CLIMATE RESPONSIVE URBAN PLANNING

in EL GAMALEYA, CAIRO

RESOURCE EFFICIENCY IN ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

wintersemester 2016 | 2017 Impressum:

Written and published by 7th Generation of REAP

Überseeallee 16 20157 Hamburg

First published 2017 © 7th Generation REAP printed in 65232 Taunusstein / Neuhof

Cover design: Lisa Harseim Revised by Petrut Ababei, Lisa Harseim, Nikita John, Defne Yener, Kunal Gaidhan- kar, Fernando Miramontes, Joel Ferran and Thomas Fraser Design and layout: Lisa Harseim Chief editors: Petrut Ababei & Nikita John

FSC ® and recycled paper Using biodynamic paints based on vegetable oil Free from mineral oil, ISO 2846-1 and EN 71/3 Electricity from renewable energies TABLE OF CONTENTS

Fig. 1: Arcades of Ibn Toloun Mosque

4 Projects & Contributors Featured Projects

6 Introduction 20 Decentralized Greywater Recycling 24 Urban Agriculture

Context 28 Passive Cooling & Shading Methods

32 Local Energy Generation 8 Background 36 Waste 2 Knowledge 10 Urbanism 40 Sustainable Community Niches

11 Building Materials

REAP Topics Concluding Remarks

14 Sustainable Urbanism 15 Water 46 Interdependencies

16 Energy 47 Conclusion 17 Waste & Material 48 References

50 List of Figures PROJECTS & CONTRIBUTORS

URBAN AGRICULTURE SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY NICHES PASSIVE COOLING & SHADING METHODS SUSTAINABLY GROWN LOCAL FOOD A PARTICIPATORY PROJECT REDUCING ENERGY DEMAND

Andrea Vergara Rabya Yawar Kalpesh Makwana n.a [email protected] [email protected]

Maria Mujica von Seggern Kathia Roman Reina Gema Nugraha [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Annika Stein Thomas Adrian Fraser Rafael Dobbs n.a [email protected] [email protected]

Sibel Sarper Kunal Tuljaram Gaidhankar Fano Sutranto [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

REAP SUPERVISORS REAP EXPERTS REAP TUTORS

Dipl.-Geogr. Annegret Repp Prof. Dr. Martin Wickel, LL.M. Mostafa Abd El Latif [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Dipl.-Ing. Sonja Schlipf M. Sc. Gionatan Vignola Mahmoud Hussein [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 4 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Dickhaut [email protected] WASTE 2 KNOWLEDGE DECENTRALIZED GREYWATER RECYCLING LOCAL ENERGY GENERATION A NEW ECONOMIC SYSTEM A COMMUNITY-BASED APPROACH ON SITE ENERGY PRODUCTION

Mariana Cascardo Petrut Ababei Jovana Pavlicevic [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Defne Yener Lisa Harseim Ziva Hanzic [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Buket Kara Nikita John Kevin Becerril [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Fernando Miramontes Lucy Henriques Beatriz Campos [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Mehul Khoont Joel Ferran [email protected] [email protected]

CAIRO UNIVERSITY CAIRO UNIVERSITY CAIRO UNIVERSITY EXPERTS EXPERTS EXPERTS

Prof. Sahar Attia Prof. Ahmed Gaber Prof. Dr. Mohamed Mahdy

Prof. Nabeel El Hady Assoc. Prof. Ingy Elbarmelgy Ahmed Tarek (Megawra)

5 Dr. Riham Arram Dr. Sara Gouda

Prof. Hussein Abaza Assoc.Prof. Hisham Naguib INTRODUCTION written by Lisa Harseim

Fig. 1: Panoramic view of the city of Cairo

7KH0DVWHURI6FLHQFH5HVRXUFH(IĆFLHQ- Hence, this publication represents an 7KDQNVWRWKHLQYDOXDEOHĆQDQFLDODQGRU- cy in Architecture and Planning (REAP) is overview of this unique work process por- ganisational support offered by the Ger- graduate programme offered by the Ha- trayed through the condensed perspec- man Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), fenCity Universität Hamburg (HCU) since tive of architects, civil engineers, social a workshop with members of both univer- 2009 which focuses on sustainability and scientists, interior designers, anthropolo- VLWLHV VSHFLDOL]HG LQ WKH ĆHOG RI VXVWDLQD- WKHHIĆFLHQWXVHRIUHVRXUFHVLQDUFKLWHF- gists and urban planners. bility could be held from 4th until 10th of ture and urban development in different November, 2016. A vast amount of the- geographic and cultural contexts. The oretical information and useful insights third and last coursework semester cul- on Egypt’s situation have been provided minates in the combination of gained skill during lectures, project presentations and knowledge through the undertaking followed by Q&A sessions, and evening of an international research project. events at the Cairo University and the DAAD headquarter in Zamalek. Excursi- Fig. 3: A glimpse of REAP students diversity ons and trips to contrasting sites of attrac- Owing to bonds on different levels bet- tion such as Cairo’s crowning citadel - the ween the Architectural Department of green pearl of Al-Azhar park, the bustling Cairo University (CUFE) and HCU, a co- Khan-el-Khalili area, tranquil mosques, operation was established in 2016 and the and ancient heritage of the pyramids pro- overall task for the international project vided a lively and holistic view on the soul could be set: generate concepts for sus- and character of the city. tainable climate responsive development In preparation for the trip to Cairo, six in a historic urban area in Cairo, Egypt. groups of 4-5 REAP students each compi-

Fig. 2: The multi-layered city of Cairo

This brochure documents this research project’s scope, methodological approach, theoretical analysis and results, as well as their translation into urban interven- tions as proposed by the 7th generation of REAP students. The participants’ vari- 6 ety of professional, academic, and cultural EDFNJURXQGV ĆQGV H[SUHVVLRQ LQ GLYHUVH interdisciplinary, English-speaking teams bringing together specialized experi- HQFHV IRU WKH JUHDWHU EHQHĆW RI SURMHFW work. Fig. 4: REAP and Egyptian students at Cairo University Fig. 5: Marvelling at the city led and presented background knowledge and staff of the cooperational partners of about Cairo in general and on key topics HCU and CUFE for their tireless efforts, VSHFLĆFWRWKH5($3PDVWHUFRXUVHZDWHU especially Prof. Wolfgang Dickhaut and energy and material cycles, and urban de- Prof. Sahar Attia. We thank our instruc- velopment (see chapter REAP Topics). WRUV6RQMD6FKOLSIDQGb$QQHJUHW5HSSIRU Upon arrival to the study area, groups organizing the project coursework, sho- wing support, and offering constructive criticism.

Additionally, we would like to recognize our project tutors Mostafa Abd El Atif and Mahmoud Hussein for guiding our steps in their mysterious yet fascinating home country. Finally, we thank all student part- ners in Cairo for their warm welcome and continued support throughout the entire

project period. FIG. 8: PARTNERSHIP OF REAP AND CAIRO UNIVERSITY VIA DAAD

Fig. 6: Al-Azhar Park contrasting with its urban context were intermixed with students of CUFE in order to incorporate insights of local experts and apt guidance during site visits and urban analysis. Points of interest, buil- ding materials, urban patterns, open and green spaces, and land uses were map- ped and documented through photogra- phs and surveys of local residents. These shaped a more realistic impression and VHUYHG DV VFLHQWLĆF JURXQGZRUN IRU WKH following urban intervention proposals. Preliminary research results were presen- 7 ted at the end of the Cairo workshop and further perfected into more complete sets of recommendations following the return to Hamburg. The 7th generation of REAP Master stu- dents would like to thank the professors Fig. 7: Structure and key topics of M. Sc. REAP BACKGROUND written by Defne Yener & Fernando Miramontes

Fig. 1: Cairo cityscape from the top of the citadel

CLIMATE SLWDO RI WKH )DWLPLG 7KLV VLJQLĆFDQW ,VOD- Cairo’s climate can be labeled as BWH mic period was also known as the Islamic XQGHU WKH b .¸SSHQ FOLPDWH FODVVLĆFDWLRQ Golden Age, where Cairo started its cont- - an arid desert type with warm or hot ribution to Islamic enlightenment with the days, and cool nights. On average, the Al-Azhar University from 970 AD, which city only receives one centimeter of rain still stands and serves today. After the Fati- per year but has high humidity due to its mid dynasty, Cairo was the center of the proximity to the Nile River. Summer tem- Ayyubid Caliphate, ruled by the infamous peratures are around 35 °C on average. Saladin against European Crusaders, who Cairo and Egypt as a whole are particularly laid the foundations of the largest monu- vulnerable to climate change, with increa- ment of Cairo: the Cairo Citadel, walls that Fig. 2: On the way between Old and New Cairo, Citadel Mosque of Mohammed Ali, and Tombs of sed drought rates that put pressure on surround the old city [4, 5]. the Mamelukes the food supply and the already suffering an era of western modernization which Egyptian economy [1]. A hundred years after Saladin and the Ay- introduced Egypt to British Imperialism yubids, Cairo was seized by the Mamluks. under the rule of Isma‘il Pasha, wherein A HISTORIC, POLITICAL, AND During this period, Cairo had already a Cairo was equipped with dashing maidans ECONOMIC FOCUS ON CAIRO population of almost 500,000, had estab- and avenues which are still standing today Aside from the rise and fall of the ancient lished a stronger and adequate city infra- in downtown area, including the notable Egyptian civilization since about 5000 structure, and was an important academic year BC and a coptic era, Cairo was the and economic center. Eventually, the city FHQWHURIIRXUPDMRUSROLWLFDODQGbHFRQR- lost its allure during the Ottoman rule mic periods which shaped the city into who (1517-1867) as alternative routes for the and what it is today. For about a thousand spice road were found and Cairo became a years, the Islamic, Imperialist, Arab Soci- mere province. However, the city kept on alist, and Transitory Capitalist eras each growing outside the walls of the Citadel have had a distinct impact on the city in towards the south and the west, eventual- many different built forms which convey ly becoming the second largest urban con- much of the social structure that is echoed centration in the area, after Constantinop- from the unpredictable economy, turbul- le. As its decline years were approaching, ent politics, and the arid landscape [2, 3]. French and British occupations were LQćXHQFLQJWKHXUEDQVWUXFWXUHDVZHOODV 8 The city itself was founded in 969 AD by kindling internal political turmoil [4, 5, 6]. the Fatimid Caliphate, an offspring of the powerful era of Islamic rule characterized Modern Cairo was found thereafter, with by a productive time period for city-buil- the leadership of Muhammad Ali Pasha ding. Upon its foundation, it took Cairo under the British occupation of Egypt. His four years to be built and serve as the ca- British backed rise subsequently ignited Fig. 3: Map of Cairo under Ottoman rule Fig. 4: Tahrir Square on November 18., 2011

Tahrir Square [7]. The endeavours of modern Cairo had put Egypt in additional debt and forced capitu- lation to and de facto rule of the British oc- cupance. Its economy was then dependent on European forces such as Italy, France, and, of course, Britain, leading the adminis- tration of major agricultural lands and pre- FLRXVFRWWRQĆHOGVLQWKHRXWVNLUWVRI&DLUR into colonialism. Nonetheless, the rapid Europeanization of the city had also given birth to a new intellectual class which was inseminated by European philosophy and socialist doctrine, in particular [1, 8]. The 8ĜčţţƉĂ×ƉUĜĹčƉ8°ųŅƚĩƉ°ĹÚƉ8ų°ĹĩƉƤ%ţƉ~ŅŅŸåƴåĬƋƉ°ƋƉ:ųå°ƋƉĜƋƋåųƉX°ĩåƉĜĹƉ)čƼŞƋƉŅĹƉ8åÅųƚ°ųƼƉŎƐØƉŎĿĉĂ intimate relations with the monarchy of the United Kingdom had taken its toll on the people of Egypt, dividing the country on social, political, and economic aspects, with results depicting symptoms of a colo- nized territory.

Some 60 years after Muhammad Ali Pasha, on the 26th of January, 1952, Cairo survi- ved what is known as the “Black Saturday”, a day of riots and looting as well as killing RI%ULWLVKDSSRLQWHGVROGLHUV>@b7KLV internal unrest was merely a hint of what was to come; on July 23rd, 1952, military RIĆFHUV 0XKDPPDG 1DJXLE DQG *DPDO Abdel Nasser led a military coup, famously known as the July 23 Revolution, causing the abdication of King Farouk, the last so- 9 vereign from the Muhammad Ali Dynasty [1, 10].

Fig. 6: President Muhammad Naguib (left) and Prime Minister Gamal Abdel Nasser (right) during the second °ĹĹĜƴåųŸ°ųƼƉÎåĬåÅų°ƋĜŅĹŸƉŅüƉƋĘåƉŎĿĂƖƉ~åƴŅĬƚƋĜŅĹ URBANISM written by Defne Yener

Fig. 1: From left to right: Cairo in Egypt; El Gamaleya in Cairo; project site in El Gamaleya

LOCATION woven together, towering over the narrow ACCESSIBILITY El Gamaleya (the name was most probably streets that meticulously connect the four The study area is encircled by four busy derived from “Al Jamali” meaning aesthetic busy roads which environ the sector. streets and avenues which also demarca- or beauty) is a Qism (meaning section bSDU- te its’ limits. The Al Banhawi Avenue lies tially bordered by the historic city walls and The semi-formal constructions in the area RQWKHQRUWKHDVWHUQOLQHMRLQLQJbWKH3RUW located on the eastern side of the Nile in are unambiguous, since the government Said/El Gaish Avenue on the northwest. downtown Cairo. The district encompas- is tolerating these settlements as long as ses 1.16% of the entire Cairo population they regularly pay for infrastructure ser- The two busiest roads are densely occu- [1] and it hosts the historic Khan el-Khalili YLFHV 8QĆQLVKHG IDFDGHV QHZ VWRUH\V pied by motor vehicles and ensure acces- Souk (meaning open-air marketplace or ba- and occupied open spaces are common [2]. sibility for any external services that are zaar) with its handcraft shops, perfumeries This pattern appears omnipresent as the provided for the location. To the southwest and herbalists, as well as gold and copper buildings are adjoining and open spaces lies Amir Al Gyosh Al Goani Street, which work ateliers, all of which are open around are considerably less common compared is quite narrow but also highly congested the clock throughout the year. to the built-up space, representing only during daytime - a route accommodating about 4% of the total area of El Gamaleya important daily commute and service by In fact, life in this part of El GAmaleya [3]. Vacant lots that stand dwarfed under means such as waste collecting donkey starts relatively late during weekdays the 5-8 storey buildings are predominant- carts and small private motor vehicles. ZKHQ FRIIHH VKRSV TXLFNO\ ĆOO XS ZLWK ly used as waste disposal areas often over- various people, keeping the area up and ćRZLQJRQWRWKHQDUURZVWUHHWV In addition, the Amir Al Gyosh Al Goani running at all times. As this southernmost 6WUHHW LV TXLWH VLJQLĆFDQW IRU FRQQHFWLQJ sector of the district is greatly conveyed the busy El Gaish Avenue and the Al Moez as a tourist attraction, northern sectors Ldin Allah Al Fatmi Street to the southeast, harbour a micro-cosmos made up of dus- which is the extending street for the Khan W\ QDUURZ VWUHHWV ZDVWH ĆOOHG RSHQ VSD- el-Khalili Bazaar. Both streets to the south ces, ascending semi-formal buildings, lar- DUHGHQVHO\ćDQNHGE\ORFDOVKRSVZRUN- ge jerry-built pigeon cages, and cramped shops, cafes, and mosques while heavily neighboring houses. affected by congestion leading to frequent Amidst this complex urban space, the pro- FRQćLFW DPRQJVW YHKLFOH GULYHUV DQG SH-

ject site sits on the western side of the Fig. 2: Street vendors in El Gamaleya destrians. Qism, consisting of an approximate total of 670 lots and 13,216 inhabitants who live In comparison to the south of the The streets inside the study area are si- 1010 in severe environmental and urban condi- 4LVPbWKHUHVHDUFKDUHDLVSUHGRPLQDQWO\ milarly dense and exceedingly narrow, in tions, decidedly under the poverty line [1]. residential; however, a striking number of some cases the street width not exceeding artisan workshops and kiosks are found on PHWHUV7KLVVLJQLĆFDQWO\UHVWULFWVPR- URBAN FABRIC all the main streets as well as branching ro- torized mobility in the area, causing ve- Various structures of historical, semi-for- ads. Mosques are common gathering spots hicles to use to wider streets and leading mal, and under-construction buildings are and quite numerous in the area. WRDKHWHURJHQRXVWUDIĆFGLVWULEXWLRQ BUILDING MATERIALS written by Gema Nugraha & Petrut Ababei

Fig. 1: Informal conversion of a balcony into an additional room

The study site in El Gamaleya presents of informal constructions, the urban fabric AD-HOC TECHNICAL SYSTEMS several building uses such as residential, of El Gamaleya is characterized by a high Wastewater pipes and water supply lines, commercial, and even industrial, with the average ratio of building height to building electrical cables, or auxiliary technology dominant building type being the mul- distance. such as pumps or generators can be obser- ti-story apartment block. Particularly in older or informal buildings, YHGRQEXLOGLQJIDFDGHV DVVKRZQLQĆJXUH load bearing walls are constructed out of 5). Some of these systems either replace Lower levels often host corner stores or larger than usual bricks. Many of these or compensate for the inadequacy of for- cafes catering mostly to the locals, as well structures appear badly damaged or seem as small shops producing shoes, furniture, WRKDYHUHDFKHGWKHLUHQGRIOLIHVSDQ ĆJX- DQGPHWDOZRUNbIXUWKHUGLVWULEXWHGWRORFDO re 3). merchandisers around Khan Al Khalili area. The narrow streets are often in poor con- )RUWKHPRVWSDUWEXLOGLQJPDWHULDOVUHćHFW dition due to damaged or inexistent pa- cost-effective solutions for high density re- vement. sidential area with inhabitants of lower so- cio-economic status.

