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Handbook of Food Spoilage Yeasts

Tibor Deák

Ecology

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/9781420044942.ch3 Tibor Deák Published online on: 16 Nov 2007

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Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:07 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781420044942, chapter3, 10.1201/9781420044942.ch3 Copyright 2008by TaylorandFrancisGroup,LLC 03.PafadSamr(97 aeabodoeve fyat soitdwt ol,water, soils, with and associated Spencer yeasts by summarized of been have overview achieved broad advancements further a the gave and animals, (1987) and Starmer plants, and Phaff macroorganisms. 2003). of precedents the and to (species) according taxonomic made whereas are techniques, approaches molecular (habitat) using ecological recently only to microorganisms on biodiversity accessible information characterizing become Biodiversity approaches has 1995). three Watson, the and brings (Heywood levels denominator that genetic common level and a population ecological, the taxonomic, is including or It and marine, 3.3). scales; terrestrial, (Figure whether minute ecosystem, to an global in from organisms aquatic; living other of variety the HABITATS to NATURAL refers Biodiversity IN YEASTS OF BIODIVERSITY 3.1 chapter. this of rest the in elaborated further be will and 1999) Viljoen, 1998; (Gould, Fleet, On developed 1997; be 3.1). can Table preservation 1991; food (Deák, for microorganisms strategies of of principles, prevention death ecological 1992). the these the pre- to of to leading food basis leading determinants Accordingly, the ecological or processing. of growth by if application and changed interrupted the colonization are as be defined foods can spoilage be of microbiota can specific properties in servation a extrinsic succession appro- into and ecological the develop intrinsic this exerted possessing and the However, pressures Microorganisms survive 3.2). selective will foods. (Figure the factors) of association under (implicit factors survive attributes ecological will physiological extrinsic microbiota priate and them primary intrinsic among this characteristic the microorganisms, of a by by contains part treated environment a processed enormously, heat the Only fully and varies from packed to yeasts. systems contaminated been produces not become these agricultural has repla- Foods of that from livestock microbiota. food artificiality intervention, through Every The human 1998). and (Deák, of plants 3.1). foods intensity crop (Figure partially the of fauna become on introduction have and depending the that flora through artificial habitats natural man and and natural cing by natural artificial on artificial between how based It largely borderline of are 1980). The or Agroecosystems regardless (ICMSF, 1992). blurred. ecosystem, accepted Wimpenny, is an and widely ecosystems form (Boddy now Mossel foods are are by they that (1983), elaborated man-made recognized Mossel as the increasingly by as microbiology, being well updated food as is of and foods, principles of (1955) ecological safety Ingram and The and preservation control. the quality both on of bearing field microbiology, food in views and of on grow great of and environment an dimension. colonize represent global they that the produced, microorganisms in food of size considered for amount not huge habitats the generally environments. Considering real them. created are within provide artificially foods but do since existing microbial foods naturally microbiology of not Nevertheless, food represent concept to they The as adapted ecosystems them. less biological affecting be interactions even greatly the can the ecology numbers, and enormous factors, dimensions, small environmental be their only diversified of can because world animal microorganisms and to plant related the in partly organisms higher among manifested as relations Ecological h ineigwr nyatboiest a oeb hf n i tdns(Lachance, students his and Phaff by done was biodiversity yeast on work pioneering The (Deák, yeasts foodborne to applied been have microbiology food of principles ecological The change basic a in resulted has ago, years 50 some initiated ecology, microbial of concept The 3 Ecology io:“hp3 071/2—1:4—pg 7—#1 — 37 page — 18:34 — 2007/10/12 — “chap03” Tibor: 37 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:07 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781420044942, chapter3, 10.1201/9781420044942.ch3 Copyright 2008by TaylorandFrancisGroup,LLC zrd ta. 98 lvkv n akriv,20,20) oeyattrv nterhizosphere, the in thrive yeast More 2003). 2000, Vadkertiová, and Sláviková 1998; al., et Azeredo esscmol cu nbt rbeln n nutvtdsi fvrostpsadgeographic and types various of soil uncultivated and land arable both in occur commonly Yeasts hyocro h kn ie etes n loi h lmnaytato ebvru nml.Some animals. herbivorous of tract alimentary the in also and feathers, hide, skin, the on occur They 19)J odTcnl itcnl 62923(arb.Wt permission. With (Zagreb). 36:279–283 Biotechnol. Technol. Food J. (1998) .maltosa C. Rhodotorula .. S 3.1.1 and Rosa by edited handbook a in recently most (2006). and Péter (1998), Starmer and Lachance (1997), Spencer 3.2 FIGURE 3.1 FIGURE 38 lohhnu esssi ev oea eprr eevi hna pcfi aia (Botha, habitat species specific ascomycetous genera a of the as that to surpasses than belonging far reservoir Members usually 3.2). temporary these yeasts (Table for basidiomycetous a and of as diversity animals, more The and 2006). plants serve from soil originate inhabitants yeasts typical others are allochthonous whereas species those soil, and than genera of lower yeast members) are Several diversity (autochthonous protists. species and and molds, population filamentous Their zones. bacteria, arctic of the to tropics the from areas a uvv uigufvrbepros hs aua aiasaeipratvhce o carrying foods. for to disseminating vehicles yeasts hence important and which are facilities in habitats processing reservoir natural food important These into an yeasts periods. is Soil unfavorable insects. during with survive associated can commonly are yeast of types essaewdl itiue nntr.Te hieo ln evs oes n seilyfruits. especially and flowers, leaves, plant on thrive They nature. in distributed widely are Yeasts OIL , b occidentalis Db. and , rnilso irba clg ffoods. of ecology microbial of Principles gocssesadfoswt nraighmnimpact. human increasing with foods and Agroecosystems Trichosporon io:“hp3 071/2—1:4—pg 8—#2 — 38 page — 18:34 — 2007/10/12 — “chap03” Tibor: Increasing Characteristic microbialcommunityforeachtypeoffood human impact , e.pulcherrima Met. a erglryioae rmsi.Aogteacmctu species, ascomycetous the Among soil. from isolated regularly be can Selective pressureofecologialfactors Great varietyofinitialmicrobiota Specific spoilageassociation rehue Stables Greenhouses rbelnsGrasslands Arable lands Harvesting Slaughterhouse Orchards Livestock farms Cryptococcus Produce, freshmeat and , ↓ ↓ ↓ Agroecosystems Processed food Preserved food Food systems ilosssaturnus Williopsis , Cystofilobasidium adoko odSolg Yeasts Spoilage Food of Handbook Source: r on rqety(De frequently found are dpe rmDá,T. Deák, from Adapted , Sporobolomyces , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:07 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781420044942, chapter3, 10.1201/9781420044942.ch3 Copyright 2008by TaylorandFrancisGroup,LLC asn .T es)(95 lblBoiest seset NP abig nv rs,Cambridge, Press, Univ. Cambridge UNEP, Assessment, Biodiversity Global (1995) (eds.) T. R. Watson, .1140. p. Ecology IUE3.3 FIGURE h opnnsadlvl fbiodiversity. of levels and components The 1 Individuals Population Species Genus Population Family Ecologicaldiversity Order Divisio Geneticdiversity Regnum Taxonomic diversity or kingdom; io:“hp3 071/2—1:4—pg 9—#3 — 39 page — 18:34 — 2007/10/12 — “chap03” Tibor: 2 .Sucso otmnto (colonization) contamination of Sources 1. Foods in Prevailing Factors Ecological Main 3.1 TABLE .Poete ffos(nrni factors) (intrinsic foods of Properties 2. .Poete fteevrnet(xrni factors) (extrinsic environment the of Properties 3. .Poete fmcoraim ipii factors) (implicit microorganisms of Properties 4. .Poesn n preservation and Processing 5. 