The design of bridges and viaducts a technical approach Júlio Appleton Summary
Design objectives Design constraints and basic data The participants in bridge construction Stages of design Conceptual design Preliminary design Types of bridges. Bridges in Portugal Arch bridges Girder bridges Cable stayed bridges Suspension bridges Detailed design Execution, maintenance and operation Design objectives
Functionality – fulfillment of a purpose
Integration in the alignement and in its surroundings
Elegance
Economy
Ethics Design constraints and basic data
Plan of the site, alignement of the route and obstacles to be crossed
Width of the bridge
Geotechnical and hydraulic data
Environment data
Local conditions for access, technologies and materials available
Local codes (wind, temperature, seismes, environment agressitity,…) The participants in bridge construction
Owner
Project manager
Bridge designer and experts (road designer, geotechnics, hydraulics, wind and seismic, architecture)
Contractor
Surveyor and quality control Conceptual Design
For each possible solution:
First bridge sketch, based on the design objectives (2D – spans, pier location).
Cross sections of deck and piers. Photo simulation of bridge integration
Main concern for aestetics proportion transparency, simplicity details
Choose 1 to 3 possible solutions Preliminary Design
For each solution develop the construction process
Establish the dimension of main structure elements
Consider durability and maintenance
Obtain a preliminary cost estimate The design of a new bridge shall be unique and adequate for the objectives and constraints but shall also have into consideration past experience
Types of bridges and exemples in Portugal
Arch bridges Girder bridges Cable stayed bridges Suspension bridges Maronry Arch bridges
Vila Formosa Bridge over Ribeira de Seda in EN 369, between Ponte de Sôr and Alter do Chão Roman road between Lisbon and Mérida (Augusta Emerita), at the time the capital of Iberia Ist century. Total length 116,5m 6 arches The place for the forfex is visible on the granite stones
Júlio Appleton 9 Masonry arch bridges
Trajano Bridge in ChavesRoman over Bridge River over Tâmega, Rio Tâmega in the em itinerary Chaves, of Braga to Astorga 12 granite arches visibleIn the from road the of Braga18 original to Astorga bridge. 5,4m width deck Masonry historic aqueduct
• Aqueduto das Águas Livres (Manuel da Maia e Custódio Vieira) a 14,1Km water supply project, 1731 – 1744 • Alcântara 941m aqueduct with 35 limestone arches ( highest arch – 28,8m span and 69,3m high)
Júlio Appleton 11 Masonry arch bridges
Railway Bridges in Viseu branch Railway Bridge over Zela River, 1913 Pego bridge over Vouga River, 1914 6 arches 13,8m span Masonry arch bridges
Railway Bridge Poço de S. Tiago Designed by Séjourné in 1913 and Constructed by F. Mercier L=168m L(central arch) =55m Rise 24,7m Steel Arch bridges
Dona Maria Bridge over Douro River, Eiffel/Seyrig,1877 Hinged arch with 160m span and 42,6m rise Steel Arch bridges
Ponte Luiz I sobre o Rio Douro, 1886 ArchLuiz with I Bridge 172m over span Douro and River, two decks, Seyrig Seyrigand Soc. and Willebroek,1886 Soc. Willebroek Arch with 172m span and two decks
The upper deck is supported in the arch and the lower deck is suspended from the arch Steel Arch Bridges
Vila Franca de Xira Bridge, 1951 Contractors - Seth and Dorman, Long & Loyd
Bowstring, Langer type beam, 5 spans of 103,5m Concrete precast composite piles First concrete tests of piles in the river. 20m long, diam 50cm
Júlio Appleton 16 Concrete Arch bridges
Foz do Dão Bridge in EN243, 1933 Tua Bridge in EN 214,1939 Viseu discrict. Main span 60m Bragança district Main span 80m (unreinforced concrete) Concrete Arch Bridges
Duarte Pacheco Viaduct in A5 Lisboa- Cascais, 1944 Foz do Sousa Bridge in EN 108,1954 Main span 91,80m Main span 115,0m Barbosa Carmona Edgar Cardoso Concrete Arch Bridges
Barca de Alva Bridge over Douro River in EN 221 Abreiro Bridge over Tua River in EN 314 Multiple arches with 37,50m spans, 1955 Slender arch with 92m span, 1957 Edgar Cardoso Correia de Araújo Concrete Arch Bridges
Trancão Viaduct in A1, 1959 Arrábida Bridge in EN1 over Douro, Porto Multiple hinged arches, spans of 51,50m Main span 270m,1963 F. Abreu/ Rui Correia Edgar Cardoso Concrete Arch Bridges
Infante Bridge over Douro River, 2003 Arch bridge 280m span and 25m rise, Adão da Fonseca Steel Girder Bridges of the XIX Century