Fig. 4: Typical window openings

mal building infrastructures and municipal levels of service for water and electricity supply. Such improvised informal additions present various levels of deterioration, with Fig. 2: Typical building 8ĜčţƉƐ×ƉXŅ°ÚƉÅå°ųĜĹčƉƵ°ĬĬŸ leaking pipes being a major cause for locali- STRUCTURES WINDOWS zed deterioration of exterior walls. Most buildings in El-Gamaleya feature a :LQGRZRSHQLQJW\SHVUHćHFWDPL[RIFXO- reinforced concrete structure with a brick tural norms, climate constraints, and avai- ĆOO $V H[FHSWLRQV EXLOGLQJV ZLWK D ZRRG lability of modern construction materials. structure and concrete facade were also A trellisZRRGHQZLQGRZ ĆJXUH LVW\SL- observed in this area. Building heights cal for El Gamaleya. Lacking glazing, the vary to accommodate 5 to 8 storeys and window features adjustable shutters pro- ćDW URRIV 6RPH RI WKHVH URRIV DUH XVHG tecting from direct sun and helping create 11 as mounting points for TV antennas or to natural ventilation for the indoor spaces. host bird cages. Non-traditional window structures with Open and enclosed balconies are present rectangular wood or metal frames and gla- on each level and refurbishment status of zing are also irregularly adopted as options IDFDGHVUHćHFWYDU\LQJLQKDELWDQWVçHFRQR- for refurbishment of openings or enclosed Fig. 5: Typical infrastructure for water supply and mic potentials. In an area with a fair share EDOFRQLHV ĆJXUH  wastewater seen in El Gamaleya

REAP TOPICS

Sustainable Urbanism

Water

Energy

Waste and Material SUSTAINABLE URBANISM written by Sibel Sarper, Maria Jose Mujica von Seggern & Annika Stein

Fig. 1: Street in El Gamaleya

Sustainable urbanism is comprised of the streets of El Gamaleya, trees are very rare, struggles to accept the informal settlement interconnections between different aspects but in some cases some greenery has been and to take responsibility for the residents, such as the cultural, social, and economic si- planted and maintained by the initiative of while the inhabitants have a strong distrust in WXDWLRQ VSHFLĆF WR DQ XUEDQ FRQWH[W 7KHUH the residents. The government has also im- any intervention planned by the government. are several goals of sustainable urbanism in plemented a larger green park space in front There is a constant fear that buildings will be order to achieve a high liveability [1]. Several of the great wall, surrounded by trees and a taken down and people relocated. of these goals are discussed below with refe- fence. However, this area is not well-utilized rence to the study area. by residents. Despite all unfavourable circumstances, the- re are two potentials for further projects. 5HJDUGLQJWUDIĆF(O*DPDOH\DLVVXUURXQGHG Another goal of sustainable urbanism is First of all, the use of available space resour- by several large streets with micro, mini and employment to guarantee a source of inco- ces can still be improved. There are several larger busses as part of the public transporta- me. There are several small industries in the YDFDQWORWVDQGURRIWRSVHLWKHUHPSW\RUĆO- tion system. Due to the size of the district and district, such as bakeries and metal or wood led with materials from demolished buildings its narrow streets, there is no public trans- works. Women also sell local goods to people or waste. If cleaned up, they could be used for port within the district. People mostly walk passing by. Still, many residents of El Gama- new projects, although it is important to con- or use scooters. Bikes are rather uncommon. OH\D VWUXJJOH WR ĆQG D MRE WR PDNH HQRXJK sider ownership issues, if any. 7RDYRLGVSHHGLQJLPSURYLVHGWUDIĆFFDOPLQJ money to meet their basic needs. Some are The second potential of the district is the devices made of tires have been installed by even forced to cut down food consumption well-developed social harmony and interacti- the inhabitants. For large and heavy goods EHFDXVHRIWKHLUIUDJLOHĆQDQFLDOVLWXDWLRQ on. Residents meet on a regular basis within transport, small trucks and carriages which a community board and have a designated are sometimes pulled by donkeys, are used. A sustainable city should offer a certain community leader. These strong ties bet- comfort level while keeping its identity. Sin- ween locals can help with implementing and ce El Gamaleya has been an informal settle- supporting new community projects. ment, building standards were not followed. Neighbourhood industries are not regulated, In El Gamaleya, most goals of sustainable ur- streets are designed too narrow and only banism are not yet achieved. Although one of little room is left for open space, impairing a the main challenges for meeting such goals is healthy microclimate. These conditions lead the lack of space, there is still great potenti- Fig. 2: Open space in front of Al Jame’ Al Anwar to poor air quality and the heat island effect. DObWRLPSURYHOLYHDELOLW\ To improve lifestyle and reinforce tradition, High indoor air temperatures contribute to a goal of sustainable urbanism is to create the decrease in comfort level as well. In ad- and interconnect green and open spaces. dition, safety is endangered when houses do 14 Since El Gamaleya is a very dense area, there QRWKDYHHPHUJHQF\H[LWVODFNĆUHWUXFNDQG is a general lack of open space and only little emergency service accessibility, or the struc- greenery. The largest open space is located ture is unstable. right outside the district in front of the mos- In El Gamaleya, the goal to create a relations- que Al Jame’ Al Anwar. It is very well used by hip between the community and the gover- inhabitants as well as tourists. In the narrow QPHQWLVQRWIXOĆOOHGDWDOO7KHJRYHUQPHQW Fig. 3: Roof tops in El Gamaleya WATER written by Nikita John

Fig. 1: Manhole for accessing water pipes in El Gamaleya

FRESHWATER MANAGEMENT living in informal areas, the numbers are a WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT The river Nile has been more than just a little different, with 40% receiving water Cairos wastewater is channeled through source of water for the Egyptian civilizati- for 3 hours or less per day and another its crumbling sewer system to the 6 ope- RQZLWKLWV\HDUO\ćRRGLQJSURGXFLQJVRPH 30% having no access to formal supply [4]. rating wastewater treatment plants ser- of the most fertile land in the world; the ving the Greater Cairo area. These plants locals consider it a blessing from the gods. El Gamaleya is part of a historical area that discharge the treated water back into the However, since 2005, Egypt has been was designed to have infrastructure to Nile. Despite stringent laws, lack of mo- FODVVLĆHGDVDZDWHUVFDUFHFRXQWU\E\WKH support formal supply of water; however, nitoring leads to situations where, yearly, United Nations. With only 18 mm yearly in time, these systems have experienced 125 m. m3 industrial wastewater from fac- rainfall (1.8 bn. m3) in Egypt, the Nile cur- VLJQLĆFDQWGHWHULRUDWLRQGXHWROLWWOHRUQR tories is discharged with little or no treat- rently provides 98% of the water used by maintenance. While the price of the water ment [6]. the country (55.5 bn. m3 yearly), crucial for in Egypt is one of the lowest in the world the intensive agriculture that supports the [5], this does not seem to affect the preva- El Gamaleya’s situation displays the economy [1]. Of the total water consump- lence of illegal and therefore unmetered neglect suffered by the city's system. Le- tion, 15% can be attributed to industrial connections. aks from the existing system contribute and municipal use [1], and, with the gro- 7KHFRVWRIZDWHUGRHVQRWUHćHFWLWVYDOXH to unhygienic conditions on the streets wing urban population, this demand is pro- but, given the country’s precarious econo- DQG LQĆOWUDWH WKH JURXQGZDWHU ,Q FHUWDLQ jected to rise rapidly [2]. mic situation, the government fears that a areas, this leads to increased groundwater hike in prices could spark another revolt levels causing damage to buildings, both amongst the common people [2]. Mean- residential and historical. while, high operating costs of water treat- ment plants cannot be balanced by supply revenues and seriously threaten the quali- ty of water supplied. While water is frivolously used for daily Fig. 2: Dense urban settlements leave little space for chores, safe drinking water is another seri- improving infrastructure ous challenge. Residents opt for alternati- In Cairo, the Ministry of Water Supply and ve sources, often risking unsafe conditions Sanitation Facilities supervises the formal of storage and high prices. Fig. 4: Damage caused to buildings by rising water supply and sanitation services, along groundwater levels with the Cairo and Alexandria Potable Wa- With an intent to improve the status quo, ter Organisation (CAPWO) and the Nati- water treatment plants have been planned 15 onal Organisation for Potable Water and for this area. With plans of using treated Sanitary Drainage (NOPWASD). Accor- wastewater for irrigation, increasing ef- GLQJWRRIĆFLDOVWDWLVWLFVWKHFXUUHQWFRYHU- IRUWVDUHPDGHWRUHIRUPWKHHIĆFLHQF\RI age of water supply services has reached the freshwater and wastewater manage- 97% for urban population [3]. However, Fig. 3: Street watering carried out by a water truck or ment systems. for the 65% of the Egyptian population manually, is a common practice in Egypt ENERGY written by Ziva Hanzic & Fano Sutrano

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Once an exporter of oil and gas, Egypt is gas and oil extraction adds pressure on the rough the introduction of a feed-in tariff now struggling to meet its own energy energy supply system. As the prices for regulation for electricity generated from needs. With a current population of 94.5 renewable energy become more competi- renewable sources. Additionally, there is million [1] which is rapidly becoming ur- tive, an increased focus on developing the an intention of addressing constraints on banized, substantial energy supply is nee- VSHFLĆFLQIUDVWUXFWXUHPD\UHVXOWLQDVKLIW ODQGDFFHVVDQGĆQDQFLQJUHODWHGWRWKHH[- ded to support demographic growth and away from fossil primary sources. Present- ploitation of clean energy [3]. relocation into the cities. The amount of ly, the share of renewables is 4% of total energy needed for production of a GDP energy produced [4] and the government’s )URPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIHQHUJ\HIĆFLHQF\ unit in Egypt is the highest in the region goal now is to increase it to more than 20% Egypt has made several notable initiatives and four times higher than the energy by 2020 [5]. The improvements in the pro- that were encompassed in the 2010 Natio- intensity in industrialized countries - jected energy mix in the future can be ob- QDO(QHUJ\(IĆFLHQF\$FWLRQ3ODQ 1(($3  1,742.91 kWH/ capita in 2011 [2]. VHUYHGLQĆJXUH under the guidance of the Minister of Elec- Since the end of the Mubarak era in 2011, tricity & Renewable Energy. These include the steady energy production has been WKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIHIĆFLHQWODPSVIRU compromised. In fact, Egypt has experien- street lighting and commercial purposes, ced several occurrences of load shedding labeling and standardization program for during the past years, and is predicted that various home appliances, and the setting by 2022, it will suffer a severe electricity RIHQHUJ\HIĆFLHQF\FRGHVIRUUHVLGHQWLDO GHĆFLWRIXSWR*:>@7KLVKDVSUHVVX- commercial and public buildings, among red the government to confront the prob- other measures [6]. Despite these actions, lem in two ways by seeking for additional further development is inhibited by chal- power generation options and better ma- lenges such as lack of public awareness naging the demand for electricity. DQGSURMHFWĆQDQFLQJ>@ The country currently generates 95% of its energy from natural gas and oil [4] as 'XULQJ ĆHOG YLVLWV (O *DPDOH\D H[KLELWV VKRZQLQĆJXUH,QWKHFRQWH[WRIDJUR- the characteristics of a residential or mi- wing population, the increasing price of xed-use informal area. The resident po- pulation appears to have low electricity Fig. 3: Electricity mix: 2014 data vs. 2022 projection consumption, most of which would be The country’s future development stra- spent for cooling purposes, lighting, and tegy is looking to ease the electricity de- home appliances. However, the actual 1616 mand on share produced by the Nile river. HQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQSDWWHUQVDUHGLIĆFXOW Anticipating the increase in oil and gas to map due to a mix of user behaviour, price, Egypt intends to promote the de- buildings condition, and economic activi- velopment of solar and wind energy for its ties. Addressing energy issues in this area future energy structure. The initiative is would require more detailed studies and Fig. 2: Share of total primary energy supply in 2014 further supported by the government th- effective regulatory institutions. WASTE & MATERIAL written by Beatriz Campos, Jovana Pavlicevic & Mehul Khoont

Fig. 1: City of bricks, a view of Cairo from the citadel.

BUILDING MATERIALS Moez, buildings inside the El-Gamaleya :DVWH PDQDJHPHQW LV SDUWLDOO\ IXOĆOOHG The historic district of El-Gamaleya is district are predominantly in contrast by formal actors, who collect around 51% located close to the bazar Khan el-Khalili - with traditional typology and materials, of all waste. Informal collectors also play a major tourist attraction - and adjacent to many being erected on a concrete frame an important role in waste collection. The the remains of the historic city wall. Within VWUXFWXUHVZLWKDQLQĆOORIEULFNV>@ Zabbaleen are one of the major informal the area, many buildings appear neglected, The combination of historic urban fabric collectors, handling about 1,500 tons/ abandoned, or on the verge of collapse. with buildings in a precarious state of day. These traditional informal collectors Subsequently, a lot of plots are under- conservation and unplanned informal began their activity during the 1940s as utilized [1]. they settled at the edge of the city; they currently sort and recycle about 80-85% of recovered materials [3].

Fig. 2: Degraded buildings in El-Gamaleya

One of the jewels of old Cairo, Al-Moez Fig. 4: Degraded buildings in El-Gamaleya Fig. 5: Fraction separated Informal waste collection Street, was founded in 969 AD by the multi-storey concrete and brick structures As Cairo grew, the traditional Zabbaleen Fatimid dynasty and restored in 2014. SRVHV VLJQLĆFDQW GLIĆFXOWLHV IRU XUEDQ waste collection system could not keep Along the street, one can observe intervention proposals. up with the pace and a formal collection traditional house types made of stone, system mainly controlled by the AMA wood, and brick. WASTE MANAGEMENT Arab Environment Company (AAEC) However, along the adjacent smaller Cairo is known to have serious waste was introduced. The AAEC are a local streets connected to the lively Al- management problems. Cairo’s municipal subsidiary for AMA International and are solid waste generation is approximately now one of the largest companies in Egypt 16,000 tons/day, accounting for 1.80 kg/ LQ WKH ĆHOG RI VROLG ZDVWH PDQDJHPHQW cap/day, while most lower middle income focusing on street cleaning, container countries produce 0.79 kg/cap/day. The collection, treatment and disposal [4]. 17 waste is composed of 50-60% organic Currently, the formal sector collaborates waste, 10-15% plastics, 8-12% paper, with the informal sector for material 1-3% metals, and 13-21% as other type of recovery from the collected solid waste to waste. The western zone, where our site is achieve a higher rate of waste recycling in located, produces 2,550 tons/day [3]. Cairo [5]. Fig. 3: Al-Moez Street

Decentralized FEATURED Greywater Recycling PROJECTS

Urban Agriculture

Passive Cooling & Shading Methods

Local Energy Generation

Waste 2 Knowledge

Sustainable Community Niches Decentralized Greywater Recycling

written by Petrut Ababei, Lisa Harseim, Lucy Henriques & Nikita John

Fig. 1: Images showing use of potable water for the common practice of street watering

THE EXISTING SITUATION stakeholders to gain and transfer water locations. This second project objective has For a civilization that grew knowing the management knowledge could make for a more EHHQ LGHQWLĆHG DV WKH institutionalization of abundance of the Nile, a lifestyle constrained by realistic solution under such circumstances. the community-based approach in El Gamaleya acute shortage of water seems unimaginable. The objective of this project is to create a and has as a more tangible outcome in the Cairo is dependent on a government controlled local, renewable, and high quality source of establishment of a civic foundation. Within water supply and has one of the lowest water using low-cost, small-scale, and low- these two objectives, the project aims to create municipal water tariffs in the world. While it impact technologies to treat greywater from added value for the locals by regenerating makes the resource accessible to its growing residential sources. The focus of the research is vacant plots and urban pockets in the area low-income population, the pricing approach to understand the feasibility of a decentralized through the active engagement of the local GRHVQRWUHćHFWWKHZDWHUVKRUWDJHRUFRVWRI greywater management in improving the stakeholders . treatment and maintenance of infrastructure. environmental and social quality of life in El In addition, the production and use of recycled By contrast, the islamic faith considers water Gamaleya. ZDWHUHQDEOHVWKHFUHDWLRQRIDJUHHQćH[LEOH the source of life and condemns the waste of use open space and better microclimate water. In a country plagued by political turmoil, METHODOLOGY for the surrounding area as a result of military control of social life, and economic Firstly, the project aims at the practical evapotranspiration. crisis, citizens and communities may not have implementation of a decentralized greywater A technical analysis of the various wastewater much of a choice. In El Gamaleya, the water treatment system appropriate for the urban treatment technologies and the available vacant supply and sanitation infrastructure has context of El Gamaleya and developed in plots was carried out, allowing for a selection of suffered long-term deterioration, contributing line with socio-economic constraints and technology and space for pilot project based on to the problem of seepage of untreated water cultural characteristics. A second and arguably relevant criteria. The resulting design method LQWRWKHJURXQGZDWHUDQGWKHLQHIĆFLHQF\RIWKH more critical aspect refers to the continued catered to all aspects described within the two entire system. functioning and maintenance of the water project objectives. Requirements of a suitable Since any improvement would require treatment system, as well as the potential for technology include the ability to treat water overhauling the entire existing infrastructure, replicating the pilot project onto additional ZLWKKLJKOHYHOVRIJUHDVHIDWDQGRLOVĆWQHVV decentralised solutions may prove quite for arid and hot climates, cost-effectiveness in successful as the next best approach. Reducing terms of energy consumption, maintenance, the community’s dependence on the decaying and material requirements, as well as scalability. municipal water system and engaging local MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS The concept of this project is to treat the greywater generated by the residents of El 20 Gamaleya and recycle it with the aid of adaptable and decentralized wastewater treatment technology. The treated water will be used to cover a share of water demand in the area yet it will not be intended for domestic consumption. Fig. 2: A public water cooler by the road side with a Fig. 3: Concept for El-Gamaleya The target demand mainly includes watering of quote from the Quran Fig. 4: Components of greywater treatment system for pilot project in El Gamaleya the streets (an activity frequently practiced and and a constructed wetland for the secondary DATA CONSIDERATIONS currently making use of potable water supply) WUHDWPHQW ĆJXUH  Estimating the quantity and quality of the and greenery or other common non-potable The next step was to analyse all the vacant JUH\ZDWHULQćXHQWLVFULWLFDOIRUIXUWKHUV\VWHP public uses. Implementing the treatment plots available for the project and the various sizing and overall development of the treated system in the vacant lots makes it possible opportunities of each plot. The preliminary system. According to research, a household IRU WKH HQWLUH FRPPXQLW\ WR EHQHĆW IURP WKH study resulted in an outline of 24 plot of approximately 5 people consumes around 1,000 liters of water daily, around 80% of that amount returning as greywater [1]. The kitchen is the main contributor to that amount, resulting in a high share of organic load and total suspended solids (TSS), both of which are critical when sizing the system. For the purpose of further calculations, we GHĆQHG D VLQJOH ćRRUHG WUDGLWLRQDO GZHOOLQJ unit as an area of 90 sq. m inhabited by 4.9 people [2]. Daily water consumption producing greywater per dwelling unit is 995 litres/day [1].

