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Downloaded From IP - 14.139.224.90 on dated 23-Dec-2020 There issignificant potential forcontinued to makethemmoreefficient andcost-effective. and meansofimproving theirproductionpractices, Most aqua-farmersarecontinuously pursuingways without deterioratingresources andenvironment. meet theirownneeds”. This meansdevelopment compromising theabilityoffuturegenerations to which meets theneedsofpresentwithout definition ofsustainability isthat“Development popularity since1980s. The mostcommonlycited “Sustainability” isaconceptthathasbeengaining facing challengesforsustainable development. common withallotherfoodproductionpractices, is alleviation inmanyruralareas. , in production forhumannutritionandpoverty of aquacultureisincreasinglyimportant infish meeting risingdemandforfisheryproducts. The role to playabigpart inboostingfishproduction andin Aquaculture iscurrentlyplaying,andwillcontinue INTRODUCTION sustainability offishproductionthecountryisbrieflypresented inthispaper. environment management. Engineeringinterventionneededfor ecosystem and remote sensingandGISapplicationsinaquaculture,fishfeedprocessingaquatic systems, watermanagement,breedingandhatcheryfishinggearcrafts, can beusefulinaquaculturesystemandmanagementpractices,aerationsystems,filtration marketing offishandfisheryproducts. Apart from this,knowledgeoffisheryengineering operation offishingcrafts andgearforharvesting,preservation,processing, transportand culture techniquesandmanagementoffishprawnfarmshatcheries,design require properengineeringdesign.Inaddition,interventioncanhelpindifferent sluice gates,dykes,canalsandotherstructures.Thehatcheryits components also selection, planninganddesignofanaquaculturalfarmincludingits components suchas of thefisherysectorcountrywasfelt.Engineeringknowledgecanhelpinsite country. Similarly, intheeightiesneedofengineeringinterventionfordevelopment importance ofengineeringinterventionforthedevelopmentagriculturesector terms ofyieldandtotal production.Inthefifties scientists andplannersrealizedthe and notcomparable tothatofdevelopedcountries.EvenIndialagsmuchbehind Chinain advent ofknowledgeinfisheryscience.However, theprogressisstillnotuptomark During thelastcentury, fisherysectormadeasignificantdevelopment,mainly, withthe Vice Chancellor, ChhattisgarhSwamiVivekanand Technical University, Bhilai Development of Aquaculture Industry Role ofEngineersintheSustainable Bimal ChandraMal(LM–3063) ABSTRACT 3 development andcapacity building arecreatedand at ensuringcontinuing humanresource “enabling environments”, inparticular thoseaimed sustainable aquaculturedevelopmentrequiresthat management inaquaculture. The promotionof capacity, resourceuseand environmental Efforts areunderwaytofurtherimprovehuman environmental problemshasincreasedsignificantly. off-farm activitiesetc. Awareness of potential diversification ofproduction,combiningon-farmand facilities, improvedfisheriesenhancementmethods, production, rehabilitation ofexistingproduction intensification ofproduction,specialization of development andincreasedfoodproductioninclude Additional opportunities/strategiesforfurther utilization ofsmallandmediumsizewaterbodies. agriculture farmingsystemsandintegrated production throughintegratedaquaculture- based fisheriesthroughenhancementofinlandfish expansion andgrowthofaquacultureculture- Vol. 35(2),2011 www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

