Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85158-9 — Roman Religion and the Cult of Diana at Aricia C

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85158-9 — Roman Religion and the Cult of Diana at Aricia C. M. C. Green Index More Information

INDEX

NOTE: References to ‘sanctuary’ are generally to that of Diana at Aricia. Footnotes receive speciﬁc reference only when their content would not be found through a reference to the main text.

Abbaitae, 26, 280 ala of Servilius Quartus (Fundilia Room), abscesses, 244n20, 254–85 34, 55–6, 75n10, 76n10 acceptance of illness, 286–8 Alban Mount, 5, 283 access to sanctuary, 4, 9–10, 281, 282 Alcmaeon of Croton, 19, 262, 263n12 Accius, 65n23 Alexandria, medicine in, 20n33 Accoleius Lariscolus, P., denarius of, 5, alliances, Latin, 87, 88, 124, 283 14n18, 14n19, 30–2, 77–80, 135 in Catonian fragment, 12–13, 88–9, 94, (Fig.5) 108–9, 110, 149, 228 Acilius Priscus Egrilius Planarius, M., 280 with Servius Tullius, 89, 100, 102, 104 Actaeon, 141, 142, 179, 214 See also Latin League Actium, battle of, 44, 45 Altheim, F., 72, 113n1 celebratory aurei, 41, 50 Americans, Native, 176, 247n27, 270n20, actors, 6, 57, 64–5, 280 (Fig.3) 276 adaptability of cult amphorae, marble, dedicated by Chio, architectural, 32–3, 293, 294 56–7 ritual, 11–12, 22, 130, 184, 294–5 amulets, 274 Adonis, 148, 214, 221–2 Anagnia, sacred grove at, 89n5 Aegisthus relief, 22–3, 80n18 analogy in medicine, 264–6 Afranius, L.; Exceptus, 216–18 ancilia (shields of Mars), 43–4 Africa, 36, 37–8, 38n10, 39 Ancus Marcius, see Marcius, Ancus agriculture, 47, 114 anger, 247, 249, 259, 262–3, 266 rituals: Frazer on, 148, 151 –2 animals, 114, 115, 142, 187–8, 284, 290 Virbius, 221–2, 227, 229. See also Artemis as “mistress of beasts,” 76, 119 Adonis; Attis; Demeter; fertility; young, 138, 236, 254, 284, 290 Persephone; Proserpina See also individual types and veterinary Agrippina the younger, 59, 205n33, 229 medicine Aigisthos relief, 22–3, 80n18 Aninius Rufus, L., 55, 280 Airs Waters Places (Hippocratic text), 248, Annales, Libri, 191 261 anteﬁxes portraying Diana, 64, 76–7, 81

