APRIL,1983 BRIDGEWATER STATE COLLEGE Volume 1, No.3 • HOGARTH AND HIS UNHOLY AGE • THE HOME COMPUTER ~water ---- •

2 Letters To The Editor

Hogarth and his Unholy Age 3 Editor's Notebook Faculty Essays 4 Hogarth and his Unholy Age by Thomas M. Curley 9 The Home Computer by Henry O. Daley 12 New Psychological Factors in Stress and Heart Disease by Herbert J. Greenwald The Home Computer

rr~i Poetry ~ "'t" , 18 To Happy Harold, My Used Car Dealer by Joseph DeRocco I~ Book Reviews III Stress and Heart Disease 17 The Purple Decades by Clifford Wood 19 Late Innings: A Baseball Companion by Philip Silvia 20 High School Achievement by Robert Fitzgibbons & Raymond Zu Wallack Cultural Commentary 21 Thinking About Education: French and American Primary Schools by Barbara Apstein Thinking About Education Research Note 23 Gunboat Diplomacy in the South Atlantic by Jordan D. Fiore

Inside Back Preview of July 1983 Issue Cover

Gunboat Diplomacy o To the Editor: o Professor Boyle responds:

In the December issue of Bridgewater Review, Milton My esteemed colleague, Professor Hugo D'A1arcao Boyle's interesting article on the relationship of science and beautifully demonstrates the "stereotypical" thinking my religion presents this relationship from the perspective of a article challenges. Assumptions for the scientist, just as for religionist. I believe that some of his conclusions seriously the religionist, are far more than working hypotheses and misrepresent the basic nature of scientific inquiry. In can be just as passionately defended in the face of contrary particular when five astrophysical assumptions are listed evidence as any religious tenet. Isaac Newton, I am sure, and it is then claimed that "these basic assumptions, would be vehemently defending his theories and challenging accepted by the world's most renowned astrophysicists are Einstein should they both be alive today. The steady-state their statements of faith." theorist still adamantly defends his creation-theory in spite For a scientist an assumption is nothing more than a of the almost absolute lack of evidence to support it and in working hypothesis which the scientist is constantly the face of convincing evidence for the Big Bang theory. questioning, refining, and eager to discard if evidence Religionists, on the other hand, do sometimes discard their contradicts it. On the other hand a statement of faith for a assumptions -- conversions occur all the time. I do not think religionist can sometimes be refined, but never discarded. It either side is ever "eager to discard" its set theories, is the acceptance of absolute articles of faith assumptions, statements of faith. I which cannot be abandoned that especially know no scientist who is willing distinguishes religion from other human (let alone eager) to discard his most basic activities. This is a fundamental difference. It assumption of all -- that the scientific renders science and religion forever method, i.e., empirical proof, is the only way irreconcilable in spite of Professor Boyle's to be sure of anything. No religionist holds best wishes to the contrary. any belief more tenaciously! The author dismisses the creationists' Therein, however, lies the crux of our attempts at trying to portray religion as problem. The basic difference between the scientific. However he is guilty of a similar scientist and the religionist is that the latter simplification in trying to portray science as refuses to believe that only empirically religionlike. Instead of scientific creationism demonstrated statements can be true. The he is proposing religious astrophysics! former acknowledges that there may be Rather than trying to reconcile religion and truths for which there can be no tangible or science, their different roles should be sensuous evidence, and is willing to bet his emphasized and appreciated. life on it. The point of my article is to show In conclusion, I would like to paraphrase that the scientist now has to accept and the author when he refers to scientists and build upon assumptions that can never be theologians climbing opposite sides of a empirically proven. He may not like it but he mountain: must face it. They will eventually meet at the top, having arrived A further point to my article is this: while the religionist's thus at the same point. Some seriously scientific prime concern is meaning, the scientist seldom concerns person will surely be there to ask, "Where have himself with it. He feels free to inquire anywhere and seeks you been? I have been waiting for you." to discover truths no matter the cost. For him meaning is beyond empiricism and thus cannot be dealt with. Now, I aver, the scientist must no longer afford himself the luxury Hugo D'Alarcao of research without raising questions of meaning Mathematics and Computer Science philosophically and/or religiously. I am surely proposing Bridgewater State College religious astrophysics, religious biology, religious science, as legitimate avenues of inquiry! I readily admit my article is presented from the point of view of the religionist, but Iam also a scientist and had space permitted, I should like to have written for the scientist in me. Religion needs to become more aware of the sciences, their immeasureable contributions to the discovery of truth and of the value of the "scientific method." Next time.

Milton L. Boyle, Jr. Philosophy and Religious Studies Bridgewater State College • The process of running for the top office in the country need not be lengthy, costly EDITOR'S NOTEBOOK and anesthetizing. It may be helpful to investigate how other democratic countries • conduct their elections. The results would clearly show that England, France, Canada, Presidential Politics and Germany and many others elect national leaders in a much shorter period of time, at a The Rites of Spring fraction of the cost, without superficiality and blatant egoism and most importantly without losing the interest of the voting ow that we are slowly emerging from Jack Kemp and maybe evenJohn Anderson public. the doldrums of winter, the signs of jockey for position. The problem of presidential overkill has N life and activity that coincide with the Since the American public will be deluged finally become a concern among a broad coming of spring are in evidence. As usual for the next twenty months with speeches, spectrum of civic groups, academicians, the birds are back, the jonquils are in bloom press conferences, interviews, rallies, some media people and yes, even the and the days are longer. But spring also advertisements and'an endless stream of politicians. All are beginning to recognize brings with it some other changes, The Red television analysis, it is essential to step back that it is much easier to run this country with Sox once again begin their yearly search for at this early stage and ask what it's all for, a committed and informed public rather the holy grail of baseball; school children and collegians make their annual trek to Disney World or Ft. Lauderdale, and of course there is always the date with the tax collector. This year though, there is a new sign of spring, a search somewhat akin to that of the Red Sox, but much more serious and important. This spring we begin the search for the next President of the United States. Now before you say, "but that's not until 1984," let's take a further look at this newest sign of spring. I' ~fI) ..c: [t is now approximately twenty months till E the presidential elections in November of J 1984. And yet Americans are beginning to be treated to what is becoming an endless campaign for the highest office in the land. Already we have seen Ted Kennedy decide not to participate in this two year enterprise, ostensibly at the wishes of his family, but according to some cynics in order to avoid "The County Election," by George Caleb Bingham, the embarrassment of defeat. and more importantly, what is this endless than a mass of apathetic or cynical citizens. The departure of Kennedy only campaign doing to the democratic process temporarily quieted the Democratic camp. of electing a president? onsequently, discussion h~s inten~ified Party leaders scurried about to find suitable Perhaps the most distressing aspect of C with respect to estabhshmg regIonal replacements to continue the journey. [t this presidential hype is that all the primaries (instead of the distinct and dis· was not a difficult search, for the likes of candidates, all the money ($275 million in jointed pre-elections at present), instituting Mondale, Glenn, Cranston, Hart, Hollings a two-day voting period (preferably a 1980) and all the media coverage has dulled and Bumpers were more than eager Saturday and Sunday in spring) placing a the electoral senses of the American public. to position themselves early for the further cap on campaign expenses and It is a well-known fact that we in the United big push starting next winter in New requiring more informal citizen-oriented States have the lowest voter turnout of any Hampshire. Most of the hopefuls have of the so-called advanced industriai debates. already established campaign committees democracies (53% in 1980). Somewhere Don't look for these changes in 1984, but and collected the $100,000 required for along the way we seem to have lost the point if turnout continues to drop and boredom them to receive matching funds from the of presidential elections, escalates, American politics may be forced Federal Elections Commission. Elections for the top office in this country to change in order to maintain a viable democratic system. [t would be nice Of course on the other side the are less a means of encouraging citizen someday to be as excited about the Republicans are eagerly awaiting the participation than a means of employ­ presidential elections as we are about the announcement of President Reagan to seek ing consultants, testing advertising coming of spring and the beginning of a second term in office. Should Mr. Reagan techniques, packaging candidates, and baseball season. listen to his wife rather than his advisers and polling voters. We are at the stage now retire to his ranch, then the Republicans will ' where the candidates are active and also begin the rites of spring as George spirited, but the citizenry is tired, Bush, Howard Baker, Richard Lugar, disillusioned and, unfortunately, bored. Michael J. Kryzanek 3 and his