1 .Vectors c. sources Specific b. habitats Ubiquitous a. .Physical a. .Biological c. Chemical b. .Gsosatmosphere Gaseous c. Humidity b. Temperature a. .Mcoilinteractions Microbial c. Resistance b. rate growth metabolism, requirements, Growth a. .Hgei measures Hygienic storage b. packaging, treatments, preservation operations, Unit a. 3 ae ciiy cdt n H eo potential redox pH, and acidity activity, Water net oet,wres handlers workers, rodents, Insect, utensils equipments, materials, Raw dust air, water, surface Soil, tutr,dfnemechanism defense Structure, compounds antimicrobial Nutrients, yegs,antagonism Synergism, laig disinfection Cleaning, 2 or phylum; 3 in caseofmicroorganisms:cultures orstrains Nucleotides Genes Chromosomes Cells 3 Source: Niche Habitat Ecosystem Landscape Bioregion Biome dpe rmHyod .H and H. V. Heywood, from Adapted 39 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:07 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781420044942, chapter3, 10.1201/9781420044942.ch3 Copyright 2008by TaylorandFrancisGroup,LLC essaecmo naiat ffehae n ewtr nldn ies ae,adpns as ponds, and lakes, rivers, including seawater, and freshwater of inhabitants common are Yeasts rqetypyhohlcadaeascae ihanimals. with associated are and psychrophilic frequently are rtza oee,si essaeo atclritrs rmtefo clgclpito iwas view of point ecological predating food and the bacteria from for interest nutrients particular contaminants. as of of serve vari- sources are often into yeasts enter and soil Yeasts organisms, particles. However, soil soil protozoa. of other aggregation with the interactions to contribute ous also but desiccation from cells .. W 3.1.2 is soil in yeasts of recognized role yeasts ecological of soil The capsules of 2004). Exopolysaccharide diversity Prillinger, the diverse. and large (Wuczkowski and methods by cultivation may several confirming by reveals microorganisms while techniques noncultivable molecular types, of of sequence application biodiversity recent unidentified the The larger. samples, magnitude natural grow of orders other to several in able be case are the yeasts is many As ods. though 1998). roots, al., plant et the (Kimura from conditions (oligotrophic) farther nutrient than low nutrients, under in rich is which 40 n est fseisocrigdpn ntetp n uiyo ae.Lwppltoso yeasts, of populations Low number water. of The purity 2006). L and Nagahama, type cells 1987; the 10 on Ahearn, about depend and occurring (Hagler species sea of deep density and and oceans, estuaries, as well laurentii 0 el L cells 100 oe fe otis5010 el L cells 500–1000 contains often poses nrvr n ae u o ntede e SáioáadVdetoá 97 oulwk-a and Boguslawska-Was 1997; are Vadkertiová, freshwater and appears in (Sláviková variability sea species deep Seasonal Common the 2005). 2001). in Almeida, Dabrowski, not (de but yeasts lakes and of rivers diversity in and density the both increases pce yeo Soil of Type 221–240. pp. Berlin. Springer, G.). Péter, and (2006) A. A. C. Botha, Rosa, and (eds. 263–275; 159: Res. Microbiol. (2004) H. Prillinger, Source: saturnus Williopsis pullulans Guehomyces salmonicolor Sporobolomyces roseus Sporobolomyces glutinis Rhodotorula pulcherrima Metschnikowia starkeyi Lipomyces occidentalis Debaryomyces capitatum Cystofilobasidium terreus Cryptococcus podzolicus Cryptococcus laurentii Cryptococcus albidus Cryptococcus maltosa Candida Species Soils Occurringin Yeasts of Species Frequent Most 3.2 TABLE u urn nweg nsi essi anybsdo sltsrcvrdb utvto meth- cultivation by recovered isolates on based mainly is yeasts soil on knowledge current Our e.bicuspidata Met. , aafo lvkv,E n akriv,R 20)J ai irbo.4:4046 uzosi .and M. Wuczkowski, 430–436; 43: Microbiol. Basic J. (2003) R. Vadkertiová, and E. Sláviková, from Data b hansenii Db. ATER − 1 olto nrae es ouain o xml,wtrue o erainlpur- recreational for used water example, for population, yeast increases Pollution . − io:“hp3 071/2—1:4—pg 0—#4 — 40 page — 18:34 — 2007/10/12 — “chap03” Tibor: 1 r yia o pnoenwtr hra la ae sal oti below contain usually lakes clean whereas water, ocean open for typical are , , l.nonfermentans Klu. , s.orientalis Iss. and , − 1 Cryptococcu Sáioáe l,19) n ie icag dramatically discharge river and 1992), al., et (Sláviková n e ess(aaaa 06.Mrn sltsare isolates Marine 2006). (Nagahama, yeasts red and , h.mucilaginosa Rho. and s uebsdu pullulans Aureobasidium Lipomyces In Tundra Various Various Various Cultivated various forest, Grass, Cultivated various Forest, Cultivated Forest various Grass, tundra Forest, tundra grass, forest, Cultivated, Cultivated idvriyadEohsooyo Yeasts of Ecophysiology and Biodiversity : hs fe sltdfo seawater from isolated often those ; adoko odSolg Yeasts Spoilage Food of Handbook pce o nypoetthe protect only not species , r.albidus Cry. , Cry. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:07 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781420044942, chapter3, 10.1201/9781420044942.ch3 Copyright 2008by TaylorandFrancisGroup,LLC esscmol cu ntesrae fara at fpat,fo rs otes nlae,bark, leaves, on trees, to grass from plants, of parts aerial of surfaces the on occur commonly Yeasts actively are ballistoconidia whereas activity, human and wind to due airborne become may cells Yeast e genus, new 04.Yat nhueds a c smcgncalres(alr 2006). (Hagler, allergens mycogenic as act may dust house in Yeasts 2004). .. A 3.1.3 Ecology hywudotubrtntmsteseisdsrbds a.Ide,dzn fnwyatspecies genera yeast new the of in dozens insects Indeed, from far. so recently described species, described yeast species species been a the million with have times associated one ten be than would outnumber (more hundredth would every beings they only discovered. living if least of and at (1995)) 60% or larger Hammond studied about much described; be a represent to animals; waiting arthropods warm-blooded still that in invertebrates Considering pathogens with or associated parasites are be yeasts to of diversity known are yeast of types Few A 3.1.5 P 3.1.4 uglgrest edterlra.A h te n,yat netivrerts se,brs and known species birds, yeast fishes, a invertebrates, described Metchnikoff infect I. yeasts 1884, end, In cultivate as 7.9.4). other termites, and the 3.2.4.4 and At Sections beetles larvae. (see ambrosia their mammals example, feed for to Others, gardens pass offspring. and fungal the Many maintain to they relationships. which symbiont parasitic in fungal mycangia) to the (mycetocytes, symbiotic organs or from cells sources extend special food associations develop the arthropods are their themselves however, serve yeasts which animal; cases, of most the many In for foods. drosophilas, contaminating and yeast flies, carrying bees, rDNA vectors ants, LSU as termites, of beetles, basis them the among on invertebrates, taxa undescribed were 200 least at these of and sequences. beetles, of gut the from nteprstcivso ftewtrflea, water the of invasion parasitic the in ldsoimherbarum Cladosporium n lm ue PafadSamr 97,ncoi ise fcci(ahnee l,18) and 1986), al., et albidus Cry. (Lachance cacti of 1970). exudates tissues al., tree necrotic et as (Spencer 1987), such flowers ecology, Starmer, of yeast