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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-70825-8 - Claudius Caesar: Image and Power in the Early Roman Empire Josiah Osgood Index More information

Index

Note: this index is primarily intended to guide the reader to relevant discussions in Claudius Caesar. Individuals are not here identiﬁed (though some relations between them are indicated), nor are places located. For Senatorial prosopography in particular, especially useful are the full indices of Syme (1958)and(1986) and also Tortoriello (2004). The entries for some major historical ﬁgures are arranged chronologically, as well as thematically.

Achaea, province, see Greece memoirs of, 210, 228 Acilius Strabo, L., 202 statues of, 218, 219, 247 Acta Alexandrinorum, 77, 278 Alexander, brother of Philo, 48, 121 Acts of the Apostles, 77, 130–32, 133, 164, 278 Alexandria, 4, 47–49, 65–67, 70, 74, 77–79, 80, Adiabene, 132 132, 135, 156, 183, 201 Aelia Paetina, wife of Claudius, 207, 213 See also Acta Alexandrinorum; letter to the Aemilia Lepida, great-granddaughter of Alexandrians Augustus, 250 Anicius Maximus, P., 102 Aemilius Lepidus, M., husband of Drusilla, 8, Annius Vinicianus, L., 30, 43, 45, 68 211 Antioch, Pisidian, 90, 103 Aemilius Rectus, L., 66, 80, 200 Antioch, Syrian, 6, 131, 170 Aezani, 139 Antiochus, of Commagene, 289 Afranius Burrus, Sex., 227, 233, 249 Antonia, mother of Claudius, 9, 208 Africa, 4, 6, 81–83, 182 household of, 42, 48, 76, 208, 289 Agabus, 131 relationship with Claudius, 9 Agrippa I, of Judea, 76 memory of, 56, 61, 62 and Caligula, 74 Apamea, 231 supports Claudius in ad 41, 42, 50, 76 Aphrodisias, 103–05, 139, 247 his rule under Claudius, 114, 120–21 Sebasteion, 103–05, 219, 233 Agrippa II, son of preceding, 121 Apion, 47 Agrippina, the elder, granddaughter of Augustus aqueducts, Rome’s, 5, 169, 170, 172, 234 andwifeofGermanicus, 215, 228 Aqua Claudia and Aqua Anio Novus, 148, Agrippina, the younger, daughter of the 174, 175–80, 188, 244, 251 preceding, and wife of Claudius Aqua Virgo, 94, 180 early life of, 211–12 Ara Ubiorum, 211, 238 exiled by Caligula, 8, 228 arches, 82, 83, 90, 91, 93–94, 184, 275 restoration of, 32, 211 see also Rome, city of, monuments marriage to Claudius, 23, 42, 211, 213–16 Armenia, 122, 236, 238–40, 289 honors for under Claudius, 93, 169, 216–19, army, imperial 232, 237, 238 distribution of, 3, 33, 87, 88–89, 124, 235, efforts on Nero’s behalf, 211, 213, 227–28, 247 281 role in Claudius’ death, 242–45 privileges for, 163, 190, 196 role in Nero’s principate, 249–50 role in politics, 33, 45, 102, 226, 246, 257 honored in Nero’s principate, 246, 251 special payments to, 33, 35–37, 229, 235, 236 see also Praetorian Guard alleged victims of, 227–28 Arria, wife of Caecina Paetus, 44, 45 351

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-70825-8 - Claudius Caesar: Image and Power in the Early Roman Empire Josiah Osgood Index More information