329

INDEX

antiquity of sanctuary, 11–12, 89, 105–6, and textiles, 127 112, 283 See also Ephesus (Artemision) Antium, temple at, 26n47 ascension of queen of heaven, 62, 68, 295 Antony, Mark (M. Antonius), 34–6, 37, Asclepius, 19 37n6, 39, 41, 50 bust at Aricia, 57, 236 Aphrodite, 40, 143 and Diana, 56, 236 Apollo, 57, 84–5, 119, 254 sanctuaries: Athens, 240n9 connection with Diana, 84, 122 Cos, 19, 239 Delphic shrine, 237, 282n3, 288n7 Ephesus, 240–1 and healing, 19, 241, 248, 250 Troezen, 56–7, 213n6, 253n40. See Octavian’s identiﬁcation with, 40–1, 47, also Epidauros 84, 85 sons of (Asclepiades), 239, 240, 241 and Orestes, 260 and surgery, 239–40 apotropaics, 245–6 and Virbius/Hippolytus, 47, 56–7, 211, Appian, 66 212, 213, 221, 236 See also Index Locorum votive offerings to, 281–2 approach to sanctuary, 3–7, 9–10, 278, See also medicine and healing 282–4 (sanctuary/Asclepian/religious) Apuleius, 133 Assumption of the Virgin Mary, 62, 68, archaic age, 10–14, 75–6, 111, 114–16 295 possible temple, 14, 16, 76 Atalanta, 179 architecture, see buildings of sanctuary Athena, 43–4, 98 Ardea, Rutulian, 12–13, 88–9, 108–9 Athens, 17–18, 53, 56, 98, 132, 240n9 Argos, 45 Atia (Octavian’s mother), 27, 34–6, 160, Aricia 269 cemeteries, 4, 69 Atii, family of, 27 economic activities. See baking and business dealings, 27, 35n2, 36, 37, 38n10 bakeries; grain; money changing See also Atia; Atius Balbus, M; Octavian in Latin alliance, 12–13, 88–9, (Arician ancestry) 108–9 Atius Balbus, M., 27, 34–8, 268–9 location, 3, 13–14 Atticus, T. Pomponius, 27n49 prehistoric growth, 4 Attis, 143, 148, 209, 212, 221–2 and Rome: rivalry, 13, 14, 42, 85 August, Ides of; festivals incorporation by, 14–19 of Camenae and Egeria, 231 sanctuary controlled by, 3, 13, 97 of Diana, 60–3, 105–8, 110–11, 133, See also individual aspects throughout index 200–1, 217 Ariminum, 21, 280 of St Hippolytus, 221n23, 222n23, 231, Aristodemus of Cumae, 181 295 Aristotle, 118, 239n7 Augustales, 55–6 arms, see weapons Augustan era, 34–54, 55 Arpinum; theater, 65 Augustus, emperor, see Octavian Artemis Aurelius Cotta, C., 21, 280, 283 cult images, 77n12, 84, 85, 98n25, austerity, Roman religious, 17, 293–4 204n29 Aventine, Roman cult of Diana on, 13, 14, Diana integrated with, 4, 76, 77–8, 86, 97–108, 120–1 80–1, 84–5, 86, 112–13, 119 (Fig.4) cult image, 84, 85, 98n25 “mistress of beasts,” 76, 119 festival, 60n12 multiple functions, 119 foundation, 97–108 Orthia, at Sparta, 204n29 lex arae Dianae in Aventino, 97

330

INDEX

and slaves, women and fugitives, 110, brooches, archaic bronze, 10–11, 14 200–1 Brutus, L. Junius, 183 Avernus, 173n47, 174n49 Brutus, M. Junius, 29–30 axe heads, bronze, 4 Bubastis; shrine at Aricia, 57 buildings of sanctuary, 9–10, 14–19, 23–4, Babylon, 194n19 63–7 Bacchus, ﬁgurines of, 57 adaptability, 32–3, 293, 294 baking and bakeries Building K, 24, 66 at Aricia, 21, 36, 37, 39, 268, 284 gold-roofed temple phase, 14–19 votive offerings, 39, 52n31 , 282n3 Hellenistic-style complex, 63–7, 283, See also maniae 293, 294 balance and health, 264–5, 266, 269–71, and Nature, 24–6 274, 288 and religious experience, 283–4 banking, 20–1, 37 representations of Diana, 3, 16n22, 64, See also money changing 75–7, 81, 86 (Fig.6) barbarism, 47, 78–9, 82–3, 269, 278–9 shows vitality of cult, 292–3 rex nemorensis and, 39, 182, 204 See also ala of Servilius Quartus; baths; wildness identiﬁed with, 25–6, 31 –2, 38 colonnade; granaries; heroon,¨ baths possible; hypocaust, building with; buildings, 10, 63–4, 66, 283, 285 porticoes; niches; temples; terraces; use in healing, 66, 261, 270, 284 theater beggars, 3, 66, 281 bulls, symbolism of, 115 bestiality, 142 burial alive, 91–2 betrayal, 290 busts Birt, T., 71, 73–4, 113n1 of Asclepius, 57, 236 bisellarius, epitaph of, 55n2 of Diana, archaizing, 79–80 bitumen, 247–50 double-headed, 163n27, 222n24 boars, 114, 115 body parts, votive representations of, 7, Caeculus, founder of Praeneste, 197n21 18, 19–20, 137, 235–6 (Fig.7), 8 Caesar, C. Julius, 26–9, 30, 32, 213 (Fig.8) murder, 28, 30, 33, 39 bogeymen, maniae as, 267, 268n18 Octavian and, 28, 33, 34, 45 Bolanus, A. Marcus, 280 and Pompey, 28, 29, 39, 157 –8 Boston Museum of Fine Arts, 9 Caesar, L., 29–30 bough, ritual of, 139, 148, 159 –62, 177–8, cakes, votive, 39, 52n31 , 282n3 284, 297–301 Caligula (Gaius), emperor, 58–9, 59n10, bough as mistletoe, 160, 162–7, 178 68n25, 154 prerequisite for combat, 152 , 155 , 162 Callimachus, 209 Servius’ text and translation, 297–301 Callisto, 142, 179, 214 violation in, 170, 179, 298–300 Camenae, 224–5, 231 Y juncture in, 130, 298, 301 Camilla, 124–5 boundaries, sacred, 90, 95–6 Campania, 13–14, 15 branch, see bough, ritual of See also Cumae Brauron, shrine at, 53 capitis deminutio, 189 Britannicus, Ti. Claudius Caesar, 59 Cassius of Parma, 36–7, 38n10, 268–9 Bronze Age, 4, 6, 89, 114, 189 Catholic Church, 270n20 bronze items, 64n21 Cato, M. Porcius, the elder, 202–3 votive, 19, 21, 75–6, 280 on Latin alliance, 12–13, 88–9, 94, See also axe heads; brooches; sculpture 108–9, 110, 149, 228

