ee 4 ad 3 µ mL µg 634 and 248 were pi cnrl btncl insecticides, botanical control, entomotoxic proteins,lectins. Aphid Key words: green peachaphids. acute and chronical insecticidal activity against the pea and of from isolated lectin binding and only 0.38 for for 0.91 was index deterrent feeding the diet, of choice conditions, as after 72 h exposed to 80 µg PAA mL PAAby deterred under strongly was Acyrthosiphon pisum for for 12.4 and progeny) recorded were female per concentration (LC concentration lethal exposure, of PAA h 72 After diet. artificial an with Acyrthosiphon pisum aphids Harris and the of nymphs on assayed was (PAA) agglutinin named (), Ravenna of bulbs from isolated lectin binding mannose- a of effects deterrent feeding and anti- reproductive, toxic, The them. other control to Therefore, needed resistance. are alternatives sprays, of risk insecticide the repeated increase cause which cases many in and crops agricultural many in losses significant cause Aphids ABSTRACT of PAA significantly reduced the aphid fecundity ata fecundity aphid concentration of 80 µg the mL reduced significantly PAA of , respectively, while LC respectively,while A. pisumandM.persicae, doi:10.4067/S0718-58392016000200008 Accepted: 7March2016. Received: 4November2015. Vicente Méndez515,Chillán,Chile. 3 Link 653,9000Ghent,Belgium. 2 1 Méndez 595,Chillán,Chile. Harris and against theaphids and GuySmagghe Nelson Zapata from bulbsof Insecticidal activityofaprotein extracted nvria d Cnecó, autd e gooí, v Vicente Av. Agronomía, de Facultad Concepción, de Universidad nttt d Ivsiains goeura, NA ulmp, Av. Quilamapu, INIA Agropecuarias, Investigaciones de Instituto Coupure Engineering, Bioscience of Faculty Ghent, of University CHILEAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 76(2)APRIL M. persicae. In conclusion, the mannose- 50 1* ) values were 109 and 313 µg mL µg 313 and 109 were values ) , ElsJ.M.Van Damme (39% control progeny). control (39% M. persicae 2 * Corresponding author([email protected]). -1 Myzus persicae Myzus CHILEAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 76(2)APRIL . Only a total of 5.7 descendants -1 Sblta concentrations Sub-lethal . Myzus persicae Sulzer fed 3% control (32% A. pisum Phycella australis Phycella Phycella australis- P.showed australis Phycella australis 2 , MarisolVargas Acyrthosiphon pisum Acyrthosiphon A. pisum 90 values -1 for - JUNE 2016 -1

Sulzer t l, 09; adnor e a. 21) Pat etn cn have can lectins 2011). al., et Vandenborre 2009a; al., et Sadeghi 1996; al., et (Sauvion aphids controlling in particularly and insects, sap-sucking and chewing against activity insecticidal strong shown have lectins mannose-binding The 2008). Damme, (Vanactivity insecticidal its for intensively most studied been has that family lectin the far by is lectins, mannose-binding monocot The 2008). al., et nivalis Damme (Van domains binding differentcarbohydrate- their on based families in grouped are and carbohydrates to specificity and structure molecular their differin lectins Plant 1998). al., et Damme (Van bulbs) (e.g. cells tissue storage of vacuoles in found be can 2011).lectins the of most , al., In et (Vandenborre activity insecticidal powerful carbohydrate- most of the with proteins the group among are lectins, A called proteins, binding 2002). proteins Grossi-de-Sá, entomotoxic and of (Carlini storing and different production the using including strategies defensive biochemical ways developed to avoid herbivory (Cornell and Hawkins, 2014). 