Fig. 5: Mapping and analysis of the vacant plots TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY SIZING water, a prerequisite for motivating various boundaries and details regarding the type and Several different methods exist for the sizing of stakeholders around the concept. scale of neighbouring activities, ownership, constructed wetlands for greywater treatment. Six treatment technology options were as well as details on building heights and 6SHFLĆF FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH JUH\ZDWHU LGHQWLĆHG DV JHQHUDOO\ HOLJLELOH IRU WKH JLYHQ DFFHVV ĆJXUH   7KHVH LQGLFDWRUV ZHUH XVHG LQćXHQW DV ZHOO DV FXOWXUDO HFRQRPLF DQG conditions and project goals: constructed in calculations to estimate greywater supply location context considerations led to choosing ZHWODQGV &:  XSćRZ DQDHURELF VOXGJH VSHFLĆFWRHDFKYDFDQWORW EODQNHW UHDFWRU 8$6%  FRPSRVW ĆOWHU &)  WULFNOLQJĆOWHU 7) VHGLPHQWDWLRQWDQN 67 DQG ELRVDQGĆOWHU %6) 7KHPXOWLFULWHULDDQDO\VLV involved 10 criteria scored on a scale from 1-4, proportionally referenced to to their calculated minimum and maximum values. Higher scores are more advantageous; for example, a score 21 of 1 is assigned to more complex technologies requiring expert installation while the simplest, least demanding ones were assigned a score of 7KHUHVXOWRIWKHPXOWLFULWHULDDQDO\VLV ĆJXUH 5) led to the proposed use of a combination of sedimentation tank for the primary treatment Fig. 6: Result of the MCA of technologies Fig. 7: Cross section (left) and plan (right) of the constructed wetland for the pilot project

a method based on rate of BOD5 removal. HIĆFLHQF\ &:LQćXHQW%2'FRQFHQWUDWLRQV Gamaleya. The method‘s equation, also known as were calculated to be around 200 mg/l). CW $V D ĆUVW LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ SKDVH RQH SORW Kickhut’s formula, returns area needed for bed depth varied between 0.6 and 0.8 m and was chosen to showcase a pilot project. The WUHDWLQJLQćXHQWRIFHUWDLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVIRUD the bottom slope was designed with a 1.75% arrangement of system technologies to border system operating at a certain temperature and incline in order to achieve gravitation-aided WKHSORW ĆJXUH DLPHGDWOHDYLQJWKHFHQWHU H[SHFWHG WR GHOLYHU HIćXHQW VHW DFFRUGLQJ WR ZDWHUćRZ)RUDPHGLXPSRURVLW\RIDQG ćH[LEOHIRUXVHE\WKHFRPPXQLW\,WLVFULWLFDOWR legal standards for treated water. an operating temperature of around 20°C, highlight that the chosen design was intended Most lots suitable for CW technology the hydraulic retention time was determined in accordance with the cultural aspects of the implementation offer limited area for to be about 4 days. Other variables such as FRPPXQLW\ DQG LQFRUSRUDWHV VSHFLĆF GHVLJQ treatment. In addition, available space needed EHG VXUIDFH DQG LQćRZRXWćRZ GDLO\ FDSDFLW\ elements of the arabic culture to it. to be considered as a valuable resource for varied depending on the size of the vacant lot According to calculations, the 120 m² multiple aspects of urbanism. As such, the hosting the implementation. GHGLFDWHGbRIWUHDWPHQWDUHDRQWKHVSHFLĆFORW surface area dedicated to the wetlands was can meet the demand for about 400 m² street approximated as an acceptable compromise APPLICATION ZDWHULQJ DSSUR[PuRIWUHDWHGHIćXHQW  between competing areas of interest. Kickhut’s Baseline criteria constraining the urbanism formula was further used to determine the SURSRVDO LQ JHQHUDO ZHUH LGHQWLĆHG ZLWK STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT PD[LPXPJUH\ZDWHULQćRZDQGWKHUHIRUHWKH regards to functionality, maintenance, cost, All project planning and implementation number of households that could be connected VFDODELOLW\DQGHIĆFLHQF\+RZHYHUVHYHUDOQRQ stages envision community involvement WRWKHbWUHDWPHQWV\VWHP technological factors such as design elements, for developing, constructing, and operating Several key variables were determined as risks, and, social potential were considered as an effective system, while the educational universally applicable to pilot project and well. The proposed design involved a careful component aims to materialize into the basis of IXUWKHU DSSOLFDWLRQV )LUVW HIćXHQW %2' evaluation of appropriateness for space entry a civic foundation. A stakeholder involvement concentration was set to a maximum of 20 mg/l size and location, shape, historic conservation plan allows the project team to identify and in order to meet Egyptian regulations for water and cultural sensitivity, as well as recreational effectively engage those parties with the treatment [3] and achieve a 90% treatment potential in the macro urban fabric of El highest degrees of power and interest. A

22

Fig. 8: Daily water consumption per household in El Gamaleya 8ĜčţƉĿ×Ɖ%åÎĜŸĜŅĹƉÎųĜƋåųĜ°ƉƚŸåÚƉüŅųƉƋĘåƉƋĘåƉÚåŸĜčĹƉŅüƉƋĘåƉÎŅĹÎåŞƋ 8ĜčţƉŎLj×Ɖ)ĹƴĜŸĜŅĹåÚƉŸŞ°ÎåƉÚåŸĜčĹåÚƉƋŅƉŅýåųƉĵ°ƻĜĵƚĵƉāåƻĜÅĜĬĜƋƼƉüŅųƉƚŸåųƉ°ÎƋĜƴĜƋĜåŸ particularly important role will be played by freely available to the community. taking care of the area is created. Further, mosques, shop owners, and potential NGO With regards to energy, the low-tech development of appreciation for open space partners. treatment system allows for the reduced may hinder activities related with littering and The feasibility of the project depends largely consumption of formal water supply, more responsible usage of the urban area. on local and regional conditions highlighting leading to reduced energetic cost for water In terms of air and noise pollution, it is the importance of stakeholder involvement. treatment. The mainly passive character of the expected that the green space created can ,QOLJKWRIWKHbWKHbQHZGUDIWODZbGHFODUHGLQ 2016 regulating activities of NGOs and more control exercised by the government, the requirement of increased initiative from the locality was considered to be a priority in this project [4].

PROJECT OUTCOMES & CONCLUSION This project aimed at exploring the feasibility of a decentralized greywater treatment solution and its potential to improve quality of life in El Gamaleya. While there is no unique Fig. 12: Project outcomes GHĆQLWLRQ IRU b êTXDOLW\ RI OLIHëWKH FRQFHSW LV treatment system also improves the energy IXQFWLRQ DV DQ DLU ĆOWHULQJ GHYLFH DQG WKH known to comprise several aspects of human consumption pattern over the traditional resulting evapotranspiration as microclimate well-being including ecological, economic, wastewater treatment options. By improving regulator, while the vegetation wall around the political, and cultural considerations. Figure 12 WKHGHVLJQRIYDFDQWSORWVDQGRXWĆWWLQJWKHP plot can provide for a more comfortable, less provides an overview of the direct and indirect ZLWKDPHQLWLHVWKDWRIIHUćH[LELOLW\RIXVHIRU noisy social gathering area. Simultaneously, EHQHĆWVLQGXFHGE\WKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH the community, a practical motivation for the new space might bear a sense of local treatment system and making recycled water pride and ownership while also promoting the empowerment of men and women in the community by strengthening their organisational power and political voice. Through a semi-public open space design utilizing a natural greywater treatment solution as a functional medium and aesthetic 23 enhancer, the project aims to create a space adapted to its location within the neighbourhood and increase the awareness towards long-term maintenance of the public DUHDVZLWKWDQJLEOHEHQHĆWVIRUWKHFRPPXQLW\ Fig. 11: View of proposed constructed wetland elements URBAN AGRICULTURE written by Sibel Sarper, María José Mujica von Seggern, Annika Stein & Andrea Vergara Bernal

Fig. 1: Rooftop gardening proposed in El Gamaleya

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION ture. In turn, this will contribute to sustainable materials and goods related to food production During the site analysis and on-site interviews, urban development and urban poverty reduction t
Reducing building cooling costs and energy it was discovered that residents of El-Gamaleya by functioning as a source of livelihood and inco- use do not have enough means to meet their basic me. needs, particularly lacking adequate food supply Rooftop locations in El Gamaleya will be identi- Social to meet nutritional needs. Within the greater glo- ĆHG ZKHUH UHVLGHQWV FDQ JURZ IUXLWV DQG YHJH- t
Inclusion of urban poor and women bal context, this issue is projected to be exacer- tables for their consumption and as an additional t
Active community participation bated by the decline of agricultural productivity income source through selling or trading. Sus- t
Improved aesthetics of the neighbourhood resulting from the effects of climate change. It tainable practices such as greywater reuse and t
Providing additional green space and increase is expected that 49 million additional people will redirecting organic household waste for fertilizer the utilization of existing open spaces be at risk of hunger by 2020 and 132 million by amendment are incorporated in the system. t
Providing agricultural and environmental sus- 2050 [1]. Maxwell and others [2] state: “Urban tainability education SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPT and peri-urban areas are similarly impacted, as t
Local economic development

QDWXUDO FDXVHV VXFK DV VWRUPV ćRRGV RU FRQV- t
Improved health and nutrition through better Environmental traints on water availability can lead to increased access to nutritious food Productive reuse of water that would have (temporarily or sustained) higher food prices, Ѳ otherwise been wasted food shortages, epidemics, and sudden settle- METHODOLOGY Reducing greenhouse gas and noise emissi- ment of those displaced by the shock.” To make Ѳ The output of the research is comprised of a se- ons by reducing environmental costs from food matters worse, natural causes of food crises are ries of analyses that helped identify how the pro- transport often cyclical, repeatedly affecting the same re- MHFWZLOODFKLHYHLWVREMHFWLYH7KHĆUVWVWHSLQFOX- Improving the microclimate by reducing the gions or agro-climatic zones. Ѳ ded an analysis of the history and context which heat island effect by providing shade and enhan- informed the subsequent site analysis. The site Agriculture is one of the most important econo- ced evapotranspiration to clean and cool the air analysis consisted of surveying a sample of resi- mic sectors in Egypt, as it is in many other de- Reusing and reducing household waste by Ѳ dents from Cairo and conducting on-site inter- veloping countries around the world. It is a major diverting food waste to create compost for the views with residents from El Gamaleya. Coupled source of income, food security, nutrition, jobs, gardens with a logical framework problem tree analysis, livelihoods and export earnings. The strain on the Sound insulation and noise absorption Ѳ WKLVSURFHVVKHOSHGGHĆQHWKHSUREOHPDQGVWUD- agricultural sector and rise in food prices would tegic approach in addressing the problem. be most pronounced in lowest-income house- Economic

holds, who spend as much as 60 percent of their Providing an additional income source for t
Next, a multi-criteria analysis was performed income on food [3]. Therefore, urban agriculture families by activating women near their home or to identify the most suitable urban gardening will play an important role in how cities respond an additional income stream for those underem- 24 technique to use. Eleven gardening techniques to climate change and in helping combat projec- ployed were analyzed and, based on criteria such as le- ted food shortages in the future. Improving food security by increasing local t
vel of investment, density of plants that can be Considering the current and projected needs of food production and sale DFFRPPRGDWHGDGDSWDWLRQćH[LELOLW\DQGZHLJKW El Gamaleya, the objective of this project will be Providing healthy and organic foods at an af- t
square-foot gardening in the form of wooden plan- to increase the availability and access to food in fordable cost ter boxes was the most desireable. To help select the neighbourhood by promoting urban agricul- t
Opening up new economic opportunities for Fig. 2: Urban analysis map Fig. 3: Concept diagram which plants to grow, several plant varieties res 1 and 8) has been inspired by local Egyptian down labour expenses. found in the local Egyptian diet were assessed features and ornamentation. For instance, se- The produce to be harvested in the urban gar- based on criteria such as amount of water consu- mi-permeable wood panels with muslim cultural dens has been carefully selected based on a typi- med, sun requirements, and value. details have been proposed as shading devices cal Egyptian diet. Moreover, the different selec- that also serve as a trellis to facilitate vertical WLRQVRIKDUYHVWVDUHPHDQWWRIXOĆOOHDFKXVHUèV To help identify the locations where a rooftop plant growth. Green translucent fabric hanging VSHFLĆFQHHGV$IDPLO\RIHLJKWPLJKWQHHGRQH garden would be most feasible, the following from the roof is incorporated to imitate the sur- for their own consumption, whereas a household rooftop selection criteria were used: rounding street characteristics by creating a se- of one might want it for commercial use. Addi- mi-private space and providing shelter from the tionally, the irrigation needs are also meant to (1) Accessible rooftops with adequate roof space sun, rain or cold. The garden structure, pulley and accommodate to the users’ needs. A woman in (2) Within 250m of mosques (greywater access) irrigation system were KHUĆIWLHVPLJKWKDYHWURXEOHWUDQVSRUWLQJZDWHU (3) Structurally able to support gardening equip- GHVLJQHG WR EH DV ORZWHFK DV SRVVLEOH ĆJXUH from the mosque, so she might choose to have a ment 4). The idea behind this is to give inhabitants the low water consumption garden. The long-term assurance that an urban garden is something ADVANTAGES OF SQUARE FOOT GARDE- that can be done by anyone and with inexpensi- NING ve, local materials. There is no need for previous t
Can use locally-sourced materials for planters knowledge in construction or farming and simple, and a lightweight soil mixture square-foot gardening training is given to those t
Low maintenance and conserves water when who want to establish a garden. Since the resi- utilizing drip irrigation [4] dents of El Gamaleya are part of a tight-knit com- t
Only very basic tools are required and is easy munity, this project takes advantage of friends to construct and families in helping each other construct and t
High yield by maximizing the vertical and hori- volunteer in each other’s urban gardens to cut zontal growing space Fig. 4: Rooftop layout proposal

PROPOSED CONCEPT The project begins with the implementation of a pilot project on a chosen site that meets all the necessary siting requirements. The pilot project will allow the program to be put to the test, allow for evaluation, and for any necessary changes to be implemented before resident urban gardens 2525 are established. It will also be used as a marketing VWUDWHJ\WRVKRZFDVHWKHEHQHĆWVRIWKHURRIWRS garden to get residents interested in the program and provide some initial education and training. 7KHGHVLJQRIWKHXUEDQJDUGHQVWUXFWXUH ĆJX- Fig. 5: Plant analysis table Fig. 6 & 7: Architectural local characteristics used as concepts