352 Index

Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus, L., 11, 43–46, memory of under Claudius, 32, 41, 51, 55, 62, 68, 89, 149, 191, 228 76, 83, 219 Artabanus, of Parthia, 239, 313 public works of, 171, 180, 183 Artists of Dionysus, 69–71, 79–80 succession arrangements, 11 Arval Brethren, 58, 269, 270, 275, 311, 314 see also Jews, Caligula’s relations with Asia, province, 72–73, 74, 79, 82, 115, 118, 126, Callistus, imperial freedman, 15, 41, 198, 204, 138–39, 191, 225, 250 243 Asinius Gallus, 149 Calpurnius Siculus, 249 assemblies, popular, of Rome, 22, 31, 50, 117, Camulodunum (Colchester), 90, 91, 92, 109, 229, 245, 269 237, 251 Atlas, Mt., 108, 112, 113 Cappadocia, 86 Augustus, Emperor Caratacus, 87, 91, 92, 237 buildings of, in Rome, 170–71 Caristanius Fronto Caesianus Iullus, C., 90 deiﬁcation of, 7, 56, 62, 140, 250, 254 Carthage, 82 dynastic vision of, 11, 30, 203, 261 Cartimandua, 92, 237 ﬁnances of, 38, 41, 236 Casperius, 239 foreign policy, 3, 84–86, 113, 313 Cassius Chaerea, 29, 30 and freedmen, 204 Cassius Dio succession arrangements, 7, 9, 11, 215, 226, History, 14, 25, 205, 263, 269 229 treatment of Claudius, 16, 191–92, 198 and women, 223 Cassius Longinus, C., 129, 239 “Augustus,” name, 31, 75, 245 Catonius Justus, 192 census Baiae, 148, 198, 202 empire-wide, 1, 158–59, 164 Balbillus, see Claudius Balbillus provincial, 5, 134, 136 Basilides, imperial freedman, 201 Chaeremon, 47, 65 Bononia, 231, 234 Christians, early, 77, 130–33, 145 Britain, 3, 27, 87–91, 235, 236–37, 282 Cibyra, 118 Britannicus, son of Claudius, 39 citizenship, Roman, 1, 4, 82, 114, 130, 131, 161 birth of, 207 see also Claudius, citizenship granted by honored, 91, 139, 207, 226, 232, 233 Claudia Antonia, 150, 207, 226 and succession, 150, 215, 226, 227, 232, 233, Claudia Octavia, see Octavia 242, 247 Claudius, Emperor death of, 233, 250 birth, 9 buildings early life and illness, 9, 14, 51, 256, 296 in Rome, 32, 93–96, 155, 169–72, 235 career under Caligula, 9, 41, 207 their inscriptions, 32, 93, 94, 105–06, 169, accession, 11, 21, 29–32, 70, 245 180 actions in Rome after accession, 32–42 see also Rome, City of plot of Scribonianus, 31, 43–46, 149, 191 Byzantium, 122 “Father of the Fatherland,” 58 embassies to after accession, 69–81 Caecina Largus, C., 42, 209 and conquest of Britain, 27, 70, 87–105, 200, Caecina Paetus, A., 44 235, 243, 244 Caelius Pollio, 239 celebrates subjection of Britain, 91–103, 112, Caere, 156 166, 231, 237 “Caesar,” name, 9, 31, 34, 216, 245 triumph of, 94, 109 Caesarea, Cappadocian, 103 and 800th year of Rome (ad 47), 109, 147, Caesarea, in Palestine, 128, 130 151–54 Caligula, Emperor, 21, 261 fall of Valerius Asiaticus, 147–49 successor to Tiberius, 9 censorship, 154–67, 174, 175, 187, 199, 209 accession, 7, 30, 36, 38, 74, 126 extends pomerium, 159–61, 175 invasion of Britain, 3, 87, 110 fall of Messallina, 209–13 assassination of, 8, 29, 30, 70 search for new wife, 213 character of, 7, 140, 258, 261 marriage to Agrippina, 213–16 foreign policy of, 76, 81, 109, 114, 237, 238, adoption of Nero, 226 289 health failing, 231, 242, 249