and nectar on (Phaff studies investigations fluxes pioneering In-depth the slime 2006). (or among Inácio, and were phyllosphere and habitats Fonseca as plant 2003; to certain Brandl, of and referred followed (Lindow numerous, area, yeasts most are and surface Bacteria molds largest microorganisms. by for the habitat natural provide a Leaves providing phylloplane), alike. fruits and flowers, as such yeasts) with (black along molds airborne yeast-like commonly from are conidia yeasts and pigmented cryptococci Red species. phylloplane some from dispersed risaeiprathbtt o ait fyat,adtesceso nyatcmuiisis communities yeast 7. Chapter in in succession detail the more in and treated be yeasts, will of subject variety This spoilage. a fruit for in involved habitats important are Fruits Metschnikowia pce of species soitdwt ess lysgicn oe svcosfrtetasiso fyatcontamination yeast of transmission the for vectors as foods. roles to significant play yeasts, with associated es-iemold yeast-like uigtemtrto ffut hn tterpndsae soyeosyat ( yeasts ascomycetous stage, ripened the at when, fruits of maturation the during oopr bicuspidata Monospora atr(06 a eetypbihda xeln eiwo h soito ewe essand yeasts between association the of review excellent an published recently has (2006) Ganter ti otybsdoyeosyat htclnz evsadohrara ln ufcs with surfaces, plant aerial other and leaves colonize that yeasts basidiomycetous mostly is It 10 than more contain may dust house carrying air Indoor LANTS NIMALS IR r.albidus Cry. , Starmerella r.laurentii Cry. pce)peali h aiimct omnt Paicawtaae l,2004). al., et (Prakitchaiwattana community basidiomycete the in prevail species) uebsdu pullulans Aureobasidium io:“hp3 071/2—1:4—pg 1—#5 — 41 page — 18:34 — 2007/10/12 — “chap03” Tibor: , u ta.(05 sltdoe 0 es pce vra3ya period 3-year a over species yeast 600 over isolated (2005) al. et Suh . . r.diffluens Cry. , (now h.minuta Rho. e.bicuspidata Met. , , h.mucilaginosa Rho. h.glutinis Rho. hi ouain hnewt h esn nparticular in season, the with change populations Their . ahi magna Daphnia n oe h oeo t edesae spores needle-shaped its of role the noted and ) and , iha Metschnikowia Pichia, . 4 p.roseus Spb. and , Drosophila F g CFU b hansenii Db. − 1 uebsdu pullulans Aureobasidium es el ihtedominant the with cells yeast en bqios eiethe beside ubiquitous, being es n es intimately bees, and fleas, , Hanseniaspora Guhkv tal., et (Glushakova , Candida n a and , and and 41 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:07 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781420044942, chapter3, 10.1201/9781420044942.ch3 Copyright 2008by TaylorandFrancisGroup,LLC h odtospealn ntentrladatfiilhbtt fyat eemn hi metabolic their determine yeasts of habitats artificial and natural the in prevailing conditions The h otipratpyia atriflecn h ieo essi eprtr.Ohrfcosexerting factors Other temperature. is yeasts of life the influencing factor physical important most The piigppltosocre nyi %o h ape fbolsfre nbeeis(Timke breweries potentially in that formed however, biofilms shown, of continu- been samples a the has be of It hence 2005). 4% al., 2001). could in et and al., only occurred et procedures, populations (Joseph sanitizing spoiling contamination and of cleaning changing source normal the ous the to by adapt surfaces to from yeasts allow adhesion and all, factors In stress 4.6). to envir- Section cells various (see of structure environment. by pathways responses induced basic signaling are are common several Adhesins flocculation a species. by and same share regulated the and which conferred of triggers is strains flocculins), onmental and phenomenon or species Each (adhesins between 2006). differ proteins but Klis, surface and cell (Verstrepen specific common by in much have flocculation Kolter, and (Watnick adhesion zymocins) 2004). and for al., bacteriocins and competition et (e.g., El-Azizi materials, antimicrobial metabolites 2000; genetic of of action of antagonistic treatment exchange and and interactions, sites, metabolic desiccation mutualistic develop, resist cooperation do interspecies to and as relations cell-to-cell microbes special biofilms, of Within agents. layer 2003; sanitizing al., protecting et a (Borucki provide contamination food of 2004). origins al., as food et on serve El-Azizi formed 2003; and commonly Douglas, also premises, are and Biofilms membranes infections. units mucosal of on processing formed sources Biofilms major 2000). are Kolter, cavities and Watnick body 1997; covering al., (Costerson et microorganisms Morris of forms 1995; life al., common et indeed are and biofilms these bacterial and of surfaces, underwater mixture a by a formed in mostly embedded are filaments. cells fungal Biofilms whereas and surface. cells a (flocculation), yeast in on suspension results biofilms from yeasts form sediment between matrix that adhesion slimy Cell-to-cell flocs are surfaces. instead of but to formation cells, attached the free-living or individual, another as one exist with not associated do microorganisms habitats, natural most In B 3.1.6 42 .. P 3.2.1 FACTORS ECOLOGICAL 3.2 n hnteritrcin r icse.Seilatninwl epi otersosso essto yeasts of responses the to paid be will attention Special discussed. stress. are interactions their 1992). then Fleet, and 1992; Wimpenny, and Boddy 2006; 2004, 1991, Deák, 1987; Watson, 1987; microorganisms spoilage activity. food basic microbial control a to microbiology, useful order food exploit in In to important die. or is otherwise factors or and ecological withstand, 3.1) these (Table must of yeasts cells knowledge influence the factors that biotic conditions and stress abiotic exert of variety A survival. and growth, activity, esdfiieadas essuidefcsaelgt aito,adpressure. and radiation, light, are effects studied less also and definite less ope tutr fbolsocr nsi atce,la ufcs iigadinanimate and living surfaces, leaf particles, soil on occurs biofilms of structure complex A ntefo rcsigcnet ifim fe rae eitnet el,aentesl removed easily not are cells, to resistance greater offer biofilms context, processing food the In and formation, biofilm adhesion, of mechanisms the that recently shown been has it yeasts, In and materials capsular yeast and bacterial of exopolysaccharides of composed are Biofilms ntefloig rt h hscl hmcl n ilgclfcosaesree individually, surveyed are factors biological and Rose, chemical, physical, 1987; the Starmer, first, and following, (Phaff the subject In this with dealt have reviews comprehensive Several HYSICAL IOFILMS io:“hp3 071/2—1:4—pg 2—#6 — 42 page — 18:34 — 2007/10/12 — “chap03” Tibor: F ACTORS adoko odSolg Yeasts Spoilage Food of Handbook Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:07 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781420044942, chapter3, 10.1201/9781420044942.ch3 Copyright 2008by TaylorandFrancisGroup,LLC lhuhi eea h eprtr ag fyatgot xed rmsvrldgesblw0 below degrees several from extends growth yeast of range temperature the general in Although h eprtr eain fyat aebe eiwdb asn(97.Terneo rwhtem- growth of range The (1987). Watson by reviewed been have yeasts of relations temperature The h emtempii sapidt irognsswhose microorganisms to applied is thermophilic term The eprtr eo 20 below temperature eprtrs oee,tetmeauelmt n ag o rwho essvr ihspecies. with vary yeasts of growth for range maximum) and and limits optimum, temperature (minimum, the cardinal by However, characterized temperatures. be can microorganisms of perature Temperature 3.2.1.1 Ecology amboddaias uhas such animals, warm-blooded pnmr hn40 than more span essaemspii,adgo etbten20 between best grow and mesophilic, are yeasts aldpyhorps oaaee l 19)ioae 0sriso essblnigt 1species 21 to belonging between yeasts fell of range strains temperature growth 50 whose isolated seafood, (1992) fresh al. from et Kobatake psychrotrophs. called fmr hn10seis nldn h genera the including species, 100 than more of lsie shvn a having as classified rwhat growth fte rvdt etuypyhohl.Gezn ta.