used for what purpose. With this, dealing with the athletes and their concerns to venues comes as a further responsibility, where bridging the gap between athletes and the Olympic council is a necessity. Responding to outside pressures on how the organization of events will be carried out is a similar task, acting as a sort of spokesperson for the council when dealing with external variables. Nonetheless, Mirofushi’s position extends much further in the purview of expected actions, and above all he must ensure an organized, timely, and logical operation of all sports and events for the 2020 Olympics. OLYMPICS | POSITION 005 KEIICHI ISHII Minister of Infrastructure, Transport, Tourism

Date of Birth: 4/20/1958 Home Country: Japan

Keiichi Ishii is a member of the House of Representatives in Japan’s , serving now as the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism for the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. Holding office in the House of Representatives since 1993, Ishii is a member of the Party, a conservative Buddhist political party in coalition with Shinzo Abe’s Liberal Democratic Party. Ishii was born in Tokyo in 1958, eventually attending Tokyo University, studying Civil Engineering. After attaining a degree in the field, Ishii moved to Ibaraki Prefecture, located a hundred kilometers north of Tokyo, to oversee construction work in local government. He ran for government office in 1993 after leaving the civil engineering oversight, winning his election and becoming the representative for North Kanto’s 9th district. Ishii has since won nine elections for the same position. Serving as the Deputy Minister of Finance for Ibaraki Prefecture starting in 2005, Ishii was appointed as the the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport for the Japanese government in 2007, a title which he now serves under for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.

Overt Crisis Powers

Being the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism, Ishii controls many facets of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, with powers encompassing each of the four areas of interest present in his official title. Perhaps the largest sector Ishii has influence over is Infrastructure, with the ability to claim say in anything dealing with construction, which may be any venue or new development related to the Olympic games. Similar to this, Ishii’s title as Land Minister is also powerful, as with infrastructure, he is in control of allocating land to which events or venues will be held on. Again like infrastructure and land, Ishii also yield power over transportation, thereby controlling how and when people are able to move to the games. This extends to the construction of roads, new rail lines, allocation of flights, and anything else dealing with the movement of people. Finally Ishii is the Minister of Tourism for the games, a more ambiguous title with powers more open to interpretation. OLYMPICS | POSITION 006 CHING-KUO WU Culture and Olympic Heritage Committee Chair

Date of Birth: 10/18/1946 Home Country: Taiwan

Ching-Kuo Wu is the current Chair of the Culture and Olympic Heritage Committee, though actually a controversial character best known for his work in the International Boxing Association. A native of the Republic of China (Chinese Taipei in the Olympics), Wu began his career in sports during his time studying at Tung-Hai University. Rising to captain of the Tung-Hai University basketball team, Wu placed as a silver medalist in Taiwan’s national basketball tournament as a college senior. Working as an architect after graduation, Wu attended Liverpool University and later Oxford, eventually going on to found his own architectural firm, C.K. Wu & Associates. Two years later in 1988 he joined the International Olympic Committee, representing Taiwan on the Olympic Council. Aside from this however, Wu has had a controversial and tumultuous history leading organizations. He was elected head of the International Boxing Association in 2006, earning a second term four years later. During this time Wu came under heavy scrutiny regarding the judgement of several Olympic boxing matches, supposedly favoring competitors and intervening in scorekeeping. Moreso, Wu is supposed to have stolen tens of millions of dollars from the International Boxing Association’s budget, to the point where in 2012 the agency was set to default on its loans. After four more years of allegations of embezzlement Wu resigned as head of the IBA, now solely the Chair of the Culture and Olympic Heritage Committee for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.

Overt Crisis Powers

The Chair of Culture and the Olympics Heritage Committee is in charge of many public affairs for the Olympic Committee, such as outreach to various NGOs, Universities, or other organizations contributing, sponsoring, or interested in the Olympics as a whole. Outreach to cultural ministres from visiting countries also falls under Wu’s position. Promoting the Olympics as a whole to other countries (especially those interested in hosting future events) either for the 2020 Olympics or the International Olympics Committee benefit, be it in monetary, social, or more abstract terms could give the Culture and Olympic Heritage Committee power in the Olympic council. This may mean bringing new sponsorships, venue sites, or deciding the order of countries in games. Furthermore, sponsoring cultural programs with local NGOs in Japan might again give Wu’s position more leverage in negotiations within the IOC. OLYMPICS | POSITION 007 NATSUO YAMAGUCHI Leader of the Komeito Party

Date of Birth: 7/12/1952 Home Country: Japan

Natsuo Yamaguchi is the leader of the Komeito Party, a Japanese political party in a parliamentary coalition with Shinzo Abe’s ruling Liberal Democratic Party. From Ibaraki Prefecture north of Tokyo, Yamaguchi is a lawyer by trade, attending the University of Tokyo, entering into the law business as an attorney in the 1980’s. Serving first as a member of the Komeito party as a representative from Ibaraki and then as a member of the New Frontier Party starting in 1994, Yamaguchi lost his seat after his party’s dissolution four years later. Reformed in the early 2000’s as the modern-day Komeito Party, Yamaguchi again entered politics, becoming Vice Minister of the Defense Agency in 2009. After the 2012 election which cost the Komeito a significant number of seats in Japan’s parliament, Yamaguchi took the mantle of Party leader, to which he now stands as. His political party, the Komeito, is a conservative Buddhist political party promoting traditional Japanese values such as honor, education, and humanism.