Downloaded From IP - 14.139.224.90 on dated 23-Dec-2020 recommendation forstarting teaching andresearch Chancellor ofJadavpur University, togivetheir N. Bose,Ex-DirectorofCFTRI, CochinandEx-Vice under theMinistryand ICARandLateProf. A. aquaculture institutes(including Dr. SNDwivedi) committee withtheDirectorsoffisheries/ of Agriculture, Govt.ofIndiaformedahighpower the recommendationofCommission,Ministry field of Aquacultural . Onthebasisof suggested starting ofteachingandresearchinthe development ofaquacultureindustryinIndia,they field ofaquaculturalengineering.Henceforthe substantially, butlittleworkhadbeendone inthe that thoughaquaculturesciencehadprogressed improper engineeringdesign. The Commissionfelt different aquaculturalfarminIndiawasdueto (1976) reportedthatthebasiccauseoffailure environment. National Agriculture Commission processing and9)aquaticecosystem feed GIS applicationsinaquaculture,8)fishand 6) fishinggearandcrafts, 7)remotesensingand management 5)breedingandhatcherysystems, aeration systems,3)f1ltration4)water aquaculture systemandmanagementpractices,2) in oneormoreareasfromthefollowings:1) this theyarerequiredtohaveresearchexperience marketing offishandfisheryproducts. Apart from and d)preservation,processing,transport operation offishingcrafts andgearforharvesting, prawn farmsandhatcheries,c)design management offishand culture techniquesand fish and prawnfarmshatcheries,b)different planning, design,constructionandmaintenanceof engineers arespecializedinthefollowingareas:a) harvest andpostfacilities. Aquacultural Systems formarineandFreshwaterincluding the designanddevelopmentof Aquacultural Agricultural andFoodEngineeringwhichdealswith Aquacultural Engineeringisaspecializationof Brief Backgroundof Aquacultural Engineering infrastructure itneedsproperengineeringinput. is possibleonlybyproperdevelopmentof system. As sustainable developmentofaquaculture becomes vital insustainable developmentofthe system andtheroleof Aquacultural Engineers The Aquacultural systemisabio-engineering aquaculture needsspecializedhumanresources. maintained. Inthatsituationthedevelopmentof Agricultural EngineeringToday 4 farmers in Asia. Moreover, with more than80%of particularly inmanycommunitiesofresourcepoor significantly tofoodsupply andruraldevelopment, its longhistory, aquaculturehascontributed production ofaquaticfood areveryhigh. Throughout aquaculture toincreaseits contributiontotheworld’s for fishandfisheryproducts, expectations for yields fromcapturefisheriesandincreasingdemand increase inproduction.Withgloballystagnating aquaculture sectorstillposteda6.7percent decrease intheoutputoffishingindustry, the countries. In1997,despitethe0.09percent faster thanthatfornon-low-incomefood-deficit countries between1984and1996wassixtimes the aquaculturesectorinlow-incomefood-deficit income food-deficitcountries. The growthrateof of total aquacultureyieldisbeingproducedinlow- world’s aquacultureproduction, andmorethan82% aquaculture farmerscontributeabout90%ofthe however primarilyindevelopingcountries. Asian 2010. Aquaculture production continuestoexpand, include estimatesof47milliontonnesbytheyear for futuresuppliesfromaquacultureproduction was derivedfromaquaculture.Globalprojections 1996, overaquarteroftheworld’s foodfishsupply million tonnesin1996,valuedatUS$47billion.In increased from12milliontonnesin1986to34 rate ofabout10%peryear). Aquaculture production food productionsystemforthepast decade(growth Aquaculture hasbeentheworld’s fastestgrowing Scenario Global Aquaculture started atIIT Kharagpurin1952. was started in1909but Agricultural Engineeringwas followed thesamepattern, asteachingof Agriculture structural facilitiesforteachingandresearch.It grant foraseparate buildingwithnecessaryinfra- of teachingandnon-teachingstaff andofaspecial as afull-fledgedsectioninthisDept.after approval Finally, in1984,thedisciplinestarted functioning construction ofaquaculturalfarmsin1982and1983. were conductedonwatermanagementand of IIT Kharagpur. Initiallytwoshorttermcourses then MinistryofEducation,Govt.IndiaandBOG the proposalwassubsequentlyapprovedby Agricultural EngineeringDept.atIIT, Kharagpurand Aquacultural Engineeringdisciplineinthe Committee recommendedestablishment of in thefieldof Aquacultural EngineeringinIndia. The www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