(93 on nuepcel uniform unexpectedly an found (1993) of al. principally et consisting Guerzoni foods, chilled psychrophile. various truly in population be yeast to proved them of uhas such aigamnmmgot eprtr slwas low as temperature growth minimum a having oafwdgesblw50 below degrees few a to otsrisof strains Most rwhi iia niomn of environment similar a in growth eo eohlccaatr en eoee etrb nioainrgm f25 of regime isolation an by better recovered being character, mesophilic of be 37 t5 at elbten24 between fell Pichia .membranifaciens P. ◦ ,ol iie ubro pce a rw otytoeascae,a es eprrl,with temporarily, least at associated, those mostly grow, can species of number limited a only C, h aoiyo essioae rmcildfos(ar n etpout)as rvdto proved also products) meat and (dairy foods chilled from isolated yeasts of majority The ntrso aiu temperature maximum of terms In ◦ o 4dy BnsadBad 97.Mn ye fyatpsesa piu growth optimum an possess yeast of types Many 1987). Board, and (Banks days 14 for C , ecsoiimscottii Leucosporidium Candida T max between ◦ .cerevisiae S. n tes(ia-er ta. 99,teuprlmto rwhfr9%o yeasts of 98% for growth of limit upper the 1979), al., et (Vidal-Leira others and , n 48 and C aiu rwhTmeaue fSm es Species Yeast Some of Temperatures Growth Maximum 3.3 TABLE Species yooi 71:493–501. Mycologia Source: scotti Leucosporidium vini Candida zeylanoides Candida hansenii Debaryomyces lipolytica Yarrowia anomala Pichia pulcherrima Metschnikowia guilliermondii Pichia orientalis Issatchenkia albicans Candida glabrata Candida marxianus Kluyveromyces ◦ io:“hp3 071/2—1:4—pg 3—#7 — 43 page — 18:34 — 2007/10/12 — “chap03” Tibor: ,adaeotnmc arwr(a dn 1984). Uden, (van narrower much often are and C, . T ◦ max n r aal fgot to e ere eo 0 below degrees few a or at growth of capable are and C ∼ dpe rmVdlLia . uke,H,advnUe,N (1979) N. Uden, van and H., Buckley, M., Vidal-Leira, from Adapted ◦ ◦ eo 25 below 25 ,afwwr eo 24 below were few a C, ,tetmeauerne fidvda pce rsrisd o normally not do strains or species individual of ranges temperature the C, curn ieyi nutilfretto a rwa 37 at grow can fermentation industrial in widely occurring ◦ n 50 and C , rkafrigida Mrakia .albicans C. ◦ .bayanus S. vnUe,18) osdrdi hs em,nal l known all nearly terms, these in Considered 1984). Uden, (van C ◦ ( T r eerdt smspii;adpyhohlsaethose are psychrophiles and mesophilic; as to referred are C max ) n ubro te potnsi ahgncyeast. pathogenic opportunistic other of number a and irognsscnb udvddit he groups. three into subdivided be can microorganisms n e tescnb osdrda psychrophilic, as considered be can others few a and , slmtdu o30–35 to up limited is ◦ n 30 and C Saccharomyces − ◦ ,btnn a bv 50 above was none but C, 1 ◦ Cto4 ◦ T .I td oeignal 0 strains 600 nearly covering study a In C. max ◦ T n aiu faot20 about of maximum a and C max swl bv 50 above well is 22–24 27–31 32–34 32–37 33–37 35–37 31–39 38–43 42–45 42–46 43–46 44–47 , ( Kluyveromyces a lipolytica Ya. − ◦ C) 1 ◦ C. ◦ n 44 and C ◦ Yeasts 3.3). (Table C ◦ ◦ , ◦ ;toecpbeof capable those C; ◦ .Teeaeoften are These C. o asthan days 7 for C b hansenii Db. ,btol few a only but C, , Debaryomyces ◦ ,whereas C, ◦ .At C. and , ◦ 43 C , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:07 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781420044942, chapter3, 10.1201/9781420044942.ch3 Copyright 2008by TaylorandFrancisGroup,LLC fwosrain ee oayefc flgto es el,adte on otepsil iln effect killing possible the to point they and cells, yeast on light of effect any to refer observations Afew bec foye,adteaalblt fntins h otsrihfradefcsaeeetdby exerted are effects straightforward most compounds. The antimicrobial nutrients. and of inhibitory availability the and oxygen, of absence bet rwadfreta 52 at ferment and grow to able 44 oeo hs atr r fpyiohmclntr,sc swtractivity water as such nature, physicochemical of are factors these of Some C 3.2.2 o48 to oeatyat rmsgraemlscpbeo rwn ttmeaue bv 40 above temperatures at growing of capable mills sugarcane from yeasts tolerant potential fteutailtwvlntso ulgt hsmyepanterltv bnac fpigmented of abundance relative the explain may This sunlight. (e.g., of species wavelengths ultraviolet the of Radiation Solar and Light cells yeast 3.2.1.3 in response 5.9). stress Section of (see factors mechanism stress general other a against of them cells function protecting when the that resistance Unexpectedly, to at higher 2004). induced similar hint it al., may shock), et cold This 100 or (Palhano pressure. above ethanol, killed to peroxide, pressures (hydrogen are increasing stress cells mild with to MPa decreases exposed destroying 300 were yeasts a and of exerts 200 viability pressure between the High MPa; and 1998). structures, (Smelt, cell preservation on food effect in pressure hydrostatic high of nonfermentans Klu. myces eti omnte rmdph f20 o60 .Rdyat ( yeasts Red m. 6500 to and sediments 2000 from of obtained depths been found isolates frequently they from have are When communities Yeasts recently pressure. yeasts. only benthic hydrostatic but of high environments, life withstand marine the should shallow affect cells in the not sea, does deep pressure in atmospheric occur conditions, land natural Under Pressure 3.2.1.2 the activities. raised water glucose) decreasing w/w 60% in to that increases (up observed for yeasts concentration (1987b) of Schmidt-Lorenz solute and temperature in Jermini increase growth (D’Amore concentrations. an optimum salt growth tolerance or The of sugar ethanol 1988). range high Fleet, with turn, temperature solutions and optimum In Gao the (Curran increases. 1987; above bicarbonate Stewart, growth or or and below of 1984) temperatures temperature at Uden, minimum decreased (van the is ethanol 1989), as Montville, such and compounds, antimicrobial of presence cells. yeast for lethal usually are o hi eaieyhigh relatively their for atum to 6.4). canopy Section tree apple 1980). an al., within et (Andrews leaf population a resident of the position affects the substantially that suggested community microbial phylloplane l.marxianus Klu. h ag fyat bet rwaoe40 above grow to able yeasts of range The h eprtr fgot siflecdb te niomna atr.I eea,i the in general, In factors. environmental other by influenced is growth of temperature The yo rouxii Zygo. ute aao h aoeitneo es el oefo tde ntepsil application possible the on studies from come cells yeast of baroresistance the on data Further ohU ih n aiatv raito a eue o h nciaino ess(see yeasts of inactivation the for used be can irradiation radioactive and light UV Both , ◦ eems omnaogteioae;sm fte ersne e pce uhas such species new represented them of some isolates; the among common most were ) .cerevisiae S. Hge ta. 94,adafwsriso xetoa hrooeac eefudbeing found were thermotolerance exceptional of strains few a and 1984), al., et (Hughes C ( HEMICAL E h ) tesaemr lal fceia hrce,sc steaiiy h rsneor presence the acidity, the as such character, chemical of clearly more are others ; Cryptococcus h iiu eprtrsfrgot fxrtlrn essas nraewith increase also yeasts xerotolerant of growth for temperatures minimum The . u te hrooeatsriswr dnie with identified were strains thermotolerant other but , io:“hp3 071/2—1:4—pg 4—#8 — 44 page — 18:34 — 2007/10/12 — “chap03” Tibor: and , F Nghm ta. 99 2001). 