Overt Crisis Powers

1. Create and refine legislation on the national, regional, and local level for the Komeito Party. 2. Exercise connections within the Komeito Party to run for office or manipulate current low-level positions for political gain. 3. Communicate with LDP allies in the Diet to pass advantageous legislation. OLYMPICS | POSITION 008 MASAHIKO SHIBAYAMA Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Technology

Date of Birth: 12/5/1965 Home Country: Japan

Masahiko Shibayama is currently serving as the Minister of Education, Culture, Heritage, Sports, and Technology of Tokyo.

Shibayama was born on December 5th, 1965 in Nagoya, Aichi . Shibayama grew up in Saitama Prefecture. Shibayama attended University of Tokyo in 1990, later joining Sumitomo Real Estate group. In 2000, Masahiko Shibayama was a legal attorney and joined the Toranomon Chuo Law firm in Tokyo, Japan. Shibayama is married and has one daughter.

Masahiko Shibayama is a Japanese Politician affiliated with the Liberal Democratic Party, also known as the “LDP”. In 2004, Shibayama was elected to the House of Representatives. The following year, in the Japanese general election, Shibayama was re-elected. In 2008, Shibayama became the Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs under Prime Minister . He remained in this position until the cabinet of Taro Aso obtained power.

Shibayama lost his Saitama seat in the House of Representatives in the 2009 general election. However, he did receive a seat from a Kanto bloc seat and remained in the House of Representatives. In 2012, Masahiko Shibayama was appointed to serve as the Vice Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications. He also serves as a special advisor to the Prime Minister.

Overt Crisis Powers

1. Create and manage education programs throughout the Tokyo Governance, influencing children and others enrolled in schools or other programs 2. Exercise connections within the LDP to run for office or manipulate current low-level positions for political gain 3. Regulate technology within the Tokyo region, setting up firewalls and monitoring internet traffic and information. OLYMPICS | POSITION 009 SABURO KAWABUCHI Supreme Advisor to the Tokyo 2020 Olympics

Date of Birth: 12/3/1936 Home Country: Japan

Saburo Kawabuchi is currently serving as the Supreme Advisor to the Tokyo 2020 Olympics. He is associated with Japan Football Association.

Saburo Kawabuchi was born on December 3rd, 1936 in Osaka, Japan. Kawabuchi started as a high school football player at Mikunigaoka High School, playing a large role in the creation of a Japanese football team as Japanese businessman who has. Kawabuchi was a former football player at Waseda University in Tokyo. He received a Bachelor’s Degree in commerce at Waseda University. Kawabuchi also played for the Furukawa Electric club team.

Kawabuchi played for Japan’s national football team at the 1960 Olympics in Rome and the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo. He also played in the 1958 World Cup in Sweden and the 1962 World Cup in Chile. After retirement, Kawabuchi coached the Furukawa Electric in 1970 and worked as a manager in 1973 until 1975. At the age of thirty five, Kawabuchi became the head coach of the Japanese National Team. He became manager of the Japanese National Team and stayed there until 1981. In 1988, Kawabuchi became the General Secretary of the Japanese Soccer League.

In 1991, Kawabuchi left his job to manage the Japanese Professional Football League, or the J. League. Later in 1994, Kawabuchi was appointed the vice president of the Japanese Football Association. He became the tenth president of the JFA in 2002 and remained in that position until 2008. In 2008, Saburo Kawabuchi was inducted into the Japanese Football Hall of Fame. Kawabuchi also received the FIFA Order of Merit in 2006. Kawabuchi also served as the President of the Japan Basketball Association from May 2015 to June 2016.

Overt Crisis Powers

1. Create rosters and team positions in managing the Japanese national football team 2. Control information to low-level members under the committee’s purview, delegating tasks and organization of individuals 3. Act as a liason to the International Olympic Committee, communicating with them over decisions made within the Council and influencing their reaction OLYMPICS | POSITION 010 TOSHIHIRO NIKAI Sec-Gen of the Liberal Democratic Party

Date of Birth: 2/17/1939 Home Country: Japan

Toshihiro Nikai is currently serving as the Secretary-General of the Liberal Democratic Party, the conservative Japanese political party and serving his eighth term in the Lower House representing Wakayama third district.