Courtesy National Gallery 0/ Art, Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection Unholy Age &3 amuel Johnson, that eighteenth-century English authority on human learning and life, ~ had a surprisingly low regard for painting. But he knew the first great British artist, William Hogarth, and publicly applauded the first art exhibitions in England. Johnson would have found an equally good reason to applaud Bridgewater State College's Hogarth Festival in October of 1982. This exhibition of twenty­ five, beautifully preserved prints was a splendid sampling of Hogarth's artistic legacy selected from the collection owned by the Judd Family ofNew Jersey and on loan from Monmouth College, New Jersey through Professor Vincent DiMattio. All in all, the Hogarth Festival afforded spectators a rare opportunity to glimpse the energies and excesses of Henry Fielding's England and Johnson's London. To grasp the uniqueness of Hogarth's artistry is to take into account the more conventional aesthetic standards of Sir Joshua Reynolds, the century's most famous portrait painter. Reynolds hungered after the epic dignity of the grand style in painting and found nothing of it in Hogarth's works. Reynolds' later Discourses held up Michelangelo and the spectacular Sistine Chapel for veneration and imitation: "The style of Michael Angelo, which I have compared to ... the language of the gods, now no longer exists, as it did in the fifteenth century." No doubt, the differences between Michelangelo of the Sistine Chapel and Hogarth of Leicester Fields, London could not be more dramatic. Whereas the Italian master executed his epic subject of the biblical history of humankind, the engraver captured extraordinary moral insights in the ordinary middle-class culture of England. Hogarth's contemporaries still respected classical-Renaissance grandeur, but a secular, fact-minded modern sensibility By Thomas M. Curley now flourished. ~ ot until the eighteenth century did a j.~uly native English tradition of paintmg commence. This was the era that a middle course between the unrealistic witnessed the birth of the British empire, the extremes 0/ heroic moral seriousness and vicious emergence of a better educated populace, burlesque absurdity . .. and the rise of the English novel -- the one literary form most directly relevant to Hogarth's artistic achievement. For, like the novel, Hogarth's art represented a tentative break with the past and a troubled la Mode in 1743 traced the tragic outcome of manner: "I therefore turned my thoughts to acceptance of the present. Like the novel, an unromantic alliance between a bored a still more new way of proceeding, viz his works inclined toward a democratic nobleman and an ambitious alderman's painting and engraving modern moral realism rather than toward an aristocratic daughter; and Industry and Idleness in 1747 subjects, a field unbroke up in any country idealization in style and content. As contrasted Francis Goodchild's industrious or any age. I have endeavoured to treat my England's earliest native artist of rise to prosperity and Thomas Idle's subjects as a dramatick writer, my picture is international stature, he excelled as a reckless fall into a life of crime and capital my stage, and men and women my players, moralist of the common man within the punishment at the Tyburn gibbet. who by means of certain actions and crowded cityscape of Protestant capitalists, Only for a relatively brief period after the gestures, are to exhibit a dumb show." His each sharply defined by a specialized mid-1730s did Hogarth desert his satiric instinctive use of a literary analogy occupation and all of them driven by realism and try his hand at portraiture and demonstrates that he realized the ties humankind's perennial hopes and fears. In historical painting. His skill in portraiture between his pictures and the comic his precisely detailed presentation of was distinguished and possibly influenced literature of his day. In fact, in artistic aim everyday heroes, fools, and villains, he young Reynolds. But Reynolds later and technique, he had affinities to Augustan created an allegory of middle-class lamented Hogarth's abortive flirtation with satirists and even turned episodes of Samuel Butler's and Jonathan individualism, the emblems and symbols of historical themes. In one of the final Hudibras Swift's into exquisite its limitations and aspirations, and the Discourses, Reynolds in 1788 paid long Gulliver's Travels unfolding plot of the secular pilgrim's overdue homage to Hogarth before the prints. But unlike these earlier satirists, progress to earthly perdition or paradise. Royal Academy and yet made a point of Hogarth resisted aristocratic idealization, criticizing him for emulating the very grand seemed more comfortable with middle-class style that Reynolds practised and values and realities, cultivated at least a promulgated throughout his career: slight strain of sentimentality, and, rather ~ than indulge in single-minded satire against (is Sistine Chapel After this admirable artist had spent the humankind, retained a comic openness ~ greatest part of his life in active, busy, and verging on a moral ambiguity about human tt was the bourgeois we may add, successful attention to the life. Even in his angriest protests against the English marketplace. ridicule of life; after he had invented a new species of dramatick painting, in which status quo, his obvious relish for the vitality ~ probably he will never be equaled, and had of a mundane, sometimes immoral stored his mind with infinite materials to humanity softens his visual satire and blurs explain and illustrate the domestick and its moral meaning. The dates of Hogarth's life, 1697 to 1764, familiar scenes of common life, which were embrace the literary eras of Swift, Pope, generally, and ought to have been always, is distinctive accomplishments Fielding, and Johnson, and, therefore, span the subject of his pencil; he very bear close comparison with the the great periods of Augustan satire and imprudently, or rather presumptuously, qf attempted the great historical style, for newly emerging English novel. In moral realism in English arts and letters. which his previous habits had by no means inventing the pictorial "progress," Hogarth Born in London, the son of a classical prepared him. synthesized the essential elements of the pedagogue-turned-businessman, Hogarth popular novel: the dynamic evolution of inherited from his father a humanistic, moral Reynolds was right. In aspiring for the grand scenes, the procession of characters, and sensibility tempered by a city dweller's style, Hogarth was striving for the legitimacy an unfolding plot and theme unified around tough-minded outlook on human life. Unlike and glory of the old Renaissance masters, an a central protagonist possessing freedom of his father and unlike most of his colleagues, ambition suited neither to his real gifts nor to the will and an often unreasonable percep­ he enjoyed considerable financial success in his unheroic milieu. His true Sistine Chapel tion of self and society in his passage his calling. Aided by a parliamentary act of was the bourgeois English marketplace; his through a world that shapes his destiny for 1735 strengthening copyright privileges, he tale of God's creation centered on the moral good or for ill. It is not surprising that he curtailed the expensive interference of chaos of the English capital; and his epic drew on novelistic scenes for artistic printsellers and counterfeiters of his works seriousness took the form of a laughing last inspiration and fashioned prints from and sold directly to the public. And his prints judgement on the contemporary human episodes of Don Quixote, probably the first became extremely popular. There was an comedy. genuine novel. Nor is it surprising that especially strong demand for his narrative Hogarth wisely avoided straying far from Thackeray perceived a connection between sequences, better known as Hogarthian his unique talent for comic realism. Nor did the artist and novelists and discussed "progresses" which remain among- his he really emphaSIze topical political satire "Hogarth, Smollett, and Fielding" in a single acknowledged masterpieces: A Harlot's until the end of his career. As he recognized lecture of The English Humourists. Perhaps Progress in 1732 displayed the prostitution in his later Autobiographical Notes, his least surprising of all is that Hogarth's major and death of a country girl, Mary forte' lay in a clear-sighted expose' of twentieth-century biographer and editor, Hackabout, in the big city; A Rake's humankind's universal follies and vices Professor Ronald Paulson of Yale Progress in 1735 chronicled Tom Rakewell's presented in eighteenth-century middle­ University, is also a scholar of satire and the gradual corruption in London; Marriage a class dress and in an ever darkening comic eighteenth-century novel. 5 /"7 {ogarth proved to be an inspiration to 3. An emphasis upon realism made presides morally and geographically off­ \It authors. The plots of Samuel Richard· famous by Hogarth himself: "let us center at a degenerate round table of son's Clarissa (1748) and John Cleland's examine the works of a comic-history treacherous prostitutes. Here one can Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (1749) painter, ... where we shall find the true observe the comic action and moral themes resemble the action of A Harlot's Progress. excellence ... to consist in the exactest which emanate from the vanity and John Shebbeare's novel, The Marriage Act copying of nature;" affectation of Tom Rakewell as a would-be (1754), and George Colman's play, The 4. An occasional reliance on mock-heroic gentleman destroyed by extravagance. Clandestine Marriage (1766), capitalized on parody of the grand style. The satiric Here are the low characters and mean the theme of Marriage a la Mode. Tobias thrust of the parody can have the manners held up for moral ridicule. Here too Smollett shared Hogarth's contradictory triple-edged effect of debunking the is the dynamic depiction of mundane combination of moral wrath and comic ideal as unreal, of chastening the real by realities, so intensely vivid as to shade into relish for the seamier aspects of human life. comparison with the ideal, and of symbols of Tom's progressive corruption He caricatured the artist as "Pallet" in ennobling the real by equating it with and so shockingly vital as to arouse in Peregrine Pickle (1751) but made amends the ideal. spectators both a dangerous fascination for the snub in The Present State of All with the bawdy scene and a contrary moral Nations (1768): "In the comic scenes of Compared to Fielding's humor, Hogarth's indignation at its sordidness. Here finally is a painting, Hogarth is an inimitable original comic realism is more unsparing, more parodic allusion to the grand style in the wall with respect to invention, humour, and seductively receptive to the raw facts of portraits of the ancient emperors, mocking expression." Above all, Henry Fielding human existence, more appreciative of low reminders of a departed Roman glory and espoused a theory of the novel that reads life, less sympathetic to aristocratic values, an enduring imperial depravity. Thanks to like Hogarth's own artistic manifesto. and less optimistic about the dangerous the prostitute's phallic candle in the A friend of background, the Hogarth, Fielding, world is going to in his preface to blazes, fueled by Joseph Andrews lust and unre­ (1742) announced deemed by love. a new literary This is Hogarth's genre and desig­ Last Supper; Tom nated it a "comic Rakewell's apos­ romance" or, tles are decadent more precisely, a disciples of the "comic epic-poem punchbowl, all of in prose." This them Judases, all new form of prose agents of hopeless fiction, like drama­ disorder, and all tic comedy and participants in an Hogarth's prints, unholy commun­ was to steer a ion of midnight middle course revelry. Amidst between the un­ the disarray and realistic extremes dishabille' of the of heroic moral harlots, Tom seriousness and almost supine in vicious burlesque his vulnerability absurdity that --stands little rendered human chance of slowing beings exaggera­ his fated progress ted caricatures of toward debt, des­ evil rather than pair, and death. credible charac­ Plate 3 of A Rake's Progress (1735) tT""he pictorial ters with everyday "L elements of follies. Fielding then listed other staples of human condition. Barring these differences, Rakewell's corruption surfaced in his novel bearing directly on Hogarth's the intellectual kinship between Fielding and Fielding's tale of Mr. Wilson's loss of artistic achievement: Hogarth was substantial enough to permit innocence in Book III, Chapter 3 of Joseph each man to influence the comic creations Andrews. The long lost father of Joseph 1. A humorous plot to dramatize moral of the other. Andrews, Mr. Wilson functions as the themes aimed at correcting human novel's moral norm, epitomizing in his extravagance and at exposing human r the most part, what Fielding at· youthful rake's progress through London affectation, which is the comic fruit tempted in the novel, Hogarth came everyman's passage into adulthood through of two human failings obstructive to t::c ose to drawing in a work like A Rake's the acquisition of prudence to protect a proper sense of reality u vanity and Progress, which may well have provoked lit· virtue. What Wilson has learned about life, hypocrisy; erary imitation in both Joseph Andrews and Joseph Andrews still has to discover. Tom Jones (1749). There is inA Rake's Pro­ Although neither father nor son suffers Tom 2. A preoccupation with personages of gress the striking example of Plate 3, the Rakewell's tragic end, Wilson's account of inferior rank and manners; debauchery scene of Tom Rakewell, who sexual misadventures in London 6 Published according to Act 0/ Parliament, Sept. 3D, 1747 Painted by Wm. Hogarth approximates Rakewell's encounter with prostitutes in Plate 3: ovent Garden was now the farthest stretch of my ( ambition; where I shone forth in the balconies of the playhouses, visited whores, made love to orange-wenches, and damned plays. _.. I looked on all the town harlots with a detestation not easy to be conceived; their persons appeared to me as painted palaces, inhabited by Disease and Death.... In short, I had sufficiently seen that the pleasures of the world are chiefly folly, and the business of it mostly knavery, and both nothing better than vanity. ~ ~ r. Wilson's escapades in Covent Garden recall Nt another famous print, Morning (1738), the first of Hogarth's Four Times ofDay. Morning displays the cold winter amusements of Covent Garden at daybreak. It makes an effective social statement by contrasting the aristocratic aloofness of the lofty red-brick buildings and church portal with the warm vitality of the commoners in the lower foreground. Church and state stand apart and yet provide a protective enclosure for the bustling common life in the marketplace below. Buildings huddle in the background as throngs of people and affectionate The Industrious 'Prentice Lord Mayor of London (1747) couples form islands of human warmth against the cold. In sharp contrast to the crowds that work, make love, beg, or brawl in and may be seen walking (for walk she doth in the print) to the coffeehouses is the shriveled high-born lad",. She is the human Covent-Garden Church, with a starved foot-boy behind focus of the print. On her way to the chilly church, this cold woman carrying her prayer-book." sets herself apart from the earthy bourgeoisie in her disdain for her ust as early English novelists ex~erimented ~ith focus­ page, the poor, and the profligate. She certainly influenced Fielding's ing on more than one protagonIst, so too dId Hogarth portrait of Bridget Allworthy, an affected gentlewoman with neither Ystrive for increased narrative complexity in his the wholesome charity nor the plebeian charm of her illegitimate son, progresses. Both A Harlot's Progress and A Rake's Progress Tom Jones: "I would attempt to draw her picture; but that is done concentrate on one person's follies. But later on, Marriage Qla already by a more able master, Mr. Hogarth himself, to whom she sat Mode probes a single domestic tragedy involving two wedded many years ago, and hath been lately exhibited by that gentleman in protagonists, and, finally, Industry and Idleness depicts two his print of a winter's morning, of which she is no improper emblem, interrelated stories of two contrasting characters. The longest of Hogarth's progresses, Industry and Idleness praises in twelve prints the Protestant middle-class ideals of prudent enterprise and social mobility. The contrary destinies of Francis Goodchild and Tom Idle teach that hard work and wholesome ambition succeed in a cruel world where laziness and a career of crime do not. Whereas Idle ends his life as a thief betrayed to the gibbet by a prostitute, Goodchild follows the high road of virtuous prosperity, leading through marriage with his master's daughter to the offices of sheriff and mayor of London. The final print, The Industrious 'Prentice Lord Mayor of London, is a magnificent expose' of a class-structured British society. Alleviating the otherwise heavy didacticism of the series are nu­ merous ambiguities casting doubt on the good man's rewards in this concluding scene, for the picture reduces Goodchild in the right carriage seat to visual insignificance and accentuates the potentially anarchic populace. There is above the church a portrait of George II, eyed enviously by his son, the Prince of Wales. The Prince presides over the scene above an unruly militia that seems careless of the king's peace and inclined to fire in the direction of the upper classes watching the procession from windows. Amidst this threatening chaos, is the new lord mayor lamenting the bitter fruit of virtue? Is he regretting the splendid misery of political office and public acclaim? Hogarth never tells. Nowhere is there a more startling example of Hogarth's increasingly gloomy outlook on life than in Gin Lane, the bitter counterpart of his cheerful Beer Street of 1751. Intended as propaganda against the excessive lower-class consumption of gin, Gin Lane presents an urban wasteland with similarities to Dante's Inferno. Here demon drink reigns supreme, subverts normal parental and marital obligations, and destroys law, order, and civilization. The spectator's eye wanders Wm. Hogarth March 25, 1738 accarding to Act of Parliament 7 Designed by Wm. Hogarth Published according ta Act 01 Parliament Feb. I, 1751.