Index 353

death of, 233, 242–45 Cluvius Rufus, 15 funeral of, 250, 254 coinage, 5, 229–31, 235, 312 deiﬁcation of, 250 of ad 41, 34–35, 52, 182, 207, 229 with deceased relatives of Claudius, 56, 61 administrative practice of, 197–203 celebrating British conquest, 94, 101, 103, alleged “centralization” of, 18, 20, 193 229 architectural style, 175, 180, 184, 251 following adoption of Nero, 217–18, 229, attitude to cult, 66, 73, 139–40 232 attitude to empire, 109–15, 124–25, 236–40 of ad 54, 246 citizenship granted by, 71, 130, 158, 161–64, of ad 55, 247 244, 254 colonies, see Claudius, see colonies of; empire, clemency of, 92, 93, 100, 102, 143, 255, 257 Roman colonies of, 113–14, 122, 124 Commagene, 86, 120, 289 doctors of, 90, 243–44 Corinth, 103, 232, 249 dynastic arrangements of, 90, 91, 101, 215, Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus, Cn., 7 227, 241, 257 Corsica, 143 ﬁnances of, 35–37, 40, 92, 101, 174, 176, 188, Cos, 138, 244 201–02, 233–36 Cotys, of Bosporus, 238 and the Flavians, 76, 256 Cotys, of Lesser Armenia, 289 freedpersons and slaves of, 23, 38–40, 41, 88, court, imperial 90, 164, 182, 189, 191, 203–05, 209, 211, composition of, 23, 129, 196, 212–13, 250, 257, 213, 254 268 “Germanicus,” 61 workings of, 7, 25, 88, 203–04, 214, 257, image(s) of, 27, 34, 53, 66, 87, 91–103, 112, 268 140–45, 155, 174–75, 184, 190, 191, rituals in, 39 198–99, 203, 231, 256 Crete and Cyprus, 131, 132 imperator, 91, 112 Crispinus, see Rufrius Crispinus and law, 150–51, 182, 199, 200, 214 cult, imperial, 48, 66, 70, 72–73, 105, 127, plots against, 43–46, 89, 149–50, 165, 211, 228, 137–45, 225, 292 233 Cuspius Fadus, C., 121, 128, 129 public works of, 168–89 Cyprus, see Crete and Cyprus statues of, 50–68, 71, 79, 82–83, 91, 93, 117, Cyrene, 202 118, 121, 139, 140, 156, 183, 219, 226, 273 Cys, 139 succession arrangements, 23, 214–15, 216–17, Cyzicus, 103, 106, 115, 289 226–33 tasters of, 243 Dalmatia, 44 Danube, 122, 161, 187, 237 and alphabet, 156 Delphi, 79 autobiography, 15, 18 Didius Gallus, A., 124, 199, 200, 202, 237, edicts of, 11, 77, 78, 155, 163, 190, 198, 200, 238 202, 203 Domitia Lepida, mother of Messallina, 43, 210, historical writings of, 9, 152, 156, 166 211, 227, 250 letters of, 39, 71, 72, 73, 75, 79, 129, 198, 237 Domitius Afer, Cn., 166 mandata of, 200 Domitius Corbulo, Cn., 199, 200, 202, 237 speeches of, 150, 167 Drusilla, sister of Caligula, 8, 40, 140, 211, 289 Drusillianus, imperial slave, 40 modern historiography on, 11–14, 16–18, 25 Drusus, father of Claudius, 9, 60, 62, 85, 94, see also coinage; embassies, to Claudius; 166, 188 letter to the Alexandrians; Lyon Tablet Claudius Balbillus, Ti., 66, 70, 83, 136 Egypt, 1, 2, 4, 126, 133–37, 158, 163, 182, 200–01, Claudius Lysias, 130, 164, 278 246 Claudius Optatus, imperial freedman, 187 see also Alexandria client kings, 2, 91, 110, 114, 120, 122, 236, 238, embassies 282, 287, 313 to Claudius, 65, 70–83, 119, 121, 129 see also Agrippa I to the emperor in general, 39, 70, 74–76, 83, Cloatilla, 45 132, 136, 244, 246, 249, 277