Downloaded From IP - 14.139.224.90 on dated 23-Dec-2020 million kilometers. Apart fromthisfresh water 2.09 millionhectares and riverscanalsof0.16 water resourcesinterms oflakesandreservoirs brackish wateraquaculture. The countryhasInland hectares (14%ofthetotal potential area)isunder Out ofwhichanareaapproximately1,57,400 for aquacultureisapproximately1.2millionhectare. Islands). The potentialbrackishwater areaavailable Andaman andNicobarIslandsLakshadweep India hasatotal coastlineof8129km(including Aquaculture ResourcesofIndia countries. products inbothdevelopinganddeveloped structure ofsupplyanddemandpatterns for market demandshavecontributedtothechanging changes inlegalandinstitutionalregimes and trade. Technological advancesinaquaculture, exhibit steadygrowthinproduction,consumption, sector inmostdevelopingcountriescontinueto billion in1996(FAO,1999). At present, thefisheries countries rosefrom$5.1billionin1985to$16.4 exchange earningsfromfisheriesbydeveloping beverages, andmeat. According toFAO surpassed traditionalexportofcrops suchas sugar, Fish exports fromdevelopingcountrieshave 8 kgintheearly1950stoabout15.81999. capita fishconsumptionnearlydoubledfromabout growth inaquaculture(FAO, 2001).Worldwide per the marinecaptureproductionandanevident resourcesexploitation withindicativefallof massive pressuresfromfishingandothertypesof the globalaquaticsystemshavebeensubjectedto significant (i.e.50%).Overthelastthreedecades, value oftotal coastal aquacultureproductionis 15%), howevertheirrelativecontributionstothe crustaceans andfinfishisratherlow(i.e.lessthan (seaweeds) andmolluscs. The productionshareof dominated byproductionofaquaticplants aquaculture production.Coastal aquacultureis carps contributing morethan42%oftheglobaltotal freshwater culturesystems,withChineseandIndian produced inextensiveandsemi-intensive majority offinfishproducedbyaquacultureis alleviation inmanydevelopingcountries. The vast in contributingtofoodsecurityandpoverty that aquaculturewillcontinuetostrengthenits role developing countriesby2010,thereismuchhope the world’s populationexpectedtobelivingin , net foreign 5 Use ofaeratorsisalso becoming popularamong and channelscanbereduced byscientificdesign. production andenergysaving. The cost ofpipelines very important asithasdirect impacts on costof operation. The selectionofappropriatepumps is reduce thecostofprojectaswellits economical condition ofasite,farmshouldbedesigned to operation ofthefarm.Basedontopographical life span oftheprojectaswelleconomical very important astheyhaveagreatimpact onthe (optional). Properdesignsofthesebasicunits are channels andsedimentation& biofilter tanks dykes, sluicegates,supplychannels,drainage This involvesdesignofperipheraldykes,partition step isthescientificdesignofaquaculturalfarms. project isexpectedtorunhasslefree.Nextimportant consideration oftheabovefactors,aquacultural supporting facilities.Ifthesiteisselectedwithdue local tradition,politicalsituationsandother pollution level,competitionfromotherindustries, condition, floodlevel,transportfacilities,manpower, water source,qualityofwater, agroclimatic selection whichinvolvestheproperstudyofsoil, scientific designoffishfarmdependsonpropersite accordance withtheenvironmental regulations. A aquaculture, itisessentialtodevelopthefarmsin control. Forsustainable developmentof requirement, easeofoperationandoverallpollution use ofwater, energyrequirement,maintenance quantity ofproduction,costjudicial designed fishfarmwillhaveagreatimpact onthe compliance withtheenvironmentregulations. A well in designandconstructionofsuchfarms Aquacultural Engineermayplayanimportant role design offarmsandpropermanagement. An can betackled bypropersiteselection,scientific aquaculture industryinIndia. This typeofproblem reduced thepace ofdevelopmentfastgrowing along withbiologicalshortcomings. This has diseases duetoimpropersiteselectionanddesign of problemsrelatedtopublicnuisance,pollutionand In Scientific DesignofFarms aquaculture. underutilized orneeddevelopmentforsustainable available. These aquacultureresourcesareeither field suitable foraquacultureof2.3Mhaare earthen pondsof2.25Mhaandabandonedpaddy