ment and actually Reynolds in 1770 still excluded Hogarth imagined that this from the ranks of the greatest artists. ideot had been at Fortunately, what Reynolds refused to the moment in­ spired. concede until years later, Johnson acknowledged by 1771 in a lovely epitaph on In time Hogarth came Hogarth. Doubtless, the best tribute to to admire Johnson, great Hogarth is the legacy of his novelistic "whose conversa­ prints. They remain the fullest statement of tion," the artist later his life's work and worth and a brilliant noted, "was to the pictorial mirror of eighteenth-century talk of other men, like British civilization. But Johnson's little Titian's painting epitaph nicely sums up the high moral compared to [Thom­ seriousness behind Hogarth's incomparable as] Hudson's" medi­ comic creations: ocre art work. Johnson did not earn . this fine compliment The hand of art here torpid lies by eloquent conver­ That traced th'essential form ofgrace, sation about painting or about Hogarth. Here death has clos'd the curious eyes For Johnson knew That saw the manners in the face. and cared little about painting and be­ If genius warm thee, reader, stay, friended Joshua If merit touch thee, shed a tear, Reynolds, the rIsmg young star who Be vice and dulness far away undervalued Ho­ Great Hogarth's honour'd dust is here. garth's contributions to English art. Gin Lane (1751) ----'.....~_._--- downward from the distant church steeple through the ever-darkening levels of human damnation, exploitation, and starvation to the heavily shadowed gin-cellar below. Dominating the pandemonium is Hogarth's shocking Pieta, with a drunken madonna, .. .the best tribute to great who is oblivious to her son's fall into the Hogarth is the legacy of his nether pit or to the drunkard lying dead on the steps. The scene, Hogarth wrote, novelistic prints. evokes "Distress even to madness and death, and not a house in tolerable condition but the pawnbroker's and the gin shop." London has become hell. t was fitting that England's first ".., ( ogarth in his final years saw his repu­ important artist should have met "It tation eclipsed by new luminaries, 9 England's foremost literary personality, like Reynolds who championed a grand style Thomas M. Curley, Professor of English Samuel Johnson, at the home of England's of painting so foreign to Hogarth's comic at Bridgewater State College, delivered an first true psychological novelist, Samuel realism. Johnson became one of Reynold's abbreviated version of this article at the Richardson, in June of 1752. At the time principal intellectual mentors and went so Hogarth Festival in the Wallace L. Johnson had little notoriety or money and far as to puff the portraitist by name in a Anderson Gallery ofthe Art Building. A fan still considered himself an outsider in the moral essay of 1759, Idler 45: "Genius is of Hogarth and of all eighteenth-century cultural establishment. He had little liking chiefly exerted in historical pictures, and the arts and sciences, Curley is the author of for the reigning King George II whom art of the painter of portraits is often lost in numerous articles and a book, Samuel Hogarth made the mistake of praising the obscurity of his subject. But it is in Johnson and the Age of Travel (University before Richardson's guests. As Hogarth painting as in life; what is greatest is not ofGeorgia Press, 1976). With the support of talked, he noticed a strange fellow -­ always best. I should grieve to see Reynolds several grants and a fellowship from the Johnson -- at the window, transfer to heroes and. to goddesses, to National Endowment for the Humanities, empty splendor and to empty fiction, that Curley will publish a two-volume edition of shaking his head, and rolling himself about in a strange ridiculous manner. He art which is now employed in diffusing Sir Robert Chambers'A Course of Lectures concluded he was an ideot, whom his friendship, in reviving tenderness, in on the English Law written in secret relations had put under the care of Mr. quickening the affections of the absent, and collaboration with Samuel Johnson from Richardson, as a very good man. To his continuing the presence of the dead." In 1766 to 1770. To complement the edition, great surprize, however, this figure stalked Curley is completing an authoritative forwards ... and burst into an invective three subsequent Idler essays Reynolds against George the Second.... In short, himself would make public his artistic ideals biography, Sir Robert Chambers: Law and he displayed such a power of eloquence, for the first time and ridicule Hogarth. Even Empire in the Age of Johnson. that Hogarth looked at him with astonish- as president of the new Royal Academy, 8 n mid-1969, Busicom, a now-defunct and the number has continued to grow each their own personal computers. Drexel Uni­ Japanese desk calculator manufac­ year. From a product that seemed destined versity is requiring all studentsand faculty to I turer contracted with Intel, an Ameri­ for failure, a milli~n-dollar industry has have the identical computers. Clarkson is can company, to develop a series of developed. requiring all freshmen starting this fall to buy products using the new integrated circuit the same brand of computer. The particular (IC) technology. In this process, the electri­ he development of the microprocessor computer chosen varies from one college to cal circuits are built into small silicon crys­ T led to the creation of the another, from inexpensive, $600.00 models, tals called "chips." Busicom had planned to mICrocomputer. Microprocessors, the to full systems costing $3,000. brains within all microcomputers, do all the use these products in a new line of program­ Schools throughout the country are arithmetical calculations and make all deci­ mable calculators. The first design by Intel buying microcomputers for student use sions that take place within the machine. was built around four chips: one that from kindergarten on up. Families with The first microcomputer was built around handled the calculations and logic; a second young children in school have probably the 8080A (a version of the 8080). Presently, that stored a series of pre-programmed heard them talk about the use of computers over two-hundred different microcompu­ instructions; the third, a memory chip that in school. In fact, anyone who plans to buy a ters are on the market, each one using a held the data involved in a specific applica­ home video game machine should consider specific microprocessor. tion; and the last that was used to help a home computer instead, especially if there transfer information from one place to As the cost of the various chips are school age children in the home. The another. The chip that handled the calcula­ decreases, more and more inexpensive prices are similar and one can do much tions and logic decisions was called the cen­ microcomputers are being built. It appears more with a home computer. tral processing chip. It was designated as a that the 80s will be the age of the microcom- 4004 by Intel since it was capable of handling Microcomputer Trainer Robert Word ome of the areas in which home compu­ four binary digits (bits) of information at a ters can be used are: time. This chip later became known as the S first microprocessor. Intel received the right Household finances: Programs are to market this chip independent of Busicom available for keeping household records of and introduced the chip to the market in possessions, collections, (e.g. stamp, coin, 1971. etc.) income tax records, monthly financial planning, shopping lists and similar types of In 1972 Intel made a slightly more items. advanced version of the microprocessor which could handle eight bits of information. Education: Software programs are avail­ They called this an 8008. This product was able for the various microcomputers that developed as a controller for another com­ allow you to learn at home. Programs pany, now known as Datapoint, but by the vary from elementary mathematics to time the product was ready for market, the history, physics, foreign languages, price of the components normally used as spelling, reading and many others. controllers had come down. This circum­ Other types of programs teach new stance, combined with the fact that the new hobbies such as music, playing chip technology was much slower than the chess or bridge. old, led Datapoint to give up on the product; puter as the 70s was the age of the han consequently, Intel was left with a new pro­ calculator. Some microcomputers that are Games: Many of the inexpensive micro­ duct no one wanted. available now cost less than these original computers take software cartridge packs With the the hope that it would sell more calculators. Because of the ready availability similar to the video game machines, e.g. of its other chips, specifically memory chips, of microcomputers and their relatively low Radio Shack's color computer, Texas Intel introduced the 8008 into the market. cost, many colleges are requiring that all Instruments 99/4A, Commodore's Vic 20 Much to the apparent surpriseof everyone, students own microcomputers and faculty and Atari's 400 or 800. With the extra this new product began to sell. Intel quickly in those colleges must integrate the micro­ memory available to the computers, the gra­ realized what was happening and a year computers into their courses. For the past phics can be more sophisticated than in later introduced a revised version called the two years Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute home video game machines. In fact, the new 8080 which was ten times faster than the has given twenty of their freshman students home video game machine by Atari is essen­ 8008 and needed fewer supporting chips. By IBM personal computers (PC) with printer tiallya modified Atari 400 computer without 1974, nineteen different versions of micro­ and disk worth around $3,000. Carnegie the keyboard. This enables the machine to processors were available on the market Tech. will soon require all freshmen to have produce better graphics. 9 Word Processing: Software is available for all the microcomputers to enable one to use them as word processing machines. Many well-known writers are using micro­ computers to write and store their books This process leads to faster corrections and better looking copies of articles. At many colleges students are writing master's and Ph.D. theses on micros. Professors can check their progress by reading from their computers and inserting changes directly. All microcomputers can be used to access large amounts of information called Photo by Ron Rezzan; data bases which are available over tele­ material used to make a computer are called Microcomputers come in two basic phone lines. In order for one to take advan­ the "hardware." The instructions that cause styles. You can buy a complete package tage of these added data bases, it is the computer to function are known as the containing the input/output devices, necessary to buy a device called a MODEM "software." The hardware computer is com­ memory and microprocessor in one unit. which enables the computer to communi­ posed of a microprocessor, memory to Examples of this are the TRS-80 Model III cate to other computersover the telephone. store the software, a device to communicate and Commodore PET computers. The to the microprocessor, such as a typewriter­ other approach is to have separate units for dditional areas of information made like keyboard, and a device such as a televi­ the different components. The memory and A available by data bases are: sion screen used by the computer to microprocessor are one unit, while a wire communicate with the user. These last two connects this to a television screen through Banking: The Shawmut Bank of Boston, are referred to as input/output devices. The an RF adapter. The Apple II computer and and many other banks throughout the coun­ larger the amount of memory, the more that TRS-80 color computer are examples of this try, allow customers to pay bills over the can be stored in a computer at a given time. approach. Though the one package system phone via computer, transfer money from is neater and looks better, it is more expen­ one account to another and transfer just There are two different types of memory, ROM and RAM. ROM memory is Read sive as a starting system. In the above about any other type of business they would photograph, the color computer is on the otherwise do in person. With no cost in Only Memory. The cartridge used in the left while the Apple II is in the middle and a postage, this could save money over a video game machines is an example of this. Commodore Pet is on the right. period of time. This type of memory permanently stores instructions for a specific usage. RAM National Information Networks: Many memory is Random Access Memory. This n the table below, some options are types of information services are available. is memory that is used temporarily as the separated by a /. This means the basic People who invest can dial the Dow Jones computer does calculations or receives in­ computerI can be bought in two ways, the service and obtain a listing of stocks, their formation from the user. Memory is meas­ larger the memory, the more expensive the recent price earnings and a historical report ured in units of K where K actually means system. The graphics display row tells how on the stocks. 