354 Index

Empire, Roman Hierapolis, 139 colonies across, 3, 82, 83, 101, 113 Hosidius Geta, C., 89 conceptions of, 1, 82, 84, 105, 107–10, 286 Hosidius Geta, Cn., 110 government of, 2–3, 4, 40, 81, 112–13, 115–19, hymnodists of Asia, 72–73, 138 126–37, 190–205, 287 size and scale of, 1–3, 5, 260 Ilium, 225–26, 232 travel in, 6, 190–91, 196, 201 imperator,title, 30, 91, 245 see also army, imperial; client kings; Italicus, of the Cherusci, 237 principate; procurators; roads; taxation Izates, of Adiabene, 132 Ephesus, 72, 191 equestrians, 2, 164, 193, 205, 229, 306 Jerusalem, 6, 48, 88, 120, 128, 130, 132 Eunones, of the Aorsi, 238 Jews Euphrates, 236, 239 in the Roman Empire, 1, 48, 67, 145 Roman treatment of, 4, 16, 48, 77, 121, 128 Fabius Persicus, Paullus, 72, 166, 191, 200 Caligula’s relations with, 6, 48, 70, 74, 120 Fabius Rusticus, 15 under Claudius, 16, 76–79, 127–33 famine, universal, under Claudius, 126, 131–32, see also Josephus; Judea; letter to the 133 Alexandrians Felix, imperial freedman, 129, 130 Josephus, 29, 42, 76, 77, 78, 121, 127, 132 Flavius Sabinus, T., 89, 199, 202 Judea, 4, 5, 6, 18, 76, 119–22, 126, 127–33 Flavius Vespasianus, T., see Vespasian Julia, niece of Claudius, 89 freedpersons, 2, 24 Julia Livilla, sister of Caligula, 8, 29, 32, 42, 149, imperial, 38–40, 41, 190, 196, 198, 249 211 see also Claudius, freedpersons and slaves of Julius Alexander, Ti., 121, 128 Frontinus, 173, 176 Julius Paelignus, 240 Fucine Lake, 168–69, 173, 188–89 Julius Postumus, C., 206 Furius Scribonianus, son of Arruntius Camillus, Julius Vestinus, L., 166 228 Junia Calvina, sister of L. and M. Junius Silanus, 213, 214, 250 Gabinius Secundus, A., 237 Junius Gallio, proconsul of Achaea, 131 Galatia, 132, 196, 287 Junius Silanus, C. Appius, husband of Domitia Galba, Emperor, 4, 11, 211, 237, 280 Lepida, 11, 43, 149 Games, centennial, 151–54 Junius Silanus, L., ﬁance´ of Octavia, 250 gardens, on outskirts of Rome, 70, 147, 148, betrothal to Octavia, 96, 213 209, 227 accompanies Claudius to Britain, 90 Gaul, 1, 4, 6, 87, 101, 148, 165–67, 199, 227 honored prominently, 91, 92, 276 Gavius Secundus, C., 103 his destruction, 214, 227, 228, 255 Gemma Claudia, 221 Junius Silanus, M. (cos. 46), brother of German Bodyguard, 29, 269 preceding, 249, 250, 276, 317 Germanicus, brother of Claudius, 136, 158, 219 Junius Silanus Torquatus, D., brother of as successor, 9, 215 preceding two, 250 death of, 83, 215, 225 Jupiter, 142 godlike, 65 Juvenal, 206, 209, 210 posthumous honors for, 62, 87, 93, 260, 270, 275 Lanuvium, 65, 143 relation to Claudius, 30, 60 Laus Caesaris, see Praise of Caesar Germany, 4, 61, 65, 85, 86, 88, 91, 237–38, 313 Letter to the Alexandrians, Claudius’, 135, 200 Gotarzes, of Parthia, 239 depiction of Claudius in, 16–17, 66–67, 114 Graves, Robert discovery, 16 I, Claudius and Claudius the God, 18 I, Claudius and, 19 Greece, 1, 82, 122, 131, 132 and Jewish privileges, 78, 80 see also Alexandria Halotus, 243 Licinius Mucianus, C., 115, 124 Helena, of Adiabene, 132 Livia, grandmother of Claudius, 91, 207, 208, Herculaneum, 140 216