2003), have (Dwijendra, protection Plants crop for tools valuable become aphid for control. alternatives suitable new toward research stimulated has this All 2007). al., et (Foster aphids by developed resistance have they to due ineffective become humans; and insects, non-target on including effects side animals harm may insecticides synthetic Many restricted environment. been the on has impact negative pesticides the to some due of use the but pests these Eastop, and (Blackman 2007). crops vegetable and forage important including legumes, in specialist a is Harris Acyrthosiphon pisum aphid pea the hand, other the On 2007). Eastop, and (Blackman fruits young and buds flower leaves, of wilting causes that stress crop the water induce in and growth plant early stunt colonies their very development, in settling usually insect, polyphagous Fereres andMoreno,2009). and phytoplasmas affecting crops (Weintraub and Beanland, 2006; viruses many of vectors as relevance great have also insects these honeydew on leaves and fruits (Dedryver et al., 2010). In addition, producing of by indirectly and sap direct phloem groups the sucking by causing damages insect worldwide, phytophagous agriculture to main importance the economic of one are Aphids INTRODUCTION 1 , Luis Devotto n hs otx, htceias a pa a edn rl and role leading a play may phytochemicals context, this In control to used commonly been have insecticides Synthetic The green peach aphid peach green The aguii fml (N-eae lcis, lo called also lectins), (GNA-related family -agglutinin - Ravenna JUNE 2016 3 , Sulzer is an extremely an is Sulzer Myzus persicae

Galanthus

188 RESEARCHRESEARCH xrc ws asd hog gas ol te H a st at CaCl then set and 7.0, was pH the wool, glass through passed was extract for 10 min, and the supernatant was collected. The purified The collected. was supernatant the and min, 10 g for 3000 at centrifuged again was extract the 4 and using HOAc 4.0 M at set was supernatant the of pH The min. 10 for g 3000 at centrifuged and was paper filter extract a the through passed h, 12 after and °C 4 at stored was extract lectin (PAA) defensive potentialagainst from isolated Amaryllidaceae Chilean proteins the of study bulbs to was work this of aim the Chile (Baeza et al., 2009). Considering the above mentioned, of Region South-Central the of area coastal the in found be of case the is activity. This insecticidal potential the on especially available, but 2012), is contain may they that Niemeyer,lectins the on knowledge few and very (Echeverría studied been has Amaryllidaceae Chilean endemic some of content alkaloid of which are endemic and have potential as ornamentals. The many species, numerous by represented is family plant this has occurrence been better documented (Van Damme et al., 1998). In Chile, their which in Amaryllidaceae, families, including monocot different six least at in found typically et al.,2009a;SprawkaandGolawska,2010). feeding behavior when they are ingested by aphids (Sadeghi and development, growth, survival, on effects detrimental rvn oiain ecin i te xrc (. g L g (0.5 extract the in reactions oxidation to prevent thiourea containing DAP mM 20 of L 5 in blender a in of bulbs Whole Extraction of desired the the concentration. in at used re-suspended previously then bioassays, and initials lyophilized the was Subsequently, supernatant standard. a total as lectin GNA 2002), pure (Kruger, using assay Bradford by concentration determine protein to order in analyzed total was The supernatant above. collected described as conditions same the under again centrifuged and h 12 for °C 4 at stored and collected was supernatant the and min), 5 g; (13 000 centrifuged and (3:1). The extract was transferred into microcentrifuge tubes (DAP) 1,3-diaminopropane mM 20 unbuffered in mortar a the extraction. until °C 4 at stored and debris any remove to water distilled with washed was material plant Fresh Chile. Concepción, of University Botany, of Department confirmed of Herbarium was the species in The W). 