1024. A 16K memory has 16 x 1024 or 16384 many characters per row can be put across bytes of memory. A byte is eight bits and re­ the screen and how many rows. The price ompuServe is a national information presents the way a computer stores infor­ list is the suggested retail price and is for C service that owns many different ser­ mation. To store any single letter, number, comparison only. Almost all of these sys­ vices. It includes up-to-date news, weather or even a space in a computer takes one tems can be bought at a lower cost than and sports, a reference library, games, byte of memory. A minimum system for listed. The Vic-20 for example, is selling as education and many other features. An satisfactory work at home is a 16K system. low as $169. Some systems, such as the encyclopedia called the On-Line World Less memory leads to restrictions on what Apple II and Atari 800 can no longer be Book Encyclopedia is available for no extra can be done. Keep this in mind in comparing bought with less than 48K of memory. All of charge other than hook-up time. This is a computers and their prices. Some of the these computers use the language BASIC twenty-two volume set which is updated least expensive computers have the as the beginning language for programming. regularly to keep up with the latest facts. smallest amount of memory. Let us look at each company separately. Historical searches can be readily done using this program. Home shopping can n .....'" Apple II Vic 20 Comma· TRSSO TRSSO TI99/4A Atari also be done through a service called Comp­ Sinclair II (+) dare 64 color III 400/800 U-Store. The service features information for many special interest groups, photo­ bMic ROM 8K 12K 16K 20K 8Kj16K 4Kj14K 26K 10K graphy buffs and musicians for example. In system RAM 2K 48K 5K 64K 16K 4Kj16K 16K 16Kj48K addition a national bulletin board can be color NO YES YES YES YES NO YES YES accessed. If a subscriber has a problem, he 32 x 16 or Graphics dispYy 32 x 24 40 x 24 22 x 23 40 x 24 32 x 16 64 x 16 32 x 24 40 x 24 can leave it on the bulletin board and if someone can help, they will. An electronic colon h 15 16 16 8 16 16 newspaper is also available as well as an Cartridge slot NO NO YES YES YES NO YES YES electronic mail service. Price $99.95 $1330 $299 $595 $399/499 $699/999 $299 $299/899 Sound effect NO YES YES YES YES NO YES YES For those who know nothing about com­ Ilo'.SIC BASIC La_ availabk BASIC P""""'- BASIC BASIC BASIC COBOL BASIC BASIC puters a few definitions of terms are appro­ PILOT PILOT LOGO PASCAL LOGO PilOT LOGO LOGO FORTH PILOT PASCAL FORTH priate. The electrical components and USP PASCAL PILOT FORT1lAN PILOT PASCAL "''''' .....n 10 Timex/Sinclair: Its basic advantage is or the first time, Radio Shack will couPle of last warnings may be appro­ cost. Though memory is small and F soon be selling its computer through A priate. As anyone who owns a video, peripheral equipment is not available stores other than Radio Shack dealers. game can verify, the machine's cost is only yet, it is a good starter system to learn The color computer has been the beginning. Each cartridge adds to the about programming. The form of BASIC repackaged in cream or white and is price of the system. This is also true for used here is missing some important being sold as a TDP-lOO. It is better these computers. The original cost of the' commands such as READ, DATA. It has looking than the current Radio Shack system is small compared to other costs. a pressure sensitive keyboard which is a brand because of its color, but it is still This is part of the reason for the discounts nuisance to use. All keys are the same machine. A lot of software is and rebates now going on. As you learn to multifunctional, that is each key does available from sources outside of Radio use the computer you will want additional three or more operations depending Shack. Until recently, Radio Shack has attachments such as disk drivers and upon when it is pressed. This can be not acknowledged the existence of printer. In the photograph on Page 10 two awkward for beginners. A new color these companies. This policy has now disk drives can be seen on top of the Apple, version called SPECTRUM should be been changed and a book will soon be while the printer is to the far right. Once you available in the U.S. in a few months. It is available from Radio Shack listing the use a disk drive you will never want to go now being sold in England. various outside programs, their cost and back to tapes. The cost of various software Apple II (+): This has excellent color the seller. programs also adds up. Since TI's 99/4A is a graphics and a tremendous number of 16-bit machine, the cost of additional available software programs. It is the peripherals is generally greater for the best seller of the small computers in the ~ 99/4A than for eight-bit machines as is the U.S.; over 700,000 have been sold. It is (-~~~&il1iI1 r.1 cost for software. more expensive than the other A second point to consider is the service computers suggested here. A basic on the machine if something goes wrong. If system with a disk drive for storage runs A minImum system for you are not capable or knowledgeable around $2,000. enough to repair the machine yourself be satisfactory work at home certain you do business with a firm that does new version of the Apple II has re­ is a 16K system. repair. A cently become available, called the Apple lIE. This comes standard with MK A last point to consider is that there are of memory and is expandable to 128K. It Texas Instruments:The 99/4A is a revised many companies making computers now. has a few more keys with both upper and version of an earlier model. It has an Some may be out of business in the next few lower cases and the ability to display 80 inexpensive case and keyboard that y€'ars. Be sure to buy a system from a columns on a screen. This should drive contains only 48 keys, fewer than what is company that will most likely be around in the cost of Apple II's down a little. Almost offered by most other computers. Each key the future. The products listed here are 20,000 Apple II computers are being sold has to be used for more than one purpose. made by companies that should be in every month. business in years to come. Commodore: This company makes TI BASIC is a good program but is both the VIC-20 and Commodore 64. In relatively slow. The multiple use of the keys terms of world sales of microcomputers, can be a problem for beginners. Its color and Commodore is the leader. Both sound generation capabilities are excellent, machines are new and there are only a however. Many programs are available from limited number of programs available Texas Instruments. for each. Programs are not necessarily Atari: The 400 and 800 are the two basic usable on both machines. There have systems produced by Atari. The 400 been some problems with the cassette contains a pressure sensitive keyboard on the VIC-20. The CM has the potential which is not recommended. It is an excellent of being the best computer in this price machine, with color graphics that are the group. Its graphics and sound are best of the small machines. It is an excellent outstanding. computer on which to write games. The 800 Radio Shack/Tandy: This company is is similar but with a full-size typewriter keyboard and memory expansion beyond well known for its TRS-80 products. The Henry O. Daley, Jr. is a Professor of that of the 400. No language comes with the Model III is a complete unit with space Chemistry at Bridgewater State College. system. A package of up to $100 must be for two disks on the unit. It is a good, He holds a B.S_ in Education from bought before programming in BASIC can inexpensive business machine as well as Bridgewater and a PhD. in physical be accomplished. home computer. The color computer chemistry from Boston College. He worked uses Motorola's 6809E micropr.ocessor. In the next few months more computers as a senior research chemist for American This microprocessor is one of the best, if not in this range will become available. IBM is Cyanamid before coming to teach at the best eight-bit microprocessor in the supposed to be coming out with a system Bridgewater. field. The system is excellent and its costing less than $1,000. The company is Dr. Daley teaches a course on the use BASIC language is one of the best presently making a large inroad in the field of andinterfacing ofcomputers to instruments available. The language has outstanding home computers. In terms of sales IBM used in the laboratory. He is the authorofa commands such as PAINT, CIRCLE, stands third, behind the Apple and Radio college textbook on microprocessors and DRAW AND SOUND and structured Shack in this country and will probably pass microcomputers published by Holt, both in the next year or two. Their personal commands such as IF THEN ELSE. Its Rinehart, and Winston entitled basic weakness is an inexpensive computer was not discussed here as its cost Fundamentals of Microprocessors. keyboard with %size keys. is quite a bit higher than those listed. 11 • II III II P .. ~ 1_- -By Herbert J. Greenwald -New Psychological Factors In Stress and Heart Disease well· known physician under stress luxuries, including a yacht. It doesn't hy? It is because distant things was finally persuaded -- pressured .­ make sense to him that he has an alcohol W appear smaller. When the window A by his very concerned wIfe to take a problem and high blood pressure. rotates, your mind recognizes it as a normal vacation. The first day on that beautiful rectangular window with the small end I have seen many such "noncommon Caribbean beach he suffered a massive turned away from you. Consequently, your sense" cases like this as Clinical Director of heart attack and died. mind rejects the possibility that the small the Adult and Youth Stress Clinic in end could be closer to you than the larger Was this man's heart attack purely an Sharon. However, such situations become end. Because the window is moving, the accident? We'll never know, of course, but a understandable and successfully treated small end is interpreted as rotating away new understanding of psychology suggests once you know what to look for. After the from you. However, when the larger end that he might have lived longer had he not following demonstration to set the stage for comes toward you, your mind reverses the gone on that vacation. The possibility that a understanding the new approach we will interpretation and accepts the original vacation might be harmful conflicts with our return to explain these cases. direction in which the window was moving. common sense that time off from stress is The result is an illusion that the larger end is always good. The reason for this always moving toward you and the smaller noncommon sense viewpoint will become magine that you are looking at a end is always moving away. clear shortly. I window which is turned so that one end is further away from you than the other. Of Is this illusion due to some shortcoming ir To provide an explanation of why course, the further end appears smaller, your visual ability? No. You can see the attempted relaxation may have been making the window appear wedge shaped. window very clearly. Rather, illusions like harmful in this case requires a brief Suppose a window was actually built in this this involve a conflict between belief and understanding of a new theory of wedge shape and suppose further that a reality, in this case a belief of yours about psychology. motor was turning this wedge shaped­ distance perception. As a way to begin, consider the following. window around and around (see illustration unexpected but true circumstances: in Figure 1). s this belief something you were born •A young plumber suddenly experiences with? No. It turns out that rural an extremely painful spot on his chest, I populations in "underdeveloped" countries the size of an egg. The man is in vibrant see the wedge-shaped window revolving just health and there is no apparent medical as it is, in one direction. This is because they reason for it. tend not to experience rectangular objects •A foreman has blinding headaches in this environment: there are irregular huts, that disable him for days at a time. No rolling hills, bent trees, etc. Westerners, on treatment touches the headaches -- not the other hand, have many straight lines in surgery, powerful drugs, a change in their environment n windows, doors, walls, diet, vacations, chiropractic efforts, buildings, etc. Thus, we know from etc., including removal of all his teeth. experiments with nonwesterners that you No medical or other explanation of the and I acquired this belief about wedge· headaches has been found despite forty shaped windows. years of treatment by many Figure 1:. The wedge-shaped window used in the oscillating window illusion. Are you aware that this belief of yours is professionals. creating ·the illusion? No, because it takes •A conscientious worker continually f you were standing at some distance the above explanation to make it develops excellent ideas to help the I from this rotating window what would understandable. This means that your belief company for which she works. She is you see? It may surprise you that you would is operating below the level of your shocked to hear from her boss that she probably not see the window turning in one awareness. Indeed, this illusion is in danger of being fired. direction as it is, say clockwise around its demonstrates that there is a subconscious