Toshihiro Nikai was born on February 17th, 1939 in Wakayama prefecture. He graduated from Chuo University with a law degree in 1961 and served as a Japanese politician throughout his career.

Nikai was a member of the Liberal Party, Conservative Party, and New Conservative Party. As Secretary-General of the NCP and part of the governing coalition, he served as Minister of Transportation. After the NCP merged with the LDP in 2003, Nikai became an LDP member again, and was appointed Director of the General Affairs Bureau in 2004. Nikai has ties with Chinese leaders and accompanied relief supplies to Sichuan after the earthquake there in June 2008.

Toshihiro Nikai’s past experience includes serving as the secretary to the late former member of the House of Representatives in 1961, a member of the Wakayama Prefectural Assembly in 1975, and was elected to the House of Representatives in 1983. In 1990, Nikai served as the Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Transport. Nikai served as the Chief Director of the Standing Committee on Rules and Administration in the House of Representatives and the Chairperson on the Commission on Environment in the LDP in 1991. In 1992, Nikai served as the Director of the Transport Division within the Policy Research Council of the LDP. Other positions Nikai served under include the Chairperson of the LDP Diet Affairs Commission in 1998, the Minister of Transport and Director-General of Hokkaido Development Agency in 1999 and 2000, the Chairperson on the LDP Special Commission of Tourism in 2003, the Director-General of the LDP Election Bureau in 2004, the Chairperson of the Special Committee on Postal Privatization and the House of Representatives Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry in 2005, the Chairperson of the LDP Diet Affairs Commission in 2006, the Chairperson of the LDP General Council in 2007, the Minister of Economy, Trade, and Industry in 2008, the Acting Secretary-General of the LDP and the Director-General of the LDP Election Bureau in 2009, the Chairperson of the LDP Comprehensive Research Commission on the Establishment of the Disaster Resilient Japan in 2011, the Executive Acting Chairperson of the LDP General Council and the House of Representative Chairperson of the Committee on Budget in 2013, and the Chairperson of the LDP General Council. OLYMPICS | POSITION 010

Overt Crisis Powers

1. Create and refine legislation on the national, regional, and local level for the Liberal Democratic Party. 2. Exercise connections within the LDP to run for office or manipulate current low-level positions for political gain. 3. Communicate with Chinese contacts to arrange for advantageous deals between Japan and China. OLYMPICS | POSITION 011 HIROAKI NAKANISHI Chairman of Hitachi

Date of Birth: 3/14/1946 Home Country: Japan

Hiroaki Nakanishi is the chairman of Hitachi, a major electronics corporation, as well as the chairman of the Japanese Business Federation. Nakanishi was born in Yokohama, Japan on March 14, 1946. He attended the University of Tokyo and majored in electrical engineering. When he graduated in 1970, he began working for the computer design department in Hitachi. He then went back to school, this time at Stanford University, to get his masters in computer engineering. After this, he was promoted to a manager in the telecommunications group. This began a series of promotions to managing director of Hitachi Europe in 1998, then senior vice president of Hitachi Europe in 2004. He then switched over to Hitachi America, becoming its chairman. He then became president of all of Hitachi in 2010, saving it from financial ruin. Finally in 2014, he became chairman of Hitachi. In 2017, he was voted to be the next chairman of the Japanese Business Federation, a powerful Japanese lobbying group. While many commend his leadership skills and international negotiation skills, there have been rumors that his closeness to the Japanese President, Shinzo Abe was a deciding factor.

Hitachi is a major electronics, industrial appliances, and technology manufacturer. Some of their products include car electronics systems, construction machinery, technology products (such as hard drives, circuit boards, and electrical chips), defense technology, telecommunications (like ATMs, business servers, and software), and power plant systems.

The Japanese Business Federation is a major business organization that encapsulates and represents the interests of many of the major businesses in Japan. In addition to functioning as a lobbying group (generally supporting the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan), the federation aims to further its goals of accelerating sustainable growth in the world’s economy and Japan’s role in it.

Overt Crisis Powers As Chairman of the Japanese Business Federation, Nakanishi is the “voice of big business”. As such, any economic agreement made with the Olympics would require the Business Federation’s blessings, and in turn, Nakanishi’s approval. Secondly, Nakanishi has the ear of the government. In his official capacity, he has a tremendous amount of informal influence by having the ears of the Diet of Japan (the Congress) as well as President Shinzo Abe. While unable to craft legislation, Nakanishi can express the interests of the Federation to representatives. Lastly, the Chairman can mediate interfederation conflict. Any business feuds between members can be brought before Nakanishi for his ruling to better facilitate a cohesive body. This means he can give powers to some companies over others, and in turn, a significant amount of profit hinges on his decisions. OLYMPICS | POSITION 012 JORGE GARDUÑO President of Coca-Cola Japan

Date of Birth: 2/2/1969 Home Country: Mexico

Jorge Garduno is a native of Mexico. He is a graduate of the Tec de Monterrey Mexico and holds an MBA from the University of Texas at Austin. Garduno joined Coca-Cola in 1992, and over the following years, he held positions in Commercial Operations, Marketing and Key Accounts at Coca-Cola Mexico. He later served as General Manager for Coca-Cola Colombia, General Manager for Coca-Cola Thailand and General Manager for Coca-Cola Chile. He then served as the Managing Director of Spain, Portugal, and Andorra for Coca-Cola Iberia.