WLĆHGLQSUHYLRXVDQDO\VLVDVKDYLQJDORZZDWHU requirement (e.g. deep-rooting plants) and high SURĆWDELOLW\ Providing different planting plan models helps with the promotion efforts by clearly illustrating the income potential from different rooftop gar- GHQFRQĆJXUDWLRQVDQGWKHWUDGHRIIVIRUKDYLQJ less water-need plants or more plant diversity. This can help the user decide what option is most 8ĜčţƉĿ×ƉzĬ°ĹƋƉÎŅŸƋƉ°Ĺ°ĬƼŸĜŸ suited for them based on their objectives for ha- ving a rooftop garden. (3) Low-Water Needs Garden *URZLQJ ĆYH YD- Fig. 8: Urban gardening structure rieties of plants that require the least amount of FINANCIAL OVERVIEW SODQIRUWKHSURJUDPLVWREHFRPHVHOIVXIĆFLHQW water. 7KHIROORZLQJVHFWLRQJRHVWKURXJKWKHĆQDQFLDO and sustainable. In time, the program will spread For each plant variety, the yield potential for each outcomes of each of the three modelled planting out and trainees will become trainers and prepa- square foot of space was calculated and based on scenarios. Each garden user is provided with a re new trainees. We believe this project has the the market cost in Egypt for the produce (conver- PLFURĆQDQFLQJ ORDQ WR FRYHU WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ potential not only to generate a food source but ted from Egyptian Pound to Euros), the most pro- costs of 428 €, with a payback period of 6 months also an extra income for households and overall ĆWDEOHRQHVZHUHGHWHUPLQHG ĆJXUH 6FHQDULR at about 70 €/month. improve the living conditions in El-Gamaleya. 1 was modelled to include a balanced, diverse $V LOOXVWUDWHG LQ ĆJXUH  6FHQDULR   )DPLO\ mix of vegetables and herbs with less conside- *DUGHQ SODQWLQJ SODQ KDV D SURMHFWHG SURĆW RI PLANTING PLAN OPTIONS UDWLRQ RI SURĆW 7KH KLJKHVW SURĆW SODQWV ZHUH õLQWKHĆUVW\HDUZLWKõJRHVWRZDUGV This planting plan modeling exercise was done then selected as the plant choices for Scenario SD\LQJ EDFN WKH PLFUR ĆQDQFLQJ ORDQ IRU D QHW using an online square foot garden planner [5].   +LJK 3URĆW SODQWLQJ SODQ PRGHO 6FHQDULR  SURĆW RI õ LQ WKH ĆUVW \HDU &RPSDUDWLYHO\ This planner provided the opportunity to iden- was then planned with the plants that were iden- 6FHQDULR   +LJK 3URĆW JDUGHQ KDV D SRWHQWLDO WLI\WKHJURZLQJVHDVRQRIHDFKSODQWVSHFLĆFWR Cairo’s climate, the number of plants that can be grown in each square foot, harvest frequency and the yield. Different planting combinations were then ana- lyzed to model three planting scenarios that met 2626 VSHFLĆFXVHUREMHFWLYHV7KHVHDUH (1) Family Garden: Growing a diverse mix of vege- tables and herbs to supplement a family’s diet. (2) +LJK 3URĆW *DUGHQ *URZLQJ ĆYH YDULHWLHV RI WKHKLJKHVWSURĆWSODQWVIRUPDLQO\VHOOLQJRUWUD- ding. Fig. 10: Financial overview of all three scenarios Fig. 11: Six steps for communal ideas spreading Fig. 12: Project zoning on a 5 year timeline

QHW SURĆW RI õ QHDUO\ IRXU WLPHV WKDW RI six weeks. During this phase, surveys are carri- maleya can continue to spread after the project WKHĆUVWVFHQDULR6FHQDULR/RZ:DWHU1HHGV ed out, residents are interviewed, advertising is completed. UHPDLQV SURĆWDEOH ZLWK D QHW SURĆW RI õ and promotional information is distributed and PRUHWKDQWKUHHWLPHVWKHSURĆWDVFRPSDUHGWR consultation with religious leaders help spread MEASURING SUCCESS Scenario 1. the idea. The second output relates to the pi- To measure the progress of our project in The key objective of using the square-foot gar- lot project, which is estimated to take about 15 meeting our objective, several indicators will dening method is to maximize the production to weeks from the feasibility analysis to the day be monitored and evaluated including: RSWLPL]HWKH\LHOGDQGWKHUHIRUHWKHQHWEHQHĆW food production begins. The steps to be taken du- (1) Increase in household income or reduction When analyzing the failings in other community ring this stage are the analysis and selection of a in food-related expenses (in Egyptian Pounds) rooftop garden projects, many cite the gap bet- suitable roof, negotiating with the landlord, crop (2) Number of successful urban farms instal- ZHHQ WKH QHW ĆQDQFLDO EHQHĆW IURP D JDUGHQèV analysis, selection and purchase, planning and led in the rooftops within the site area production and the energy and money invested designing of garden, improving access, installati- (3) Increase in market activity (i.e., number of into constructing and maintaining a garden. Th- on of a pulley system, building and preparation of traders within the project area) URXJKWKLVSURMHFWèVĆQDQFLDODQDO\VLVRIFRPSD- planters, installation of info charts and eventually (4) Increase in amount (kilograms) of local ring different planting models, it is suggested that clean up. Urban gardening can then begin, which food produced within El-Gamaleya. WKHURRIWRSJDUGHQVDUHDEOHWREHJUHDWO\SURĆ- will be monitored by the planning team. The pilot table, have a short pay-back period and strong project serves as example for future urban gar- CONCLUSION QHWEHQHĆW dens and will host guided tours in preparation Agriculture exhibits one of the highest level of for every new project implementation. The faci- vulnerability to the effects of climate change and, IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY lity will also be used during workshop trainings, since it is a larger threat to the poorest of com- The project team consists of a project manager, a ZKLFKDUHGHĆQHGLQRXWSXWWKUHHDQGEHJLQGX- munities like El Gamaleya, it needs urgent atten- planning team, a construction team, and a trainer. ring the construction phase of the pilot project. tion and preparedness. We believe this project The planners are responsible for organizing, pro- Every nine weeks, two new projects are imple- provides a viable solution to preparing for the moting, assessing and monitoring events such as mented following workshops that help raise pub- risks faced by changing climatic conditions, food workshops and trainings. They also select and lic awareness and train new groups of gardeners. scarcity and unemployment in the neighborhood purchase crops and design the gardens on roofs. Finally, output number four concerns the imple- of El Gamaleya. Our program presents residents The construction team works together with local mentation of resident urban garden projects. The with an opportunity for secure food production, community workers. Together they build squa- process is similar in length to the pilot project, an extra income, and a reduction of their current re-foot gardens and adjacent structures such taking about 15 weeks for each project. After a expenses. Furthermore, the project has been de- as building rooftop accesses or pulley systems SURJUDPOHQJWKRIĆYH\HDUVSURMHFWVFDQEH signed to provide climate resistant crops and sus- for water transportation. The trainer carries out implemented. For the long-term sustainability tainable agricultural practices such as greywater workshops and guided tours, compiles documen- RIWKHSURMHFWDĆIWKRXWSXWZDVFUHDWHGFDOOHG reuse and the use of organic household waste as 2727 tation, and conducts the assessment and monito- “Train the Trainer” education. Local leaders are fertilizer for the urban gardens. These practices ring of project activities. trained to teach other interested members of will cut down on costs that would normally add The implementation success of the project is de- the community how to install urban gardens and on to the costs of an urban garden, making it an ĆQHGE\VHYHUDORXWSXWV7KHĆUVWRXWSXWLVWKH grow food. This way, the idea and process of im- even more favorable opportunity for the commu- public awareness campaign, which takes about plementing urban gardens on rooftops in El-Ga- nity. Passive Cooling & Shading Methods written by Rafael Dobbs, Gema Nugraha, Kalpesh Makwana & Fano Sutranto

Fig. 1: View of proposed solution in El Gamaleya

ENERGY SECTOR OF CAIRO the dynamics of energy consumption will be vital for optimization was conducted to identify the Along with the increase of population in Egypt in determining the focus of the project initiative. characteristics of the right approach suited to the which currently amounts to 94.5 million people, need. In order to appropriately identify the most large energy supply needs to be provided to sup- FOCUS AREA suitable characteristics of an intervention that port and sustain the value generation activities as Research on the energy consumption dynamics would effectively address high cooling demand well as the constantly growing population. Since OHDG WRZDUGV LGHQWLĆFDWLRQ RI UHVLGHQWLDO VHFWRU in El Gamaleya, a SWOT analysis was carried out the end of Mubarak era in 2011, the energy se- cooling demand (based on the high need of air to ascertain the complexities of introducing the curity has been compromised, which resulted in conditioning) as one of the main contributors of VROXWLRQLQWKHFRQWH[W ĆJXUHOHIW 7KH6:27 Egypt experiencing several occurrences of load KLJK HOHFWULFLW\ FRQVXPSWLRQ LQ &DLUR ĆJXUH   DQDO\VLV KHOSHG ZLWK WKH LGHQWLĆFDWLRQ RI LGHDO shedding and blackouts during the past years and Therefore, a similar condition is assumed for El characteristics of a concept solution that could LVSUHGLFWHGWRVXIIHUIURPVHYHUHHOHFWULFLW\GHĆ- Gamaleya area. be applied particularly in the focus area. Such cit in 2022 as high as 6 GW [1]. %DVHG RQ WKH ĆQGLQJV LW ZDV FRQFOXGHG WKDW D FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDUHDVIROORZVFRVWHIĆFLHQF\ORZ An immediate solution to the prevalent condition sustainable initiative that would help in reducing maintenance, suitability to general building con- of energy sector in Cairo is necessary; however, dition, light-weight, low degree of complexity, to effectively address the situation, a root cause ease of implementation, and little or no energy analysis is required in order to better come up consumption. As a preliminary general concept, with proper interventions that could be impactful DSDVVLYHFRROLQJRUVKDGLQJGHYLFHWKDWFRXOGĆW in leveraging the conditions in the sector. all such requirements was proposed for further As per relevant research, 4 major factors contri- investigation and development. EXWHWRZDUGVIXWXUHHOHFWULFLW\GHĆFLWVXSSO\YV demand lag, aging infrastructure, fuel sourcing Fig. 2: Domestic shares of electricity consumption TENSILE MEMBRANE AS A SOLUTION complications, and an unstable political environ- cooling demand would be best suited for mana- After the ideal solution‘s characteristics were PHQW ĆJXUH  ULJKW  7KLV UHVHDUFK ZLOO IRFXV ging the majority portion of electricity demand known, the comparison between possible solu- mainly on addressing the supply-demand lag fac- generation. WLRQVLVGRQHWRVHOHFWZKLFKZRXOGĆWEHVWLQWR tors as it is believed that by addressing this sector, 7KH FKDOOHQJHV ĆUVW OLH RQ JHQHUDWLQJ D FRQFHSW the needed set of characteristics. From a certain D PRUH VLJQLĆFDQW LPSDFW RQ WKH RYHUDOO LPSUR- that would be best for creating a reduction range of passive cooling and shading methods, vement of the electricity sector is possible. of cooling demand in El Gamaleya context and, the following options appear to be amongst the :KHQLWFRPHVWRHQHUJ\HIĆFLHQF\(J\SWUDQNV based on this thought, the research question was most suitable methods for the climate and so- quite low, with the amount of energy needed for formulated: “How can energy demand be mini- cio-economic conditions in El Gamaleya. These the production of a GDP unit being the highest mized through the reduction of building solar options are explained below for a brief overview in the region (1,742.91 kWH/ capita in 2011) [2] heat gain by using passive cooling methods in El on each kind of passive cooling method. 2828 and around four times higher than the energy Gamaleya?” With such question in mind, the rese- intensity in industrialized countries. Considering DUFKLVH[HFXWHGDQGVKRXOGUHćHFWWKHSURFHVVRI Tensile membrane this information, it is clear that the potential of determining and elaborating the solution within One of the biggest concerns during the project HQHUJ\ VDYLQJ LV DEXQGDQW DQG WDFNOLQJ WKH HIĆ- the upcoming sections. development was to come up with improved ma- ciency issue will be pivotal for the sustainability of An analysis on current condition of El Gamaleya’s terial solutions for shading devices. Shading is a the energy sector. Therefore, further research on residential sector and the existent opportunities powerful resource for cooling and it was believed 8ĜčţƉƐ×Ɖƒ›jˆƉ°Ĺ°ĬƼŸĜŸƉŠĬåüƋšƉ°ĹÚƉƉĀŸĘÅŅĹåƉÚĜ°čų°ĵƉŠųĜčĘƋšƉĬå°ÚĜĹčƉƋŅƉƋĘåƉųåŸå°ųÎĘƉŧƚåŸƋĜŅĹ that there was potential to upgrade the fabric Ground-supported structures (5.59 W/m2), although recent technology has shading system commonly used in the Cairo ur- These support structures transmit forces to the been developed to answer this matter. Since ban context. As such, the tensile membrane ma- ground through cables and masts. more technology means more cost, the other terial and its technology to cool down spaces was option is to use two layers of regular PVC mem- proposed. Upon comparing available options, it was decided brane, creating an air cavity and decreasing the One of the main advantages of using tensile to combine the skin membrane system along with thermal conductivity. The external-internal trans- PHPEUDQHV LV WKH ćH[LELOLW\ WKDW LW JHQHUDWHV LQ the self-supporting structure. The conclusion of mission of heat on a opaque membrane is not sig- the project application space. In addition, other the analysis indicated it was better to use the skin QLĆFDQWGXHWRDORZVRODUIDFWRU OHVVWKDQ  EHQHĆWVLQFOXGHWKHVSHHGRIFRQVWUXFWLRQOLJKW W\SHGXHWKHćH[LELOLW\QHHGHGIRUWKHVWUXFWXUH The membrane has low heat absorption of radia- FRQGLWLRQLQJWKHUPDOEHKDYLRXU ĆWIRUKRWFOLPD- and the self-supporting structure because it allo- tion which means that it does not irradiate the so- tes), and low costs. wed for the model to be replicated in slightly dif- lar heat gain and does not become hot like metal ferent contexts. This solution will allow the avoi- solutions that can reach peak temperatures of 70 Hanging membrane structures dance of further complex structural calculation. °C during a sunny day. These structures are hanging from cables and $OVRWKHćH[LELOHVWUXFWXUHZLOOKDYHDODUJHUXS- As a consequence, it was strongly recommended masts and they work together to provide the per overture for better environmental behaviour to use the shape of the membrane itself to take structural and shading solution. This means that if by increasing the wind velocity of the semi-closed advantage of the thermal qualities of the materi- any of the elements was to be removed, the who- space. al. In addition, the cone shape along with the semi le structure would collapse. closed shading materials on the lower bottom of This type of structure could have lead to a very Thermal behaviour the module would allow the air to circulate in a interesting solution and built form in response The membrane has a high thermal conductivity more natural way. to our research question. However, due to the nature of technology and cost calculations, it was regarded as not the best method for the context of El Gamaleya.

Membrane as a skin These are the membranes that are used as an ex- terior skin and which are not part of the structural solution. This one was a preferred solution for the project as it was mixed with another type of struc- ture described in the next topic. 2929 Self-supporting structure This kind of structure does not transmit any structural forces to the ground, working as a mo- dule or a hat on top of the existing building.

Fig. 4: Solution applied to class 1 buildings with heights up to 4 storeys 8ĜčţƉĂ×ƉƒĩåƋÎĘƉŸĘŅƵĜĹčƉ°ĜųāŅƵƉƚĹÚåųƉŸĘ°ÚĜĹčƉÚåƴĜÎå Fig. 6: 3D visualisations of proposal

Membrane fabric material selection Segregation of focused area to facilitate larger community place on rooftop Upon determining structure, the material selecti- As a result of district analysis, a fundamental ĆJXUH  RQIRUWKHPHPEUDQHLWVHOIIROORZHGb$VWKHIDEULF REVWUXFWLRQIRUWKHSURSRVDOZDVLGHQWLĆHG7KH Class 2 buildings (4 to 8 storeys high) have given material would be crucial in allowing the solution building heights are not homogeneously distribu- an opportunity to design a small sized modular to achieve the expected result, a comparison ted on the site, which can be a challenge for the shading membrane covering a single building. between strengths and weaknesses of various type of membrane fabric that currently exist was conducted and a preferred material was chosen ĆJXUH 7KLVPDWHULDONQRZQDV39&FRDWHGSR- lyester, is made of a synthetic tissue layer forming a net. This tissue is covered by two layers of either PVC, PTFE, or silicon as a protection from exter- nal elements. This gives the membrane imperme- DELOLW\ĆUHSURRĆQJDQGDQWLPROGSURWHFWLRQ It is possible and potentially recommended to add some external treatment to the external layers in order to upgrade the quality of the product such as anti-dirty additives, anti-condensation drip- Fig. 7: Comparison of materials for tensile membrane ping, and better durability. project. The major differences in building heights 7KLVDSSURDFKRIIHUVLQFUHDVHGćH[LELOLW\EXWDOVR DISTRICT ANALYSIS KDYHEHHQLGHQWLĆHGWKURXJKDPRUHLQGHWDLOVLWH a smaller space on rooftop which will be mainly The given site in El Gamaleya has a variety of buil- VWXG\DQGEXLOGLQJVZHUHFODVVLĆHGLQWZRJURXSV DYDLODEOHWREXLOGLQJLQKDELWDQWV ĆJXUH  ding uses although the site is dominated by resi- of up to four storeys (class 1) and between four Both class 1 and class 2 solutions consists of light- dential buildings which represent 52.3% of total and eight storeys high (class 2). weight shading material and supporting light- site area. These can be a suitable target area for Buildings in class 1 offer the opportunity to de- weight steel structure. the project as they have potential rooftop spaces sign a larger single structural shading membrane . for the membrane shading implementation. In covering the cluster of adjoining buildings. This PILOT PROJECT addition, creating a rooftop shaded area may re- approach can facilitate a larger space on rooftop A detailed analytical approach led to the identi- sult in the establishment of an alternative social and ease of access for inhabitants due to lower ĆFDWLRQ RI EXLOGLQJV SRWHQWLDOO\ VXLWDEOH IRU WKH gathering space. building heights. The larger area can facilitate al- SLORWLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ ĆJXUH )RUWKHVHOHFWHG As a resultant of analysis of the given site, some ternative social activities which can strengthen site, the proximity to the wider street can be be- 3030 of the desirable characteristics for candidate buil- the socio-economic ties within the community. QHĆFLDODVLWRIIHUVLQFUHDVHGH[SRVXUHUHVXOWLQJ dings were outlined: (1) potential area on rooftop By applying a single structural shading membrane in community awareness and potential funding of residential building for multiple uses; (2) can be WKH EXLOGLQJV RI VLPLODU KHLJKWV FDQ DOO EHQHĆW for subsequent implementations. Three propo- facilitated into passive cooling technology; (3) can from the shading device while minimizing costs VDOVZHUHLGHQWLĆHGDVĆWWLQJWRWKHSLORWORFDWLRQ improve social life by providing additional com- DQGFRPSOH[LW\7KHFOXVWHUFDQEHLGHQWLĆHGDQG in line with site charactersitics and project objec- munity places. the larger shading membrane can be provided tives. Fig. 8: 3D visualisations of class 2 buildings before and after proposal 3 implementation