•A man who has "everything" n good axis. Instead, you are likely to see it rotate (if you needed any demonstration of it). looks, intelligence, and self assurance; an first in one direction then in another Are you able to consciously control this attractive, devoted wife and fine direction. This illusion is so strong that you belief? No, because even when you children, respect and fulfillment in his will continue to see the window oscillating concentrated on trying to see the window occupation; and a secure income beyond back and forth even though you know that it turn in one direction you still weren't able to a fifth of a million dollars a year with many is going in only one direction. do so. This demonstrates that even beliefs 12 which can distort reality may resist come from his believing that the vacation takes an extra hour for lunch, and commits conscious control and logic. (Were you was interfering with his felt responsibilities many errors. You try to catch the errors and aware of this capacity of yours for to his patients, colleagues, writing, and so you now work twice as hard as you "irrationality")? There are implications here research. ordinarily would ... .How do you feel for understanding situations in normal So although his wife was quite likely emotionally? human behavior, such as difficulties in correct that stress was killing him, a more learning and interpersonal relations, as well appropriate therapy would appear to have as abnormal behavior. It also indicates how been helping him to modify his important beliefs are when we seek ways to cardiopsychological cognitions (and also, improve the human condition. perhaps improving his diet, exercise, and uite possibly you would feel When did you acquire such a strong other aspects affecting his health). Q frustrated, taken advantage of, and belief? Quite likely very early in childhood. It Unfortunately, however, many people, angry. Suppose you now complain to your was encoded in your brain -- in your cerebral including physicians, sometimes fail to see supervisor who then says to you: "I wasn't cortex -- powerfully, without your being the connection between psychology and going to tell you this but that person has only aware of it, and quite possibly without the biology and frequently put off making one child. That child is slowly dying of aid of language. Information in the cerebral healthful changes in their lives. cancer." ... How does this make you feel? cortex is termed "cognitive." Hence, it is As to cognitions, there are many types to Might you now experience some apparent that something cognitive need not consider. In addition to those mentioned compassion, concern, caring, or even guilt require language nor imply something weak above -- attitudes, beliefs, goals, (possibly mixed with the earlier anger)? or trivial. Indeed, cognitions of many sorts, expectations, and philosophies -- there are Notice how quickly your emotions changed, including expectations, attitudes, goals and also personal rules and limits, that they went from one extreme (anger) to philosophies, as well as beliefs, powerfully commitments, values, standards, concerns, another (compassion and caring), and that affect behavior and should not be preferences, desires, needs, wants, this was due to only a few words. underestimated. It is one reason why demands, and likes, among other fhings. If words are purely cognitive why should psychotherapy sometimes takes so long. There are also noncognitive aspects, such they affect your emotions? It is because as psychological drives. Since such factors support or violation of guiding factors can n~ guide behavior I refer to them as arouse strong emotions. As you saw, your "biopsychological guiding factors." anger was aroused when your beliefs about ti~ '1 "Biopsychological" applies since the fac­ responsibility were violated and you eare now in a position to suggest tors are not only encoded biologically, they believed yourself taken advantage of. But W some possible explanations for the have powerful biological effects. Consider subsequently, other guiding factors of yours noncommon sense cases that opened this the case of the plumber mentioned at the were aroused, those that are connected article. For example, the physician who died beginning of the article. This fellow had been with your beliefs about being of a heart attack on the beach fits a suffering under strain from an authoritarian compassionate and caring. As this shows, it psychological profile of people in my boss. At home the tension worsened is possible to understand emotional research who have heart disease. This because both his wife and his parents saw reactions in terms of the guiding factors that profile centers around cognitions, including only the boss' side of it. theoretically precede them. beliefs that task achievement is necessary Shortly after he became a Clinic patient, Are guiding factors haphazardly present for success, that success brings everything, he phoned me at home. He had just had a in your mind? My work supports the that one either totally succeeds or totally fight with his wife, he said, and a large, hypothesis that guiding factors have a fails, and that failure is devastating. Other painful egg-shaped knot had suddenly definite pattern, a hierarchical arrangement cognitions in this "cardiopsychological" popped out on his chest. He wanted to go to which, in some ways, resembles the profile include uncompromising criteria, the hospital emergency room but decided to structure of a typical business organization. rigid standards, and a strong drive to be try to calm down before attempting it. In such organizations there may be a person responsible. This man's guiding factor analysis at the top, vice presidents, division heads, Although such aspects are regarded suggested specific reasons for the fight and etc., on down to the lowest ranking member favorably in our culture, my research his tensions. I began to work with those of the organization. Persons lower in the suggests that they can produce great strain. guiding factors over the telephone. About organizational pyramid are expected to This strain occurs when psychological forty minutes into the conversation he follow the directives of those above them in drives and other cognitions are frustrated. It noticed that the painful area on his chest order for the system to run smoothly. appears that when a person is under strain was disappearing. Similarly, guiding factors at the top of a potent biochemicals are released, such as guiding factor pyramid influence those stounded at this remarkable adrenalin, cholesterol, and other lower in the pyramid. Because such higher substances. The damage from such A occurrence, he went next door to tell order guiding factors theoretically are at the substances tends to be heightened in some his neighbor. As he discussed his problems core of a person's personality they are areas, including the place where blood the painful knot on his chest came out again! termed core guiding factors. By contrast, vessels branch. Among other things, this Then, remembering what he had discussed guiding factors at the bottom of a guiding results in a gradual narrowing of the over the phone, he talked himself down factor hierarchy are highly specific and their branches of the coronary artery (the artery from the tension ... and the egg-shaped effects are sometimes noticeable on the that feeds the heart muscle). A subsequent knot disappeared once more. surface -- "the tip of the iceberg," in Freud's spasm or clot, or the advancing This connection between guiding factors terms. For this reason, they are called arteriosclerosis itself, can shut the blood and biological reactions is even more direct surface guiding factors. There are likely to supply to the heart muscle. The result is than one might imagine. Take the following be many other guiding factors intervening cardiac arrest -- a heart attack. situation. Imagine you are accountable for a between these two levels and they are If the above physician had hardening of job you share with another person. Now labelled intermediate guiding factors. the coronary artery, as seems possible, a suppose that a person comes to work an Some guiding factors are inherited (e.g., spasm due to additional strain could have hour late, leaves an hour and a half early, drive for stability) and then possibly 13 modified by experience, while others are acquired entirely through experience (e.g., Drive for belief that one's total success comes only stability from task effectiveness.) A person's behavior theoretically results from many Belief that Preference for one should Preference for simplicity, con­ guiding factors u and often a number of not express doing things creteness, or· anger guiding factor pyramids acting in that one feels derliness, neat· competent at ness and cer· combination. Consequently, even a simple tainly behavior may be complexly determined and Belief that one should not rooted in a wide network of guiding factors. make a fuss, upset things, Upset This is schematically represented in Figure Upset if or look like things if Worry about not Upset when things are not there's a llght 2. do not things having enough go "",II pile up things 10 do thai stable and ccording to the theory, your guiding are liked dependable A factors operate somewhat like a self­ functioning computer without you necessarily being aware of what is going on. They contribute to making you special, lend consistency to your behavior, and help determine what you find acceptable and unacceptable in life. Each individual's pattern is unique, even the guiding factor patterns possessed by identical twins reared Figure 3: The guiding factor map of a man who together. Pressure in the had disabling headaches iorebrain To see what an actual person's guiding (control area) factor structure might look like take the .. headaches -. man with blinding headaches mentioned earlier. In reading this "map," which is in Figure 3, you may find it helpful to proceed strong drive for stability u was violated when The guiding factors that are examined are from the top down since everything at the things weren't simple, concrete, under likely to include those of significant people in bottom theoretically must be consistent control, or dependable. the patient's life, in addition to those of the with the guiding factors which are at the top The key to understanding his headaches patient. To take a concrete illustration, the ("the flow-down principle"). was that such tensions built up massively woman mentioned at the beginning of this inside him because they had no place to go, article who conscientiously produced owing to his drive to keep a lid on his innovations to help her firm didn't realize emotions. Given these guiding factors it that new ideas violated her boss' strong now makes sense why those impossible drive for stability. To change her boss headaches did not yielp to a purely medical around all she had to do was show how her approach, such as surgical removal of all his ideas supported his guiding factors, such as by helping maintain the company's stability. teeth. When she did this her job was no longer in A simplified guiding factor map of the sort jeopardy. shown here is typically condensed from a much larger map that extends over several A major objective of this was to help the pages. The map is usually constructed woman understand how to work with within a few sessions after someone guiding factors. She began to learn how to becomes a patient. It is shared with the identify and support other people's guiding person and provides that person with a deep factors while at the same time satisfying her Figure 2: understanding of himself/herself. Most own guiding factors_ Since higher-level A schematic representation of guiding factors importantly, it points toward a specific guiding factors can be satisfied in many pyramids linked with one another treatment. Patients can understand clearly ways she learned how to find compatible what is involved and make therapeutic solutions to interpersonal conflicts. In turn, This gentleman's guiding factor map reveals choices_ her stomach problems and other tensions many hidden, psychological causes of diminished correspondingly. Similar strain. Unfortunately, neither he nor the The treatment is based on the training in personal adjustment, self­ many professionals who treated him for assumption that core guiding factors are confidence, and persuasion, as well as in forty years were aware of these, just as fundamental to the person and that any conflict resolution, has helped people with people are not aware of why they see the change must support those core guiding difficulties ranging from depression to skin oscillating-window illusion. As you can see factors. Resistance is bypassed by showing problems. in this man's map, when things weren't the person, in a kind and caring way, how going well or began to pile up he couldn't certain changes will satisfy his/her core Take the case of the man with tolerate it: his guiding factors of guiding factors_ Two strategies are "everything" who, nevertheless, had an uncompromising high standards and strong especially valuable: providing the person alcohol problem and high blood pressure. sense of responsibility were violated. And, if with constructive alternatives that satisfy After experiences with other treatments for his ideas were interfered with or if he wasn't his/her core guiding factors, and helping the alcoholism which hadn't worked he was sure that he would be occupied person soften the absolute hold that the pleased to find that this therapy did not constructively at home, it bothered him guiding factors have on him/her. require him to admit that he was an severely partly because of his strongdrive to Counselors require a special orientation alcoholic and guilty of bad behavior, nor that be active. Still another guiding factor -- his and training in order to accomplish this. he give up drinking before a specific