Abrantes Bridge over Tagus on EN3 - km 3,2 - 1870
(42,545 + 5 50,8 + 42,545 m)
Contractor - Fives-Lille
Strengthened by external prestressing by Edgar Cardoso, 1960s
Júlio Appleton 22 Reinforced Concrete Girder bridges
Bridges over Cávado and Caldo Rivers,1954 Viaducts N5.1 e N5.2 in the access in EN304 and EN 308 (Caniçada Reservoir) to the 25 de Abril bridge,1966 Two girder beams with open web - spans 23,0m Box girder caisson with 3 cells Masonry piers Max. Span 47m (section height 2,35m) Edgar Cardoso Tudor Eng. Prestressed concrete bridge with precast beams
Bridge over Côa River in IP5, 1986 Current spans of 42,5m with precast beams 35,5m span supported in column heads Vítor Monteiro Vasco da Gama Bridge - General Data
Vasco da Gama Bridge. 17,2 Km project. Total bridge length 12,3 Km (10 km over Tagus River)
Main constraints Construction in the river Difficult geotechnical conditions Marine environment Time and money
Finance, design, construction and operation 950 million euros (1998) 1840 euros/m2
Júlio Appleton 25 Prestressed concrete precast girder bridge
Vasco da Gama Central Viaduct: L = 6531m , 1998
Designer – Trafalgar House
Each beam (4m high) with 78,6m span (2200ton) was precast and transported by a crane ship. Expansion joints for each 9 spans (L = 707,5m).
Hydraulic dampers in the intermediate supports. Continuity with internal and external cables 1,7m diameter piles (40 to 95m long with pile cap concreted inside precast block) Júlio Appleton 26 Prestressed concrete precast girder bridge
Vasco da Gama Expo Viaduct , 1998 Designer - EEG (Europe Études) L= 672m 12 spans, 46m to 61m, 3,4m box girder constant height Construction with balanced cantileevers with precast segments 19C15 cables for each segment and continuity external cables Hydraulic dampers in all supports. Rectangular hollow section columns
Júlio Appleton 27 Prestressed concrete cast in place girder bridge
Vasco da Gama South Viaduct L = 3825 m (360m continuous substructures) , 1998
Cast in place prestressed concrete deck, 45m spans, constructed with a launching girder
Armando Rito
Júlio Appleton 28 Prestressed concrete bridge with deck constructed with launching girder
Bridge decks built with launching girders over or under the deck Bridges with continuous decks constructed span by span Section type TT for spans up to 50m
Azilheira viaduct in A2, 2002 Muge viaduct in A13, 2005 J. Appleton J.Appleton Prestressed concrete cast in place balanced cantilever deck bridge
Alcântara viaduct Designer – Tudor (+ SEEE) , 1966
L= 945,1m, b= 21,8m T structures with 38m cantileevers (in situ concreting of 3,65m segments with maximum height of 4,42m) Piers constructed with slip formwork Transverse beam prepared for railway viaduct
Júlio Appleton 30 Prestressed concrete bridge
Mosteiró bridge over Douro River in EN211 at Carrapatelo Reservoir (1973) Deck constructed over the old steel girder bridge eliminating one column The spans of 42+55+55+42 changed to 42+110+42 (m) Edgar Cardoso Prestressed concrete railway bridge
São João Railway Bridge 250m span, over Douro River in Porto The deck was constructed by balanced cantileevers, 1992 Edgar Cardoso
Details of pier foundation in the river Prestressed concrete bridge with deck constructed by balanced cantileevers
Bridges constructed with box girder cantileevers decks up 200m span
Ocreza River Bridge in IC8, 2013 Bridge over Temilobos river in Régua/Reconcos 190m central span 130m max. span J. Appleton J.Appleton Prestressed concrete launched girder bridge
Bridge over Agueda River in IC2, 1998 Box girder incremental lauching girder deck with 51,5m spans Lisconcebe/Proponte Cable stayed bridges
Figueira da Foz Bridge over Mondego River in EN 108, 1978 Spans of 90m+225m+90m Concrete slab deck over two main steel girders (each bean with 2 I sections 2m height) 30m distance of stay anchorages at the deck Edgar Cardoso Cable stayed bridges
Arade Bridge in alternative to EN 125 in Portimão,1991 Prestressed concrete deck with 2 main beams and spans of 107+256+107 (m) Total suspension with deck anchorages spaced 8m Armando Rito Cable stayed bridges
International bridge crossing over Guadiana River near Castro Marim, 1991 Box girder deck with 36+135+324+135+36 (m) spans. Deck anchorages distance of 9m Câncio Martins Cable stayed bridges
Vasco da Gama Bridge, 1998. Total length 12,3 Km (10 km over Tagus River)
Main cable stayed bridge. Spans: 204,6m (62 + 70,6 + 72) + 420,2m + 204,6m.