73°10’ S, (36°04’ Chile of kg 2 In October 2013 (spring season in the Southern Hemisphere), Plant material andcrudeextraction MATERIALS ANDMETHODS CHILEAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 76(2)APRIL lbly mnct ans-idn lcis ae been have lectins mannose-binding monocot Globally, For the preliminary extraction, 5 g were homogenized with ub wr cletdi South-Central in collected were bulbs P. australis 1 g wr homogenized were kg) (1 P. australis P. australis P. 2 was added (1 g L g (1 added was Ravenna, which can which Ravenna, Phycella australis A. pisumandM.persicae. mannose-binding , and their P.and australis, -1 ). Subsequently, the Subsequently, ). - JUNE 2016 -1 . The ). et al., 1993). During the purification process, the lectin the (OD process, density optical by purification followed was activity the During (Mo 1993). previously al., ion et described by as purified chromatography further exchange and 4B mannose-Sepharose chromatography on byaffinity supernatant the from purified named was which lectin, polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis(SDS-PAGE). The sulfate dodecyl erythrocytes. sodium by judged was protein rabbit the of purity trypsinized of agglutination by d the aphids were transferred into newly prepared feeding prepared newly into transferred were aphids the d 3 Every times. four replicated was experiment Each DAP). experiments. the in used was h) 0-24 (aged offspring the resulting the and h for used 24 for plants were on put were aphids adult Mature experiments. conditions environmental photoperiod. h same 16:8 and The RH 5% ± 65 °C, 25 at chamber Concepción, bean and M.persicae on sweet pepper plants in de a bioclimatic Universidad Chile. Chillán, Agronomía, de Facultad stock colonies maintained in the Laboratorio de Fitoquímica, Acyrthosiphon pisum Aphids rearing 0 ad 0 g mL µg 80 and 60, 40, (20, of PAA concentrations different with diet artificial containing sachets into 0 day at specimens 10 individually of theaphidsonlyduring adult stage(A). We transferred the aphids only during their nymphal stage (N), or treatment of treatment ways: two in aphids previously.the We treated the on PAA of fecundity concentrations of the aphids was sublethal assayed by ingestion as described of activity The Lectin activityonreproduction ofaphids (50-800 mL lectin µg or (0.1%-0.8%) extract crude protein The Dose-response assays LC or ie udr h sm evrnetl conditions environmental determined after 24, 48, and 72 h of treatment, and LC same the were percentages Mortality rearing. insect the for described under times four replicated was treatment Each dish. Petri ventilated small a within confined was sachet the then and brush camel-hair a using sachet the onto plants (M.persicae) pepper sweet or (A. pisum) bean faba the from transferred were h-old) 24 (< nymphs Twenty (2009b). al. et Sadeghi high) in described cm as 3.0 and diameter cm (3.0 ring plexiglass a over stretched Parafilm of layers two between sandwiched diet apparatus feeding consisting of a a food sachet containing 100 in µL of the aphids artificial the to offered was diet concentration). The final as (2% DAP diet in the previously into dissolved added were compounds These plus aminoacids, 1988). al., et (Febvay ofwater above described as sugar and minerals, consisting vitamins, diet, artificial in 90 valueswerecalculated. -1 wr sral dltd n asyd y ingestion by assayed and diluted serially were ) a rae o faba on reared Acyrthosiphon pisumwas -1 ) and control diet (artificial diet and diet (artificial diet control and ) were obtained from obtained and M.persicaewere P.(PAA), australisagglutinin was 280 > 0.3) and 0.3) > 50 and

189 are notoverlapping. CI 95% respective their if different significantly are values Plus V 2.0 (LeOra Software, Berkeley, California, USA); LC their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) by POLO µg mL australis bulbs was 3.1 mg in g content protein total test, Bradford the to According Dose-response assays RESULTS LC the estimate to conducted was into arcsine square root values for analysis. A probit analysis transformed were mortality of Percentages means. separate least Then, significant difference (LSD) 0.05). multiple range tests < were used to (P concentrations among