14 treatment was introduced. Instead, the first example, in the analysis phase a Freudian obtained after a few extended sessions with step was to seek guiding factors of his which therapist might seek the cause of the the therapist. This cuts short the months might be contributing to his drinking and problem in sexual implications of the and years of analysis required by some high blood pressure. patient's early childhood situation, and also therapies. Since guiding factors soon He turned out to have many carefully examine the person's methods of emerge, it frequently happens that patients cardiopsychological guiding factors. For coping, conscience, and biological drives. can be helped with the first session, example, he had uncompromising Various other therapies might seek something that is gratifying to both the standards, which meant that he faced total elsewhere for causes, ranging from therapist and the patient. failure if he didn't completely succeed. "irrational" beliefs to interpersonal There are also significant differences in Another cause of strain was his interactions, from genetic inheritance to the treatment between guiding factor overwhelming sense of responsibility which, conditioned responses, from nutrition to the therapy and other therapies. To illustrate, although it may sound good, led to his being family, from allergies to society. consider a patient who bottles up anger and swamped with extra work, self-imposed Guiding factor theory finds all such who, partly as a result, experiences deadlines, and worry about avoiding guilt. aspects important since any of them can frustration and high blood pressure. His belief that failure was terrible created affect guiding factors. Guiding factor theory Therapies differ in the way they would seek much strain for him, especially since people also recognizes that the same experience to alter this person's counterproductive in his high-powered business organization can lead to quite different guiding factors. bottling up of anger. They might use logic or were harsh when he was less than perfect, For example, what 'would the effect be of an argumentative confrontation; pressure even about things for which he volunteered. having a highly critical father when growing from the therapist or a peer group; Still other cardiopsychological guiding up? One possibility is that the person could reconditioning with a series of rewarded factors that were doing him in were very develop a goal to resist authority figures. experiences or a nondirective style in which strong drives to be effective, to get things However, another possibility is the the patient comes to his/her own solutions, completed quickly, to keep things orderly, opposite, that he would develop. a desire to etc. and to always be constructively occupied. be subservient to authority figures. But Since most therapies try to change a then, again, he also could have developed Now it was understandable why a person's behavior directly, the change may some combination of both of these, or yet marvelous person who appeared to have be discomforting to the patient ~nd again, something quite different (perhaps a everything going for him could, nonetheless, therefore resisted. The change may drive for overwhelming challenges). be so troubled and, at the same time, not be therefore take considerable time to accomplish. Guiding factor therapy sees aware of the strain he was under. It was :QIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIII1I1111111111111~ because his drive to keep a lid on his change differently. From a guiding factor emotions blocked him from noticing that Stress is a stimulus that can standpoint, a patient's resistance is due to a anything was wrong. This was also the violation of the person's guiding factors. For reason he didn't realize that his using have either a positive or example, a person who bottles his anger alcohol was an attempt to cope with strain -­ negative effect, whereas may be doing so because he believes that strain he didn't even know he had. And his strain is a result ofstress -- a releasing the anger would create an rejection of other therapies was because unstable condition that disturbs his drive for they required him to stop drinking before negati!Je result. stability. So, instead of trying to directly introducing any treatment. This meant that unbottle the patient's anger, the therapist ~IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII1111111111I111111ll~ he would have been without a sure would show how stability would be aided by alternative to replace the alcohol. This illustrates why guiding factor theory having more information, such as when does not regard knowing a person's hidden feelings are known, and also how n drawing up a systematic treatment background as sufficient. Instead, a guiding feelings can be expressed without I plan, as is done with all patients, the factor analysis attempts to pin down the instability. first step in his case was to help make him precise significance of every important After the patient is receptive he would be aware of the connection between strain and background aspect (attitude, expectation, trained in specifics, such as learning how to heart disease, taking care to build his etc.). In doing so, the causes of behaviors "sandwich" his negative feelings between confidence that such strain was are examined -- the guiding factors -- not just two positive messages; however to adopt a preventable. He was then taught how to the behaviors themselves, Thus, a guiding problem solving, compatible approach; how reduce stress by satisfying his higher-level factor analysis goes well beyond where to avoid feeling guilty about anger; how to guiding factors in other ways. This included traditional psychological analyses tend to avoid attacking the other person; how to learning such things as dividing obstacles leave off. prevent the occurrence of much anger, and into manageable parts, avoiding feelings of The analysis doesn't stop there. It goes on so forth. As the patient finds such skills total failure, and dealing constructively with to chart the relative potency of the specific working for him he no longer needs to emotions, so as not to be crushed by attitudes, drives, beliefs, etc. -- the control his anger forcibly and is then able to external pressures. hierarchical guiding factor map spoken of make the desired change relatively easily. He was surprised to find, contrary to earlier. The map is needed because the deep It may be apparent that this bypasses the popular belief, that reducing stress and extensive understanding that results patient's resistance. The reason is that improved effectiveness. After a few not only permits the treatment plan to be when the recommended change is extended sessions his stress level dropped focused and systematic, but guiding factor connected with the patient's higher order and his blood pressure normalized. And, treatment hinges greatly on addressing the guiding factors the person readily makes the because he no longer needed to drink, he patient's most powerful guiding factors. change himself. This is because the change gave up alcohol. It might seem that doing a guiding factor is dictated by his higher-order guiding I am often asked to compare guiding analysis would take a great deal of time. factors: it is "the flow down principle" in factor therapy with other therapies. Each However, special techniques speed the action -- that everything lower in the therapy has something special to say in analysis so that an excellent initial picture of hierarchy must be consistent with higher regard to both analysis and treatment. For the patient's guiding factor structure can be order guiding factors. 15 This explains why the map is so In the fourth phase the therapist's role Another puzzling question is why many important. The map charts the higher-order tapers off. The patient becomes his/her own Type A's do not slow down, even when guiding factors and thereby indicates the problem solver and dependence on the advised to do so by their physician. From paths needed for an "end run" around the therapist is gradually reduced. the standpoint of guiding factor theory this patient's resistance. When resistance is because it is difficult for people to do occurs it is a signal that additional guiding part from these aspects, guiding fac­ things that conflict with their guiding factors need to be uncovered and dealt with tors have other important features. factors. This leads to the surprising in this manner. It makes change surprisingly A For example, they can be tested rigorously. conclusion that it may be harmful for hard easy and explains why guiding factor Taking advantage of this, hypotheses about driving individuals to slow down -- because therapy, unlike other therapies, assumes guiding factors pass many tests before being that would be a surface change which that change doesn't have to be painful, also, employed in a treatment plan. These tests opposes their basic guiding factors (recall, why the therapist doesn't try to overcome include predicting things the counselor does again, that physician at the beach). The resistance by pressure and why the length of not know about the person, generating solution, according to guiding factor theory, treatment tends to be relatively short. relevant responses in the patient when would be to modify the underlying It is probably also apparent that the focused upon, and being measurable, cardiopsychological guiding factors. therapist's recommendations are de­ among other things. This ability of guiding Similarly, relaxation, biofeedback, and signed to accomplish several things factors to be measured effectively permits behavior modification, which can help simultaneously. Typically, this includes guiding factor theory to be tested relieve symptoms of strain, are unlikely to attempting to satisfy the guiding factors of scientifically. This includes controlled modify the guiding factors that produce other people as well as the patient, while laboratory experiments as well as field strain in the first place. Another implication helping the patient let go of studies and is what enabled the research on of the theory is that attempts to reduce the counterproductive thoughts and behaviors. heart disease to be done. risk of heart disease by giving up smoking, For example, in the above case the patient attending to good nutrition, losing weight, ~IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII~ would learn techniques that would satisfy and exercising regularly, etc., can be more other people's needs for stability, satisfy his Some guiding factors are easily accomplished when the underlying own need for stability, and at the same time, inherited ... and possibly guiding factors are addressed appropriately. soften the clamp on his feelings. The guiding factor approach described here has only begun to be applied. As new Another feature of guiding factor therapy modified by experience. information emerges it will not only aid is that it does not assume only the patient ~IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII~ patients and advance knowledge, but it will must change. Unlike many therapies, the An implication of the heart disease also lead to programs that can help prevent situation is also looked upon as capable of research, incidentally, is that there is a strain and heart disease. Through the use of changing and so are other people. Patients difference between stress and strain. Stress therefore learn how to understand and guiding factor therapy with a number of is a stimulus that can have either a positive patients I feel that it is possible to state that communicate more effectively with others. or negative effect, whereas strain is a result This opens up additional ways for the psychological tensions and stress-related of stress -- a negative result. For example, illnesses can be reduced. patient to obtain relief. some people respond unfavorably to a There are four phases in the treatment. In stimulus that pleases others, such as that the first phase the patient's re.ceptivity to fatal vacation for the physician at the beach. change is enhanced. This is done by building Since much depends on a person's guiding the patient's confidence and flexibility, factors, knowledge of guiding factors is a showing that change can be comfortable, very practical tool to help explain instances and being supportive. Since people find it that do not square with common sense, easier to accept something pleasurable than such as those mentioned in this article. something uncomfortable, the positive Guiding factor theory also helps explain therapeutic climate continues throughout some puzzling aspects about a type of the therapy. This is important for still personality some researchers believe is another reason: it avoids additional strain associated with heart disease. This is the for patients who are already under stress, Type A personality -- a person who such as people with high blood pfessure and constantly strives for deadlines, tries to do Dr. Greenwald has "Jive degrees, heart disease. many things at the same time and including a Ph.D. in experimental social accomplish them quickly, speaks forcefully, psychology from Columbia University. He n the second phase, the patient's is impatient and aggressive, and has little is professor of psychology at Bridgewater I difficulties are specifically dealt with as time for personal relaxation and pleasure. and clinical director ofthe Adult and Youth described. The patients are co-participants The puzzling thing is that a great many Type Stress Clinic in Sharon. His theory of in the problem solving and nothing is done A's do not have heart disease and many biopsychological guiding factors, described without the patient's approval and Type 8's (the opposite of Type A) do have in this article, gradually came together knowledge (except in the case of those who heart disease. during years of research in attitude are not able to benefit from this). Guiding factor theory's explanation is formation and change. In addition to its In the third phase, the patient solidifies that some Type A behavior is due to guiding application to stress and psychotherapy, the new skills. He/she learns the principles factors unrelated to heart disease. Also, the theory has important implications for behind the techniques and how to apply the some Type 8's have cardiopsychological conflict resolution, persuasion, personal principles in new ways and other situations. guiding factors, which are not necessarily adjustment, teaching, learning, and This is done with much support and apparent on the surface. With some training problem solving. Dr. Greenwald's thinking encouragement from the therapist and the in guiding factors it is possible to recognize has been greatly influenced by the work of patient further loosens the automatic grip which Type A's and Type 8's are at risk of Kurt Lewin, Jean Piaget, William McGuire, that his guiding factors have on him/her. heart disease. Leon Festinger, and Jack Brehm. 16 BOOK REVIEWS • the consciously artificial, the world weary lassitude, the insouciant urbanity, the But Baby Jane Holzer is a purer slavish adherence to precious aesthetic manifestation of Cafe Society's Girl of the Year. Her style of life has created her fame ideologies, the narcissism u all are targets of rock and roll, underground movies, decaying The Purple Decades: Wolfe's devastating wit. But where mauve lofts, models, photographers, Living Pop Art, A Reader suggests the soft, the delicate, the the twist, the irug, the mashed potatoes, overwrought, the precious, even the stretch pants, pre-Raphaelite hair, Le Style effiminate, purple connotes all these in a Camp. By Tom Wolfe more negative way, a more vulgar sense. All of it has a common denominator. Once it was power that created the high style. But And the factor that accounts for the now high styles come from low places, from Farrar Straus Giroux - $17.50 difference is also unmistakable in Wolfe's people who have no power, who slink away reckoning: money and the way its from it, in fact, who are themselves in the distribution realigns social class. The nether depths, in tainted "undergrounds." ... decadence of the 1890s was essentially an Teen-agers, bohos, camp culturati, photographers n they have won by default, n the opening chapter of The New aristocratic phenomenon, rising out of the because, after all, they do create styles ... I Journalism, Tom Wolfe, widely re­ ennui and effeteness of the privileged caste, garded as the great sachem of the new es­ but the new decadence of The Purple All the conventional and legitimate tate, argues that the novel of social realism Decades is new-moneyed and vulgar. cultural domains sewn up by the old­ is dead, victim of the fragmentation of Take the Sculls for example, "folk heroes moneyed elite, the Other Society, lacking bourgeois society. By the 1960s, according, of every social climber who ever hit New innovativeness itself, or too busy making to Wolfe, "the most serious, ambitious, and York." He made his money, a boodle of it, in money, or both, is forced to scour the presumably, talented novelists had operating New York's biggest fleet of landscape for the outre, the bizarre, the abandoned the richest terrain of the novel: taxicabs and managed through luck and raw camp, the funky, and with money, namely, society, the social tableau, manners smarts to corner the market on Pop Art: "In chutzpah, and hype to elevate to High Style. and morals." The abdication, Wolfe goes on a blaze of publicity, they illuminated the to say, has left a gap in American letters secret route: collecting wacked-out art." The theme of default runs through most huge enough "to drive an ungainly Reo rig of Wolfe's criticism of the decadent state of Not that Wolfe defends the exclusivity modern art and culture. As strong as his like the New York Journalism through." and inbreeding of the WASP New York art Wolfe may be right when he predicts: distaste is for the spurious cultural values of establishment. But when Wolfe allows the the new movers and shakers, their perverse a hundred years from now when historians reader to make a contrast between its veneration of the ugly, their kitsch-for­ write about the 1960s in America ..., they aesthetic values and those of the Sculls, won't write about it as the decade of the war in kitsch-sake aesthetics, his highest Vietnam or of space exploration or of political there is little doubt where Wolfe's indignation is reserved for the abdicators, assassinations ... but as the decade when preferences lie. The great thing for the the ones who should know better. In the manners and morals, styles of living, attitudes Sculls is being first, discovering an selections from The Painted Word and towards the world changed the country more unknown, and by the ballsiest intimidation crucially than any political event ... From Bauhaus to Our House, Wolfe vents of people who should know better hyping his spleen most unequivocally. Where the If he is right u and I believe he is u then him into the dubious status of Current tone of the Baby Jane Holzer piece might be Darling of the Haute Le Monde. historians and anthropologists will find Tom described as bemused, the tone of these Wolfe's new reader, The Purple Decades, a Similarly, Wolfe, in his essay on Baby excerpts is high pique against people who most fertile dig. In the twenty-one selections Jane Holzer, describes the great lengths the ought to know better. Artists should not sell chosen from his nine major books of the last Other Society has gone to legitimize itself: out for quick and glitsy notoriety and sixteen years, the reader gets an excellent sampling of the Wolfe canon. For those of us who lived through the let­ it-all-hang-out Sixties and the Me-Decades, an obsession with their contrast is almost irresistable. What could these two mini­ epochs "in our time" possibly have in common to recommend this epithetical embrace? That Wolfe means it to be an allusion to the Mauve Decade, that favorite sobriquet for the decadent 1890s, seems unmistakable. Beyond the repeated references to women with "pre-Raphaelite hair," there is copious evidence of Wolfe's conviction that in the matters that mean the