1999, al., et (Nagahama ACTORS T Candida max and aus nioaeof isolate An values. ◦ BntadMrhn,19) oee,tmeaue bv 50 above temperatures However, 1995). Marchant, and (Banat C Rhodotorula and Debaryomyces nsrae fpatlae.Asseai td on study systematic A leaves. plant of surfaces on ) ◦ slmtd nesne l 18)ioae thermo- isolated (1988) al. et Anderson limited. is C l.marxianus Klu. species. Kluyveromyces rmfretdmlse rwup grew molasses fermented from adoko odSolg Yeasts Spoilage Food of Handbook Rhodotorula .polymorpha P. T max tan r noteworthy are strains ( y4–6 by a ◦ w .Mn belonged Many C. ) H n redox- and pH, , and ◦ Cupto42 , e.capit- Geo. Sporobolo- ◦ ◦ C C Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:07 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781420044942, chapter3, 10.1201/9781420044942.ch3 Copyright 2008by TaylorandFrancisGroup,LLC ae sa seta eurmn flf.Wtrsol eaalbei udadfe ntchemically (not free and fluid in available be should Water life. of requirement essential an is Water a utfibycle eohlc(o,17;Tkuae l,18) oee,mn esscnbe can yeasts many However, at grow 1985). can al., they et because Tokouka xerotolerant 1975; as classified (Koh, xerophilic called justifiably can (ERH): humidity relative equilibrium the by percentage in expressed is relation same the and of availability the activity microbiology, water food of In terms nutrients. in of expressed solvent generally general is microorganisms a for also water is It forms. bound) Water 3.2.2.1 Ecology oeac,frexample, for tolerance, 19)osre hto 5yatsrisioae rmhg ua od,oesri of strain one foods, sugar high from isolated minimum strains a yeast had 35 of that observed (1991) eas hs essd o aeagnrlrqieetfrdycniin rhg soi pressure, osmotic high used or be conditions dry should for xerotolerant requirement low term general tolerate a merely xerotolerant the but have and (1968), not xerophilic do Brown or yeasts and osmotolerant these and because Anand osmophilic to either According as 1980a,b). to (Tilbury, referred been has yeasts of n sugar-tolerant. and pce (e.g., species where irognssi eea)i od.Temjrt fyat r oetlrn oreduced to tolerant more are yeasts of majority The foods. in general) in microorganisms ere ) and K), degrees rqetare frequent rsl sltdsris nyfu rwbte at better grew four only strains, isolated freshly rwa low at grow of hc,hwvr eae otevprpesr farsronigtefo hntetoaein are two the when food the surrounding air of pressure vapor the to equilibrium. relates however, which, ae ciiyrltstevprpesr fasolute a of pressure vapor the relates activity water ayxrtlrn essocri od ihhg ua ocnrtos(56%,aogthem among (55–65%), concentrations sugar high with of foods strains in some occur yeasts xerotolerant Many hn07 es rwhwsntol niie,btas lwdaho el curdwt decimal a with occurred cells of death slow at also h but 57–445 inhibited, of only time not reduction was growth yeast 0.70 than aa ook ta.(95 ol o eetyatgot at growth yeast detect these not refute could to tended (1985) have al. investigations et Later Tokouka 1987a). Schmidt-Lorenz, data. and Jermini see survey, a hscceia em ae potential water term, physicochemical r otbcei.Fo piaeyat aeminimum have yeasts spoilage Food bacteria. most are a nhg-atfos(52%NC ocnrtos,sc as such concentrations), NaCl (15–25% foods high-salt in w a f07 o rwhbtteotmmi bv .5 Other 0.95. above is optimum the but growth for 0.76 of ae ciiyi n ftems motn clgclfcosafcigtegot fyat (and yeasts of growth the affecting factors ecological important most the of one is activity Water h rnia eooeatyat pce eogt h genus the to belong species yeasts xerotolerant principal The h eainbtenwtrpotential water between relation The al ieauerpre htsm essaecpbeo rwn at growing of capable are yeasts some that reported literature Early w cnrligslt,adrcmeddta essb ecie,rsetvl,a salt-tolerant as respectively, described, be yeasts that recommended and solute, -controlling R steuieslgsconstant gas universal the is a yo rouxii Zygo. w yo rouxii Zygo. Ti group This 3.4). (Table salt or sugar either of concentrations high of presence the in .cerevisiae S. V a w w io:“hp3 071/2—1:4—pg 5—#9 — 45 page — 18:34 — 2007/10/12 — “chap03” Tibor: steprilmlrvlm fwater. of volume molar partial the is f06 o rwh nyafwyat aigarqieetfrreduced for requirement a having yeasts few a Only growth. for 0.67 of a yo bailii Zygo. , w yo mellis Zygo. ook 19)pitdotta oeac olow to tolerance that out pointed (1993) Tokouka . a rwat grow can ) , a s.delbrueckii Tsp. w .2 JriiadShitLrn,18b.TkuaadIshitani and Tokouka 1987b). Schmidt-Lorenz, and (Jermini 0.625 osntgo below grow not does and , ERH% (ψ) a (ψ) ψ ( w 34Jk J 8314 yo bisporus Zygo. = sue esfeunl Mrca ta. 95.The 1995). al., et (Marechal frequently less used is , slwa .2 ayohrtpso es r beto able are yeast of types other Many 0.62. as low as a n ae activity water and and , w RT V = a w = w 100 log − a p .1ta thigher at than 0.91 ( cio pombe Schizo. p w p 1 0 ) mol a · ausa o s0.70. as low as values ota ftepr water pure the of that to w a a w a , w − w Zygosaccharomyces oesriso hc hwaminimum a show which of strains some , , y rouxii Zy. auso .009 o rwh Several growth. for 0.90–0.95 of values 1 .5(emn cmd-oez 1987a). Schmidt-Lorenz, (Jermini 0.85 ) , a T w ( a .0o eo.Oto oe140 some of Out below. or 0.70 w steaslt eprtr (in temperature absolute the is eea es pce a grow can species yeast Several . Zygosaccharomyces. ) nsysue te halophilic Other sauce. soy in sepesda follows: as expressed is a a w w aus At values. slwa .206 (for 0.62–0.65 as low as a w ( a pce hwless show species eed ntekind the on depends w ( p ) 0 h oeexact more the ; ) : a w yo rouxii Zygo. ausless values h most The a w than a a 45 w w Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:07 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781420044942, chapter3, 10.1201/9781420044942.ch3 Copyright 2008by TaylorandFrancisGroup,LLC ffospeevdb de ua rsl.I a on htvrospoesn atr uhas of such effect inhibitory factors the processing on various activity that water found with was interact It minimum food 1993).The (Tokouka, salt. of growth composition or and sugar pH, added temperature, by preserved foods of 2003). al., et (Silva-Graca rhltlrn pce are species halotolerant or 46 ta. 92.Atog h ehns fsgr n attlrneo essi o completely not is yeasts suggest of investigations reduced salt-tolerance to of adapting majority of and capable the are sugar- cells 1993), yeast Tokouka, of (Gervais that 1993; cells mechanism the Gustaffson, of and the state (Larsson physiological Although understood the 1992). by as well al., as et factors, ecological other or temperature by soi tescnece el’omrgltr aaiyadcuels fvaiiy(al 3.5). (Table Extreme viability 2002). of loss Hohman, cause and 1999; capacity osmoregulatory (Ramos, cells’ exceed reactions can contrasting stress osmotic show mechanisms; protective species be to different suggested been however, have genes stress-responsive of expression differential optbeslts ciepmigoto oimin rterecag o K for exchange their of or Production ions 1978). sodium Spencer, of and out (Spencer exposed yeast mannitol pumping in and active accumulated arabitol, solutes, solutes main glycerol, compatible The are 1994). stress Marechal, osmotic and 1988; Gervais to (Hocking, 1993; polyols of al., concentration et high Eck accumulate van to ability the be to appears osmotolerance eooeatyat r fseiliprac otefo nutyfrbigal ocuespoilage cause to able being for industry food the to importance special of are yeasts Xerotolerant es pce lcs rcoeScoeNaCl Source: Sucrose rouxii Zygosaccharomyces bisporus Zygosaccharomyces Fructose delbrueckii Torulaspora cerevisiae Saccharomyces Glucose mucilaginosa Rhodotorula membranifaciens Pichia uvarum Hanseniaspora hansenii Debaryomyces versatilis Candida lactiscondensi Candida Species Yeast Minimum 3.4 TABLE iblt of Viability 3.5 TABLE ae ciiy( Activity Water 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 aafo aehl .A,d aao,I . oi,P,adGras .