331

INDEX

Catullus, M. Valerius, 122, 129, 130, 135, Diana on Octavian’s, 41, 50 137, 138, 143 Ephesian, 229 See also Index Locorum of L. Hostilius Saserna, 98n25 cauldrons, grifﬁn, 56–7 See also Accoleius Lariscolus, P. caves, 5, 69, 173–4, 283, 291 Collatia, Egerius as king of, 192–3 Celtic religion, 83 collegium, dedication by musicians’, 21 cemeteries of Aricia, 4, 69 Cologne, 69 cervi/servi pun, 200–1 colonnade, 9, 10, 24 Chigi family, 7n12 Compitalia, 129 childbirth concealment. See under Egeria; rex Artemis as protectress in, 119 nemorensis; Virbius death in, 136, 230–1 contagion, 262–3, 274–5 Diana and, 112, 131, 135–8, 144, 230, cooking 236, 278, 290 medical analogy, 264–5, 268 Egeria and, 223–4, 230–1 See also baking and bakeries; maniae Juno Lucina and, 73, 137, 230, 290 Copenhagen; Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek Virbius and, 208 collection, 8, 79–80, 222n24 votive offerings, 8, 137, 235–6 (Fig.7) Aigisthos relief, 22–3, 80n18 children, see childbirth; young, care of Cora, 12–13, 88–9, 108–9 Chio (freedman), dedication by, 56–7 Corne, sacred grove at, 89, 90, 163 Christianity, 68, 69, 83, 276, 287 Cornelius Trophimus, P., 280 adoption of cults, 62, 68, 221n23, Cos; sanctuary of Asclepius, 19, 239 222n23, 231, 295 cosmology and closing of sanctuary, 7, 69, 295 Diana as uniting three levels, 5, 61, hermits, 69, 173n48 134–5, 291 Christmas tree, 148 south Italian, 262–4, 266, 273, 277–8, Cicero, M. Tullius 294 on Diana, 74–5, 121, 132, 135–6, 141 crater, 1 (Fig.1) on Octavian’s ancestry, 34–6, 37–8, 40 ecology, 6–7, 106–7 on rex nemorensis, 147–8 as sacred space, 3–6, 278, 283, 291 suggested meeting with L. Caesar at Cross, stations of the, 276 Nemi, 29–30, 32 Croton, 181, 241, 278 See also Index Locorum Csordas, T. J., 270 Cincius, L., 94 cult images cities of Artemis, 77n12, 84, 85, 98n25, civic cults, 3, 13, 97 204n29 dedications at Aricia, 274–5, 280, 289 of Asclepius, 57, 236 structure, and slavery and exile, 185–6 of Diana: at Aricia, 77–80, 85, 86, 153 Civil War, healing of, 44–5, 175n52, 205, at Rome, 84, 85, 98n25 207, 275, 289, 295 cult types (civic, federal, synoecistic), 97–8 civilization Cumae, 13–14, 16n26, 42n18, 77, 181 barbarism contrasted, 47, 82–3, 127–8 Cupid, 141, 291 Diana as goddess of, 131, 144 Curiatii, 168 of sanctuary, 25–6, 28, 31 –2, 38, 70, 76 Cybele, 143, 148, 212 Claudius, Appius, 15 Claudius, emperor, 59, 183, 196, 229, 280 Dalmatia, 69 climate in crater, 6, 106–7 dances, ritual, 270, 284 closing of sanctuary, 7, 67–70, 295 Darius I, king of Persia, 194n19 coins, 7 Darius (Parthian royal hostage), 58n8