most u to him, at least n style and taste, the last two decades have been decadent. Most of the fin de siecle attitudes are held up to ridicule in The Purple Decades. The disillusionment, the self-mocking cynicism, "Pair of Sox" Truro

17 Book Reviews Continued certainly, Yale, Wolfe's alma mater, should be unsulliable. He describes the Fallen Artist as one with"... an eye cocked to see if anyone in Ie monde was watching. Have they noticed me yet?" He describes in equally caustic tones Yale's capitulation to the Bauhaus architectural juggernaut in allowing an architect whose only qualification was canonical loyalty to design Your lot must be a happy lot, Harold. a library edition that "could scarcely have Your floodlights blaze at night with a candlepower been distinguished from a Wooleo discount store in a shopping center." that hurts the eyes and throws a glory ike most great wits, Wolfe is at his best on the turning maples out on Bedford Road. L when he is on the attack. His betes All those brilliant spinning plastic discs noire are so deserving of his ridicule and so and looping lines of wind-blown pennants effectively done up that in remembering all his books one has read over the years there warped in the dark and marvelous mirrors is a temptation to dismiss him as a rather of your well-waxed Fords and Pontiacs peevish sort. But, for all his personal style, what some would call his dandyism, and the make me happy, Harold, and make me wish you well. razzle-sazzle of his journalistic style, there is All those shining cars, so happy in their home, much in The Purple Decades that reveals lying in the benediction of your gleaming billboard grin, Wolfe to be a good deal more than a mean nay-sayer. His admiration for the courage of lap up your loving light and rest in smug repose, the astronauts and fighter pilots (and their beaming from their chrome the placid bliss wives) is unalloyed, a courage made all the of the absolutely safe. They know their happy lot, more remarkable because it is never talked about. There's the respect for a Junior Harold, under your Miracle Warranty, Johnson, who doesn't forget his roots, who promising service and repairs for all eternity. builds his palatial new house in the same hollow he was born in, and who still takes How safe you make us feel, Hap (you won't mind the whiskey run for his father. And even a if I call you Hap), and God knows healthy American respect for those who can how much we need a Miracle Warranty out-smart the government, certainly for the moonshiners outwitting the revenuers, but on Bedford Road where the leaves are falling even for the mau-mauers beating down the and the nights are getting longer bureaucrats. There's the faith in Yankee and there is no light except where you are. ingenuity, in gadgetry and technology, and always in genuine skill and hard work. (The The cars thank you, Hap, and Bedford Road descriptions of Yeager and the carrier­ and the turning maples thank you based fighter pilots are unexcelled.) He and I too, in my own darkness, admires Frank Lloyd Wright for his "totally American architecture, arising from the thank you. American terrain and the spirit of the Middle West," and for his bold refusal to capitulate to the Le Corbusier coup. He obviously likes people to act their age, but he admires independence more, as we see in his description of the senior citizen caravans of silver Airstreams striking out on their own. And he likes deunkers and ego-deflaters, like himself, even when they come in the unlikely form of the raucous inmates in a women's prison who callout names and seductive compliments to the pedestrian dudes and macho bikers on the busy street below -- on the chance that they will hit a name right and cause a head to turn, a sucker, and scream with riotous and contemptuous laughter. All this, The Purple Decades reminds us of and sets our memories right, both about Wolfe and those two tempestuous decades. Clifford Wood Professor of English 18 rooters for their loyalty, but declares that of the sport. Throughout the book he they are " 'a little crazy.' " This is the peppers major league management with Late Innings: "Spaceman" talking -- enough is enough! charges of selfishly raping a good game, Nevertheless, the years of loyalty hold us as carefully exempting the innovative, caring A Baseball Companion our prison bars, and the sentence must last. exceptions like Bill Veeck. Angell wastes no Angell constantly connects us with the tears on "owners" who rue the passing of baseball past prior to his coverage of the "ole Marster" reserve clause days and is By Roger Angell years beginning with 1977 and in the process miffed that his sporting public, in an unusual unlocks our own subjective memories of the rejection of youth culture, accepts employer Simon & Schuster, $17.50 Yawkey era. It is a story of warriors with propaganda which insists that exorbitant Green Monster batting strokes, cement and extortionate salary demands by their feet, and astronomical E.R.A.s. We are the pampered youth must be capped or loyalists whose first name association with franchises will be bankrupt. mold Portocorraro! Testing, the surname Nixon will forever remain Attendance figures reflecting growth, TV A Testing. If Arnold jogs a memory cell Willard, the Yankee killer who once revenue, and augmented team sale value then you qualify as an "A" student of delighted all Yan.kee haters. We are the are cited to disprove this assertion, and baseball ready to be charmed by the loyalists who endured the obese and Angell harps upon management's refusal, gracefully written Late Innings. If he or his rednecked Pinky Higgins and remember even while searching for sympathy during 1955 Kansas City Athletics' teammates when he was placed on the injury shelf after the strike of 1981, to fortify its position by Elmo Valo and Gus Zernial fail to inspire pulling a hamstring while waddling toward welcoming public scrutiny of financial recollections among any reader who has home plate with his lineup card. ledgers. Angell duly notes the irony of the reached middle life, then your position is out ne must acknowledge comforting high­ owners, linked only by a weak league cartel in left field. Which is simply to say that Roger a lights such as the incomparably beauty structure, asking purportedly greedy and Angell writes exclusively for fans as in the of Teddy Baseball's magical swing. Sadly, immature players to agree to a severe word fanatics. such singular excellence and individual modification of free agency status. This becomes management's only solution to Even the contemporary fan without competence cannot obscure consistent protect themselves against cannibalizing historical baseball loyalties rooted back into team failure. In one of his premier essays the individuals from within their owner ranks the 1950s and 1960s can be satisfied by the author accounts in heart-rendering detail who tempt by enormous financial detailed observations of this astute expert the recent near exception -- the 1978 Red inducement to convince talented offering lasting impressions of major league Sox play-off game. Victory would have performers to jump teams. Fans can be pennant races spanning five seasons from provided entrance into the rarified grateful that baseball has this protective 1977-1981. Sometimes, however, the atmosphere of the World Series with a guardian Angell exposing such sham. onslaught of facts and figures will strong squad capable of reversing the overwhelm all but the most insatiable buffs. outcome of their two most recent October Though judiciously edited and updated, this Classic appearances in 1946 and 1967. The y 1981 Angell was sickened of the al­ volume, a composite of articles appearing obstacle to be overcome was those damn B mighty dollar employer-employee originally in The New Yorker, has stale Yankees, and our hope was at least imbroglio, and bemoans the sound of overtones because it is chronologically balanced by the gut-wrenching conviction silence when innocent fans are deprived of removed from the immediacy of the events. that the Bronx Bombers were predestined their summer joy. In his anger he ever-so­ Games won and lost, triples and strikeouts, to somehow fashion a victory. They did so, briefly experiences self-doubt, pondering base stealing and double plays would have Bucky Dent style. over whether a half century of spectating been easier to absorb and savor in their Being shrouded in Bosox sorrow never has been misspent, whether the juvenile original unit doses. diminishes Angell's appreciation of baseball devotion which is shared by countless If this is not a book for everyone, it is most as it is played by teams at all levels. But he is others like him has been cynically exploited especially one for Red Sox aficionados. deeply troubled by the professional version by the professional system. Always resilient, Fittingly, the book jacket with its panoramic scene of Fenway Park captures the essence of the author's professional team loyalty. Though Angell flirts with the National League Mets, he remains first and foremost a Bosox devotee. Those of us who share this affliction will appreciate references to "psychic scars" and endless bracing "for another summer of Euripidean despair." There is the temptation to pray for release from such self-inflicted mental torture, particularly after reading Angell's interview with Bill Lee, who by then had been railroaded out of Beantown on the Montreal Express. It is easy to envision a scene where the colorful southpaw nonconformist responds to an Angell query by empathizing with Red Sox "Bayside Abstract #2" 19 he purges concerns about the business embracing and smothering sports heroes, failure to succeed economically was caused aspects of major league baseball and finds denying their privacy, and presumptively by low academic achievement which in turn solace by reflecting upon spring training assuming the right to insist that they was caused by inadequate educational symbolized by the eternal picture of the respond openly and with warmth to every resources. wizened coach studying the serves of the public demand. And thus he shares the guilt t was in this context that the first Cole­ aspiring rookie hurler and by simply of owner arrogance so easily condemned in I man Report appeared in 1966. With watching as skilled athletes perform. Selfish others. that influential study, entitled Equality of moguls and millionaire players aside, he By Philip T. Silvia, Jr. Educational Opportunity Report, Coleman again knows why he so loves the game. Department of History stunned many educators, politicians, and Purist instincts ultimately lead him away others by maintaining a position quite from the "Biggies" with their new sports different from the prevailing one. Relying on complexes featuring slick artificial turf High School a rather large and impressive data base, he which in truth seems best designed not for argued that physical resources were not baseball but to facilitate plopping an eight Achievement very important in determining academic ball into a side pocket, conjuring up visions By achievement. Rather, he argued, the causes of Minnesota Fats rather than the of low achievement were to be found Minnesota Twins. This traditionalist (never James S: Coleman primarily in the students backgrounds _. reactionary) spectator then experiences Thomas Hoffer particularly in their family life and socio­ fulfillment at Yale field and finds his verdant, economic class. These conclusions led or perhaps sun-bleached, pastures by Sally Kilgore many to make the unwarranted following the circuit of the semi-pro Basic Books, $20.75 generalization that "Schools don't make a Burlington A's as recounted in an unmatchable concluding episode which difference." focuses upon the romance between friends merican public schools have been But schools do, or at least can make a Ron Gable and Linda Kittrell. Linda A under attack by increasing numbers difference. Following the first Coleman supportively encourages Ron who is of individuals and special interest groups. Report, other researchers began to pitching for the Burlington team a decade Their charges, however, have been far from identify a set of factors that differentiate beyond his college playing days. Now Ron homogeneous and are often contradictory. good public schools from poor ones. In wistfully dreams of what might have been Nevertheless, because of the volume of study after study the evidence indicated five had he not aborted his promising collegiate such criticism one is left with the distinct basic factors affecting student academic pitching career because the jock image had impression that our public schools are achievement: (1) strong academic seemed so irrelevant during the days of failing. In High School Achievement James leadership by the school principal; (2) a Kent State. Angell travels from New York Coleman, Thomas Hoffer, and Sally high degree of discipline; (3) emphasis on City to Vermont and spends memorable Kilgore, while not proclaiming public high the basics; (4) high teacher expectations nights sharing in this comeback trail saga. schools a complete failure, do argue that for academic achievement, regardless of the Though he is the intruder no one is hurt by compared to private high schools they do students' backgrounds; and (5) consistent this love triangle which has baseball as its not succeed nearly as well. The book testing of students to assess achievement. object of common affection. represents their attempt to substantiate this However, virtually all of these studies claim, to identify the causes of the here are a number of other highlights focused on the elementary school level. comparative failure, and to append their ranging from interviews with some of T proposals to an already well-developed list the game's most articulate players to an oW in High School Achievement, Cole­ appreciation of the sterling character of of remedies for improvement. N man and his co-authors attempt to establish a position that develops the Wilver Stargell to a discussion of a naked Proper understanding and evaluation of conclusions of the first Coleman Report and truth issue, namely, women reporters' High SchoolAchievement requires that it be confirms for the high school level the rights to postgame clubhouse access, to his put in historical perspective. During the rejection of the better-than-thou Steve conclusions of the elementary school 1960s and 1970s shifting public policy had Garvey Dodger types and preference for researchers. The argument of High School set a goal of high academic achievement for the street-smart 1978 Yankees led by a Achievement is based on a 1980 sample of all students regardless of race or socio­ controversial slugger whose October 1015 public and private high schools and economic background. It was clear that heroics placed us in another "Jacksonian because of the manner of funding public includes data on 28,465 seniors and 30,263 era." Perhaps his most poignant passages schools less affluent students for the most sophomores. It essentially involves a stem from self-analysis about his part attended schools that lacked the comparison of public and private high relationship with pitching greats Bob resources found in the schools of wealthier school students in terms of their levels of Gibson and particularly Smokey Joe Wood. communities. And given the high academic achievement in reading, While soliciting information from Wood correlation of Blacks, Hispanics, and other mathematics, and vocabulary. The study is about his major league playing career circa minorities with poverty levels, the issue sufficiently sophisticated and complex that 1912, Angell is struck by the realization that a careful reading is required to sort out the this octogenarian has been similarly assumed significant racial overtones. Both various contingencies and qualifications badgered over the course of two the cause of and the solution to the that are attached to its many conclusions. generations until the "last juice and seemingly associated problems of low sweetness must have been squeezed out of academic achievement and lack of later Nevertheless, some of the more these ancient games years ago." Angell has economic success appeared fairly obvious. interesting general conclusions are the disappointed himself, for he knows that he Employing a rather simplistic, linear following: private high school students has become the typical fan, thoughtlessly reasoning, policy makers maintained that demonstrate significantly higher academic