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Downloaded From IP - 14.139.224.90 on dated 23-Dec-2020 development ofaquaculture.In seed isaveryimportant parameter forsustainable system toyieldbetterproduction. Thus qualityof A healthyanddiseasefreeseedgrowsfastinculture the hatcherybycreatingnaturalbreedingconditions. industry. Breedingofdifferent speciesaredonein The hatcheryisthebackboneofanaquaculture Scientific DesignofHatcheries tanks toavoiddisease problem. and goodwaterqualitycanbemaintained inculture well designedfarmwillhaveminimumwaterloss and placementinthepondsareveryimportant. A of requirements ofnumberaerators,theirpower Selection ofsuitable aerationdevices,estimation provides scopeforintensificationofculture. the fishfarmersasitimproveswaterqualityand However, oncloudydaysthedissolved oxygen oxygen levelduringthemid-night orearlymorning. generallyreach theminimumdissolved dissolved oxygenlevelof pondwatercontinuously. during different periodsofthedaychange respiration, photosynthesisanddiffusion process to avoidthelethalaction. The variationsofrates The supplyofoxygentothewaterbodyisessential stresses infishbodyandturncausesmortality. to thedeteriorationofwaterquality, whichimparts not causemortality directlytothefishlife,butleads The culturesystemwithlowdissolvedoxygendoes production offishinintensiveaquaculturesystem. most important singlevariableregulatingthe Dissolved oxygenapart fromfeedisprobablythe System and Aeration of Aerators Design construction ofdifferent hatcheries. engineers canplaysignificantroleindesignand coordination betweenthesections. The aquacultural and larvalrearingsection. There shouldbegood consists ofwaterqualitysection,breedingsection economically witheaseofoperation. The hatchery A gooddesignhelpstoproducehealthyseed filtration anddisinfectionsystemareneededforthis. quality management.Efficient andeconomicalwater technical skills.Very goodskillisrequiredforwater and constructionofhatcherysystemsrequiresound important forsustainable development. The design germplasms maintenancehavebecomevery industry. Therefore, broodstockmanagementand surfacing asamajorproblemforthehatchery Agricultural EngineeringToday

India inbreedingis 6 by Moulicketal.(2002, 2005and2009)atIIT 2002, 2005,2009). The designprotocoldeveloped 1989; MooreandBoyd, 1992; Moulicketal.,2001, Boyd, 1988;Boydetal., 1988;BoydandWatten, floating electricpaddle wheelaerator(Ahmadand conducted onthedesignandperformance of throughout thewater. Extensive studieshavebeen wastewater, whichleadstouniformmixingofDO the drivingforceforconvectivemixingin volume ofentrappedairbubbles. This flowisalso surface creatingawhitewatereffect duetothelarge high velocitysprayinducesaturbulentflowonthe water intotheatmosphereforoxygentransfer. The rotated inaverticalplanetospraylargevolumesof It mainlyconsists ofanumberpaddle blades the paddle wheelaerator(AhmadandBoyd1988). aerators. The mostwidelyusedsurfaceaeratoris cost-effective yetefficient asaquaculturepond important inselectingthedesignfeaturestoprovide testing oftheseaerationsystemsisalsovery aerators onacommercialscale. The performance manufacturer inIndiahastaken upmanufactureof imported asnostandard designisavailableandno aquaculture. Butasyet,mostoftheaeratorsare aspirator-pumps, cascadeetcareusedin of aeratorssuchaspaddle wheel,diffuser, propeller- demands (Moulicketal.,2002).Manydifferent types devices usedtosupplyoxygenmeetsuch removal oftheactivebiomass. Aerators