332

INDEX

darkness, Egeria and, 225–6 functions: multiplicity, 86, 112–44, 284, de Morbo Sacro (Hippocratic text), 236–9, 290–2. See also triple form below 242, 245, 286 and under childbirth; death; death decisions; education; hunting; in childbirth, 136, 230–1 leadership; love; medicine and Diana as goddess of, 118, 144, 291 healing; moon; roads; sexuality; Egeria and, 230–1, 290 underworld; war; wildness; women ritual, for religious violation, 91–2, 93 . and silence, 134 as Hecate, 61n15 , 62, 133–4, 135, 175 decisions, Diana and, 52, 53, 87–8, 139, Isis assimilated to, 57, 62–3 181, 284, 290 as Juno Lucina, 137 dedications at sanctuary, 280–1, 289 Latins’ patron deity, 13, 14, 87–8, 284 See also votive offerings and under cities name: etymology, 71–5, 112, 114 deer, 114, 142 in underworld, 133–4 deformity as medical metaphor, 246, 265, net-maker, 125–9, 290 266, 267–8, 269, 271–4 Octavian claims family connection, Delphi, 237, 282n3, 288n7 40–1, 47n27, 84, 85, 160 Demaratus (father of Tarquinius Priscus), personal devotion to, 108, 140–1 182n63, 192n15 representations, (Fig.6). See also Artemis Demeter, 62–3, 68–9 type above, antefixes, and under Demetrios Poliorketes, 17–18 busts; coins; cult images; figurines, Dench, E., 82–3, 84 votive; sculpture 3, 16n22, 64, desertion of sanctuary, 7, 67–70, 295 75–7, 81, 86 desires, pursuit of, 123–4, 284, 285 Roman cult, see Aventine, Roman cult nets to help in, 126–7, 290 of Diana on unfulfillable, 286 sacred marriage, 143, 148, 229, 230 Despuig, Cardinal Antonio, 8, 14n18 Scythian associations, 31 , 38, 79, 153 , 182 deviant behavior, 236, 259–60, 265, triple form, 5, 86, 132–3, 134–5, 291 266 (Fig.5) devotion, personal, 140–1 representations, 14n18, 14n19, 30–2 dew, 117, 118 unites tripartite cosmos, 5, 61, 134–5, diagnosis, medical, 240, 264–6 291 Diana, 71–86 Virbius as consort, 219, 221, 229–30, Artemis type, 4, 76, 77–8, 80–1, 84–5, 291 86, 112–13, 119 (Fig.4) virginity, 135–6, 141, 143 ascension, 62, 68, 295 dice as votive offering, 281–2 and Asclepius, 56, 236 Dictator Aricinus (Trajan), 60 Christianization, 62, 68, 295 Dictator Latinus (Egerius Baebius), 12, epithets: Conservatrix, 140–1 88–9, 94–5, 149, 192–3, 228 Facelitis, 203n27, 204 diet, treatment through, 240, 257, 270 Lucina, 73, 135–8, 230, 236, 290 disability, perception of, 286n5 Nemorensis, 120 disasters, natural, 7, 56, 67, 295 Opifer, 140–1 discrimen (turning point), 52, 53, 87–8, 139, Ovid’s “Orestean,” 202, 222 181 Tifatina, 120 divination, Etruscan, 101n34, 102n34 Trivia, 62, 122, 128–31 , 133, 138, dogs, care of, 138, 236, 242–52, 254, 290 143–4, 290 young, 138, 236, 254, 284, 290 Victrix, 140–1 See also Grattius (on veterinary festival. See August, Ides of medicine); mange