(95 n.J Food J. Int. (1995) P. Gervais, and P., Elsevier. Molin, from M., permission With I. 28:277–287. Maranon, Microbiol. de A., P. Marechal, from Data dpe rmTkua .adIhtn,T 19)J e.Ap.Mcoil 37:111–119. Microbiol. Appl. Gen. J. (1991) T. Ishitani, and K. Tokouka, from Adapted io:“hp3 071/2—1:4—pg 6—#10 — 46 page — 18:34 — 2007/10/12 — “chap03” Tibor: a w o rwho essi ei dutdb ifrn Solutes Different by Adjusted Media in Yeasts of Growth for acaoye cerevisiae Saccharomyces a w b hansenii Db. ae oeta Ma lcrlPlehln-lcl600 Polyethylene-Glycol Glycerol (MPa) Potential Water ) − − − − − a 459 59 92 14.5 086 58 65 30.8 925 40 55 49.2 052 28 20 70.5 571 0 10 95.7 , w .906 .90.86 0.95 0.90 0.92 0.79 0.90 0.79 0.94 0.87 0.95 0.91 0.84 0.67 0.90 0.84 0.85 0.90 0.92 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.81 0.79 0.92 0.79 0.85 0.92 0.79 0.86 0.93 0.89 0.86 0.90 0.80 0.90 0.78 0.90 0.84 0.79 0.79 .versatilis C. au fgot siflecdb h aueo h solute, the of nature the by influenced is growth of value Minimum a w n h otipratcieini determining in criterion important most the and , elVaiiy( eae oControl) to Related (% Viability Cell nRlto oOmtcStress Osmotic to Relation in , .halonitratophila C. a w o rwhCnrle by Controlled Growth for adoko odSolg Yeasts Spoilage Food of Handbook and , + .lactiscondensi C. nuto,and induction, , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:07 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781420044942, chapter3, 10.1201/9781420044942.ch3 Copyright 2008by TaylorandFrancisGroup,LLC ess ngnrl rfrasihl cdcmdu iha piu Hbten45ad55 Yeasts 5.5. and 4.5 between pH optimum an with medium acidic slightly a prefer general, in Yeasts, 6. Chapter in discussed be will it and preservation, of method important an become has This r titynnemnaiearbs(.. h genera the (e.g., aerobes nonfermentative strictly are otayt omnble,yat r aial eoi raim.Atog emnaini the is fermentation Although organisms. aerobic for basically feature are noticeable yeasts most belief, common to Contrary Oxygen 3.2.2.2 Ecology rle rmdfidamshr,wt erae xgnadicesdCO increased and oxygen decreased with atmosphere, modified or trolled Dixon carbon 1989; Montville, the and pH, (Curran yeasts the 1989). of on growth Kell, the depending and inhibit but that often, ions bicarbonate More forms concentrations. dioxide inhibitory in rarely accumulates rbtdaogyat.An 19)rpre hto 3 tan ersnig26seis 3 strains 135 species, 296 representing strains 433 of that reported (1990) Aono yeasts. growth among by tributed decreasing influenced on is pH pH of and effect the acidulant 3.6). (Table activities, of higher water growth is decreasing on in rate with As impact 1987). instance, the Debevere, For lactic, factors, 1983; factors. than (Moon, ecological other acids inhibitory other inorganic with more as case well generally as the is organic acid other and Acetic citric, activity. propionic, antimicrobial the influence strongly ciiyascae ihisudsoitdfr.Cneunl,tep n h p the and pH the the Consequently, of form. type undissociated its the with on associated depends activity tolerance acids. This inorganic 1974). than (Pitt, inhibitory 1.3–1.7 more being as acids low organic as with values acidulant, pH at grow to able hwarmral oeac op,adms rwraiya Hvle ewe n .Many 8. and 3 between values pH at readily grow most as and such pH, to species, tolerance remarkable a show pH and Acidity 3.2.2.3 irognssicuigachlcfretto fyat.Bigesl oul nwtr CO water, in soluble various easily of Being product yeasts. metabolic a of is fermentation dioxide alcoholic Carbon including concentrations. dioxide microorganisms carbon low and high oxygen at that 4). Chapter effector (Crabtree in an conditions discussion also additional aerobic is (see under glucose 1998) even more of Gancedo, fermentation effect; however, concentration alcoholic the is, start oxygen, yeasts regulation concentrations to This glucose addition effect. in Pasteur that the in respiration regulation, to complex switch metabolic they well-known conditions aerobic the under under and anaerobic, facultatively are yeasts mentative . .002 .701 0.07 0.09 0.08 0.05 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.843 0.08 0.17 0.19 0.880 0.18 0.12 0.21 0.904 0.24 0.23 0.15 0.30 0.923 0.34 0.33 a Note: 0.21 5.5 0.957 4.5 3.5 2.5 pH and pH of Effect 3.6 TABLE Source: lcs n 0 rcoe eprtr 25 temperature fructose; 70% and glucose esstlrt cdccniin etrta laieoe;hwvr laitlrnei ieydis- widely is tolerance alkali however, ones; alkaline than better conditions acidic tolerate Yeasts h fetvns fa cddpnso h euto fp n nteseicantimicrobial specific the on and pH of reduction the on depends acid an of effectiveness The risadvgtbe,a ela etpout,cnb trdfretne eid ne con- under periods extended for stored be can products, meat as well as vegetables, and Fruits nms aua aias n loi od,nra topei odtospealwt high with prevail conditions atmospheric normal foods, in also and habitats, natural most In w dpe rmMmr,J-. uaza . n hn,C 19)Ap.Evrn irbo.65:4921–4925. Microbiol. Environ. Appl. (1999) C. Chéné, and M., Kubaczka, J.-M., Membré, from Adapted ausajse ih30 0,60 0,ad80gL g 800 and 700, 600, 500, 300, with adjusted Values s.orientalis Iss. io:“hp3 071/2—1:4—pg 7—#11 — 47 page — 18:34 — 2007/10/12 — “chap03” Tibor: a w nteSeicGot ae of Rates Growth Specific the on Saccharomyces , .membranifaciens P. ◦ C. pcfi rwhRt ( Rate Growth Specific n ayohrseis bu afo l es species yeast all of half about species, other many and Cryptococcus , − 1 e.intermedia Dek. nlsgrcnetain bandb iig30% mixing by obtained concentrations sugar final µ h yoacaoye rouxii Zygosaccharomyces − 1 )at a and w Values and , Rhodotorula 2 rN or aah exiguus Kazach. K a 2 auso nacid an of values concentrations. .Ee h fer- the Even ). are , 47 2 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:07 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781420044942, chapter3, 10.1201/9781420044942.ch3 Copyright 2008by TaylorandFrancisGroup,LLC h rwho esscnb niie yavs ag fceia opud,sm fwhich of some compounds, chemical of range vast a by inhibited be can yeasts of growth The f8 pce eecpbeo rwhaoep 0 aiimctu ess(e.g., yeasts Basidiomycetous 10. pH above growth of capable were tinis species 86 of 48 al 3.7). (Table 5–8% around of yeast, concentrations wine at true soon the out of die strains and Most ethanol, to sensitive relatively are 18) nteohrhn,ddntosreasgicn euto ntesria fyatclsin cells yeast of survival the in reduction Fleet significant and Gao a 1989). observe Prasad, not and did Mishra hand, 1987; pH other Greenfield, internal the and affect on thus Jones and (1988), 1984; permeability Uden, membrane van increase and to thought (Leao is Ethanol 2003). (Fleet, pH diacetyl, example, 1982). (Jay, for effect fermentation, toxic alcoholic a of exert by-products also Some higher. may somewhat or 18% to up tan eogn to belonging strains entesbeto xesv tde,epcal ocrigtepouto fwn Csyand grapes (Casey on wine residents Natural of 1993). production Heard, and the has Fleet concerning yeasts as 1987; such especially of Stewart, tolerance and studies, ethanol D’Amore extensive The 1986; Ingledew, itself. of strain subject producing the the been and yeasts them among and organisms, in concentrations values. low microorganisms temperature at and other impart pH or often various they yeast at characteristics stability of aroma of of growth and lack use flavor the the the the controlling However, by of limited effect. is purpose antifungal foods peppers, the and bell antibacterial for in al., have compounds capidol et which soybeans, active (Dixon plants in potatoes, of glycinol in range