Proposal 1: Vertical perforated screen for facade sha- to allow daylight and ventilation while for facade, source for the densely built El Gamaleya district ding 10% perforation is proposed to eliminate direct where open space is in scarce quantities. A large share of solar radiation is usually absor- solar radiation on walls and resulting heat gain. bed by the building facade and results in a higher FUTURE PROPOSALS cooling demand. For reduced cooling demand, Proposal 2: Insulation for inner wall For future development, the intervention will facade should be shaded with appropriate functi- While solar heat gain and indoor temperature IRFXV RQ DGGUHVVLQJ VRFLDO DVSHFWV b E\ XWLOL]LQJ onal and aesthetic elements. Perforated screens can be reduced by facade shading, an additional the space created by the roof shading system. can prevent direct solar gain for facade as well as reduction in heat gain can be achieved by the One consideration could be to develop syner- increase the wind velocity and induce higher ven- use of insulation material. However, in the Cairo gies with the roof-top gardening project, which tilation rate. socio-economic context dominated by informal would alleviate the visual condition of the area The screen design should be realized differently construction, the users may not cannot afford the and also could provide a mean to empower the for openings and built facade as the requirements high cost for purchasing and installation of tradi- local inhabitant. An additional opportunity would tional insulation material. be to partner up with already established local The collaboration with other projects groups organizations focused on empowering the local working on material and waste management in inhabitants through education or skill develop- the area has presented the opportunity to reuse ment such as sewing, craftsmanship, tapestry, etc. paper waste. With a share of 10% of total waste, The additional rooftop space would allow such paper products have the potential to be conver- community workshops to expand their activities ted into insulation material for the inner walls. by and reach a larger share of the population. In con- means of primary recycling. This option can facili- FOXVLRQ EH\RQG WKH HQHUJ\ VDYLQJ EHQHĆWV WKH tate low cost insulation material which also has a passive cooling devices proposed in this project VLPSOLĆHGLQVWDOODWLRQSURFHGXUH aim at he improvement of the community‘s long term resilience by improving social ties and the Proposal 3: Rooftop shading membrane creation and transfer of new skill and knowledge. The maximum solar heat gain for buildings in Cairo is absorbed by the rooftops. To reduce this 8ĜčţƉĿ×ƉzĜĬŅƋƉŞųŅģåÎƋƉĬŅΰƋĜŅĹƉĜĹƉ)ĬƉ:°ĵ°ĬåƼ° heat gain, the lightweight shading membrane pre- for each are different. Figure 10 illustrates both viously discussed has been proposed for the buil- types of perforation and also the cavity between ding. Aside from the improved thermal properties the wall and the screen. The perforation depends of the buildings, the shading membrane can faci- upon the desired shading but, in the Cairo climate litate additional recreational area for inhabitants FRQWH[W EXLOW IDFDGH VKRXOG EHQHĆW IURP PD[L- DQGFDQSURYLGHIRUDĆUVWVWHSWRZDUGVLPSURYHG 31 mum coverage to reduce heat gain. In addition, VRFLRHFRQRPLFVXVWDLQDELOLW\b7KHUHGXFHGKHDW openings should be shaded in such a way that it gain can decrease the cooling demand and ener- GRHVQRWREVWUXFWWKHQDWXUDODLUćRZ)RURSWL- gy consumption for the building. In addition, the mized results, it is proposed that 40% perforated creation of a comfortable semi-public space on screens are used for window openings in order building rooftops can constitute in a valuable re- Fig. 10: 3D visualisation of proposal 1 Local Energy Generation written by Kevin Becerril, Beatriz Campos, Joel Ferran, Ziva Hanzic & Jovana Pavlicevic

8ĜčţƉŎ×ƉXŅΰĬƉåĹåųčƼƉčåĹåų°ƋĜŅĹƉÎŅĹÎåŞƋƉÚåŸĜčĹ

ADDRESSING ENERGY SCARCITY two phases. During these different phases, the batteries and other mechanisms will be located Egypt is currently in a state of energy inse- project interventions will take on different roles. in the PV facilities room of the site. Maintenance curity due to the rise of power blackouts and 7KH JRDO RI WKH ĆUVW SKDVH LV WR FUHDWH VSDFHV will be done as needed under the coordination decreasing gas reserves. Coupled with political that will offer opportunities for decentralized of the cafe owner and a PV module technician. instability and recent devaluations of the Egyp- local energy generation, while providing multi- The same will be done with the maintenance of tian pound, Egyptians are now in a volatile situ- functional spaces that the community lacks. The the panels themselves. ation as energy access decreases and becomes second phase focuses on the expansion of the The biggest issue that PV panels face in this area more expensive. Already facing increasing cost project throughout the community and Cairo as is dust from the surroundings. This issue can of living standards, issues with energy access a whole. be addressed by the simple cleaning method of disproportionately affects the urban poor of Through this method, the scope of the project wiping down the panels with a cloth. This can be Cairo. It could mean no longer being able to does not only stop at energy generation, but done on a weekly basis by the cafe owner him- afford proper nutrition or schooling for their continues to address further issues the neigh- self. The cleanings could also be done more of- children. The inability to advance themselves or borhood faces. For this reason, the interven- ten should the need arise in times of increasing their children only propagates the cycle of po- tions will work together to improve the social winds and dust storms [5]. verty, creating further divisions in the socio-eco- sustainability of the area in hopes of improving 7KH FDIH LWVHOI VHUYHV WR ĆOO D JDS LQ WKH FRP- nomic classes of Cairo. the residents’ standard of living. munity by providing a place where locals can come together to eat. Currently, there are not This project seeks to help residents of the in- PHASE 1: SOLAR EnGen many nearby restaurants or cafes around the formal urban site of El Gamaleya become more The Solar EnGen site will include the construc- site location, and in order to go to one, residents energy independent through the formation of tion of a cafe that will house the solar PV Panels have to leave the area. This cafe could serve to decentralized energy production sites. These for the area. This site is in an ideal location [4] in ĆOOWKLVYRLGWKDWFXUUHQWO\H[LVWV*LYHQWKDWLWLV local energy generation (EnGen) projects uti- the area for solar energy harvesting given that it located near one of the few green spaces of the lize the readily available resources found on is in a relatively open area in the neighborhood area, it could add to the attractiveness of the site to produce sustainable energy in the most away from taller buildings and trees. At the in- VSDFHDQGHQFRXUDJHIRRWWUDIĆF affordable way possible. In the case of El Gama- creased height of the cafe of 4 meters, the solar The close proximity to the city wall would also leya and in fact, almost every other part of Cairo, panels should not have any issues of shading help make this space attractive in the same way these resources come in the form of organic obstruction from the nearby buildings. When the green space adds to it. Currently, the site is waste and sunlight. With about 60% of Cairo’s installation would begin, an additional structure littered with trash despite the nearby ancient waste being organic and the high amount of ye- could be further implemented in order to achie- wall and entrance to the space. By putting a cafe arly sunlight hours, these resources are plentiful ve an increased height, but this should not be in this currently dirty space, the area will impro- [1]. With the use of biogas digesters and solar the case. ve visually and give residents a space they can be 32 PV modules, families will have the opportunity proud about. Not only will residents be able to to confront these issues of energy scarcity [2, The energy that is gathered on this site will be come to this area to enjoy the space but those 3]. used by some of the nearby workshops. In this living just outside and even tourists will be able way, the users of these workshops will be able to to utilize the cafe. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION utilize a more sustainable source of energy that The local EnGen project will be implemented in is provided by the constant sun of Cairo. The In addition, the cafe is a covered area that can be Fig. 2: Solar EnGen site location in El Gamaleya Fig. 3: Solar EnGen design used for a variety of purposes. Most of the time, panels in Egypt, it was concluded that two types made the decision to opt for polycrystalline it can be used as an extension of the cafe where are predominant in the market of solar panels. technology after having considered several rea- visitors can sit in a space that is better ventilated These technologies are solar panels with either sons. Due to the technology’s high demand, a and shaded. At the same time, weekly markets monocrystalline or polycrystalline cells, which great majority of solar companies have this type can occur here, which would provide nearby currently are the most used worldwide. By ma- of technology available, making it easier to com- workshop owners the opportunity to showcase king a brief comparison, we can highlight three pare different types of panels that use polycrys- VRPHRIWKHFUDIWVWKH\FUHDWH ĆJXUH 2QHRI very important aspects relevant for our project: talline technology. This would facilitate the de- the concerns we heard from a workshop ow- FRVWHIĆFLHQF\DQGHQHUJ\SURGXFWLRQ velopment of this pilot project where our main ner during our interviews in the area was that, Starting with solar panels with monocrystalline objective is to demonstrate the advantages of GXHWRWKHODFNRIIRRWWUDIĆFPHUFKDQWVGRQèW FHOOVWKLVW\SHKDYHWKHKLJKHVWHIĆFLHQF\LQWKH using alternative and sustainable technologies often have the opportunity to directly sell to market. Solar panels with monocrystalline tech- the consumer and instead have to sell through QRORJ\ FDQ UHDFK HIĆFLHQF\ UDWHV RI  middlemen. This leads to a loss of income oppor- which this leads to greater energy production. tunities for them. By putting in these markets, Looking at companies in Egypt that use this a new income opportunity for these workshop technology such as Power & Save Cairo Solar owners is created. Given the cafe and the green or Photon Solar energy, it can be observed that space, the presence of visitors can be expected prices range from upwards of 250 Euros [6]. It to follow and this can be capitalized on with the is important to mention that the suppliers of weekly markets. The markets will possibly later many of these stores are German and Chinese attract other consumers who, in turn, will use companies. The high prices of this type of tech- the cafe facilities as well. In this way, both inter- nology means that the demand is not so high , Fig. 4: Solar EnGen plan: (1).cafe; (2) PV panel facili- ventions will work off of each other in order cre- ZKLFKPDNHVLWGLIĆFXOWWRĆQGWKLVW\SHRISDQHO ties; (3) multi-purpose space ate a more overall attractive area. in all stores dedicated to the sale of this type of products. This Solar EnGen will also serve as a landmark In contrast to this technology is the polycrystal- in the neighborhood. The cafe will attract both OLQHWHFKQRORJ\ZKHUHHIĆFLHQF\UDWHVYDU\EHW- residents and tourists and expose them to the ween 16% to 18%. The price for this technology work of the local workshops. It will show how is slightly lower as it can be found between 150 local energy generation is used to create their to 200 Euros in companies based in Cairo [6]. products, hopefully providing residents with in- It is important to also note that there are con- come opportunities that are heavily needed. In VLGHUDEOH GLIĆFXOWLHV LQ GLVFXVVLQJ H[DFW SULFHV this way, local decentralized energy production for these products, since cost often varies de- 33 can fuel local industry. pending on the panel power, brand, suppliers and other external factors. Yet, we can still gain SOLAR EnGen TECHNOLOGY at least an idea of how much the average cost After an in-depth research into the different ty- could be. pes of companies dedicated to the sale of solar After making an appropriate comparison, we Fig. 5: Solar PV panel roof placement 8ĜčţƉƅ×ƉĜŅƉ)Ĺ:åĹƉŸĜƋåƉĬŅΰƋĜŅĹ 8ĜčţƉƀ×ƉĜŅƉ)Ĺ:åĹƉŞĜĬŅƋƉĬŅΰƋĜŅĹƉÚåŸĜčĹ

IRUHQHUJ\SURGXFWLRQ$OWKRXJKWKHHIĆFLHQF\ the space ensures proper functioning and safe- waste can be turned into the same amount of rate is slightly lower than that of the mono-crys- ty. biogas as 20 kg of animal manure). Further re- talline type, the energy production is enough to The construction of a playground for small chil- search was made among different small-scale obtain good results. Last but not least, taking dren will provide a much needed play space that GLJHVWHUWHFKQRORJLHVWRĆQGWKHRQHPRVWVXL- into account the price of the product is always does not currently exist in the neighborhood. table for our working area [11]. important since the budget is always amongst Kids are currently often seen playing in the Biogas digesters were compared through a the most important considerations in any pro- streets or by the walls of the mosque. Further- multi-criteria analysis and, while all use organic ject proposal. more, there is no real space for smaller children waste for the biogas production, the difference One solar panel can produce 422 kWh/m2 per to play. This playground will help to make the site is that HomeBiogas and Puxin are more advan- year. When multiplying this with the 67 panels more inclusive of everyone, including children. FHGHIĆFLHQWDQGXVHUIULHQGO\ZKHQFRPSDUHG WKDWZRXOGĆWRQWKHURRIWKHSLORWSURMHFWHQGV This is something that is often forgotten in cities to ARTI design. up harvesting 28,274 kWh/m2 in one year. The with more stringent problems such as Cairo but World Bank estimated that, in 2013, a single is important to consider for the well-being of a Based on the multi–criteria analysis, we decided person in Cairo consumed 1,607.47 kWh/year, neighborhood. that the most applicable biogas digester for our which means the proposal can provide energy area in Cairo is the ARTI design. A crucial aspect for approximately 17-18 people for one year [7, BIO EnGen TECHNOLOGY when it comes to implementing the project in 8, 9, 10]. Deciding which biogas digester to choose for low-income informal settlement is the price of the area was based on an intensive research the project, and in this case the price of the ARTI PHASE 1: BIO EnGen about the biogas digester types and technolo- design is approximately 10 times cheaper when The Bio EnGen site will have the primary purpo- gies. When it comes to different technologies compared to the designs by HomeBiogas and se of housing biogas digesters while also serving to produce biogas, the digesters can be divided Puxin. At the same time, climate in Cairo makes as a community space. It will serve as a space into small scale digesters and industrial diges- $57,èVGHVLJQPRUHHIĆFLHQWDVFRPSDUHGWRLWV for education with a particular focus on women ters. A majority of operable biogas plants around competitors. and children. In an effort to provide women with the world are designed to use animal manure as another space outside the home and mosque, a main feedstock and cannot be used in urban The ARTI type offers various sizing and material this community space will have a primary focus areas. Our working area is located in the histo- possibilities for the fermenter and gas-holding on the women in the community. Here, work- rical city center so we have space limitations and tank. We decided to install biogas digesters shops can be held to address issues such as illi- therefore big industrial biogas technologies are with both tanks from plastic in black color and teracy. Furthermore, it can also be used by locals not eligible. in sizing for one family (4–5 members), where for whatever purposes they may see as neces- fermenter tank has a volume of 1,000 liters and sary. In 2003, ARTI developed a biogas digester that the gas-holding tank, 750 liters. The reasons 3434 In order to provide women the chance to im- uses organic waste with higher energy density for choosing plastic as a material and size of the prove their education and increasingly become in comparison to animal manure and therefore digester for one family are material strength, involved in public affairs, there will be a playg- the process of turning used feedstock into bio- durability, and lightness . Also, having one bigger round intended for smaller children. With volun- gas happens a lot quicker (1–2 days compared digester with concentrated weight load on the teers tending to the children and the necessary to 30–40 days) while the amount of needed multi-family building rooftop could cause trou- amount of helpers attending to the playground, feedstock drastically decreases (1 kg of food ble with regard to the building‘s structural sta- 8ĜčţƉĿ×ƉĜŅƉ)Ĺ:åĹƉŞĬ°Ĺ×ƉŠŎšƉÎŅĵĵƚĹĜƋƼƉÎåĹƋåųſƉŠƖšƉÅĜŅěÚĜčåŸƋåųƉ 8ĜčţƉí×ƉĜŅƉ)Ĺ:åĹƉŞĜĬŅƋƉŸĜƋåƉųåĹÚåųĜĹč facilities; (3) playground bility. In contrast to that, with multiple digesters, digesters. During these workshops, they learn digesters in order to create bio-gas and give an there is a possibility of distributing the load uni- about the intricacies of the technology and how example to the participants of how the system formly on the rooftop, above load-bearing walls to tend to it. They see how they work and later works. In return for the organic waste and parti- in order to not compromise the structural state how they can build one themselves. Some of the cipation in the meeting, participants will receive of the building. workshops will also show them how to clean and a gas container to take home at the end of the $ ELRJDV GLJHVWHU LV ĆUVW ĆOOHG ZLWK  NJ RI maintain the biogas digesters. Finally, they will meeting. This bio-gas created by the biogas di- cattle dung and water in which the bacteria for be able to learn how the gas can be used directly gesters with the organic waste provided in pre- further anaerobic digestion are present. After in their homes as well. vious meetings would show the potential that 2 weeks, the production of biogas starts taking such a system could have in the participants’ ho- place and the upper tank begins to rise. When 7KHPLFURĆQDQFHVWUXFWXUHLVEDVHGRQVRPHRI mes. The gas would then be freely used by the WKHJDVLVćDPPDEOHWKHGLJHVWHULVSUHSDUHGWR the examples and principles examined by Ana- women in their homes for cooking the family’s start using organic waste for daily production of nya Roy’s Poverty Capital [14]. Families will be meals. Getting free gas from the program would biogas [12]. given access to loans they otherwise would not incentivize people to join and take advantage (YHU\GD\WKHWDQNVKRXOGEHĆOOHGZLWKå be able to receive from the private sector banks. RI WKH PLFURĆQDQFLQJ RSSRUWXQLW\ 7KH ZRUN- kg of organic waste combined with 10 – 15 liters These are often low cost loans (in this case, in shops they would then have to attend would of water in the morning and the same amount a total amount of 130 euros to cover the price further do a lot to show the potential that biogas in the evening. Within 24 hours, the biogas di- of the biogas digesters) which normally, due to digesters could have in their own homes. gester will produce biogas for 2–4 h of cooking ĆQDQFLQJ FRVWV DUH QRW VXLWDEOH IRU WKH DUHD At the end of the program, participants would [13]. Members of the program will learn how they can be given the choice of taking a microloan to fund pay back the loans in a timely manner and how a biogas digester in their home. They would no PHASE 2: BIO EnGen - PROLIFERATION to best save money for the future. This program longer be able to receive free gas once they The Bio EnGen pilot could not possibly provide will therefore not extend beyond their need for complete the program, so a successful execution enough biogas to all of the residents on the site the biogas digesters. At the end of the educatio- of workshops and the possibility of continued and that is not its intended purpose. Its main nal program, families would decide whether or gas production by using domestic organic waste purpose is to provide the necessary education not they wish to apply for and receive the loan. would likely persuade them to take the loan. and resources for the residents to help them to acquire their own personal biogas digesters. 7KH PRVW GLIĆFXOW EDUULHU WR VXFFHVV RI VRFLDO 7KURXJKWKH%,2(Q*HQSURJUDPWKHEHQHĆWV ,QWKLVZD\WKHEHQHĆWVWKDWFRXOGEHDFKLHYHG programs is getting people to register for acces- that can be achieved with the use of biogas di- through the project can extend a lot further th- sing its services. A program might have the best gesters would be spread throughout the com- roughout the community. To achieve this, a pro- LQWHQWLRQV DQG FOHDU EHQHĆWV IRU D FRPPXQLW\ munity. The Bio EnGen site would become a hub gram will be started in the community in order yet it will not be effective if people do not want IRUPLFURĆQDQFHDQGELRJDVHGXFDWLRQZKLOHVWLOO to introduce residents to the technology and to join it. In order to help ensure success in the providing a space where women could congre- 35 provide them with a way to funding through a program, an incentive system will built within it. gate for other purposes and activities. People PLFURĆQDQFLQJVWUXFWXUH During the course of the educational compo- from outside the community would also have The education part of the program works by nent of the program, participants will be asked the opportunity to join the program. In this way providing women in the area with 4 to 6 wee- to bring in organic waste they accumulated over the Local EnGen Project could have far reaching kly workshops that introduce them to biogas the week. This waste will then be placed into the EHQHĆWV [15, 16, 17, 18]. WASTE 2 KNOWLEDGE written by Buket Kara, Defne Yener, Fernando Miramontes, Mariana Cascardo Dias Vieira & Mehul Khoont