differences significant determine to performed ANOVA was One-way Data analysis were assayed (20, 40, 60, and 80 µg mL at treated diet or untreated diet. Four concentrations of lectins feeding of probability same the had nymphs the that allowed PAAand normal of distance same of the at setup, this diet. This middle the in located were h-old) 24 (< nymphs 20 and ends open their by other each to attached immediately were diet were offered. Once untreated the diet was set in and each ring, the rings treated containing rings of pairs case, this in previously.described units However,feeding same the using out carried were experiments The setup. choice binary a in The PAA deterrent activity for the two aphid species was tested Lectin feedingdeterrent activity span ofthetreatedinsectswascalculated. life the along produced nymphs of number the and counted, sachets. The progeny was removed from the rearing chamber, untreated diet and T is numbers of aphids feeding on the the on feeding aphids treated diet(Powelletal.,1997). of numbers is T and diet untreated the on feeding aphids of numbers is C where (C-T)/(C+T), follows as calculated was index deterrence feeding Ah. 72 and non-treated areas were counted after 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and treated on aphids other.of the numbers to The side one from walk easily could aphids the that so position horizontal a in ventilation. The unitswerekeptintothebioclimaticchamber provided that mesh fine with covered diameter) mm (8 holes for each one were considered. The feeding units had two side mg g 1.13 PAAreached lectin mannose-binding the of yield the 400 µg mL extract, crude of instead diet the in used was lectin purified of 78% to 4% and mortality, of 100% to 10% showed extract crude of 0.8% to (Tables 1 and 2). After 72 h exposure, food added with 0.1% on CHILEAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 76(2)APRIL The insecticidal activity of crude extract and PAAand lectin extract crude of activity insecticidal The was time and dose-dependent and time was A. pisumandM.persicae -1 tissue, representing 36.4% of the soluble protein. -1 PAA killed75%of -1 PAA lectin killed the 100% of M. persicaeaphids. -1 bulb tissue (fresh weight) and mortality. When M. persicaemortality. 50 n LC and -1 ), and four replicates A. pisum, and 800 90 aus with values - JUNE 2016 A. pisum P. P. respectively, whereas the PAALC the whereas respectively, persicae M. persicae

800 400 200 100 50 Control (PAA). concentrations ofPhycella australis mannose-bindinglectin fed for 24,48and72hondietsupplementedwithincreasing Tablepersicae 2.MortalityofAcyrthosiphonpisumandMyzus 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 Control crude extract. increasing concentrationsofPhycella australis lyophilized persicae fedfor 24,48,and72hondietsupplementedwith Table 1. Mortality (%) of A. pisum and Myzuspersicaeafter 72hoffeedingondiet. against (PAA) lectin purified and extract Table 3.Lethalconcentrations(LC)ofPhycella australis crude doses sublethal at provided when pisum andM.persicae, of fecundity the decreased significantly PAAlectin The Lectin effectonaphidreproduction intervals do not overlap (Table 3). The crude extract LC fiducial since species, aphid between differs and toxicity lectin extract crude that indicated pisum andM.persicae Aphid A lta cnetain (LC concentrations lethal PAA

634 µgmL respectively, while LC 0.48%, and 0.33% was h 72 after A. pisumandM.persicae PAALC difference test(P >0.05). ANOVA,to significant according least different, not are letter same the by Data are expressed as means ± SE. Means within the same column followed Values inbracketsrefertofiduciallimits (CI). LC: Lethalconcentrations;df:degrees offreedom. same least significantdifference test(P the >0.05). within Means error. to standard according ANOVA,different not are letter same the by followed ± column means as expressed are Data (µg mL concentration PAA (%) concentration Extract cmaio of comparison A -1 ) 50 was 109 and 313 µg mL µg 313 and 109 was Crude extract(%) Crude extract(%) -1 Lectin (µgmL Lectin (µgmL 59 ±4f 39 ±3e 13 ±1d 10 ±1c 27 ±8c 5 ±1b 0 ±0a 6 ±2b 2 ±2a 1 ±1a 0 ±0a Compound 24 h 24 h