are phytotuberin wide Examples a and compounds 1992). of parts Such Threlfall, various stress. and in or in Whitehead develop infection, present 1983; they microbial naturally and injury, phytoalexins, not to as are response known in compounds are produced Other are 1995). but Stead, tissues the antimycotic 1993; plant possess among to Branen, known are nuts and kola acids) and (Davidson ferulic leaves, activity tea and beans, cocoa coumaric, and coffee (caffeic, in present acids compounds Hydroxycinnamic fractions. lipid yeast-like other and yeasts the if menthol. inhibits silage or vegetable garlic, oils in from mustard yeasts contained fermentative derived of used compound inhibition crop observed a Yoshida (1990) yeasts. al. ajoene, spoilage et Middelhoven that food fungi. to showed clove, inhibitory cinnamon, (1987) most allspice, the al. of were oils Beuchat et thyme essential and and of savory, (1984) effects oregano, Beuchat inhibitory onion, and the garlic, Conner that tissues. reported (1989) animal Golden and and plant in present naturally compounds and phenolic have in that rich constituents 2004). other particularly al., and of et are oleoresins, (Kim variety herbs acids, activity a fatty antifungal and contain volatile Spices oils, however, essential growth. tissues, compounds, yeast animal aromatic inhibit and industry food Plant may the in habitats. that preservatives natural compounds used in widely are encountered These rarely acids. sorbic but and benzoic as such yeasts, be on will (these preservatives as deliberately 7). them Chapter to in added detail are in others discussed while foods, in naturally occur Compounds Antimicrobial 3.2.2.4 metabolic critical 2005). of al., activity optimal et for Macpherson cell a 1996; yeast against al., a membrane et for plasma vital (Holyoak the is processes 6.5 across about gradient of proton pH a intracellular of constant maintenance the that believed generally 8. pH above grow not could and alkali-sensitive especially mn tes onr(93 n eca 19)cmrhnieyrvee h antimicrobial the reviewed comprehensively (1994) Beuchat and (1993) Conner others, Among oeac oehnli fetdb te niomna atr,i atclrtmeaueand temperature particular in factors, environmental other by affected is ethanol to Tolerance h anpouto looi emnaino ess tao,eet oi feto various on effect toxic a exerts ethanol, yeasts, of fermentation alcoholic of product main The is It understood. completely yet not is yeast on pH of effect the of basis physiological The o l niirba opud aual rsn npat r soitdwt seta isor oils essential with associated are plants in present naturally compounds antimicrobial all Not effects inhibitory specific exert acids organic weak some others, and lactate, acetate, to addition In , h.mucilaginosa Rho. Hanseniaspora io:“hp3 071/2—1:4—pg 8—#12 — 48 page — 18:34 — 2007/10/12 — “chap03” Tibor: Dekkera ( Kloeckera , h.minuta Rho. ( Brettanomyces pce,wihsattesotnosfretto fgaejuice, grape of fermentation spontaneous the start which species, ) .cerevisiae S. and , r.laurentii Cry. ), Saccharomycodes a oeae1–5 tao,adsm strains some and ethanol, 13–15% tolerate can , eeepcal laitlrn,whereas alkali-tolerant, especially were ) adoko odSolg Yeasts Spoilage Food of Handbook and , Schizosaccharomyces h.glu- Rho. were Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:07 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781420044942, chapter3, 10.1201/9781420044942.ch3 Copyright 2008by TaylorandFrancisGroup,LLC Ecology nbt aua cssesadi od n eeae,yat cu oehrwt other with with associated together yeasts occur Also, yeasts them. beverages, with and interactions foods mutual in into and enter ecosystems and microorganisms natural both In B 3.2.4 detail more in treated methods. be preservation models will of subject mathematical effects This combined predictive 1995). on as al., 6.8 well et Section as (Kalathenos in experiments methods evaluation Extensive statistical their complex 3.8). for (Table applied and are difficult out, more carried is be interaction to their have are factors of inhibitory evaluation several when the (mutually However, synergistic Battey considered, 3.6). the 2000; (Table finding easier al., and much factors, et is inhibition two Betts combination between growth 1998; types strengthening) interaction the al., of to different evaluation et relating The Charoenchai with examples 2002). 1997; al., some combinations Fleet, et to and various only (Praphailong made in yeasts is spoilage studied reference while of field, been activity, foods, vast water the has processed temperature, Of preservatives of between food. interaction of stability and order The and sugar, in 1996). quality al., factors salt, et the chemical pH, Daza retain and de (Tapia better physical safety to of risking and combination not applications, the treatments practical in milder outcome For interested play. apply The into much to space. come is and factors industry time several food with when the predictable change (Fleet, hardly and others is dynamic interaction of are of effect moreover, the but interactions, influencing another, These one mutually from simultaneously, 1998). isolated and not are together factors themselves environmental manifest of effects the conditions, natural Under I 3.2.3 to yeasts of sensitivity The 3.0. to 6.0 30 from to increased decreased is was temperature pH the as the increases when ethanol ethanol of presence the and ottlrn n r h ansolg esso abntdbeverages. carbonated of yeasts spoilage main the are and tolerant most ciiy ess oee,aemc essniiet abndoieta te microorganisms other 1989). Slaughter, than 1989; dioxide Kell, carbon and to Dixon sensitive 1982; less Greenfield, and much (Jones are however, Yeasts, activity. 1985). Uden, (van rsue fcro dioxide. carbon of pressures 97.Slce tan of strains Selected 1987). h te n rdc fachlcfretto,cro ixd,as osse antimicrobial possesses also dioxide, carbon fermentation, alcoholic of product end other The yo bailii Zygo. 65:4921–4925. Source: pce tao (v/v) % Ethanol a Note: cerevisiae Saccharomyces valbyensis Hanseniaspora pombe Schizosaccharomyces anomala Pichia marxianus Kluyveromyces utilis Candida Species Growth Yeast on Ethanol of Concentration Inhibitory Minimum 3.7 TABLE ymxn 0 lcs n 0 rcoe eprtr 25 temperature fructose; 70% and glucose 30% mixing by TRCIN BETWEEN NTERACTIONS IOLOGICAL w dpe rmMmr,J-. uaza . n hn,C 19)Ap.Evrn Microbiol. Environ. Appl. (1999) C. Chéné, and M., Kubaczka, J.-M., Membré, from Adapted ausajse ih30 0,60 0,ad80gL g 800 and 700, 600, 500, 300, with adjusted Values lotlrtdaot05Mapesr fdsovdCO dissolved of pressure MPa 0.5 about tolerated also io:“hp3 071/2—1:4—pg 9—#13 — 49 page — 18:34 — 2007/10/12 — “chap03” Tibor: F ACTORS .cerevisiae S. E NVIRONMENTAL sdi hman rdcinaeal ofretudrhigh under ferment to able are production champagne in used F ACTORS ◦ ◦ n bv rdcesdt 10 to decreased or above and C C. − 1 nlsgrcnetain obtained concentrations sugar final 11.3–13.7 11.9–13.2 11.8–12.5 10.0–10.9 8.6–9.4 6.1–6.5 .intermedia C. Brettanomyces 2 Io n Gutteridge, and (Ison , ◦ .anomala P. rbelow or C pce are species 49 , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:07 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781420044942, chapter3, 10.1201/9781420044942.ch3 Copyright 2008by TaylorandFrancisGroup,LLC niitcpouto soeo h etkonpeoeafratgnsi eainbtenbac- between relation antagonistic for phenomena known best the of one is production Antibiotic h essotnfr lso h ufc fsl rn hr h eoi eopsto flactic of fermentation malolactic decomposition the aerobic wine, the red where In 1997). brine (Buckenhüskes, salt spoilage of to by surface way the the open on may films acid bacteria; form acid of maltose- lactic