In July 1, 2017, Garduno was appointed the President of Coca-Cola Japan. His presidency is focused on continuing and increasing innovation in Japan. He said in an interview “The Japanese market is incredibly dynamic, fiercely competitive and rooted in innovation. Because of this, our team is constantly looking at ways to experiment – both from a product standpoint and finding new ways to do business with our customers.” He developed over 100 new products in his short tenure, including THE TANSAN which has the highest carbonation of any Coca-Cola product ever. He is also working on Chu-Hi, which is a Japanese alcoholic beverage, making Japan the only Coca-Cola location to make alcohol.

Overt Crisis Powers In this committee, Garduno is primarily interested in furthering the Coca-Cola brand. His sponsorships will be a very lucrative bargaining chip in any deal he makes. He has a huge amount of capital that he can use to sponsor certain events and make ads. Since Coca-Cola is the Top Sponsor of the 2020 Olympic Games, Jorge has an immense amount of influence.

Garduno has access to all of Coca-Cola’s resources, a company with a stock price of $3200 in Japan. His subsection of the greater Coca Cola brand generates $987.4 billion a year in revenue. Its Net Income is $24.4 billion. Coca-Cola Japan also employs 17.4 thousand people. Thus, Coca-Cola Japan has a huge stake in the Japanese economy. Jorge can leverage this power in his dealings with others in this committee.

Jorge can also use his control of the company to get things done. He can create new soda flavors, marketing campaigns, or sellers networks at will. He can make deals with retailers of any form, from grocery stores to restaurants to vending machines. Controlling the distribution of Coca-Cola products in Japan has many possibilities. OLYMPICS | POSITION 013 HSH PRINCESS NORA IOC Board Member

Date of Birth: 10/31/1950 Home Country: Liechtenstein

Her Serene Highness Princess Norberta (Nora), the Dowager Marquesa of Mariño, is a board member on the International Olympic Committee and a member of the Liechtensteinian royal family. Princess Nora was born on October 31, 1950 in Zurich, Switzerland to Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein and Countess Gina of Wilczek. Princess Nora studied at the University of Geneva for her undergraduate studies and in 1973 became the Chief Scouting Guide of the Liechtensteinische Pfadfinderinnen Korps (the girl arm of Liechtenstein scouting) which she held until 1989, when it merged into the current Scouts and Guides of Liechtenstein. She remains an honorary member of the organization to this day.

In 1975, she returned to Geneva to attend the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies. She is quadrilingual in English, French, German, and Spanish, and has used her language skills to work in the World Bank and the International Institute for Environment and Development. In 1982, she became the President of the Liechtenstein National Olympic Committee. Two years later, in 1984, she became a member of the International Olympic Committee where she has sat on many boards since then. In 1988, she married Vicente Sartorius y Cabeza de Vaca, 4th Marquis de Mariño, a former Olympic bobsledder and Spanish nobleman. In 1989, her father died, and her younger brother Hans-Adam II, according to the laws of agnatic primogeniture, became Prince. As she is female, she is unable to inherit the Liechtenstein throne.

In 1992, Princess Nora had a daughter, María Teresa Sartorious y de Liechtenstein. Ten years later, her husband Vincente died. Also in 2002, she became the head of Special Olympics Liechtenstein, a position she still holds today. She also serves on the International Olympic Committee board as a member.

Overt Crisis Powers Princess Nora being a member of the royal family and related to many other royals in Europe, has extremely strong influence in the political life of Liechtenstein and has unparalleled access to other royals. Additionally, she has the final say on most things related to the Olympics in Liechtenstein, and can guide the direction of both the girl guides and the Olympic board, being a powerful member of both. As a member of one of the wealthiest families in all of Europe, she has a significant amount of money and resources at her disposal. OLYMPICS | POSITION 014 Governor of Tokyo

Date of Birth: 10/12/1952 Home Country: Japan

Koike was born in Ashiya in 1952, and went to Kōnan Girls' Junior and Senior High School. Her father, Yujiro, was a foreign merchant who sold oil products. He was also involved in politics, supporting Shintarō Ishihara and the Tatenokai, a defunct private military, in the 1960s, and ran unsuccessfully for national election in 1969. Yuriko’s father told her on occasion that it was important for Japan to have strong relationships with Arab countries for economic and oil related purposes. As a result, Yuriko studied in Egypt and learned Arabic. In 1972, she studied at the American University of Cairo. In 1978, Koike became a journalist.