A. pisum A. pisum 92 ±3e 85 ±5e 46 ±3d 31 ±4c 92 ±3d 38 ±8c 10 ±2b 9 ±2b 0 ±0a 7 ±1b 1 ±1a rti cue xrc and extract crude protein P. australis 48 h 48 h 90 -1 -1 ) ) values were 0.54% and > 0.8%. The (0.41-0.55) (0.30-0.36) 100 ±0e 100 ±0e 100 ±0e (185-538) Acyrthosiphon pisum and Myzus (95% CI) (91-127) 78 ±5d 50 ±1c 28 ±3b 67 ±6d 24 ±4c 10 ±2b 0 ±0a 1 ±1a 72 h 72 h LC 0.48 0.33 313 109 50 50 n LC and -1 43 ±3f 34 ±3e 23 ±3d 10 ±1c 20 ±0d 0 ±0a 0 ±0a 6 ±1b 8 ±1c 2 ±1b 0 ±0a 24 h 24 h for (453-1366) (0.49-0.62) (219-293) (95% CI) Acyrthosiphon pisum LC > 0.8 0.54 634 248 A. pisum andM. 90 M. persicae M. persicae 90 64 ±7d 54 ±2d 36 ±5c 31 ±4c 57 ±7e 24 ±2d 10 ±3c 90 was 248 and 248 was 0 ±0a 1 ±1a 6 ±1b 3 ±2b 48 h 48 h against ) Chi square 0.77 6.41 1.17 0.28 (Χ 2 ) 75 ±7f 56 ±6e 37 ±4d 30 ±2c 78 ±7e 37 ±2d 12 ±3c 72 h 72 h 0 ±0a 1 ±1a 6 ±1b 4 ±2b 50 for df 2 3 3 2 A. A.

190 80 60 40 20 Control Phycella australis lectin concentrations of mannose-binding isolated from bulbsof of Table 4. Total number ofprogeny per survivingfemaleaphid lectin inthedietincreased. of concentration the as decreased female per descendants of number The 1a-1d). Figure and 4 (Table food the through 2 1 same to the ANOVA, leastsignificantdifference test(P >0.05). within Means error. standard differentsignificantly according not are letter same the by ± followed column means as expressed are Data Data areexpressed asmeans±standarderror. entire nymphalstage. 1d)M.persicaerearing fed onlectinonlyduringtheir adultstage. 1b) Figure 1.Cumulative fecundityofsurvivingadults.1a)Acyrthosiphonpisumrearing fedon lectin during their entire nymphalstage. CHILEAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 76(2)APRIL (µg mL concentration PAA N: Aphids werefedonlectinduringtheirentirenymphalstage. A: Aphids werefedonlectinonlyduringtheiradultstage. Acyrthosiphon pisumandMyzuspersicaereared onsublethal Acyrthosiphon pisumrearing fedon lectinonlyduringtheirpersicae rearing adultstage.1c).Myzus fedonlectinduringtheir -1 ) 10.1 ±1.4c 12.7 ±0.8b 14.1 ±1.8ab 17.5 ±2.4a 5.7 ±0.8d (PAA). N 1 A. pisum Total fecundity (nymphsperadult) 13.1 ±1.1ab 15.2 ±1.5a 11.6 ±1.3b 6.9 ±1.5c 7.1 ±0.7c A 2 12.4 ±1.4d 18.3 ±2.2c 25.0 ±1.8b 30.9 ±2.4a 31.8 ±1.1a N 1 M. persicae - 24.9 ±1.3b 31.6 ±2.7a 29.3 ±1.4a 33.7 ±2.8a 33.1 ±2.7a JUNE 2016 A 2 hn 0 g mL µg 40 orgreater than equal concentrations with significantly decreased fecundity The stage. adult or nymphal in lectin the consumed

concentration (80 µg mL µg (80 concentration It was necessary to incorporate a concentration of 40 µg mL sensitive to PAA when treated in nymphal stage than in adult. compared tothecontrolwasalsoobserved(datanotshown). lectin PAA females of period reproductive the of shortening a with and d), (1-4 fed were they when adulthood reaching in control progeny. the of 32%-45% a represents which recorded, were female per decreased fecundity(24.9nymphsperfemale). significantly concentration maximum the only stage adult when contrast, In tested. concentration highest the with recorded were adult respect to the control, at the same time only 12.4 nymphs per of lectin in the diet to reduce significantly their fecundity with For n em o fecundity, of terms In , there was no difference when the insects insects the when difference no was there A. pisum, Acyrthosiphon pisum nymphs showed a delay -1 were treated with lectin in the in lectin with treated were M. persicae of lectin in the diet. With the highest highest the With diet. the in lectin of -1 ) only a total of 5.7-6.9 descendants descendants 5.7-6.9 of total a only ) rvd o e more be to proved M. persicae -1