333

INDEX

Domitian, emperor, 59 medical school, 241, 250, 278 Donatus, Aelius, 170 philosophers, 19 drama, 65–6, 253, 270, 284 elements, 262 dreams, 240, 253, 273 maniae and rebalancing, 269–71 drowning, ritual, 91–2 Eliade, M., 3n2, 4n3, 5 Drusilla (sister of Caligula), 59n10 elite´ attitudes to religion, 293–4 Drusus, Nero Claudius, 47n27, 58 emissarium (artiﬁcial outlet for lake), 6,23n43 Dumezil,´ G., 73, 113n1 Empedocles dump in theater, 64 and Apollo, 19 cosmology, 262–4, 266, 273, 277–8, 294 eagles as military symbols, 115 fugitive metaphor, 130, 180, 180n57, 277 earth as cosmic level, 5, 61, 134–5, 291 and madness, 259, 271 earthquakes, 56, 67, 295 painter metaphor, 263–4, 268 eclipses, 132 See also Index Locorum ecology, 6–7, 106–7 emperors, 58–9, 120, 280 Edlund, I.E.M., 24 See also individual names education Empire, 55–70, 293 Diana and, 138–40, 144, 254, 290 empiricism, 238–42, 249, 251, 256, 285 medical training, 238–9, 241, 242, 278, end of cult, 7, 67–70, 295 285, 294–5 Endymion, 143 Egeria, 85, 208, 222–31 Ennius, Q., 65, 128, 130, 131 and childbirth, 223–4, 230–1 See also Index Locorum concealment, 225–6, 231 environment and healing, 248, 257, 261, cult in Latium, 224–6 285–6 and death, 230–31 , 290 Ephesus, 35 etymology of name, 230 Artemision, 97–8 and healing, 289–90 cult image, 77n12, 78n17, 85 and inspiration, 177n54, 224–5, 226, 231 Asclepieion, 240–1 and kings, 227–31 see also Numa below coin on marriage of Claudius and literary references to Arician Agrippina, 229 connection, 48, 182n61, 214, Epictetes, 26, 280 220n20 Epidauros, 19, 56 mourning, 222–3, 224, 226–7, 229, Iamata, 241n14, 253, 253n41 230 epilepsy, 236–9, 286 and Numa, 222–7, 228–9, 231 epiphanies, divine, 253 springs: at Aricia, 153 , 222–3, 224, 231 Erichthonius, 219 at Rome, 222, 224, 225, 228 Erictho, 220n21 See also under Virbius Erinyes, see Furies Egeria/Egerius, etymology of, 194, 228–9, Erotes, 141 230 error, 259, 260, 266 Egerius, king of Collatia, 192–3 Etruscans and Etruria, 93, 101n34, 102n34, Egerius, Manius, 227–8, 267 181 Egerius Arruns, 228 art, 196n20, 201 Egerius Baebius (Laevius), Dictator Diana’s alleged origins, 72 Latinus, 12, 88–9, 94–5, 149, exiles as kings of Rome, 183, 196 192–3, 228 etymologies Egyptian enclave at Aricia, possible, 38n9, Diana, 71–5, 112, 114 39 Egerius, Egeria, 194, 228–9, 230 Elea (Velia) Virbius, 209