arethe a ratesufficient toatleastbalancetherateof the waterquality. The oxygensuppliedmustbeat oxygen demandoftheeffluent andthustoimprove to allowaerobicbacteriareducebiochemical employed toraisethedissolvedoxygen(DO)level wastewater, aerationisanimportant process systems inthepond.Inbiologicaltreatmentof the watermayaffect avarietyofotherbiological is tosupplyoxygenfish.Inaddition,aerationof in highlystockedponds. The obviousroleofaeration aeration, tocontinuallyoperatingaerationsystems dangerous valuesthroughordinarynight-time operated onlywhentheoxygenleveldrops to These systemsvaryfromemergencyaeration, artificial aerationsystems(Boydand Ahmad, 1987). culture systemoften needstheintroductionof water bodiesunderculture. The intensivefish to maintain adequatedissolvedoxygenlevelin during thedaytime. Therefore, aerationisnecessary concentration mayreachthealarmingleveleven www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

Downloaded From IP - 14.139.224.90 on dated 23-Dec-2020 cascade aerationisused forre-oxygenationand nitrogen content.Inthetreatment ofdrinkingwater, cascades couldbeused toreducethedissolved to increasetheDOcontent ofthewater. Stepped Oxygen diffuses fromtheairintowaterandhelps between theairinthesebubblesandwater. up asairgets draggedin.Gasexchangeoccurs thin film.Duringthefallofwater, bubblesrise steps overwhichthewaterisallowedto flow asa stepped cascadebasicallyconsists ofa series of (VOC) particularly incaseofdamspillway. The aeration orremovalofvolatileorganiccomponents long timeforthepurposeofenergydissipation, cascade. Stepped cascadeshavebeenusedfora weir, aninclinedcorrugatedsheetorastepped Gravity aerationcanbeperformedusingasimple gravity aeration dissolved oxygen(DO)levelsiswiththeuseof gravity flow, theleastcostlymethodtoraise If siteconstraints andhydraulicconditionspermit aerator (NanRongHaiCo.Ltd., Taiwan). dynamic conditionsforapropeller-aspirator-pump al. (2008)developedoptimumgeometricand al., 1991;Vinatea andCarvalho,2007).Kumaret increases upto30pptofsalinity(Ruttanosrigit et the aerationefficiency ofpropelleraerators positional angleof30.Ithasbeenfoundoutthat found thatmaximumaerationefficiency occursat the designaspects ofthepropelleraeratorsand anywhere. BoydandMartinson(1984)workedon aerator canbeinstalled easily, immediatelyand by thepropeller. Duetoits lowweight,thepropeller mixed intothepondwaterbyturbulencecreated the waterasfinebubbleswhicharethoroughly shaft. This airpasses throughadiffuser andenters Hence, atmosphericairisdrawnintothehollow cause adropinpressureoverthediffusing surface. accelerates thewatertoavelocityhighenough hollow shaft isfittedwithanimpellerwhich to amotorshaft. The submergedendoftherotating aerator consists ofarotating, hollowshaft attached to bemostsuitable. The propeller-aspirator-pump ponds, IIT Kharagpur(Mohapatra et.al.1989).Forsmall efficiently andsuchanaeratorwasdevelopedat hydraulic loadingpacked columnaeratorfunctions requirement offieldoxygentransferrate. At low design ofapaddle wheelaeratorbasedonthe Kharagpur couldverywellbeusedforoptimum

propeller-aspirator-pumps (1-3hp)arefound

(Tchobanoglous etal.,2003) . 7 is gainingpopularityamong theIndianfarmersas rich innitrogenisutilized forirrigation. The system toproducefishand drainedwaterwhichis agriculture andhorticulture iscycledthroughfish agriculture andhorticulture. The irrigationwater of ponds isalsoanorganicmineral-richfertilizerfor fertilizer forfishpond.Mudfromthebottomof input forother. Forexample,poultrywastebecomes the farmers. The byproductofonebecomesthe integrated aquaculturehasavarietyofbenefits for to theproductionoffishforconsumptionorsale, a combinationoftwoormoreenterprises.Inaddition agriculture, duckery, piggery, poultry, dairy etc.i.e. aquaculture isintegratedwithhorticulture, popularity nowadaysasitisthesysteminwhich