often fermentation with the together yeasts the live between In yeasts the oxidative dough 1994). and fermentative al., sour both et pickles, in utilized and (Gobetti sauerkrauts develops mutually yeasts are association glucose-fermenting bacteria and similar syn- by lactobacilli A produced is fermenting 1996). lactate interaction the Courcoux, their and and grains, yeasts kefir (Leroi by In provided fermentations. vitamins food the in ergistic; particularly known, are interactions to disregarding antagonistic turn, being In yeasts by yeasts. produced on are effect compounds specific lethal bacteria. no a liberated ethanol, often exert of peroxide, effect may Hydrogen inhibitory of bacteria, 2003). the effect al., acid direct et the lactic (Magnusson bacteriocins, catalase-negative verified various proka- been by of other not production the has the Of yeasts for below). on known pathogens which are human bacteria on acid section lactic the diseases see ryotes, human of candidiasis; therapy (e.g., the and in yeasts nystatin used by been (e.g., caused have streptomycetes and effects, by antifungal produced specific have antibiotics B) polyene amphotericin Some organisms. other and teria Bacteria and Yeasts or synergistic, 3.2.4.1 neutral, be These can 1998). hosts. and Starmer, their and unidirectional, (Lachance with sometime thereof combinations relations but and special antagonistic, mutual, develop mostly humans are and interactions animals, plants, macroorganisms, 50 omnte fmls ess atcai,adohrbcei n ail atcpt ihmanifold with mixed participate bacilli fishes, and even bacteria and other vegetables, and soy, acid, rice, lactic of yeasts, fermentation molds, oriental of In communities 2004). al., et (Alexandre Oenococcus nteascaino esswt atcai atra ubro uulsi n synergistic and mutualistic of number a bacteria, acid lactic with yeasts of association the In tao %vv rcoe( /)pH w/v) (% Fructose v/v) (% Ethanol and pH, Fructose, Ethanol, of Combinations 3.8 TABLE acaoye cerevisiae Saccharomyces 220320928.49 0.962 3.2 Note: 2.0 12 .Fo irbo.25:63–74. Microbiol. Food J. combinations. treatment various Source: to adjusted broth base nitrogen yeast 00700936.60 4.29 2.64 1.88 5.71 0.953 5.72 0.953 6.73 0.983 7.0 2.93 0.983 4.0 2.68 7.0 2.49 0.952 4.0 0.952 2.34 0.952 8.0 40.0 2.19 0.969 5.5 40.0 1.69 0.984 8.0 2.5 0.996 8.0 2.5 2.5 50.0 0.973 2.5 50.0 0.985 50.0 0.991 5.5 32.0 5.5 16.0 3.5 3 4.0 3 3 2.5 3 2.5 0 2.5 0 0 0 0 0 8 4 0 eetdvle rmamliatra epnesraeeprmn odce t25 at conducted experiment surface response multifactorial a from values Selected ( Leuconostoc dpe rmKlteo,P,Brni . uhrad .P,adRbrs .A 19)Int. (1995) A. T. Roberts, and P., J. Sutherland, J., Baranyi, P., Kalathenos, from Adapted io:“hp3 071/2—1:4—pg 0—#14 — 50 page — 18:34 — 2007/10/12 — “chap03” Tibor: ) oenos sfclttdb iaisadaioaispoue yyeasts by produced acids amino and vitamins by facilitated is a w a w nteDulnTm of DoublingTime the on adoko odSolg Yeasts Spoilage Food of Handbook obigie(h) DoublingTime ◦ nBacto in C Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:07 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781420044942, chapter3, 10.1201/9781420044942.ch3 Copyright 2008by TaylorandFrancisGroup,LLC h naoitc(niioy feto ethanol-producing of effect (inhibitory) antagonistic The rwo h ufc fbrisA euircs,src eedneo yeo yeast, of type a on of dependence strict proliferation case, peculiar a the berries.As with of surface the coincided on grow metabolism significant oxidative a that with demonstrated cinerea species (1991) yeast al. attack et of they Longo way increase molds. the of to enzymes polysaccharide-splitting similar the wall, cell the nutrient penetrating as by yeasts or nematodes. utilize cells and fungi basidiomycete yeast plants the Mycoparasitic lysing of 1996). by 50% Barron, either nearly and sources groups; (Hutchison fungal more positive other is tested Parasitism in yeasts. fungi than attack basidiomycetes can the fungi mycelial and among post- Druvefors of common control 1995; number to al., large et yeasts a Suzzi Conversely, antagonistic 1992; 2005). of Wilson, Schnürer, and use (Wisniewski possible reviewed been The has grains. diseases and harvest fruits attacking molds certain of oeyatseis nparticular in species, yeast Some Molds and Yeasts 3.2.4.3 nutrients. be obtaining to remains in out- yeasts lies haustoria-like predacious it of by that impact believed attacked ecological is prey, The it be cells. assessed; other may kill molds and and penetrate Yeasts that 1997). growths Pang, and (Lachance yeasts hwta tmyb iepedpoet ffiaetu pce of species filamentous of property widespread a be dioxide may sulfur it with that juice show 1997). grape (Fugelsang, of starter treatment yeast the wine selected by of controlled inoculation however, by is production, the governed wine events and commercial is of In fermentation course ethanol. of to spontaneous course tolerance the the the case in and the nutrients species be for not yeast yeasts competition may of wine the this succession of fermentations, the dominance other and the In 1995), facilitate juice. (Lachance, also grape of may fermentation strains spontaneous Killer the 2001). during al., et (Abranches exclusion fruits their with to leading 1987). species al., et sensitive (Starmer with nutrients competition natural of in the sources yeasts killer to from of attributed role ecological be are The can habitats 2002). 3–10% al., and communities et habitat, localities Trindade different 1997; same from al., the et yeasts (Abranches within among sensitive 20–40% communities; but different occur, of species Indigenous members killer-sensitive 1993). of al., than et Vagnoli sensitive 1992; less al., et are of (Starmer ratio species 40% the and whereas 10% 50–75%, between reached some be varied strains in can yeasts toxigenic toxin; sensitive juice, species produce grape to other fermenting shown while in were example, toxin, species for of the cases, 9–27% to communities, resistant natural widespread In are is neutral. species or property plant producing sensitive positive certain the killer with of A verified Strains 1995). been yeasts. al., earlier have among et yeasts yeasts; (Walker than on fungi other wood-decaying mainly eukaryotes and and impact and pathogenic Schmitt bacteria toxins 2002; to killer al., it of a (Golubev, extend et action to Marquina about toxins claims 1997; lethal and al., killer or et chromosomes, Growth-inhibitory or (Magliani or 2002). described mycocins Breinig, been plasmids called have on them yeasts, determined of types other genetically also dozen to are are studied polypeptides lethal Intensively These yeasts example. 2006). commonplace of a products is wine specific of the fermentation the in yeasts tolerant ... essadYeasts and Yeasts 3.2.4.2 2001). (Viljoen, alike molds and products, bacteria dairy with other and associations cheeses, interactive sausages, develop of ripening yeasts the In 2003). (Nout, them among interactions Ecology es a eyo uret rdcdb od,freape aigu ipesgr ieae by liberated sugars simple up taking example, for molds, by produced nutrients on rely may Yeast rdto mn esshsbe osdrdauiu n aepeoeo,btrcn findings recent but phenomenon, rare and unique a considered been has yeasts among Predation associated species yeast between interaction competitive the in role a play often yeasts Killer ngae.Got fteml a euti ekg fgaejie hsealn essto yeasts enabling thus juice, grape of leakage in result may mold the of Growth grapes. on io:“hp3 071/2—1:4—pg 1—#15 — 51 page — 18:34 — 2007/10/12 — “chap03” Tibor: .guilliermondii P. , .anomala P. Saccharomyces and , b hansenii Db. 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