Koike was elected to the House of Councillors in 1992 as a member of the . In 1993, she was elected to the House of Representatives, and served under multiple parties until 2009. She served as the Minister of the Environment and Minister of State for Okinawa and Northern Territories Affairs in the Cabinet of Prime Minister Jun'ichirō Koizumi. In 2007, Koike served as Japan’s first female minister of defense. She held this role for only three months, however. Koike has been the governor of Tokyo since 2016.

Overt Crisis Powers 1. City Governance: Koike has ultimate say over what legislation passes and what plans are enacted in Tokyo, the largest city in the world. She holds sway over various city politicians. 2. Tomin First No Kai: Koike is the founder of the Tomin First No Kai political party, which currently exists in Tokyo. The party holds 53/127 seats in the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly. 3. Olympic Connections: Koike received the Olympic flag in the 2016 Rio games from the mayor of , and has been involved with planning for the games by allocating resources from Tokyo to the various projects. Koike has a large stake in overseeing this process. OLYMPICS | POSITION 015 YUJI AKASAKA Japan Airlines CEO

Date of Birth: 6/9/1962 Home Country: Japan

Yuji Akasaka was in college in 1985 when a Japan Airlines plane crashed into the "Ridge of Osutaka" in Gunma Prefecture, killing 520 passengers and crew members. Akasaka later stated in an interview that he was “shocked beyond words.” He decided to dedicate himself to making sure such an accident would never happen again, and that Japan Airlines would be as safe as possible.

Yuji Akasaka joined Japan Airlines on April of 1987 after studying Aeronautical engineering in Grad School. On December of 2001 he was appointed General Manager of the Production Planning Group for the Aircraft Maintenance Business Division (Haneda) of the Company. On April of 2009 he was appointed the Vice President of the Corporate Safety & Security of the Company as well as the Vice President of the Customer Relations of the Company. He was then swiftly promoted to the Vice President and Deputy General Manager of Customer Satisfaction Improvement and the Vice President of the Customer Experience Planning Department on October of 2009. After a couple of years of grueling, hard work, on April 2014 Akasaka was appointed an Executive Officer of the Company and the General Managership of Engineering & Maintenance, as well as the Representative Director and President of JAL ENGINEERING CO., LTD. On April 2016 he was promoted to Managing Executive Officer of the Company, and on April 2018 he became the President of the Company, a position he holds to this day.

Japan Airlines, or JAL, has had a deep history. Founded in 1951 and sponsored by the government, it has remained the premier Japanese airline to this day. It was privatized in 1987, allowing it to make huge deals with Disneyland Japan as well as American Airlines. It is a member of the Oneworld alliance, which has 15 worldwide Airlines, most notably American Airlines, British Airways, and Malaysian Airlines. In 2010, Japan Airlines almost went bankrupt and was in a recovery period for several years after that. Due to receiving a taxpayer-funded bailout and having debts forgiven by lenders, Japan Airlines was restricted from making investments and expanding routes until Spring of 2017. Now that Yuji Akasaka is in charge, he is expected to take advantage of the companies regained abilities. OLYMPICS | POSITION 015

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Akasaka seeks to bolster the public image of Japan Airways through the Olympics. He aims to make sure Air Traffic to Tokyo is both Safe and Profitable. He also wants to make sure Air Japan is positively portrayed by the advertising in the Olympics. He is trying to leverage this event to push Japan Airlines into a state of economic security. Akasaka would want there to be as many spectators as possible so that more people would use Japan Airways. Akasaka also has an aerospace engineering degree that might prove useful in designing the opening ceremony.

Akasaka has total control over all operations at Japan Airlines. He can control domestic flight patterns and can make deals with other members of Oneworld alliance to change international flight patterns. Akasaka also has advanced knowledge of Aerospace engineering and has many connections with numerous eminent Aerospace engineers, who would be more than happy to give him a little advice every now and then. Akasaka also has 203 airplanes at his disposal, as well as access to Japan’s 98 airports. OLYMPICS | POSITION 016

BARON PIERRE-OLIVIER BECKERS IOC Ethics Representative

Date of Birth: 5/3/1960 Home Country: Belgium

Pierre-Olivier Beckers was born on May 3, 1960. He is the youngest of the six children of Guy Beckers, a former president and CEO of Delhaize. The Beckers family is one of the significant shareholders of the company, which runs numerous Europe based grocery stores. Beckers got a bachelor's degree in applied economics at the Universite Catholique de Louvain (Louvain School of Management), Louvain-La-Neuve before getting an MBA at Harvard Business School. After getting married, in 1983 he joined Delhaize, working his way up to CEO in 1999. He remained in this position until 2013, when he resigned. He still sits on the board of directors to this day.