191 Data areexpressed asmeans±standarderror. at 72 h exposure. For the highest concentration (80 µg mL µg (80 concentration highest the For exposure. h recorded 72 at was activity significant and most time The was dose-dependent. activity deterrent choice The 2). the (Figure in experiment lectin by deterred was Acyrthosiphon pisum Lectin feedingdeterrent activity against first instars of the pea aphid (LC aphid pea the of instars first against from isolated of exposuretothetoxicprotein. time and concentration the species, aphid the on dependent and pure lectin PAA significantly affected thethe survivaland of extract protein crude the both that indicated results from fractions protein of activity them, astagethatisnotstockpiling(Kamenetskyetal.,2005). seasonal, because the plants were blooming when we harvested of bulbs in found content lectin low The of bulbs Galanthus nivalis L. (Amaryllidaceae) by Van dormant Damme (2008). in found that than lower was P. australis the powerfulphytochemicalarsenaltheyhave. to due possibilities many offer can environments restrictive new proteins. Focus on endemic plants that grow naturally in interesting yield could activity insecticidal outstanding with lectins new alternatives for purpose. Asearch this for studied new be should crops, to in aphids needed of are incidence the options reduce better and more that Considering DISCUSSION 0.38 forthehighestconcentrationtested(80µgmL just reached index deterrent the h PAA72 at because lectin, as 0.12 only maximum. reached index deterrent the lower the concentrations, for while 0.91; was index deterrent feeding the and the green peach aphid (LC Acyrthosiphon pisumandMyzuspersicae. Figure 2. Feeding deterrent activity of mannosebinding lectin obtained from bulbsofPhycella australis under choice conditions for CHILEAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 76(2)APRIL Based on our findings, the mannose-binding lectin PAA lectin mannose-binding the findings, our on Based To our knowledge, this is the first report on the insecticidal of bulbs the in found protein total of concentration The . The effectiveness of these compounds was compounds these effectivenessof M. persicae.The was only slightly deterred by the by deterred slightly only was Myzus persicae a a tog fet n survival on effect strong a had P. australis 50 = 313 µg mL ub. Our bulbs. P. australis P. be could australis 50 = 109 µg mL µg 109 = -1 ). Previously, - JUNE 2016 -1 A. pisum ). -1 -1 ), ), ) fetd h sria o ahd. aeh e a. (2009a) al. et Sadeghi LC an aphids. reported of survival the affected adversely also mannose to bind that lectins of types other after 14 d exposure to diet containing 1.4 g L of mortality 10% < reported (2006) al. et Down aphids. of percentage same the kill to study current the in aphids, which is about three times more than what is required 50 g mL µg 1500 fed for 19 d on the diet containing 100, 500, and 750 µg mL cumulative when adult surviving each respective by produced nymphs of number mean The nymphs. of production lower a and development adult of delay was there aphids, lectin life the APAwith treated In lectin). GNA-related its (another throughout and nymph from aphids fed they when for reported those with than sensitive species. Forthisparameter, A.pisumalsoprovedtobemore both for (fecundity) progeny of number lower a in resulting of reproduction the affected Blackman andEastop,2007;Cabrera-Brandtetal.,2010). the aphids, as a result of their feeding habits (Rahbé et al., 1995; of activity metabolic different a to related be could difference this that believe We(1996). al. et Sauvion by reported the to 7% otlt a 80 g mL µg 800 at mortality (76% that concluded also (2009a) al. et than sensitive that, So different. quite was eotd ht when that reported (Sauvion et al., 1996). On the other hand, Down et al. (2006) otiig 1 ad 5 µ mL diet µg artificial 450 an and on 215 confronted containing when 35% and 29% by of reproduction total the which higher thanthoseusedinthisstudy. times APAof ten concentrations were lectin these that here noted be should It respectively. 