Index 355

relationship with Claudius, 9, 56 Onasander, 115 deiﬁcation of, 56, 62, 83, 140 Ostia, harbor at, 173, 182–87 Locusta, 243 Ostorius Scapula, P., 237 Lollia Paulina, 208, 213, 227 Oxyrhynchus, 134–35, 278, 319 Lugdunum, 166 Lusius Geta, L., 201 palace, imperial, 29, 38, 39, 93, 242 Lycia, 115–19, 139, 199 Pallas, imperial freedman, 41, 129, 196–97, Lyon Tablet, 149, 158, 165–67, 198 198–99, 202, 213, 216, 249 Palpellius Hister, Sex., 88, 238 Macedonia, 122, 132 Pannonia, 89 Marcius Barea Soranus, Q., 81, 83 Parthia, 4, 120, 132, 238, 313 Maroneia, 74, 115, 124, 277 Passienus Crispus, C., 211 Mauretania, 81, 107–08, 110–14, 161, 280 patricians, 2, 165, 199, 200 Meherdates, of Parthia, 239 Paul, St., 130–33 Memmius Regulus, P., 199 letters of, 132 Menander, imperial freedman, 254 Pedanius Secundus, L., 88 Messallina, wife of Claudius, 39, 227 Pergamum, 72, 73, 138, 170 alleged political victims of, 42, 43, 89, Petronius, P., 121 147–49, 209 Pharasmanes, of Iberia, 239 alleged enormities, other 15, 164, 191, 206, Philadelphia, 135–37 209 Philo, 33, 47–49, 50, 68, 70, 74, 78, 121, 126, fall of, 11, 23, 24, 94, 209–13, 215, 255 133 honors for, 91, 206–08, 243 Plautia Urgulanilla, 207 inﬂuence, 88, 191, 208 Plautius, A., 89–90, 91, 92, 109, 151, 236 marriage to Claudius, 207 Plautius Pulcher, P., 165 memory of, 209, 210, 213 Pliny, the Elder, 15, 107–08, 115, 196 statues of, 51, 139, 206, 218 on Claudius and his times, 40, 109, 110, Miletus, 138 172–73, 176, 187, 188, 192, 206, 210, Mithridates, of Armenia, 238–39, 289 244 Mithridates, of Bosporus, 238, 289 Pliny the Younger, 44, 196–97, 198–99, 223 Mnester, 147, 192 Polemo, of Pontus, 289 Moesia, 122 Polybius, imperial freedman, 143, 198 Momigliano, Arnaldo, 22, 28, 259, 317 Pompeius Magnus, Cn., husband of Claudia Claudius, 17–19 Antonia, 90, 91, 92, 149, 276 Pompeius Paulinus, A., 166 Narcissus, imperial freedman, 43, 90, 189, 191, Pomponius Mela, 81, 82, 101, 107, 108, 110 198, 204, 209, 242, 250 Pomponius Secundus, P., 156, 238 Nemesion, 16, 135–37 Pomponius Secundus, Q., brother of preceding, Nero, Emperor 45 as successor to Claudius, 215, 216–17, 226–33, Pontus, 120, 122 245 Poppaea Sabina, 147, 167 aJulian, 211, 215, 226, 250, 257 Porcius Festus, 130 assumes toga virilis, 229 power acts before accession, 226, 229, 231 of emperors de facto, 25–27, 50, 124–25, honors for under Claudius, 169, 229–31 126–27, 129–30, 131, 137, 161, 203–05 marriage to Octavia, 213, 214, 231, 245 of emperors, legal, 31, 131, 229, 245, 268 accession, 135, 202, 223, 235, 242, 245–54 see also cult, imperial; principate principate of, 171, 174, 317 Praetorian Guard, 3 speeches concerning Claudius, 193, 236, 251, on ceremonial occasions, 92, 153, 168, 183, 252 229 statues of, 219, 226, 233, 246, 247 payments to, 31, 35–37, 235, 236 Noricum, 161, 188 proclaims Claudius emperor, 8, 29, 30, 34 proclaims Nero emperor, 242, 245 Octavia, daughter of Claudius, 39, 207, 226, 227 support of Claudius, 23, 90, 163, 209 marriage to Nero, 213, 214 Praise of Caesar (Laus Caesaris), 102

356 Index

principate August Forum, 51, 84–85, 89, 93, 94, 104, ability to set policy, 26, 113–15, 124–25, 235, 206 236–40, 256, 281 Circus Maximus, 153 costumes, 32, 92, 169, 229 Mausoleum of Augustus, 86, 171, 251 dependence on image-making, 27, 31, 39, Porta Maggiore, 177–80 49–50, 87, 91, 171, 174, 203–04, 258, 264, Porticus Minucia Frumentaria, 301 273 Temple of Apollo Palatinus, 152, 171 ﬁnancial resources, 3, 5, 6, 37–41, 171, 189, Temple of Divine Augustus, 56 201, 233–36, 312 Temple of Divine Claudius, 180, 251 ideology of, 7, 51, 86–87, 258 Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, 88, legal articulation of, 4, 31, 229, 268 92 loyalty, culture of, 71–72, 196–97, 226, 231, Temple of Loyalty, 163 277 Temple of Saturn, 37 military resources, 3, 4, 88–89, 281 Theater of Pompey, 32, 93, 171 nature of, 7, 21–23, 25–27, 189, 193, 212, 232, Villa Medici reliefs, 94–96 241, 256–59, 317 size and scale, 3 rituals of, 32, 57, 70, 72, 75, 85, 90–93, 95, spectacles, 5, 32, 92, 109, 153, 237, 238 151–54, 159, 229, 239, 268 wealth of, 23, 105, 109, 170 and spectacle, 91, 92, 108, 109, 153, 168, 174, Rufrius Crispinus, 148 183 Rufrius Pollio, 90, 92 strategy, 114, 236–40, 281 Rusellae, 62, 90 succession, 11, 21, 30, 212, 215, 226, 231, 256, 268 Salvius Otho, L., 165 see also court, imperial; cult, imperial; Scribonius Largus, 243 embassies; power; Rome; statues Senate, imperial procurators, 113, 121, 124, 125, 128, 187, 196, 202, career patterns, 199, 200, 306 299, 305 function of, 22, 85, 91, 117, 193, 213–16, 223, Protogenes, imperial freedman, 41 226, 242, 317 Puteoli, 182 membership in, 2, 88, 164, 165–67, 199–200 under Tiberius, 7 Radamistus, son of Pharasmanes, 239 under Caligula, 7 Raetia, 188 in ad 41, 29, 31, 45, 89, 257 Ravenna, 91 decrees of, under Claudius, 50, 51, 91, 155, reliefs from, 62 156, 197, 198, 199, 202, 210, 214, 225, Rhodes, 231 229 Rhoemetacles, of Thrace, 122, 124, 289 in ad 54, 245 roads, 113, 117, 118, 122, 124, 169, 187–88, 202, Seneca, 110, 165 236 banished by Claudius, 42 Via Claudia Augusta, 91, 187 in exile, 101, 143 Via Claudia Nova, 187 return to Rome, 42, 226, 227 Via Claudia Valeria, 187 and Nero’s accession, 249, 251 Via Domitia, 187 Rome, City of Apocolocyntosis, 15, 43, 102, 164, 192, 210, 249, administration of, 4, 155, 156, 170, 181, 185 254–56 cash distributions, 92, 229, 235, 236 Ad Polybium, 143–45, 198, 255 food supply of, 5, 42, 133, 182, 202, 229, 233, De Clementia, 255 301 geographical writings, 107 grain distribution in, 5, 301 Sentius Saturninus, Cn., 89 its monuments Sergius Paulus, L., 131 Altar of August Peace, 62, 94 Sestinum, 65 Altar of August Pietas (?), 62, 93 Silius, C., 150, 209–11, 215 Arch of Claudius, 91, 94, 100, 105–06, Sinope, 232 181 Smyrna, 138, 225 Arch of Germanicus, 93 Sosibius, imperial freedman, 147 Arch of Tiberius, 32 Spain, 101, 165, 199