20 Book Reviews Continued achievement than do their public school CULTURAL COMMENTARY counterparts; and importantly, the achievement gap gradually increases from the sophomore to the senior year so that Thinking About Education: private school students are approximately two grade levels ahead of public school French and American Primary Schools students at the time of graduation. By Barbara Apstein Moreover, Catholic high schools are much more effective in significantly increasing the achievement levels of minority students espite persistent reports of the American teachers had always welcomed than are either public schools or non­ D "Americanization" of France, and my offers of assistance. But the suggestion Catholic private schools. the French success of American cultural perplexed his teacher, Madame Rousseau, exports as diverse as Jerry Lewis, fast food, a cheerful young woman in her 20s, who There are, Coleman argues, two major ET, and the Sony Walkman, France clearly had never heard of such an idea factors affecting high school achievement retains its distinctive traditions in many less before. She didn't see anything wrong with and the concomitant differences between visible but more significant ways. A six my offer to help, but would have to ask public and private high schools: the existing month sabbatical last spring gave our family permission of the Principal, Madame levels of discipline and academic demands. a chance to compare French primary Chaput. About a week later, I was informed Both are significantly higher in private as schools with our own, and in the process to of Madame Chaput's unequivocal "non": opposed to most public schools and, in a examine some of our assumptions about the parents are permitted to visit, she said, on a sense, cause high achievement. It is not the education of young children. About a week special "Portes Ouvertes" (open house) private nature of the school per se that is after our arrival in Bouiogne-Billancourt, a day, which she had not yet organized (and significant, but the ability and willingness of middle-class suburb west of Paris, we as far as I know, never did). She further the private school to inclu

books and papers in order, your pencils sharpened, your fingernails clean, and using a handkerchief rather than a sleeve to wipe your nose. My seven year old, not surprisingly, received a C in this subject (and even so, I think Madame Rousseau was being charitable), since we Americans tend to view these matters more lackadaisically -- we explain the rules, show our children how to clean their nails and wipe their noses, and feel sure that some day they will learn to do it properly themselves. In our American school, children don't begin receiving grades until they 1------1 ar.e about ten years old. Until then, Daniel Apstein (second from left, with striped shirt) in his French Classroom their work is "marked" with a smiling face, a star, or a whale­ constitute a real lunch, that a real lunch is a one-and-a-half-hour shaped sticker bearing the phrase "you did a whale of a job." The event with an unhurried, thoroughly predictable rhythm of its own. evaluations parents receive during the semi-annual conferences y the end of our visit, we had found a number of things to ad­ are usually reassuringly vague, with an emphasis on "inter­ mire in the French primary school: the serious classroom personal relations" and "learning style." Although this democratic, B atmosphere and clear sense of purpose, the conscientious effort non-judgmental approach doubtless helps children to develop a devoted to modelling children's behavior -- all qualities which positive self-image, Americans often have only hints to help them reflect the conservatism and order of French life. But we also came in assessing their true academic strengths and weaknesses. Even to appreciate our American educational system, with its openness entering college, some of our students have such inflated ideas of and its concern with children's emotional development as well as their own abilities that they are invariably disappointed and their intellectual progress. Relaxed and flexible, sometimes resentful when their work is evaluated honestly. appallingly eager to change methods and philosophy in order to he French sense of responsibility for modelling children's be­ please their constituency, our schools mirror both the best and T havior is most striking at mealtimes. Those who eat lunch at worst aspects of our restless society. school are served a four-course meal (no lunch boxes are Barbara Apstein permitted). A typical menu might include pSte (described quite Assistant Professor of English 22 • RESEARCH NOTE Gunboat Diplomacy in the South Atlantic The United States and the Falkland Islands Crises 1824-1832 By Jordan D. Fiore

hen Argentine forces England, France, Germany, W attacked the Falk­ and Brazil, and had exten­ land Islands on April2, 1982, sive business connections in few Americans, excepting these countries. He was probably those philatelists given permission in 1826 to who collect British colonial send an expedition to the stamps, were aware of the islands and to make a islands' existence. Only a settlement there. In the few historians, particularly following years he asked the those whose interest is in Buenos Aires government diplomatic relations, were for the exclusive grant of the aware that for a short time fisheries around the the islands played an Falklands for the benefit of important role in American his new colony. The foreign policy. government approved his t-.._. =-- _ The Falkland Islands, an request on January 28, archipelago of more than 1828, and in 1829, Vernet one-hundred islands, lie about 250 miles off the coast of South was given a commission as the Military and Civil Governor with America. There are two main islands, the East Falkland, about the right to residence and fortification on the islands and the duty 3,000 square miles in area, and the West Falkland, about 2,300 to "cause the inhabitants of said island to observe the Laws of the miles in area. Republic and shall see to the execution of the Regulations of the Fishing on all Coasts of the same."2 The British charge d'affaires in Buenos Aires protested the appointment, for his country still n the mid-eighteenth century vessels from British North claimed the islands, but the leaders in Buenos Aires disregarded I America, and especially from New England, visited the islands his protest. and used them extensively. After the American Revolution the In June, 1829, armed with this proclamation, Vernet moved with number of ships from the United States in the Falklands increased his wife, much furniture, including a piano, and a number of dramatically. Captain Robert Gray, the discoverer of the colonists to Port Soledad on the islands where he established a Columbia River, stopped there on two of his voyages to take on home. He immediately issued a circular letter "to all masters water. American fishing vessels interested in pelagic fishing, engaged in fisheries on any part of the coast under his jurisdiction" sealing, and whaling made regular trips there. British ships were ordering them to desist from fishing under penalty of confiscation there in great numbers, and a few Spanish and Portuguese vessels and ordered ship masters not to shoot cattle on the East Falkland l as well. Islands.3 For some years after achieving independence from Spain the The American and British captains there, having become government of Buenos Aires was beset by problems at home and accustomed to carrying out their work without interference, did nothing about annexing the Malvinas. Finally in 1820 they ignored Vernet's letter. American whalers did experience commissioned an American, David Jewett of Connecticut, a harassment, but Vernet, probably fearing British retaliation, colonel in their provisional army, gave him an old frigate, the treated the British ships with care. Heroina, and ordered him to occupy the islands. Most historians agree that Jewett was mainly a pirate, and he spent several months The American charge d'affaire was John Murray Forbes. He harassing and capturing foreign ships before he reached the protested Vernet's actions, but, since there was no actual damage Malvinas. There he found ten American and six British ships, and, to American vessels, it was difficult to bring formal charges. hopelessly outnumbered, he limited his activity to raising the flag Forbes, who had a long history of ill health and desired to return 4 of Buenos Aires. For several years little attention was paid to the home, died on June 14, 1831. A little more than a month later, islands by that government. 'The decree is published in William R. Manning, ed., DJ'plomatic Then on the scene came Luis Vernet, a sharp businessman of Correspondence of the United States: Inter·American Affairs, 1831-1880, French-German background, who had lived in the United States, Volume I. Argentina. AnEnglish translation appears inJ. D. Fiore, Francis Baylies' Apologia: The Falkland Island Crises of 1829·1833 (Taunton: Old Colony Historical Society, 1982),33. 'There are a number of books which cover the early history of the 3For an English translation of the circular letter see Fiore, Francis Falkland Islands. Especially valuable are V. G. 8(>yson, The Falkland Baylies' Apologia. .., 34. Islands (Oxford University Press, 1924) and E. M. Cawkell, The Falkland Islands (London, 1960). Jules Goebel has covered the question of The 'Charles L. Chandler, "The First Three Yankee consuls in B.A.," The Struggle for the Falkland Islands: A Study in Legal and Diplomatic American Weekly ofBuenoll Aires, (July 14, 1923),5-7, and Watt Stewart, History, (New Haven; Yale University Press, 1927). The Goebel book "The Diplomatic Service of John Murray Forbes at Buenos Aires," The displays a strong anti·British bias. Hispanic American Historical Review, 14 (May, 1938), 20.

23 Gunboat Diplomacy . . .continued he Lexington sailed from Buenos Aires late in December T 1831, and arrived in Berkley Sound in East Falkland on Dec. Vernet made his first aggressive move against American vessels. 28, 1831. The American action was brief and concise. A summary Late in July, Vernet seized the American Schooner Harriet of of the log of the Lexington explains the action: Stonington, Connecticut, her captain, John Davison of Stonington, and the ship's crew; on August 17, he captured the Early in the morning of the first day of the year he stood for the American Schooner Breakwater, also of Stonington, but her port of St. Louis and came to anchor at 11 :30 a.m. Just prior to master, a Captain Carew, recaptured the vessel and sailed to the anchoring, he sent a landing party of two officers and fifteen men ashore in the commandeered schooner to confer with the United States, where the captain and crew protested loudly to authorities, and at 11:45 another party. well armed. in two boats American authorities. Also, on Aug. 19, 1831, Vernet seized a to augment the first. The three schooners were finally liberated third schooner, the Superior of New York, and captured the and permitted to proceed. master Stephen Cogan and his crew. They too were treated Practically all of the American'citizens in the islands desired to shabbily. leave, and Commander Duncan agreed to give them passage to Montevideo in the Lexington. While they were preparing for Vernet took the Harriet to Buenos Aires, where she arrived on their departure, he met a guard of twelve Mariners ashore to November 19. Shortly afterward, the local court declared the protect their property, and to assist them in their preparations Harriet to be a legal prize. According to Francis Baylies, who was for the voyage. The guard returned at noon the following day, charge d'affaires in Buenos Aires in 1832, Vernet forced Davison but a smaller guard went ashore each day until the 5th. On the 5 21st those Americans who wished to leave the Island came and his crew to use the Harriet to capture seals on his account. aboard the Lexington. and were made as comfortable as Since Forbes, the charge d'affaires, had died and had not been conditions on board a man of war would permit. The following replaced, George Slocum (or Slacum), the U. S. consul in Buenos day the party. consisting of twenty men, eight women, and ten children sailed on board the Lexington for their native land.8 Aires, protested Vernet's actions in strong terms. He denied that the government of Buenos Aires had any claim over the Falklands aptain Davison of the Harriet, who was on the island, took and especially that that nation had any rights over the American ships there. He demanded that "Louis Vernet, being guilty of C much of Vernet's property, thus recouping some of his losses. Duncan now in complete control, issued a statement piracy and robbery, should be handed over to the United States for judgement." The Buenos Aires officials refused to act on his calling for free use of the fishing and hunting rights. Among those protest, citing among other factors, his limited authority as a carried away from the Falklands were Vernet's agent Matthew Brisbane and several other employees whom he took as prisoners consul. to Montevideo, Uruguay. Duncan also submitted a detailed report to Washington.9 Naturally the government of Buenos Aires complained vehemently, but the United States government rejected ... "Louis Vernet, being guilty of piracy Argentinian claims. Shortly afterward, President Jackson sent and robbery, should be handed over to Francis Baylies of Massachusetts to Buenos Aires as charge the United States for judgement." d'affaires, with instructions to obtain reparations for losses sustained by American vessels, to secure a guarantee of free use of the islands and surrounding waters, and to justify the suppression of Vernet's establishment by Silas Duncan. If he should succeed in this mission, he was then empowered to negotiate a treaty of amity n the United States President Andrew Jackson responded and commerce. IO I strongly to Vernet's actions. In his message to Congress on B.aylies spent the entire summer in Buenos Aires, but he could Dec. 6, 1831, he referred to Vernet's men as "a band acting, as reach no agreement, and so he returned home in the fall of 1832. 11 they pretend under the authority of the government of Buenos A few months later the British moved in and took over the islands, Aires." He announced that he would send an armed vessel to and the United States raised no objections. Thus began a century provide "all lawful protection to our trade which shall be and a half of protest which culminated with the war that broke out necessary," and he recommended the adoption of measures "for in the spring of 1982. Several times in the nineteenth century providing a force adequate to complete protection of our fellow­ Argentina tried to reopen the question of Duncan's brief incursion citizens fishing and trading in those seas."6 with the United States, but that nation refused to consider any Six months earlier, in June 1831, Levi Woodbury, the United action. States Secretary of the Navy, ordered Captain Silas Duncan, master of the U. S. ship Lexington, to leave Norfolk, Va., with Jordan D. Fiore his vessel and to proceed to the coast of Brazil. 7 Upon his arrival in Professor of History .Buenos Aires Duncan asked that government for redress for the Harriet and the Superior, but, pleading that the case was under IlThe summary is contained in a typewritten manuscript. "One Hundred­ adjudication, the government would not act. Eighty Landings ofUnited States Marines," by Captain Harry Alanson, U. S. Marine Corps, Officer in Charge. Historical St:ction. p. 70. Theaccountis based largely on the log of the Lexington. 9Letter from Silas Duncan to Levi Woodbury. from the U. S. S. Lexington, JlThere is an excellent unpublished article, "The Falklands Story," by T. off Montevideo, River Plate. Uruguay. February 3. 1832, in the National Bentley Duncan of the Ur:. rsity ofChicago, which covers theincident in Archives. detail. 10J. D. Fiore Francis Baylies' Apologia,12. 6James D. Richardson. A Compilation oftht:Mt:ssagt:s and Papt:rs ofthe IIBaylies wrote a detailed account ofhisexperience in Buenos Aires to the Prt:sidents, (New York 1897), III, 1116. Secretary ofState. He also wrote a strong defense of his actions, but it was 1Silas Duncan to Levi Woodbury, Secretary of the Navy. June 15.1831. not published in his lifetime. Themanuscriptwas recently discovered in the written on board the Lexington in Norfolk Harbor. (National Archives). Old Colony Historical Society and published.

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