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Yuliya Stepanova and Vitaly Stepanov V. Russia

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Yuliya Stepanova and Vitaly Stepanov V. Russia HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE in the office of the UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS Communication on behalf of Yuliya Stepanova and Vitaly Stepanov v. Russian Federation submitted by the International Human Rights Center of Loyola Law School, Los Angeles Contact: CESARE ROMANO Professor of International Human Rights Law Director, International Human Rights Clinic Loyola Law School Los Angeles 919 Albany Street Los Angeles, CA 90015 USA Tel: 1/213/736.8198 [email protected] 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. I - INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUTHORS OF THE COMMUNICATION ............................................ 4 1 - AUTHORS OF THE COMMUNICATION ........................................................................................................... 4 II - INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 5 1 - SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................... 5 2 - VICTIMS ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 3 - STATE AND ARTICLES OF THE ICCPR CONCERNED .................................................................................... 6 4 - REMEDIES SOUGHT ...................................................................................................................................... 6 III - BACKGROUND AND FACTS PERTAINING TO THE COMMUNICATION .................................... 7 1 - BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................................. 7 A - GENERAL BACKGROUND ON THE DOPING PHENOMENON .......................................................................... 7 B - DOPING AS A HUMAN RIGHTS PROBLEM .................................................................................................... 9 C -THE PHENOMENON OF STATE-SPONSORED DOPING .................................................................................. 11 D - THE RUSSIAN DOPING PROGRAM AND THE PRESSURE TO WIN MEDALS AT THE OLYMPICS ................... 14 2 - FACTS PERTAINING TO THE COMMUNICATION .......................................................................................... 17 A - YULIYA RUSANOVA’S EARLY LIFE AND ATHLETIC CAREER. .................................................................... 17 B - YULIYA RUSANOVA MEETS VITALY STEPANOV. ...................................................................................... 21 C - A RISING STAR IN WORLD ATHLETICS. .................................................................................................... 22 D - WHISTLEBLOWING. ................................................................................................................................... 25 E - THE SCANDAL BLOWS UP. ........................................................................................................................ 28 F - THE RUSSIAN STATE-SPONSORED DOPING PROGRAM IS INVESTIGATED AND DOCUMENTED. ................ 30 G - THE LIFE OF YULIYA STEPANOVA, VITALY STEPANOV AND ROBERT STEPANOV SINCE. ....................... 39 IV - JURISDICTION AND ADMISSIBILITY .............................................................................................. 41 1 - THE COMMITTEE HAS JURISDICTION OVER THIS COMMUNICATION ......................................................... 41 2 - THIS COMMUNICATION IS ADMISSIBLE ..................................................................................................... 43 A - THE MATTER IS NOT BEING EXAMINED UNDER ANOTHER PROCEDURE OF INTERNATIONAL INVESTIGATION OR SETTLEMENT ................................................................................... 45 B - THE COMMUNICATION IS NOT ANONYMOUS, NOR AN ABUSE OF THE RIGHT OF SUBMISSION, NOR INCOMPATIBLE WITH THE COVENANT .............................................................. 45 C - EXHAUSTION OF DOMESTIC REMEDIES ..................................................................................................... 45 i - Availability .................................................................................................................................... 48 ii - Accessibility.................................................................................................................................. 50 a - Well-founded fear of persecution .............................................................................................................. 51 b - The financial situation of the victims ......................................................................................................... 60 iii - Effectiveness ................................................................................................................................ 61 D - THIS COMMUNICATION IS TIMELY ............................................................................................................ 66 V - ATTRIBUTION OF THE CONDUCT TO THE STATE ........................................................................ 67 1- FACTS .......................................................................................................................................................... 68 2 - LAW ........................................................................................................................................................... 71 A - UNITY OF THE STATE ................................................................................................................................ 71 B - ACTIONS ULTRA VIRES ............................................................................................................................. 73 VI - MERITS .................................................................................................................................................. 74 1 - ARTICLE 7 – THE PROHIBITION OF CRUEL, INHUMAN AND DEGRADING TREATMENT AND THE PROHIBITION OF MEDICAL EXPERIMENTATION WITHOUT CONSENT. ..................................................... 74 A -THE PROHIBITION OF CRUEL, INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT. .................................................... 76 B - THE PROHIBITION OF MEDICAL TREATMENT/EXPERIMENTATION WITHOUT 2 FREE AND INFORMED CONSENT OF THE SUBJECT .......................................................................................... 80 i - The Principle of Consent in Contemporary International Human Rights Law ............................. 81 ii - How Russia Violated the Prohibition on Non-Consensual Medical Experimentation or Intervention in the Case of Yuliya Stepanova. .................................................. 88 a - Yuliya Stepanova was subjected to medical experimentation. .................................................................. 89 b - Yuliya Stepanova was subjected to unnecessary medical intervention. .................................................... 90 c - Yuliya Stepanova did not validly consent to have medical experimentation or intervention performed on her. ............................................................................................................................................ 91 c.1 - Free Consent .............................................................................................................................. 91 c.1.1 - The vulnerability of the person to coercion. ........................................................................................ 91 c.1.2 - The authority of the coercer and the nature of the relationship between the coerced and the coercer. ............................................................................................................................................... 95 c.1.3 - The amount and type of force used to coerce. ..................................................................................... 99 c.2 - Informed Consent .................................................................................................................... 100 d - The Medical Experimentation/Intervention Stepanova was Subjected to was Unethical and Illegal. .... 103 e - The Medical Experimentation/Intervention Stepanova Was Subjected To Was in Violation of International Law .......................................................................................................................................... 104 f - The Medical Experimentation/Intervention Stepanova was Subjected to was in Violation of Russian Law. ............................................................................................................................ 106 2 - ARTICLE 8.3.A - THE RIGHT NOT TO BE SUBJECT TO FORCED LABOR OR SLAVERY ................................. 107 A - WORK OR SERVICE…. ............................................................................................................................. 109 B - RENDERED INVOLUNTARILY…. .............................................................................................................. 111 C - UNDER THREAT OR PENALTY. ................................................................................................................ 113 3 - ARTICLE 19.2 – THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION – WHISTLEBLOWERS. .................................... 115 4 - ARTICLE 23.
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