Index 357

Statilius Corvinus, Taurus, 149 foreign policy of, 81, 86, 109 Statilius Taurus, T., 227, 228 retirement to Capri, 7, 109, 256, 258 statues succession arrangements, 9 destruction and reuse of, 55, 62 and women, 223 dynastic groups, 55–65, 66, 93, 219, 225, 226, Tingis, 107, 113 285 Titus, the emperor, 75 of the emperor, 26, 49–50, 67–68, 75 Togodumnus, 87, 90 Jupiter-type, 140, 221 Tridentum, 163 nudity in, 65, 140 Tryphon, 134–35 see also Claudius, statues of Turranius, Sex., 42 Stephanus, imperial slave, 128 Stertinius Xenophon, C., 90, 243, 244 Umbonius Silio, 191 Suetonius Ummidius Quadratus, C., 129, 199, 200, 239 Lives of the Caesars, 14, 24, 32, 172, 263, 269 treatment of Claudius, 15, 102, 172, 192, 205 Valerius Asiaticus, D., 42, 147–49, 166, 192, Suetonius Paulinus, C., 110–12, 202 209 Suillius Rufus, P., 89, 147, 150 Vannius, of the Suebi, 238 Sulpicius Galba, Ser., see Galba Vardanes, of Parthia, 239 Syria, province, 3, 78, 88, 119, 120, 121, 128, 129, Velleia, 219 137 Ventidius Cumanus, 128, 129 See also Judea Veranius, Q., 115–19, 139, 165, 199, 202 Vergil, 247, 249 Tacitus Vergilius Capito, Cn., 135, 201 Annals, 14, 25, 149, 212, 214, 228, 240, 261, Verica, 87 263, 296 Vespasian, the Emperor, 89, 124, 202, 204 treatment of Claudius, 16, 165, 166, 242 Vestinus, see Julius Vestinus taxation, 312 Vettius Valens, M., 103 assessment of, 72, 81, 113, 119, 124, 235 Vibius Marsus, C., 120, 239 collection of, 2, 5, 133 Vienne, 166 exemptions from, 70, 127, 225, 231, 244 Vinicius, M., 29, 42, 149, 192 gold crowns, 41, 92, 101, 235, 246 Vitellius, L., 276 see also census; principate, financial resources background of, 88, 128, 239 Thasos, 73, 139 censor with Claudius, 154 Theudas, 128 his connections, 42, 89 Thrace, 2, 73, 74, 122–24, 237, 238 final days, 233 Tiberius, Emperor, 86, 244, 260 use to Claudius, 88, 121, 129, 209, 213, 215 accession of, 7, 21, 31, 240 Vologaeses, of Parthia, 239 adoption by Augustus, 9 Volubilis, 108, 113, 161 finances of, 37, 41, 86, 171 Vonones, of Parthia, 239