In 2004, Beckers was elected chairman of the Belgian Olympic Committee, a position he held until 2013. On 25 July 2012, at the 124th IOC Session in London, he was elected as a member of the International Olympic Committee, where he works to this day. He is a member of two committees: finance and ethics.

Overt Crisis Powers The Ethics Committee, according to the IOC, has three functions. “First, it draws up and continuously updates a framework of ethical principles, including the Code of Ethics [...] Second, it looks into complaints raised in relation to the non-respect of the Code of Ethics and, where necessary, proposes sanctions to the IOC Executive Board and/or the IOC Session. These recommendations remain confidential until the IOC Executive Board makes a decision. Third, it delivers advice to the IOC on the implementation of the ethical principles.” This essentially means that Baron Beckers must make sure there isn’t any cheating during the Olympics.

The Finance Committee reviews and pre-approves financial information so that they can advise the IOC on major financial decisions They must also “ensure that the IOC and all its subsidiaries have an efficient and transparent budgeting and financial control process and that the Financial Policies and Procedures approved by the IOC Executive Board are respected.” In other words, they make the budget. They also handle any investments the IOC makes.

Pierre-Olivier Beckers-Vieujant was appointed as a Baron in 2012. This position is the third lowest rank of the Belgian nobility, above Knight and below Viscount. While the position doesn’t have any explicit powers, it garners him a lot of respect amongst most Belgians that he can use to his favor. Beckers also still has a position on the board of directors of Delhaize, and still has contacts there he could use. OLYMPICS | POSITION 017 HARUMI KURIHARA TV Personality

Date of Birth: 3/5/1947 Home Country: Japan

Harumi Kurihara is a celebrity chef that is well known in Japan and around the world. She was born on March 5, 1947 in Shimoda, Japan. Although she has never been formally trained, cooking has come naturally to her and she has capitalized off of her experience of cooking in her home to create meals for everyday chefs and those cooking at home. She began to attract regional fame in the 1990s when she began publishing cookbooks that fused Japanese and Western styles of cooking.

As her critical acclaim grew, so did her following. Now, she hosts many TV shows as well as publishes a semi-annual magazine which shares recipes and other cooking related content. She credits her entry into the television world to her husband, Reiji Kurihara, a news anchor.

Since she is so highly regarded in Japan, she has attracted many high level sponsors, such as Nissan and 3M. In addition to her sponsorships, she owns a line of cookware as well as a chain of stores. Because she is so well known and liked, the “Martha Stewart of Japan” aims to represent the interests of everyday Japanese people.

Overt Crisis Powers 1. Media Appearance: Kurihara is constantly on TV and reaches an audience of hundreds of thousands of people regularly. Because of her widespread appeal, she can choose what to promote or exclude on her shows and what subjects to discuss. 2. Sponsorships: Kurihara has a long list of sponsors and is well connected with all of them. She can choose which ones she will have a stronger relationship with and could use her influence and connections to make her sponsors Olympic sponsors or vice versa. 3. Everyday Accessibility: Kurihara prides herself on reaching the typical Japanese person. Through her readily accessible and recognizable products, she can influence the choices and opinions that many people make and have. OLYMPICS | POSITION 018 KRISTY COVENTRY IOC Athletes Commission Board Member

Date of Birth: 9/16/1983 Home Country:

Kirsty Coventry currently serves as the Minister of Youth, Sports, Arts, and Recreation in the , which she assumed in September 2018. Coventry, age 35, was born on September 16th, 1983 in , Zimbabwe. In 2000, though she was still in high school, Coventry made her Olympic debut in Sydney. She became the first Zimbabwean swimmer to reach the Olympic semifinals and she was also named Zimbabwe’s Sports Woman of the Year. Following her high school career, Coventry attended and swam competitively for , in Alabama, where she lead her collegiate team to the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Championships in both 2003 and 2004. In 2004, Coventry also competed in the summer Olympics in , Greece, where she won three medals, including a gold medal in the 200 meter .

As Coventry progressed through her collegiate swimming career, she was named the top individual scorer at the NCAA Championships and won three individual titles, including the 200-yard and 400-yard individual medley (IM) and the 200-yard backstroke for the second season in 2005, when she was also named the College Swimming Coaches Association Swimmer of the Meet for her efforts. Additional awards include Swimmer of the year (2005), and the Southeastern Conference Swimmer of the Year (2004-05), and the for Swimming and Diving (2004-05).