The conceptofIntegrated Aquaculture isgaining System Integrated Aquaculture and penculturesystemusinglocalmaterials. in thedesignandconstructionofsitespecificcage cage culture. The aquaculturalengineerscanhelp material maybeutilizedfordevelopmentofpenand bodies. Locallyavailablecheaperconstruction based onspecificsiteconditionandnatureofwater The designofcageandpenistoalargeextent ease ofharvestandcultureselectedspecies. intensive utilizationofspace, safetyfrompredators; systems ofculture.Ithastheadvantages of enhanced byusingtheabovementionedenclosure low. The productivityoftheseresourcescanbe average productionofthesewaterbodiesisvery bherries etc.)forcageandpenculture. The natural water, backwater, wetlands(suchasbheels, irrigation canals,lakes,reservoirs,marine& In Indiathereisamplescopetoutilize,rivers, Development ofSuitable CageandPenCulture efficiency of0.90. producing themaximumvalueofoverallaeration found tobe14,0.351and0.009m2/srespectively stepped cascadeandhydraulicloadingratewere optimum numberofsteps, slopeoftheentire cascade systemoftypicalheight3.0m. The design protocolforaprototyperectangular stepped At IIT Kharagpur, Moulicketal.(2009)developeda well asthecolourandtastes causedbyvolatileoils. manganese, carbondioxide,hydrogensulphide,as as methaneandchlorine,dissolvediron removal ofvolatileorganiccomponents (VOC)such Vol. 35(2),2011

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Downloaded From IP - 14.139.224.90 on dated 23-Dec-2020 quality. IIT Kharagpurhasdevelopedanautomatic conversion ratioaswell as helps tomaintain water and helps intimelyfeeding. This givesgoodfeed reduces thewastage offeed,reducesmanpower at different timeintervals.Use ofautomaticfeeders dispensing meteredquantityoffeedintheponds Automatic feedersareveryimportant equipmentfor Automatic Feeder an efficient extruder. in thequalityoffeed.IITKharagpurhasdeveloped Extruder cookingandpalletizing playimportant role direct impact onwater qualitymanagement. digestibility ofthefeedshouldbegoodasithas important. Apart fromthisthewaterstability and using locallyavailablecheapermaterialsare only. Forthispurpose,highenergyfeedformulation more than60%oftheproductioncostgoestofeed production mainlydependsonthecostoffeedas effect onwaterquality. The costofaquaculture conversion ratioandproducesminimumadverse management. A goodquality feedgivesbetter of aquaculturalspeciesandwaterquality The qualityoffeedisavital parameter forthegrowth Fish feed development works. system aswellinresearchandfurther contribute tothedesignandconstructionof disinfection systems. Aquacultural engineerscan filtration, biologicalaeration,and requires efficient designofculturetanks, mechanical culture andornamental fisheries. This system economically viableandcanbeadoptedforfish regulations. Recirculatingaquacultureis situations ofwaterscarcityandstrictenvironment system isbecomingcommerciallypopularin without affecting naturalaquaticenvironment. This practised byrecyclingandrenovatingthewater production. Inthissystemintensiveaquacultureis and atthesametimehavepropercontrolover produce morefishwithlimitedwater, feedandspace The re-circulatingaquacultureisthesystemto System Recirculating Aquaculture projects withcompetence. equipped withtheknowledgetodesignsuch from theirfarms. An Aquacultural Engineeris they wishtohavemultipleproducts andgoodprofit Agricultural EngineeringToday 8 Engineers cancontribute tothedesignand equipments andmachineries. Aquacultural manpower torunandmaintain thesophisticated industry. These industriesrequire suitable technical been established andtaken a formoforganized canningplantsas individualquickfreezingand have processing units withstate oftheartfacilitiessuch exports ofmarineproducts from thecountry. Modem sector hasplayedavital roleinincreasingthe development isgainingimportance. The processing ready