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INTRODUCTION spaces with the cooperation of inhabitants, community with a mixed function of was- 'XULQJWKHĆHOGWULSWR(O*DPDOH\DVHYH- as well as providing an alternative to the te management facility integrated with a ral problems - such as lack of open space existing educational bodies. community gathering space. DQGJUHHQDUHDVLQHIĆFLHQWZDVWHPDQDJH- The current collection system in this area ment, lack of community gathering hubs, IMPRESSIONS is controlled mainly by the AMA Arab En- intransitable narrow streets, low hygienic 7KH ĆUVW DQG PRVW SURPLQHQW LPSUHVVLRQ vironment Company (AAEC). They are a standards, ecological disturbance, lack of of the study area was that the environment local subsidiary of AMA International and education and public awareness - were ob- was suffering from poor waste manage- are currently one of the largest companies served, among others. On the other hand, ment, while some vacant lots were being in Egypt with a focus on solid waste ma- the area proved to harbour good neigh- used by the community for dumping waste. nagement. The company focuses on street bourhood relations and, although they had 7KHUHIRUH WKH ĆUVW VWHS RI WKH SURSRVHG cleaning, container collection, waste treat- no complaints about their living conditions, project is to clean the waste and spread the ment and disposal. Due to the large amount LQKDELWDQWVZKRKDGWDNHQSDUWLQRXUĆHOG awareness against waste and pollution in of garbage that is produced in the city, the surveys were open to new ideas like house- open spaces. Within this step, the condition company hires sub-categories of collectors hold waste collection and community buil- of the vacant lots had to be improved. Thus, (subcontractors), such as the Zabbaleen dings. Most of all, they were pleased with an appropriate solution was to use the va- (garbage collectors), to assist in the garba- the idea of new activities that were propo- cant land to provide a waste collection fa- ge collection process [1]. The Zabbaleen sed in these projects. cility for the local population by eliminating are part of an informal sector that have According to the data and drawings provi- waste from the vacant areas. The focus been scouring the city of Cairo since the ded by the Cairo University, the study area area also needed a community space/open 1940s, offering to collect waste from the consists of approximately 670 lots. The as- space to create a lively neighbourhood sin- streets or even door-to-door, using donkey sumption about population size was made ce it lacks appropriate open spaces for so- carts and pickup trucks [2]. After bringing accordingly by using the number of inha- cial gatherings. the waste to their settlement in Muqattam bitants of El Gamaleya. Every lot should The study indicates that some of the va- Village, the material is sorted and transfor- have approximately 5 inhabitants per fa- cant lots have the potential to serve the med into useful products such as compost, mily, leading to a total calculated populati- on of 13,260 inhabitants. With a total area of 126,493 m², it has been estimated that the area hosts approximately 5,120m² of vacant lots. The goal of Waste2Knowledge is to de- 3636 velop a concept for a sustainable climate responsive neighborhood in the historic urban settlement of Cairo in order to im- prove the quality of living conditions and attract visitors. These goals can be partially achieved by removing solid waste in open Fig. 2: Existing waste collection system Fig. 3: Waste Voucher‘s cluster map Fig. 4: Model waste collection on vacant lot recycled plastic products, etc. After remo- dumps across the city pose a major threat. could be used to create liveable spaces wit- ving recyclable and organic materials, the They create a parallel system to and rival hin a 100 m radius. Open spaces were cho- sorted waste is passed onto various enter- DJDLQVW WKH RIĆFLDO ZDVWH FROOHFWLRQ LQGX- sen based on high accessibility and waste prises owned by Zabbaleen families for cing risks caused by decomposition of or- collection possibility. Considering the volu- further processing [3]. ganic material such as proliferation of bac- me of waste, an optimised minimum space In each district of Cairo, there is the Cairo WHULDćLHVZRUPVUDWVDQGRWKHUYHUPLQ requirement was determined to be 20 m2. &OHDQVLQJ DQG %HDXWLĆFDWLRQ $XWKRULW\ The total waste collection data is calcula- The waste would then be collected from (CCBA) branch directed by a CCBA district ted based on the waste generation in the the collection facility everyday, due to the manager. They work particularly in neigh- area [3, 5, 6] and it does not include orga- feasibility of daily transportation capacity bourhoods with low-density population. nic waste. For calculating the total waste and hygienic reasons. The location of the The district manager is responsible for ser- generation, various aspects taken into con- waste facility is by the wide road (min. 3.85 vice operation, monitoring and reporting sideration include the total number of inha- m street width), considering the require- to the Environmental Monitoring Units bitants and the per capita waste generation ment for vehicular movement for the waste (EMU). They also establish the necessary in the study area. After carefully conside- collection on a daily basis. The routes were SHQDOWLHVLQFDVHRILQHIĆFLHQWIXQFWLRQLQJ ring both, available data and estimates ba- GHĆQHGEDVHGRQDFFHVVLELOLW\DQGHDVHRI of the various bodies [4]. sed on them, the total waste generation in logistical service to the waste collection fa- the study area was estimated at 1.5 tonnes cility. In the case of El Gamaleya, the street PROPOSAL per day. network in the core area is too narrow for Solid waste management is a huge chal- The vacant lots in the study area have a vehicular movement, which leads to consi- lenge for the Cairo municipality and other potential to become waste collection facili- dering the minimum required street width stakeholders. The city produces more than ties, since the chosen lots are within walka- of 3.85 m for allowing easy access both in 15,000 tonnes of solid waste daily, which ble distance for the inhabitants. In order to neighbourhood and connection with main puts a tremendous strain on the city’s inf- VSHFLI\WKHVHDVZDVWHFROOHFWLRQORWVĆUVW roads. UDVWUXFWXUH 7KH PDQ\ XQRIĆFLDO JDUEDJH the project started analysing the areas that To create a waste management network in the neighbourhood, the connection of facility land with main roads were calcu- lated to fall within a 100 m radius circle. At the same time, the facility must have enough space for the waste collection. In the example illustrated later, the minimum requirements for waste collection and storage were shown by considering the 37 possible collection route which matched with minimum street width. Logistically, it is necessary to ensure that the amount of waste introduced to the collection points is Fig. 5: Proposal for waste collection system properly treated and stored. The calculati- Fig. 6: Visualisation of a Waste Voucher kiosk Fig. 7: Waste Voucher coupons

on of the possible waste generation volume calculated outcome was to collect approxi- 0.66 x 1.15 (metal A) = 0.76 EGP in the study area indicates that the waste mately 30,578 EGP in total per month. The 1.23 x 0.1 (metal B) = 0.12 EGP can be transported using a light-duty com- collection points, transportation to recy- 4.00 x 0.10 (glass) = 0.4 EGP mercial truck, capable of driving through cling centres, and workers, amongst others The user earns a total of 2.99 EGP which is the narrow streets of the quarter. Due to elements, were considered. With each of equivalent to 300 Credit Points (CP). hygienic reasons, the waste needs to be WKHVH HOHPHQWV UHTXLULQJ VSHFLĆF LQYHVW- According to a series of studies published transferred to the recycling facility within ments, the proposal is to pay each inhab- in the Journal of Experimental Psycholo- 2-3 days of collection. In the case of a was- itant 50% of the raw amount received for gy, it was observed that “less transparent te overload in the facility, the manual waste the waste that is donated. As an example, payment forms tend to be treated like mo- compression machine can be introduced to instead of paying the donor for a kilo of pa- nopoly money and are hence more easily the required facility for increasing the volu- per value of 0.22 EGP, the amount of 0.11 spent (or parted with)” [8]. As such, it is ex- me of storage on daily basis. The compres- EGP will be paid and the rest will be used pected that the use of CP would incentivize sion machine is low cost and hand-opera- for maintenance of the proposed system, a rapidly growing parallel market for exch- WHGZKLFKEHQHĆWVWKHV\VWHPLQWHUPVRI the community centres, and their workers. ange of goods and services between locals. investment and ease of operation [7]. To understand the system better, an ex- ample of how the it would be applied in COMMUNITY CENTER VOUCHER SYSTEM practice was created. A user of the system The voucher reward system will work si- ,Q RUGHU WR GHĆQH WKH YDOXH RI WKH YRX- enters a collection point with the following multaneously with the institutionalisation chers, it was important to understand how ZDVWH ĆJXUH  of a social help system within El Gamaleya. much money could possibly be earned by 1.52 kg of paper + 2.56 kg of Plastic + 0.66 This social system’s ultimate objective will recycling paper, plastic, metal, and glass in kg of metal type A + 1.23 kg of metal type B + be to provide tools for the inhabitants th- Cairo completely. The expected raw value 4.00 kg of glass. rough opportunities for social services, per month is 11.53 EGP per household. PLFURĆQDQFLQJ DQG HQWUHSUHQHXUVKLS ,WV Considering that this area has a total of 1.52 x 0.11 (paper) = 0.17 EGP initial step will be the creation of a commu- approximately 13,260 inhabitants, the 2.56 x 0.6 (plastic) = 1.54 EGP nity centre with services like workshops and counselling in exchange for the vou- chers. One of the target groups for the project is constituted of the residents and shop- keepers in El Gamaleya. Since they are the people responsible for the production, re- 3838 duction, and separation of the waste, the system is designed keeping in mind the vital role they play in the community. The youth and children are also crucial stakeholders for the development of the project. The

Fig. 8: Waste Voucher credit points scheme idea is to introduce this concept from an 8ĜčţƉĿ×Ɖ™ĜåƵƉ°ĹÚƉŞĬ°ĹŸƉüŅųƉŞųŅŞŅŸåÚƉÎŅĵĵƚĹĜƋƼƉÎåĹƋåų early stage. There are many advantages to regeneration of the site. MARKETING educating them and transferring this idea Interactive events and activities that will The proposal of the project is to include of waste separation as a practice that is not support the local community by educating public participation from the community. only necessary, but a way of life. them of their own heritage and involve sta- Logistically, it is neces- Independent professionals and experts are keholders for the protection of the site will sary to ensure that the also crucial to establishing support groups be supported. These could include com- amount of waste intro- who can aid the community centre by pro- munity events that raise public awareness duced to the collecti- viding technical services. These professi- and create social, economic, and cultural on points is properly Fig. 11: Proposed logo onals can include: cultural and technical value in the community (such as festivals, treated and stored. experts (planners, scientists, engineers, exhibition, performances, and workshops The calculation of the possible waste ge- architects, writers, historians, painters, for children and young people - including neration volume in the study area indicates artists, etc.), socio-economic experts, and painting, poetry, photography, theatre, and the key to the project success. The public legal experts, among others. storytelling). Competitions between inha- participation is also necessary when the Strong educational tools are vital to enable bitants such as cleaning contests, football entire system is based on their inputs in the new generations to be aware of the threats PDWFKHVRUFUDIWFRPSHWLWLRQVFDQEHQHĆW project and the community or individual is WKDWDQLQHIĆFLHQWZDVWHPDQDJHPHQWV\V- the existing social ties. Many of the impacts JDLQLQJ D SURĆW WR HQKDQFH WKH TXDOLW\ RI tem can cause. The community-oriented represent some of the major social obst- livelihood. To achieve social awareness and tools could include craft development cen- acles that need to be addressed in El Ga- participation response from the communi- WHUV ZLWK TXDOLĆHG LQVWUXFWRUV WKDW FRXOG maleya and therefore serve as a basis for ty, the campaigning and the marketing of additionally host conferences, forums, the creation of an architectural program. the project is a necessary part of the pro- workshops, summer schools for children, For example, working towards reducing ject proposal. The campaign will start from lectures and presentations (also through child labour in the area can be balanced by the early stage of the project with the cle- museums and cultural centres), applied providing a space where children can at- aning of the vacant land in the study area. arts education, technical education, and tend educational courses. Similarly, provi- 7KHFDPSDLJQLQJZLOOLQFOXGHWKHLGHQWLĆFD- vocational training. In time, this would lead ding legal counsel for women creates tools tion of the project with the name and logo to the creation of a new generation of qua- to promote gender equality and open door E\WKHDSSURYDORIWKHDXWKRULW\ ĆJXUH  OLĆHG \RXQJ SURIHVVLRQDOV WR VXSSRUW WKH policies can demonstrate this idea. The logo is a critical aspect of business in marketing. As the company‘s major gra- phical representation, a logo anchors a company‘s brand and becomes the sym- bol and the most visible manifestation of the company within the target market. In 39 that way, it became crucial for the develop- ment of this project to come up with a logo that could help the goal to achieve the to- tal awareness and participation response from the community. Fig. 10: Proposed site for pilot development Sustainable Community Niches written by Kathia Román Reina, Kunal Gaidhankar, Rabya Yawar & Thomas Adrian Fraser

Fig. 1: A rendering of the successfully established community niche

PROBLEM ANALYSIS This was done by completing a tho- The narrow and winding streets of El rough SWOT analysis, site visits and Gamaleya, a low- to mid-rise residen- observations, interviews with people tial and commercial district nestled in from the area (both residents and wor- the northern corner of historic Cairo, kers), and a logical framework set of are an easy place to lose your sense of problem trees to organize the various direction. There is no grid, no orien- LVVXHV)URPKHUHZHLGHQWLĆHGVSH- tation points, no real street signs. Yet FLĆFSUREOHPVDQGFRQYHUWHGWKHVHLQWR while this presents a mild challenge to 5 objectives to address our end goal: a visitor, the overwhelming majority of creating sustainable interventions that people on its inner streets are those to enhance and rehabilitate urban open whom it is most familiar: the residents, spaces while improving occupant qua- workers, and neighbors who spend lity of life. their days and nights within its bounda- After the problem analysis came the Fig. 4: Site selection analysis ries. VLWHLGHQWLĆFDWLRQZLWKDSULRULW\RQUH- options, retail space, and housing; and aching as great a number of residents the other for open space designs inclu- and occupants of the neighborhood as ding both the green space as well as the possible within the shortest walking zone of street between the park and GLVWDQFH $IWHU WKH VLWH ZDV LGHQWLĆHG DQGJXLGHGE\WKHGHĆQLWLRQRInicheb êD the building. place, employment, status, or activity IRUZKLFKD>@WKLQJLVEHVWĆWWHGë>@  DESIGN CONCEPT , we proceeded with a process of speci- The building design needed to respond Fig. 2: Problems and objectives ĆFGHVLJQVROXWLRQVDQGHYDOXDWLRQVWR to several concerns. First, it needed to clarify what would be the most useful respect traditional cultural norms in This project is the result of a multi-fa- and apt interventions to pursue. The it’s layout and use of residential space. ceted analysis of the needs, demands, designs were concentrated into two Second, it needed to be climate respon- opportunities, and realities of the place different approaches: one for a buil- VLYHćH[LEOHWRWKHGHPDQGVRIWKHUHVL- and the people who use it, work in it, ding that would provide commercial dents and help achieve their economic and live in it. Our research question is a deceptively simple one: Which parti- cipatory and community-driven inter- 4040 ventions on vacant land can be realized to address most, if not all aspects of sustainability in El Gamaleya? The work began with a series of analy- VLV PHWKRGRORJLHV WR LGHQWLI\ VSHFLĆF problems and ways to approach them. 8ĜčţƉƐ×Ɖ%åĀĹĜƋĜŅĹŸƉ°ĹÚƉÎŅĹÎåŞƋ Fig. 5: Existing condition of the vacant niche

on site with a simple device and have much less embodied energy than tradi- WLRQDOFOD\ĆUHGEULFNV>@&RPELQHG with a number of passive strategies (cooling towers, cross ventilation, thick walls), using CEB as the main construc- tion material leads to a much more en- vironmentally friendly building. 8ĜčţƉĿ×ƉˆŅŞƉƴĜåƵƉŅüƉƋĘåƉĜĹƋåųƴåĹƋĜŅĹŸƉĜĹƉƋĘåƉŞ°ųĩ 8ĜčţƉƅ×Ɖ8ƚĬĀĬĵåĹƋƉŅüƉŅÅģåÎƋĜƴåŸƉŅüƉƋĘåƉĹĜÎĘåŸ Preserving the single existing green Proposed interventions ranking high goals, and it needed (in our view) to be space was the beginning point of our according to the MCA total score a good learning and teaching example open space considerations. Based on were selected and distributed along for how more sustainable constructi- WKH ê7KH PRGLĆHG  4XDOLW\ &ULWHULD the green open space in order to pro- on and design could look in Cairo and for Good Design of Public Spaces at a vide spaces for community interaction Egypt. However, it also needed to be glance” [4], the plot was evaluated and by the use of board games, shadowed within the bounds of traditional con- interventions were suggested to im- benches, resting facilities and green ga- struction techniques and capabilities, SURYHWKHFXUUHQWO\XQIXOĆOOHGFULWHULDV thering areas. and priced in such a way to allow for These interventions were evaluated In addition, following local practices replication, not simply remain proof of with the aid of a multi-criteria analysis of outdoor and streets activities, the concept. To these ends, we selected a (MCA) within the topics of: maintenan- VWUHHWbEHWZHHQWKHRSHQVSDFHDQGWKH reinforced concrete frame for the main ce, attractiveness, cost, cultural accep- building was incorporated to the inter- VWUXFWXUDO ORDGV DQG LQĆOO FRPSUHVVHG tance, and local resources. vention by delimiting it with concrete HDUWKEORFNV &(% IRULQĆOOZDOOV&(% have been proven by numerous Egypti- an researchers and producers to have solid thermal capabilities and low cost of construction. They can be produced