Coventry went on to compete in the 2005 World Championships in Montreal, and won a gold medal in both the 100-meter and 200-meter backstroke, as well as a silver medal in the 200-meter and 400-meter IM. Her performance allowed Zimbabwe to rank third in the medal count by nation and earned her the female swimmer of the meet honors. Two years later, she returned to the World Championships, in , where she won silver medals in the 200-meter backstroke and the 200-meter IM. However, she faced disqualification in the 400-meter IM and finished in 14th place in the 100-meter backstroke, which cost her qualification for the final. She redeemed herself at the International Swim Meet in Narashino, Japan the same year, where she won four gold medals in the 200-meter and 400-meter IM and the 100-meter and 200-meter backstroke. OLYMPICS | POSITION 019

2008 marked a significant year for Coventry. She broke her first world record in the 200-meter backstroke and won the 100-meter backstroke, being the third woman in history to break the minute barrier and second to break the 59 second barrier. At the Manchester Short Course World Championships, she broke her second world record and won the gold medal in the 400-meter IM, and she also won a gold medal in the 100-meter backstroke. She broke yet another record at this meet in the 200-meter backstroke, and she broke another in the 200-meter IM. Due to these outstanding performances, she was named as the FINA Female Swimmer of the Championships. The same year, she represented Zimbabwe in the Summer Olympics in Beijing, where she won the silver medal in the 400-meter IM and became the second woman to swim the medley in under 4:30, and she also won then the gold medal by a world record time in the 200-meter backstroke, defending her Olympic title. She was awarded $100,000 by President Mugabe for her success at the Olympics, which she donated to charity.

She continued to win medals at the 2009 World Championships, where she won a gold and a silver as well as a world record time. However, in both the 2012 and 2016 Olympics, Coventry placed outside of the medals, and retired from swimming after the 2016 Olympics.

In 2012, she was elected to the International Olympic Committee Athletes’ Commission, where she will serve as an IOC member for eight years. In early September 2018, she was appointed to be the Minister of Youth, Sport, Arts, and Recreation in the Zimbabwean Cabinet under President , but not much is known about her political affiliation.

Coventry also works in a few nonprofits that work to help African children play sports, especially swim, safely. The Academy offers affordable swimming lessons, and these lessons are lead by coaches dedicated to bringing a high level of energy and passion, but possessing a first priority of safety. The Kirsty Coventry Academy works in tandem with downing prevention initiatives. The World Health Organization estimates over 350,000 people die from drowning each year, which inspired Coventry to instill the value of water safety and drowning prevention in both the Kirsty Coventry Academy and HEROES. HEROES is a Kirsty Coventry Academy initiative that provides free athletic opportunities to children in underserved areas of Zimbabwe, this initiative uses sports as a segue to tackle critical issues in such areas. These safe environments are created by coaches by using existing schools and other infrastructures. OLYMPICS | POSITION 020

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As a member of the IOC, Coventry’s role is to promote and represent the interests of the Olympics within her area, Zimbabwe. This role allows her to be an influential and prominent figure representing the Olympics in Zimbabwe, whose people affectionately call her “Golden Girl”, her status in Zimbabwe as an Olympic hero and as a member of the IOC allows her to be influential in the Zimbabwean view of the Olympics.

Coventry also serves as the Minister of Youth, Sport, Arts and Recreation in the President’s Cabinet. This position allows her to preside over the aforementioned fields, and she can therefore be very influential over the youth of Zimbabwe, seeing her impacts within their activities. This also allows her to have a role in the government of Zimbabwe, which can lead to important governmental decisions pertinent to ZImbabwean representation at the Olympics and the attitude toward it. Lastly, due to her work with her various organizations and initiatives, she creates environments for children to appropriately play sports in, thus perpetuating her role with children and youth, and influencing their thinking/attitudes. OLYMPICS | POSITION 019 YUKIO EDANO President of the Constitutional Democratic Party

Date of Birth: 5/31/1964 Home Country: Japan

Yukio Edano is a Japanese lawyer currently serving as the of the Democratic Party of Japan, the opposition party currently in the Japanese Parliament. He is from , a city to the north of Tokyo, and is 66 years old as of 2020. Edano has been with the Democratic Party since entering government in 1996, and has been through the creation and fall several Democratic Parties in past Japanese parliaments. A lawyer by trade, studying at and passing the Japanese Bar Exam in 1996.

Edano played a key role in the aftermath of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake, where he led investigations into the Fukushima reactors. In 2018 the Democratic Party merged with another prominent political party to form the current Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan, where Edano was appointed the Chief Cabinet Secretary. Following the 2018 elections in which the Constitutional Democratic Party became the Liberal Democratic Party’s primary opposition, Edano has served as the leader of loyal opposition to Shinzo Abe’s government.