tocookandothers. Thus product ready toeatfoodisgainingmomentumoverthe techniques andequipments. Nowadaysconceptof development ofenergyefficient processing nutritional valuesoffishandproducts. Itrequires increasing shelflifeandretaining qualityand Post harvesthandlingoffishisveryimportant for Processing zonesetc. modification offishinggearsandcrafts, locating efficient fishinggearsandcrafts, fishingtechniques, gearaccessories,developmentofenergy gears and contribute inthedesignandconstructionoffishing resources. Aquacultural/Fishery engineerscan for sustainable productionandgrowthofnatural come uptoregulatethesectors. This willbehelpful of capturefisheries.Nowresponsiblefisherieshave facilities hasplayedapivotal roleinthedevelopment gears. Infrastructuresuchaslandingandberthing increased efficiency ofmajorandminorfishing gear hasbroughtaboutmajorchangesresultingin mechanized fleets. Useofsyntheticfibersinfishing 87 percentofthetotal landingsareobtained from vessels inthecountry. At present,approximately accelerated thepace ofmechanizationfishing equipments have improved theefficiency and hull materials,deckmachineryandelectronics Developments ofmarineenginesandhydraulics, in efficient utilizationofnaturalresources. modernization offishinggearandcrafts hasresulted of thecountrycomesfromcapturefisheries. The Approximately fifty percentoftotal fishproduction Harvesting feeders. can designandconstructtheseothertypesof without anypowersource. Aquacultural engineers feed dispenserusinglocalmaterialsanditworks www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

Downloaded From IP - 14.139.224.90 on dated 23-Dec-2020 Kumar, A., Moulick,S.andMal,B. C.2008. Aeration Kathavarayan E.,MukherjeeC.K,and N, Kathavarayan, E.,Mukherjee,C.K.,Jha,M.K.and Kathavarayan, E.,Dora,K.C.andMukherjee, Chandrakant, M.H.,Reddy, A.K. andMal,B.C.2008. Boyd, C.E., Ahmad, T. andLa-fa, A., 1988.Evaluation Boyd, C.E.andWatten, B.J.,1989. Aeration systems Boyd, C.E.andMartinson,D.J.,1984.Evaluationof Ahmad, T. andBoyd,C.E.,1988.Design Agarwal, B.P., Mal,B.C.andMitra, A. 1990. REFERENCES equipment, packaging materialsetc. research anddevelopmentofprocessing processing equipment,fishproductdevelopment, packing facilities,installation andoperationof construction offishhandlingsystem,gradingand Aerator. All IndiaSeminaronRecent Advances Performance ofaPropeller Aspirator Pump Ecology. 245(1):208-212. along theChennaiCoast.Environmentand Seasonal Trawl Fishing BanonFishCatches Neethiselvan. 2006.EvaluationoftheEffect on Pp 221-227. in MarineBioscienceResearch,NIOT, Chennai. of MBR2004NationalSeminaronNewFrontiers Discards ofMediumSize Trawlers. Proceedings Sha O.P. 2004. Assessment ofBottom Trawl Technology, 39(1): of Stationary BagNetinHooghlyEstuary. Fishery 2002. Effect ofSquareMeshPanelsonCatches Engineers (I),Kolkata. and HorticultureProducts. The Institutionof Advances inProcessingandMarketingofFishery Rosenbergii. All IndiaSeminaronRecent Growth andSurvivalofLarvaeMacrobrachium Performance ofUsedSyntheticSeaWater on Engineering, 7(1):63–72. of plasticpipepaddle wheelaerators. Aquacultural Sciences, 1:425–472. in aquaculture.CRCCriticalReviews Aquatic 36(30): 283–292. propeller-aspirator-pump aerators. Aquaculture, Aquacultural Engineering,7(1):39–62. performance ofpaddle wheelaerators. ISAE. ID/90-5:54-62. Carp HatcherySystem– A CaseStudy. Proc. Improvement ofWater ManagementSystemofa 9 Moulick, S., Tambada, N.V., Singh,B.K.andMal, Moulick, SandMal,B.C.2009.Performance Moulick, S.,Bandyopadhyay, S.andMal, B. C.2005. Moulick, S.,Mal,B.C.andBandyopadhyay, S.2002. Moulick, S.,Mal,B.C.andBandyopadhyay, S.2001. Moulick, S.,Mal,B.C.andBandyopadhyay, S.2001. Moore, J.M.andBoyd,C.E.,1992.Designofsmall Mohapatra, R.K.,Rout,R.K.andBandyopadhyay, Mohanty, B.B.,Mal,B.C.,Sharma,K.K.and Mal, B.C.2009. Techno-economic Feasibilityof Mal, B.C.1996.PerformanceofHawaii Type Kumar, A., Moulick,S.andMal,B.C.2010. Stepped CascadeSystem.Water Scienceand C. 2009. Aeration Characteristicsofa Rectangular 135(7):562-566. Journal ofEnvironmental Engng, ASCE Evaluation ofDoubleHubPaddleWheel Aerator. Engineering. 