4141

8ĜčţƉƀ×ƉƚĜĬÚĜĹčƉŸåÎƋĜŅĹ Fig. 8: Open spaces intervention analysis Fig. 10: A rendering of the successfully established community niche

LGHQWLĆHG DQG RUJDQL]HG LQ ĆYH PDLQ catogories: society, governmental, education and know-how support, and ĆQDQFLDO VXSSRUW $V VKRZQ LQ ĆJXUH 11, a color coding scheme was used to identify important members in each category and their relationship. The key stakeholders are part of the local society in El Gamaleya, encompassing everyone who is living or working in Fig. 11: Stakeholder analysis the area. The involvement of these sta- bollards and street painting. To high- tions, this cost effective model integ- keholders is crucial for the project im- light the section of the wall in the inter- rates local skills, resources, demands, plementation. vention area, shadings and seats were culture, ideologies, as well as histori- Governmental approval will be neces- placed next to it adjacent space. cal, political and social context within a sary, particularly from the Ministry of transparent and open process. Within Housing, Utilities & Urban Develop- IMPLEMENTATION this participatory approach, stakehol- ment and potentially the Ministry of To empower the El Gamaleya commu- ders can develop a stronger sense of Heritage, for the building permit. nity throughout the process, a parti- SURMHFWRZQHUVKLSDQGWKHĆQDOUHVXOWV Property ownerships need to be identi- cipatory monitoring and evaluation can be used to inform planning and im- ĆHGLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKH0LQLVWU\RI model was proposed. Highlighted as plementation of future projects in the Al Waqf and Governorate of Cairo. The an asset in community-based interven- same area. Ministry of Economic Development Focusing on stakeholders, these were

42

Fig. 12: Proposed site for model development Fig. 13: Project goals Fig. 14: A rendering of the successfully established community niche and the Governorate of Cairo, assisted ĆFDWLRQRIPRUHSRWHQWLDOGHYHORSPHQW CONCLUSION by GIZ and KfW, are experienced in de- sites is important (on which replicas of Based on the site visits, initial analysis, veloping and implementing participa- the pilot project could be applied). project development, and expert inter- tory upgrading mechanisms in informal On the long term perspective, conside- views, we came to a satisfactory ans- areas [5]. The KfW Entwicklungsbank ring the importance of citizen control wer to our research question. Although *HUPDQ 'HYHORSPHQW %DQN  LV ĆQDQ- & empowerment, the project aims for no single intervention addresses all cing pilot interventions based on this crowdsource funding and more colla- aspects, the combined product intro- approach, with projects often resulting borative design of future development. duced in this project would help increa- in fast and visible change. Integration and collaboration with the se the livability of El Gamaleya. 7KHbSURMHFWDFWLYLWLHVZHUHJURXSHGLQ other REAP project groups is conside- four main parts (preparation, design, red very plausible and provides a signi- In conclusion, we believe adaptive buil- construction, and management) and ĆFDQWRSSRUWXQLW\WRHPSRZHUWKHORFDO ding strategies and sustainable techno- distributed within a timeframe of two community by creating a showroom of logy can be combined with participato- and a half (2.5) years. Looking towards the various strategies proposed for the ry economic opportunities and decision to the future of the project, short, me- neighborhood. Examples of possible in- processes in interventions that address dium and long term objectives were corporated solutions are urban garde- multiple pillars of sustainability. In ad- SURSRVHG ĆJXUH  ning, PV energy generation, supplying dition, when designing culturally-enga- Short term objectives coincide with the cafe with biogas or energy provi- ging open space interventions and soci- the project goals, including items such ded by PV, covering the open spaces al space improvements, vacant land can as capacity building and the establish- with the shade structures proposed, be repurposed and enhanced to impro- ment of commercial opportunities wit- and plant watering with treated waste- ve the livability of El Gamaleya for both hin the area. At a medium level, identi- water. current and future residents.

4343

Fig. 15: Synergies with other REAP project groups Fig. 16: Sustainability assessment

CONCLUDING REMARKS

Interdependencies

Conclusion INTERDEPENDENCIES written by Thomas Adrian Fraser & Petrut Ababei

Fig. 1: Visual representation of interventions

Midway through the project develop- ted to considering and specifying which In addition, it is important to emphasize ment stage, a World Cafe session was projects would work well together and the requirement for careful and specific held with all project participants to of- which could be combined or condensed identification of potentials, risks, and fer the opportunity for identifying and in various ways to work with others in a needs that should be part of the selec- defining potential project synergies bet- symbiotic or complementary fashion. tion process when considering imple- ween REAP groups. On this occasion, a As shown in figure 2, possible project in- mentation. Should any of the proposed number of discussions arose, the con- terdependencies are numerous and di- interventions be pursued in reality, a clusions of which indicated that some verse. They offer tangible opportunities recommended approach would involve of the project concepts under develop- for exchange of relevant physical, mo- the inclusion of whichever complemen- ment could work quite well together. In netary, and educational resources and tary project concepts or elements would certain situations, it was deemed possib- outline the criticality of an integrated strengthen the overall likelyhood of re- le to incorporate a majority of the smal- approach. Although theoretical in na- alization and contribute to the specific ler projects under the umbrella of one ture, the possiblity for co-dependance goals for the area. By doing so, a more of the others. With this reality in mind, and collaboration speaks volumes about robust, economical, and overall sustain- it was decided that a portion of the pro- the variety of intervention concepts that able solution for can be designed for im- ject development time would be dedica- are feasible for the area. proving quality of life in El Gamaleya.

46

Fig. 2: Nexus of inter-relations between all proposed projects CONCLUSION written by Thomas Adrian Fraser

Fig. 1: Open urban spaces and structured infrastructure surrounding the iconic Tahrir Square, a symbol of hope for those who believe in the power of the people.

THE ILLUSION OF NEED Deep-seated problems cannot be solved on, especially in the context of looming, As we come to a close of our evaluation of with bandages and good intentions and increasingly visible impacts of climate ch- various project proposals for increasing small scale interventions such as those ange. No scholar or scientist is willing to the sustainability, resiliency, and quality on the preceding pages will never be the describe the exact changes that will come of life for the people of El Gamaleya, it is kindling for a revolution of either lifesty- in the near and far future for the people of LPSRUWDQW WR VWULNH D VLJQLĆFDQW QRWH RI les or culture. The authors of these pro- Cairo and we have no intention of adding restraint. Simply put, we are very aware of ject proposals entertain no delusions in our names to a list of fortune tellers. the limitations of these proposals and the regards to the actual impact the realiza- b necessity for further study to determine tion of these projects would entail for the What we are willing to do instead is to ad- WHFKQLFDO YLDELOLW\ RYHUDOO HIĆFDF\  DQG greater Cairo area. At the same time, we vocate for and develop on opportunities more importantly, a demonstrated need believe that in places where the govern- we believe exist for improving the sustain- for such interventions. In a neighborhood ment is dealing with greater problems and ability and livability of El Gamaleya. Our where people are generally more con- the population is generally left to fend for projects are suggestions, concepts, ideas, cerned with having enough to eat and get- themselves, small changes can have large and brainstorms - the product of the free- ting their children to attend school, a set of impacts for a few. And, from those few, ch- dom of abstraction combined with the VRFDOOHGêĆUVWZRUOGVROXWLRQVëFDQDSSHDU ange can slowly spread to the many. certainty of academia. Our hope is that to an outsider as nothing more than the il- b the resulting proposals can contribute to a lusion of help. Yet, we do believe that the The political stability in Egypt is currently growing body of knowledge and work that base arguments, evaluation strategies, and fragile and the outlook is unclear. With the will eventually see itself realized in the proposed solutions can be feasible star- uncertainty of the national government streets, buildings, and neighborhoods of ting points for real work in the area. comes a more general unrest in the regi- cities just like Cairo all around the world.

4747

Fig. 2: Other parts of the city grow and function more organically, catering to its peoples needs. REFERENCES

Fig. 1: Al-Azhar Park at noon

CONTEXT Water Waste & Material

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ĵåųĜΰĹƉĹĜƴåųŸĜƋƼƉĜĹƉ°ĜųŅƉzų域ØƉŞŞţƉĿŎěŎŎLjţ cessed 15 Feb. 2017]. le from: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/ ÊƐËƉˆĘåƉΰĬÎƚĬ°ƋĜŅĹŸƉƵåųåƉÚŅĹåƉÅ°ŸåÚƉŅĹƉƋĘåƉčĜƴåĹƉX°Ƽ- [3] Minister of Electricity & Renewable Energy MOEE åĹwĉƐĉĉƐŎĉƅíƐƐŎíƐĉĂĿƖwŞÚüwíLjƀĂĿLjb›zLj%ƒ- out Plan of El-Gamaleya by the Cairo University, total (2015) LjLjŅƻLjƐƀĿíŎƀLjLjzXFLjţŞÚüƉ Ê
ÎÎ域åÚƉ LjŎƉ %åÎåĵ- °ųå°Ɖ ŅüƉ ƋĘåƉ ŞųŅģåÎƋƉ ŸĜƋå×Ɖ ŎƖƅØĉĿƐƉ ĵ2; open spaces total [4] International Energy Agency (IEA) (2014) Share of total ber 2016] area: 5,120 m2 primary energy supply in 2014 [Online] Available at: htt- ÊƖËƉ`°ƻƵåĬĬØƉ%ţØƉzţƉ›åÅÅØƉIţƉŅ°ƋåŸØƉ°ĹÚƉIţƉ›ĜųƋĘţƉŠƖLjLjĿšţƉ 4848 ps://www.iea.org/stats/WebGraphs/EGYPT4.pdf [Ac- “Rethinking Food Security in Humanitarian Response.” cessed on: February 14th] Paper presented to the Rethinking Food Security in Hu- REAP TOPICS [5] Croker, A. (2013) Renewable energy in Egypt: hydro, so- manitarian Response International Forum. Rome, April lar and wind [Online] Available at: http://www.nortonro- 16–18. Sustainable Urbanism sefulbright.com/knowledge/publications/74735/rene- ÊƐËƉ›ŅųĬÚƉ °ĹĩţƉ ŠƖLjŎĉšţƉ ĬĜĵ°ƋåƉ Ę°ĹčåƉ °ýåÎƋŸƉ ŞŅŅųåŸƋƉ wable-energy-in-egypt-hydro-solar-and-wind#section3 developing countries. [online] Available at: http://www. [1] THORPE, D. (2014) The 12 Rules of Sustainable Urba- [Accessed on: February 14th] worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/03/03/clima- nism. [Online] Available at: http://www.sustainablecities- [6] El-Markabi, M. (2015). Addressing Egypt’s Electricity ƋåěÎĘ°Ĺčåě°ýåÎƋŸěŞŅŅųåŸƋěÚåƴåĬŅŞĜĹčěÎŅƚĹƋųĜåŸƉ Ê
Î- ÎŅĬĬåÎƋĜƴåţÎŅĵwÚ°ƴĜÚěƋĘŅųŞåwƖƐĿĂĂƅwŎƖěųƚĬåŸěŸƚŸƋ°ĜĹ- Vision. cessed 21.February 2017] able-urbanism [Accessed: 15.01.2017] Êĉˈ°ƵĀÎØƉ
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Fig. 2: Al-Azhar Park in the afternoon

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ƴ°ĜĬ°ÅĬåƉ 1st ed. [Online] The Minister of State for Environmental Af- °ƋƉ ĘƋƋŞŸ×wwƵƵƵţųåŸå°ųÎĘč°ƋåţĹåƋwŞųŅĀĬåw`ƣƒƣB°ŸŸ°Ĺw fairs. Available at: http://www.unep.org/dewa/westasia/ publication/275410540_A_Comparative_Study_for_Op- Assessments/national_SOEs/other%20Arab/Egypt/ timum_Design_of_Grid_Connected_PV_System_ba- SOE/English/SOE2005.pdf. [Accessed date: 7th Decem- sed_on_Actual_System_Specifications/links/5542b- ber 2016] 0160cf234bdb21a18ab.pdf [Accessed: January 25 2017] [4] Ibrahim, M. and Mohamed, N. (2016). Towards Sus- [10] Energy Informative (2017) Which Solar Panel type tainable Management of Solid Waste in Egypt. 34th ed. LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1: Visual impression: Al-Azhar Park in the evening