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1. Draft policies in the Japanese Parliament, either for the Constitutional Democratic Party’s benefit or for his own. 2. Exercise business and lobbyist ties to enrich finances or make new business deals for the Constitutional Democratic Party 3. Use connections from past electoral posts such as the Minister of Finance or the Minister of Trade to influence other politicians in provinces or within the Constitutional Democratic Party OLYMPICS | POSITION 020 YASUSHI AKIMOTO AKB48 Manager

Date of Birth: 5/2/1958 Home Country: Japan

Yasushi Akimoto was born May 2, 1958 in Tokyo, Japan. In high school he began to write television scripts, which allowed him to first get his start in the entertainment industry. From television, Akimoto made the leap to pop music, writing lyrics for J-Pop groups. His first hits were with Onyanko Club, a pop group. His wife, Mamiko was a singer for a famous group called Onyanko Club but has since retired from signing. Yasushi is the one of the most widely known and respected producers in Japan, and he has made connections across the world in the movie industry.

Over the past ten years, he has assembled one of the most popular J-Pop groups in all of Japan: AKB-48. The popularity of the group, which he has made millions off of, has spurred various offshoot groups all across Japan and has a fervent fan base. His reputation fuelled his invitation to coordinate the opening ceremony of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games, but this was not without controversy. In fact, thousands of Japanese and global individuals have petitioned his position on the Games, believing that his role in the J-Pop scene has lead to a decline in Japanese culture.

Overt Crisis Powers 1. Media Prevalence: Akimoto can reach an audience of hundreds of thousands of people regularly through his music and music management. Because of his widespread recognition, he can choose what to promote or exclude though the J-Pop groups he manages. 2. Managerial Role: Akimoto writes a lot of music for these major groups, and he can announce, cancel, or conduct shows and what songs they choose to play. His strong management of these groups can play a major role in the Japanese people’s support. 3. Opening Ceremonies: As coordinator for the opening ceremonies for the Games, he can take extensive license on what will take place during this heavily viewed time slot. Sponsors would be eager for him to include them in the ceremony for promotion, and the opening is seen as a powerful political message and sign of whether the Games will be successful OLYMPICS | POSITION 021

KOKI ANDO CEO of Nissin Foods

Date of Birth: 10/7/1947 Home Country: Japan

Koki Ando was born October 7, 1947 in Osaka, Japan. He is the son of famous inventor Momofuku Ando, inventor of instant noodles. Koki Ando went to college at Keio University, graduating in 1971. In 1973, Ando joined his father’s now multi-million dollar company and worked his way up the ranks. In 1985, he became president of Nissin Foods and worked alongside his father for over twenty years. In 2008, shortly after his father’s death, Koki was promoted to CEO, a position he has occupied since then.

However, Ando has not limited himself to business ventures. He is involved in various philanthropic organizations including the Ando Foundation, The Japan Association for the United Nations World Food Programme, and the Japan Association of Athletics Federations. He is also a member of the Japanese Business Federation, which Hiroaki Nakanishi is the head of. He is wealthy, making over $2.5 million annually.

Overt Crisis Powers 1. Money Matters: As head of a company worth several billion dollars, Koki can make decisions that have powerful economic implications for certain areas of Japan. 2. Sponsorship: Ando has the final say on offering sponsorship deals, and could use his connections in the Japanese sports industry to gain an upper hand in advertising. 3. The Social Networker: Because of his various roles in outreach to new markets as well as his father’s multicultural background, Ando has connections all throughout East Asia, particularly in the food industry. OLYMPICS | POSITION 022

ICHIRO SUZUKI MLB All-Star, Seattle Mariners

Date of Birth: 10/22/1973 Home Country: Japan

Ichiro Suzuki was born October 22, 1973 in Toyoyama, Japan. Ichiro began playing baseball when he was very young and went directly into playing professional baseball in Japan when he turned 18. After eight years with the Orix Blue Waves, where he distinguished himself, he transitioned himself over to American Major League Baseball (MLB).

In 1999, Ichiro married Yumiko Fukushima. A year later, he was recruited by the Seattle Mariners, where he played until 2012. After brief stints with the Yankees and Marlins, he returned to Seattle in 2018. Over the years, he has accrued many major baseball awards, including being a ten time All-Star, and the 2001 American League MVP award. In 2006 and 2009, he played in the World Baseball Classic as a part of the Japanese national team, winning gold medals both times. He is well regarded in Japan and is well off.

Overt Crisis Powers 1. Media Prevalence: Ichiro is seen as a major Japanese sports icon, and his presence at events, or lack thereof, could shape the general attitudes of the Japanese people regarding the Games. 2. Close Connections: Because of his status as one of the best baseball players in the MLB, he has connections with other well regarded athletes and team owners. His connections could prove useful in organizing a movement 3. On the Field: Since he is a powerful player, his actions about where he chooses to play baseball, or who he endorses, matters a great deal to a large audience of sports fans in both the US and Japan.