1.7, and 1.9, 8.2, APAwas Sublethal concentrations of the PAAthe of concentrations Sublethal adversely also lectin The response of each species of aphid to phytochemicals phytochemicals to aphid of species each of response The Our finding also are also consistent with earlier data in data earlier with consistent also are also finding Our -l to this protein. Previously, Sadeghi protein. this to M. persicae ) to GNA lectin when compared their results results their compared when lectin GNA to ) . These findings are consistent are findings These M. persicae. 50 au fr N o 30 g mL µg 350 of GNA for value a fd o 2 d ih an with d 21 for fed was M. persicae by Sadeghi et al. (2009b), al. et Sadeghi by A. pisum proved to be more more be to proved A. pisum -l A. pisumandM.persicae, than ) was more sensitive sensitive more was A. pisum a reduced was M. persicae -1 f N, respectively GNA, of (42% at at M. persicae (42% -1 of GNA lectin. M. persicae -1 o pea for -1

192 mlcto, hc i t rdc te blt o ahd to aphids of ability the transmit virusestotheirhosts. reduce to is which implication, additional an have PAAmay for seen as activity deterrent feeding the that noted be also should it Here elements. sieve aphid probes, of phloem into salivation sap phloem and of ingestion reduced number the reduced of significantly concentrations PHA Increasing behavior. probing aphid the conclude that the addition of PHA to an artificial dietcould affected They method. (EPG) graph penetration electrical the of behavior feeding the on PHA of effects the studied (2010) Golawska and Sprawka aphids. to theConA lectincontainingdiet. for In agreement with our results, Sauvion et al. (2004) reported tolerated. was it lectin least at immediately,or food the the in present detect not did aphids concentrations, tested the to demonstrated a high feeding deterrent activity by PAA lectin the toxic lectin. Our results of the binary choice assay clearly contain that plant/crop the on feeding when aphids the kill properties toxic the and plant the on aphids settling prevents more effective for pest control in practice. Feeding deterrence the entryintoreproductivestatus(Downetal.,2006). delayed of probably which control, concentrations than smaller looked higher lectin to exposed nymphs the Indeed, 1995). al., et (Rahbé nutrients of absorption normal the with reduce up to in both aphids. possible This could be is to the fact it that building- population the lectins then and fecundity the significantly interfere stage, nymphal the throughout 73.4 nymphsperfemaleinthecontrolinsects. with contrasting recorded, were female per nymphs 14.8 of reproduction reduced a and d, 2 by delayed was adulthood az, . O Mragl E Ri, n M Ngit. 09 El 2009. Negritto. M. and Ruiz, E. Mariangel, O. M., Baeza, REFERENCES grant (FONDECYT #1130351). this to Chile CONICYT by provided funding the Wethank ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS be particularlysensitive. where aphids, of fecundity and behavior, feeding survival, the affects lectin The aphid. peach green and aphid pea the against activity insecticidal of bulbs lectin from isolated mannose-binding the that demonstrated study This CONCLUSIONS mL µg 1.4 containing diet artificial CHILEAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 76(2)APRIL Gayana Botánica 66:99-102. y Ravenna en fundamental cariotipo etn crany a dsub h feig eair of behavior feeding the disturb can certainly Lectins Lectins that are both toxic and feeding deterrent may be may deterrent feeding and toxic both are that Lectins lectin providing by that idea the support data Our n lwr to lower and A. pisum A. pisum that rejection only occurred at 8 h after exposure R. andicola presents a strong a presents Phycella australis Pep) aen (Amaryllidaceae). 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