131(8):1147-1154. Wheel Aerators. ASCE, JournalofEnvironmental Design CharacteristicsofSingleHubPaddle (Elsevier). 25(4):217-237. Engineering Aquacultural Wheel Aerators. Prediction of Aeration PerformanceofPaddle 16-25. Scientists, Engineersand Technologists (FOSET): 3rd All IndiaPeople’s Congress,Forumof Scale–up CriteriaofPaddleWheel Aerators. Proc. Engineers (I)82:5-8. Standard andFieldConditions.JournalofInst. of Testing ProceduresofSurface Aerators in 11(1): 55–69. paddle wheelaerators. Aquacultural Engineering, Engineering, 8(6):393-405 at lowhydraulicloading. Aquacultural S. 1989.Performanceofpacked columnaerator Eggs hatching.FishingChimes29(5):47-49. Portable CarpHatchery—forRohuSpawning and Mohapatra, B.C.2009.Water Requirements ofa Indian ScienceCongress,Shillong. Integrated Agri-aquaculture—A CaseStudy. 96th Engineering (Elsevier).15(4):81-90. Automated FishFeedDispenser. Aquacultural press). (in Engineering Pump Aerator. Aquacultural Performance EvaluationofaPropeller Aspirator (I), Kolkata. Horticulture Products. The InstitutionofEngineers in ProcessingandMarketingofFishery Vol. 35(2),2011 www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

Downloaded From IP - 14.139.224.90 on dated 23-Dec-2020 Rout, R.K.andBandyopadhyay, S.1999. A Rao, P.S. 2007.Value Addition of Aquatic Products. Rajitha, K.,Mukherjee,C.K.andChandran,R.V. Prusty, S.K.,Mohapatra, P. K.J.andMukherjee,C. Polappa, N.,Mal,B.C.andMitra, A. 1995. Narsapurkar, R.R.,Mukherjee,C.K.andMitra A. Mukherjee CK,1998,Developmentofmodelfordrag Agricultural EngineeringToday mincer. Aquacultural Engineering,19(2): 71-79. processed throughcookingextruderandmeat comparative studyofshrimpfeedpellets Tomorrow’. NewDelhi38-57. International Conf.‘Aquaculture Today and in India. Aquacultural Engineering36:1-7. for Sustainable ManagementofShrimpCulture 2007. Applications ofRemoteSensingandGIS Social Change.(articleinpress). Shrimp Industry. Technological Forecasting& Fuzzy-Delphi Process:an Application totheIndian Tree) Approach toStrategic planningusinga K. 2009.GOS Tree (Goal-Objective-Strategy Carp Hatchery. The Harvestor. 24:1-3. Performance ofaModifiedDesignCircular Institute, NewFoundland,Canada. Fishing GearandVessel Design,Marine Waters. PresentedinWorld Symposiumon 1988. DesignofLonglinesforIndianCoastal Technique, Italy. Symposium onFishingVessel &FishingGear coefficient ofnetting.PresentedinInternational Technology (UK)-accepted. 10 This articleisnotincludedinyourorganization’s Vinatea, L.andCarvalho,J.W., 2007.Influenceof Upadhyay, A. S.,Rai,V. K.andBandyopadhyay, S. Sarkar, S.,Kamilya,D.and Mal,B.C.2007.Effect of Sahoo,N., Mukherjee,C.K.,andMitra, A.. 1988. Ruttanogosrigit, W., Musig, Y., Boyd,C.E.and with Elsevier. this articleunderyourorganization’s agreement subscription. However, youmay beableto costs. Aquacultural Engineering,31(1):73-78. the numberofaeratorsperhectare andelectricity propeller-aspirator-pump aerators,its relationto water salinityontheSOTRofpaddlewheel and 219. aquaculture. Aquacultural Engineering,7(3):211- characteristics ofsewage-mixedwaterbodyfor 1988. Preliminarystudyondynamic 41 (5):993-1000. Aquacultural Waste. Water Research(Elsevier). Performance ofInclinedPlateSettlersin Treating Geometric andProcessVariables onthe Institute, NewFoundland,Canada. Fishing GearandVessel Design,Marine Fisheries. PresentedinWorld Symposiumon Development ofaBambooBoatforSmallScale Aquacultural Engineering,10(2):121–131. wheel aeratorsusedinshrimpfarming. transfer bypropeller-aspirator-pumpandpaddle Sukchareon, L.,1991.Effect ofsalinityonoxygen access