Full suspension. Fan type cable system. Steel/concrete deck 2,95m high
Difficult foundations (2, 2m diameter piles reaching 66m deep)
Júlio Appleton 38 Vasco da Gama Bridge - Main Bridge
Main Bridge Designer - Europe Études L = 830m (204,6 + 420,2 + 204,6) Stay cables spaced 8,85m (31T15 to 73T15) Lateral prestressed girders 2,65m high Mixed steel concrete deck (Steel I beams spaced 4,4m) Full suspension
Júlio Appleton 39 Cable stayed bridges
Salgueiro Maia bridge over Tejo River in IC10 (Santarém), 2000 Central suspension box birder deck. Main span of 246m. Câncio Martins
Corgo Bridge in AE Transmontana, 2013 Central span of 300m. Central suspension box birder deck Dias Barata Suspension bridges
Multiple Suspension Bridge over Zambeze river withspans of 90m+3x180m+90m, 1962 Prestressed concrete deck. Inclined suspension ties Edgar Carrdoso Bridge over Tagus River / Salazar Bridge / 25 April Bridge
Bridge over Tagus River in Lisbon,1966 Golden Gate in São Francisco , 1937
L=2178m (100m-483m-1012m-483m-100m) L=1970m (345m-1280m-345m)
Designers – Seinman, Boyton, Gronquist & London, Joseph Strauss, Irving Morrow
Contractors – United States Steel Export Company McClintic-Marshall Const.Co
Júlio Appleton 42 Salazar Bridge, 1966
Financing, Design, Construction and Operation Project (1962-1966)
Total cost 12 million euros (1966). In 2018, the cost would be 80 times more.
Júlio Appleton 43 Salazar Bridge, 1966
Main cable – 11248 wires 4,877 mm
Júlio Appleton 44 25 April Bridge
New secondary cable and new railway deck
The Bridge over Tagus changed the name in 1974 to 25 de April Bridge
The bridge was planned to support the railway, mainly towers and foundations
The bridge has at present 155 000 TMDA (50 million per year)
Júlio Appleton 45 25 April Bridge
Bridge over Tagus River in Lisbon - railway introduction in 1999
Design Steinman, Boynton, Gronquist & Bridsal and Grid (railway Alcântara viaduct)
Contractors DSD ; American Bridge ;TD ; Wayass ;SLM
Total cost 47,5 million euros (1999) 1,44 times in 2018
Júlio Appleton 46 25 April Bridge, 2016, the 50th anniversary
The P50 project – An interpretation and historic center at North anchor blocks
IP/A2P
Júlio Appleton 47 Detailed Design
General description and safety verifications
Detailed drawings
Construction procedures Vasco da Gama Bridge - Details
Relevant participation of architects
Júlio Appleton 49 Execution, maintenance and operation
Initial quality requires adequate Owner specifications, competence of all entities and fair prices
Maintenace and operation shall start imediatly after finishing the execution.
It requires a good Manual for monitoring, inspection and maintenance and adequate funds for regular inspection and for the execution of preventive and curative works References
Fib bull 9 Guide for good bridge design, 2000 Leonhardt, F. Bridges Aesthetics and design, 1982
Gattel, Ponte Vasco da Gama, 1999 Machado,L.; Branco,F. , The Vasco da Gama Project, 1998 Wastiaux, M., Tagus Bridge – Central and Cable Stayed Bridge – Construction Methods
MOP – A Ponte Salazar, 1966 REFER – A Ponte 25 de Abril Construção da 2ª fase, 1999 Ferry Borges – The observation of Tagus River Suspension Bridge, 1966
Júlio Appleton 51 Thank you for your attention
Júlio Appleton 52