FRONT COVER [Figure 2] Wikimedia Commons. On the way between maleya (John, N., 2016) Old and New Cairo, Citadel Mosque of Mohammed Ali, [Figure 2] Dense urban settlements leave little space The Pyramids of Giza, synonymous with the city of Cairo and Tombs of the Mamelukes. [image] Available at: htt- for improving infrastructure (John, N., 2016) (John, N., 2016) ps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/ [Figure 3] Street watering carried out by a water The bazaar, a distinct urban element, Khan el-Khalili in XŅƚĜŸƣŅĵüŅųƋƣˆĜý°ĹƼƣěƣjĹƣƋĘåƣ›°ƼƣÅåƋƵååĹƣjĬÚƣ truck or manually, is a common practice in Egypt °ĜųŅƉŠB°ųŸåĜĵƉXţØƉƖLjŎƅš and_New_Cairo%2C_Citadel_Mosque_of_Moham- ŠB°ųŸåĜĵØƉXţØƉƖLjŎƀš Traditional shading elements incorporating geometrical med_Ali%2C_and_Tombs_of_the_Mamelukes_-_Goo- [Figure 4] Damage caused to buildings by rising patterns (John, N., 2016) gle_Art_Project.jpg [Accessed 10 Feb. 2017]. čųŅƚĹÚƵ°ƋåųƉĬåƴåĬŸƉŠB°ųŸåĜĵØƉXţØƉƖLjŎƀš XŅƵƉ ųĜŸåƉ ÅƚĜĬÚĜĹčŸƉ ŸååĹƉ ĜĹƉ BĜŸƋŅųĜΰĬƉ °ĜųŅƉ ŠB°ųŸåĜĵƉ XţØƉ Ê8ĜčƚųåƉ ƐËƉ›ĜĩĜĵåÚĜ°Ɖ ŅĵĵŅĹŸţƉ ĜƋƼƉ ŅüƉ °ĜųŅƉ ĜĹƉ UĜƋºÅěĜƉ 2016) Å°ȝųĜƼåţƉ zĜųĜƉ ~åĜŸţƉ X°ƋåƉ ŎŎƋĘƉ ÎåĹƋƚųƼƉ
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ƣěƣŎĿƅLjĂƅţģŞčƉ (Pavlicevic,J., 2016) 2016) [Accessed 12 Feb. 2017]. Ê8ĜčƚųåƉƖËƉ%åčų°ÚåÚƉÅƚĜĬÚĜĹčŸƉĜĹƉ)Ĭě:°ĵ°ĬåƼ°ƉŠåÎåų- Air Conditioners seen as a necessity within the city of [Figure 6] Wikimedia Commons. Prime Minister Gamal ril, K., 2016) Cairo (Yawar R., 2016) Abdel Nasser (right) and President Muhammad Naguib Ê8ĜčƚųåƉƐËƉ
Ĭě`ŅåDŽƉƒƋųååƋƉŠB°ųŸåĜĵØƉXţØƉƖLjŎƅš Decorated camels and their riders, waiting to give a tour (right) in an open-top automobile during celebrations [Figure 4] Degraded buildings in El-Gamaleya around the Pyramids of Giza (Vergara A., 2016) marking the second anniversary of the Egyptian Revolu- ŠåÎåųųĜĬØƉUţØƉƖLjŎƅš An overview on the building density and infrastructure in ƋĜŅĹƉŅüƉŎĿĂƖţƉŠŎĿĂĉšţƉÊFĵ°čåËƉ
ƴ°ĜĬ°ÅĬåƉ°Ƌ×ƉĘƋƋŞŸ×wwÎŅĵĵŅĹŸţ [Figure 5] Fraction separated Informal waste collecti- Ş°ųƋŸƉŅüƉ°ĜųŅƉŠB°ųŸåĜĵƉXţØƉƖLjŎƅš ƵĜĩĜĵåÚĜ°ţŅųčwƵĜĩĜw8ĜĬå×b°ŸŸåųƣ°ĹÚƣb°čƚĜÅØƣŎĿĂĉţģŞčƉ on (Yawar, R., 2016) [Accessed 15 Feb. 2017]. ˆ
X)Ɖj8Ɖjbˆ)bˆƒ FEATURED PROJECTS Urbanism Ê8ĜčƚųåƉŎËƉ
ųΰÚåŸƉŅüƉFÅĹƉˆŅĬŅƚĹƉ`ŅŸŧƚåƉŠB°ųŸåĜĵØƉXţØƉƉ Decentralized Greywater Recycling 2017) [Figure 1] From left to right: Cairo in Egypt; El Gamaleya in Cairo; project site in El Gamaleya (Yener, D., 2016) [Figure 1] Images showing use of potable water for the z~jI)ˆƒƉ»Ɖjbˆ~Fˆj~ƒ [Figure 2] Street vendors in El Gamaleya (Yener, D., ÎŅĵĵŅĹƉŞų°ÎƋĜÎåƉŅüƉŸƋųååƋƉƵ°ƋåųĜĹčƉŠB°ųŸåĜĵØƉXţƉƖLjŎƀš 2016) {Figure 2] A public water cooler by the road side with All Images (Fraser T. & John N., 2017) a quote from the Quran (John, N., 2016) ƚĜĬÚĜĹčƉ`°ƋåųĜ°ĬŸ [Figure 3] Concept for El-Gamaleya (John, N. & Hen- INTRODUCTION ųĜŧƚåŸØƉXţØƉƖLjŎƅš [Figure 1] Informal conversion of a balcony into an ad- [Figure 4] Components of greywater treatment sys- [Figure 1] Panoramic view of the city of Cairo (Harseim, ÚĜƋĜŅĹ°ĬƉųŅŅĵƉŠB°ųŸåĜĵØƉXţØƉƖLjŎƅš tem for pilot project in El Gamaleya (Ababei, P., 2016) XţØƉƖLjŎƀš [Figure 2] Typical building (von Seggern, M., 2016) [Figure 5] Mapping and analysis of the vacant plots Ê8ĜčƚųåƉƖËƉˆĘåƉĵƚĬƋĜěĬ°ƼåųåÚƉÎĜƋƼƉŅüƉ°ĜųŅƉŠB°ųŸåĜĵØƉXţØƉ Ê8ĜčƚųåƉƐËƉXŅ°ÚƉÅå°ųĜĹčƉƵ°ĬĬŸƉŠƴŅĹƉƒåččåųĹØƉ`ţØƉƖLjŎƅšƉ (John, N., 2016) 2017) [Figure 4] Typical window openings (von Seggern, M., [Figure 6] Result of the MCA of technologies (Ababei, [Figure 3] A glimpse of REAP students diversity (Fra- 2016) P., 2017) ser, T., 2016) [Figure 5] Typical infrastructure for water supply and [Figure 7] Cross section (left) and plan (right) of the [Figure 4] REAP and Egyptian students at Cairo Uni- wastewater seen in El Gamaleya (von Seggern, M., constructed wetland for the pilot project (Ababei, P., versity (Abdel-Rahman, M., 2016) Ê8ĜčƚųåƉĂËƉ`°ųƴåĬĬĜĹčƉ°ƋƉƋĘåƉÎĜƋƼƉŠB°ųŸåĜĵØƉXţØƉƖLjŎƅš 2016) B°ųŸåĜĵØƉXţØƉBåĹųĜŧƚåŸØƉXţØƉ»ƉIŅĘĹØƉbţØƉƖLjŎƅš [Figure 6] Al-Azhar Park contrasting with its urban [Figure 8] Daily water consumption per household ÎŅĹƋåƻƋƉŠB°ųŸåĜĵØƉXţØƉƖLjŎƀš REAP TOPICS (Graphic: John, 2016) [Figure 7] Structure and key topics of M. Sc. REAP Ê8ĜčƚųåƉĿËƉ%åÎĜŸĜŅĹƉÎųĜƋåųĜ°ƉƚŸåÚƉüŅųƉƋĘåƉƋĘåƉÚåŸĜčĹƉŅüƉ 5050 Šų°ĩåĬØƉĹţƉÚţš Sustainable Urbanism ƋĘåƉÎŅĹÎåŞƋƉŠB°ųŸåĜĵØƉXţØƉƖLjŎƀš [Figure 8] Partnership of REAP and Cairo University Ê8ĜčƚųåƉŎLjËƉ)ĹƴĜŸĜŅĹåÚƉŸŞ°ÎåƉÚåŸĜčĹåÚƉƋŅƉŅýåųƉĵ°ƻĜ- via DAAD [Figure 1] Street in El Gamaleya (Vergara, A., 2016) ĵƚĵƉāåƻĜÅĜĬĜƋƼƉüŅųƉƚŸåųƉ°ÎƋĜƴĜƋĜåŸƉŠBåĹųĜŧƚåŸØƉXţØƉƖLjŎƀš [Figure 2] Open space in front of Al Jame’ Al Anwar (Ver- [Figure 11] View of proposed constructed wetland CONTEXT gara, A., 2016) åĬåĵåĹƋŸƉŠBåĹųĜŧƚåŸØƉXţØƉƖLjŎƀš [Figure 3] Roof tops in El Gamaleya (Sarper, S., 2016) Ê8ĜčƚųåƉŎƖËƉzųŅģåÎƋƉŅƚƋÎŅĵåŸƉŠB°ųŸåĜĵØƉXţØƉƖLjŎƀš °ÎĩčųŅƚĹÚ Water Urban Agriculture Ê8ĜčƚųåƉŎËƉXŅŅĩĜĹčƉƋŅƵ°ųÚŸƉƋĘåƉÎĜƋƼƉüųŅĵƉƋĘåƉĜƋ°ÚåĬƉŠ¤°- war, R., 2016) . [Figure 1] Manhole for accessing water pipes in El Ga- [Figure 1] Rooftop gardening proposed in El Gamaleya LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 2: Visual impression: Al-Azhar Park at dusk

(Vergara, A., 2016) ŠB°ųŸåĜĵØƉXţØƉƖLjŎƀš [Figure 2] Urban analysis map (von Seggern, M., 2016) Ê8ĜčƚųåƉŎËƉ›°ŸƋåƉĀĬĬåÚƉĬŅƋƉĜĹƉ)ĬƉ:°ĵ°ĬåƼ°Ɖ°ĜųŅƉ [Figure 2] Nexus of inter-relations between all propo- [Figure 3] Concept diagram (von Seggern, M., 2016) Š°ĬĜčĘØƉƖLjŎƅš sed projects (Fraser, T., 2017) [Figure 4] Rooftop layout proposal (Sarper, S., 2016) [Figure 2] Existing waste collection system (Cascar- [Figure 5] Plant analysis table (Sarper, S., 2016) do, M., Yener, D., Khoont, M., 2016) Conclusion [Figures 6 & 7] Architectural local characteristics used Ê8ĜčƚųåƉƐËƉ›°ŸƋåƉ™ŅƚÎĘåųůŸƉÎĬƚŸƋåųƉĵ°ŞƉŠU°ų°ØƉţØƉ as concepts (Vergara, A., 2016) 2016) [Figure 1] Open urban spaces and structured [Figure 8] Urban gardening structure (von Seggern, [Figure 4] Model waste collection on vacant lot (Kara, infrastructure surrounding the iconic Tahrir Square, a M., 2016) ţØƉƖLjŎƅš symbol of hope for those who believe in the power of Ê8ĜčƚųåƉĿËƉzĬ°ĹƋƉÎŅŸƋƉ°Ĺ°ĬƼŸĜŸƉŠƒ°ųŞåųØƉƒţØƉƖLjŎƅš [Figure 5] Proposal for waste collection system the people. (Yawar,R., 2016) [Figure 10] Financial overview of all three scenarios (Cascardo, M., Yener, D., 2016) [Figure 2] Other parts of the city grow and function (Stein, A., 2016) [Figure 6] Visualisation of a Waste Voucher kiosk more organically, catering to its peoples needs [Figure 11] Six steps for communal ideas spreading (Khoont, M., 2016) (Yawar,R., 2016) (Vergara, A., 2016) [Figure 7] Waste Voucher coupons (Yener, D., Kara, [Figure 12] Project zoning on a 5 year timeline (von ţØƉƖLjŎƅš REFERENCES Seggern, M., 2016) [Figure 8] Waste Voucher‘s scheme (Yener, D., ƖLjŎƅšƉÊ8ĜčƚųåƉĿËƉ™ĜåƵƉ°ĹÚƉŞĬ°ĹŸƉüŅųƉŞųŅŞŅŸåÚƉÎŅĵ- Ê8ĜčƚųåƉŎËƉ
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DŽĘ°ųƉz°ųĩƉ°ƋƉĹŅŅĹƉŠB°ųŸåĜĵØƉXţØƉƖLjŎƀš Passive Cooling & Shading Methods munity center (Miramontes, F., Yener, D., 2016) [Figure 2] Al-Azhar Park in the afternoon (Harseim, [Figure 10] Proposed site for pilot development XţØƉƖLjŎƀš [Figure 1] View of proposed solution in El Gamaleya Š°ĬĜčĘØƉƖLjŎƅš (Dobbs, R., 2016) [Figure 11] Proposed logo (Cascardo, M., Yener, D., XFƒˆƉj8Ɖ8F:~)ƒ [Figure 2] Domestic shares of electricity consumption Miramontes, F., 2016) (Data: [2]; Graphic: Dobbs, R., 2016) [Figure 1] Visual impression: Al-Azhar Park in the Ê8ĜčƚųåƉƐËƉƒ›jˆƉ°Ĺ°ĬƼŸĜŸƉŠĬåüƋšƉ°ĹÚƉƉĀŸĘÅŅĹåƉÚĜ°čų°ĵƉ Sustainable Community Niches åƴåĹĜĹčƉŠB°ųŸåĜĵØƉXţØƉƖLjŎƀš (right) leading to the research question (Sutranto, F., [Figure 2] Visual impression: Al-Azhar Park at dusk 2016) [Figure 1] A rendering of the successfully established ŠB°ųŸåĜĵØƉXţØƉƖLjŎƀš [Figure 4] Solution applied to class 1 buildings with community niche (Fraser, T., Gaidhankar, K., 2017) heights up to 4 storeys (Dobbs, R., 2016) [Figure 2] Problems and objectives (Fraser, T., Gaidh- 
UƉj™)~Ɖ Ê8ĜčƚųåƉĂËƉƒĩåƋÎĘƉŸĘŅƵĜĹčƉ°ĜųāŅƵƉƚĹÚåųƉŸĘ°ÚĜĹčƉÚå- ankar, K., Roman Reina, K., Yawar, R., 2016) vice (Dobbs,R., Makwana, K., Sutranto, F., 2016) Ê8ĜčƚųåƉƐËƉ%åĀĹĜƋĜŅĹŸƉ°ĹÚƉÎŅĹÎåŞƋƉŠ8ų°ŸåųØƉˆţØƉ:°ĜÚĘ-
ƉŸƋųååƋƉƴåĹÚŅųƉŠB°ųŸåĜĵØƉXţØƉƖLjŎƀš [Figure 6] 3D visualisations of proposal (Dobbs, R., ankar, K., Roman Reina, K., Yawar, R., 2016) A view of the urban setting in central Cairo (Ibid.) 2016) [Figure 4] Site selection analysis (Fraser, T., Gaidhan- View of the sky showing the building density in parts of [Figure 7] Comparison of materials for tensile mem- kar, K., 2016) Cairo (Ibid.) brane (Sutranto, F., 2016) [Figure 5] Existing condition of the vacant niche Rearing homing pigeons, a practice from older times, [Figure 8] 3D visualisations of class 2 buildings before (Roman Reina, K., 2016) still seen in Historical Cairo (John, N., 2016) and after proposal implementation (Dobbs, R., 2017) Ê8ĜčƚųåƉƅËƉ8ƚĬĀĬĵåĹƋƉŅüƉŅÅģåÎƋĜƴåŸƉŅüƉƋĘåƉĹĜÎĘåŸƉ Ņƚč°ĜĹƴĜĬĬå°ŸƉ°ÚŅųĹĜĹčƉƋĘåƉč°ųÚåĹƉĜĹƉüųŅĹƋƉŅüƉƋĘåƉ`ƚŸå- Ê8ĜčƚųåƉĿËƉzĜĬŅƋƉŞųŅģåÎƋƉĬŅΰƋĜŅĹƉĜĹƉ)ĬƉ:°ĵ°ĬåƼ°ƉŠ`°ĩ- (Fraser, T., 2016) um of Egyptian Antquities in Cairo (Ibid.) wana, K., 2016) Ê8ĜčƚųåƉƀËƉƚĜĬÚĜĹčƉŸåÎƋĜŅĹƉŠ8ų°ŸåųØƉˆţØƉƖLjŎƅš ˆĘåƉŸƋųååƋŸÎ°ŞåƉĜĹƉƚųÅ°ĹƉ°ĜųŅƉŠB°ųŸåĜĵØƉXţØƉƖLjŎƀš [Figure 10] 3D visualisation of proposal 1 (Dobbs, R., [Figure 8] Open spaces intervention analysis (Fraser, Traditional architectural design elements incorporating 2017) T., Gaidhankar, K., Roman Reina, K., Yawar, R., 2016) shading (Ibid.) Ê8ĜčƚųåƉĿËƉˆŅŞƉƴĜåƵƉŅüƉƋĘåƉFĹƋåųƴåĹƋĜŅĹŸƉĜĹƉƋĘåƉŞ°ųĩƉ ŅƼƉÚåĬĜƴåųĜĹčƉÅųå°ÚƉüųŅĵƉƋĘåƉĬŅΰĬƉÅ°ĩåųƼƉŠFÅĜÚţš XŅΰĬƉ)ĹåųčƼƉ:åĹåų°ƋĜŅĹ (Roman Reina, K.,, 2016) Choice of building materials and design elements in [Figure 10] A rendering of the successfully estab- traditional architecture (Ibid.) Ê8ĜčƚųåƉ ŎËƉ XŅΰĬƉ åĹåųčƼƉ čåĹåų°ƋĜŅĹƉ ÎŅĹÎåŞƋƉ ÚåŸĜčĹƉ lished community niche (Fraser, T., Gaidhankar, K., Domes with high ceilings, a signature element in mos- Š°ĵŞŅŸØƉţØƉƖLjŎƅš 2017) ques in Cairo (Ibid.) Ê8ĜčƚųåƉƖËƉƒŅĬ°ųƉ)Ĺ:åĹƉŸĜƋåƉĬŅΰƋĜŅĹƉŠåÎåųųĜĬØƉUţØƉƖLjŎƅš [Figure 11] Stakeholder analysis (Yawar, R., 2016) The modern Cairo and its infrastructure against a back- Ê8ĜčƚųåƉƐËƉƒŅĬ°ųƉ)Ĺ:åĹƉÚåŸĜčĹƉŠåÎåųųĜĬØƉUţØƉƖLjŎƅš [Figure 12] Proposed site for model development drop of tradition and rich history (Yawar R., 2016) [Figure 4] Solar EnGen plan: (1).cafe; (2) PV panel facili- (Fraser, T., Yawar, R., 2017) [Figure 13] Project goals (Fraser, T., 2017) ties; (3) multi-purpose space ŠåÎåųųĜĬØƉUţØƉƖLjŎƅš [Figure 14] A rendering of the successfully establis- [Figure 5] Solar PV panel roof placement ŠåÎåųųĜĬØƉUţØƉ hed community niche (Fraser, T., Gaidhankar, K., 2016) 2017) Ê8ĜčƚųåƉƅËƉĜŅƉ)Ĺ:åĹƉŸĜƋåƉĬŅΰƋĜŅĹƉŠåÎåųųĜĬØƉUţØƉƖLjŎƅš [Figure 15] Synergies with other REAP project groups 51 Ê8ĜčƚųåƉ ƀËƉ ĜŅƉ )Ĺ:åĹƉ ŞĜĬŅƋƉ ĬŅΰƋĜŅĹƉ ÚåŸĜčĹƉ ŠåÎåųųĜĬØƉ (Fraser, T., Roman Reina, K., Yawar, R., 2016) K., 2016) [Figure 16] Sustainability assessment (Fraser, T., Ê8ĜčƚųåƉíËƉĜŅƉ)Ĺ:åĹƉŞĜĬŅƋƉŸĜƋåƉųåĹÚåųĜĹčƉŠåÎåųųĜĬØƉUţØƉ Yawar, R., 2017) 2016) Ê8ĜčƚųåƉ ĿËƉ ĜŅƉ )Ĺ:åĹƉ ŞĬ°Ĺ×Ɖ ŠŎšƉ ÎŅĵĵƚĹĜƋƼƉ ÎåĹƋåųſƉ ŠƖšƉ jbX%Fb:Ɖ~)`
~Uƒ ÅĜŅěÚĜčåŸƋåųƉ ü°ÎĜĬĜƋĜåŸſƉ ŠƐšƉ ŞĬ°ƼčųŅƚĹÚƉ ŠåÎåųųĜĬØƉ UţØƉ 2016) Interdependencies

Waste 2 Knowledge [Figure 1] Visual representation of interventions The third and last semester of the inter- national Master course in 5HVRXUFH(IĆFLHQF\LQ$UFKL- WHFWXUHDQG3ODQQLQJ 06F5($3 culminates in the undertaking of This brochure an international research provides an overview project. of the project’s scope, methodological approach, theoretical analysis and results, as well as their translation into urban interventions as proposed by the 7th generation of REAP students.

7KH$UFKLWHFWXUDO Department of Cairo 8QLYHUVLW\ &8)( DQG HafenCity University coop- erate with the goal to generate concepts for sustainable climate responsive development in a historic urban area in Cairo, Egypt.