334

INDEX

euphemism, protective, 134, 135 fugitives, 207 Euripides, 42, 65, 136, 202, 215 Aventine cult and, 200–1 See also Index Locorum Empedocles’ metaphor, 130, 180, excavations, 7–10, 148 180n57, 277 exile and exiles. See fugitives Jews in Rome, 225n31 expectations, worshippers’, 283–4 leaders in adopted cities, 182, 186, extorres (exiles or fugitives), 156 , 191 191–200, 227–30 Orestes and Iphigenia as, 201–5 Facelitis (epithet of Diana), 203n27, 204 Virbius as, 222 famine in Rome, 40n12 See also under slaves and slavery fanaticus error, 259, 260, 266 Fundilia Room. See ala of Servilius Quartus farmhouse, medieval, over Roman Fundilia Rufa, 75n10, 76n10, 280 building, 10 Fundilius Doctus, C., 55 fasting, 169, 175–6 funerals, 22, 52n31 Faunus, 199 of rex nemorensis, 159 –60, 170–5, 178 federal cults, 93–4, 97–8, 106 Furies, 275 Ferentina, see Lucus Ferentina metaphor of illness or madness, 206, fertility, 136, 144, 151 –2, 214–15 , 224 236, 259, 260, 266, 271 festivals. See August, Ides of; Navigidium Isidis; Panathenaia, Greater Gabii, 193–194 Festus, 227–8, 230 sanctuary of Juno, 65, 293 See also Index Locorum Galen, 256, 262n10 fibulae, archaic bronze, 10–11, 14 Gallus, Aelius, 191 figurines, votive, 7–8, 14, 18–19, 281 gamos, hieros, see marriage (sacred) archaic bronze female, 75–6 Gatti, Edoardo, 9 of Diana, 4, 18, 19, 81, 86 geography, ritual. See landscape, sacred (Fig.4) Germanicus Julius Caesar, 58 of other deities, 57 Ghini, G., 7, 9, 10, 15 –16 See also body parts, votive gladiators, 22, 238–42 representations of Glucklich, A., 176 finances of sanctuary, see wealth golden age, 47 flight from disease, ritual, 245 Gordon, A.E., 72 Foedus Cassianum, 13, 94n16 grain, 21, 37, 38n10, 39, 40n12 foreigners, 36, 37–8, 39, 44, 53–4 granaries, 21, 24, 39, 40n12, 268 See also exiles; fugitives Grattius, 49–54, 62, 242–52 Fortuna, 65, 98n27, 99n27, 293 and Augustan ideology, 120 fountain by entrance to theater, 64 on hunting as war, 114 François tomb; wall-paintings, 196n20 on initiation rite, 49–54, 61, 87–8, Frangipani, Marchesi, 7–8 139–40, 171, 181 Frazer, J.G., 136, 224 on metus falsi, 274 on rex nemorensis, 147–9, 151 –3, 161–2, on net making, 126 163, 221, 297, 299n5 on veterinary medicine, 137, 138, 236, on sacred marriage, 143, 148, 229–30 242–52, 254–5, 264 on Virbius, 208–9, 215, 221n23, 222n23 apotropaics, 245–6 freedmen and freedwomen, 34, 39n11, 66, contagion, 262–3 190n10, 277 empiricism, 241–9, 251, 285 dedications by, 55, 56–7, 280 environmentand healing, 248, 257,261 freedom, natural, 186–9 metaphors of illness, 247, 249, 262–3, frescoes. See wall-paintings 266, 274

335

INDEX

Grattius (Cont.) Hercules, 57, 62n17, 65, 102n35, 130 rabies, 245–6, 274 hermits, Christian, 69, 173n48 ritual presentation of practical herms, portrait, 55, 75n10, 75n9, 280 treatment, 156 , 157 , 249–52, 264 two-headed Janus-type, 222n24 skin diseases, 246–9, 258, 261, 265, heroon¨ , possible, 56 274 Herophilus of Chalcedon, 20n33 wounds, 242–5, 254, 274 Hippocrates, 239 on wildness and clothing, 127–8 Hippocratic medicine See also Index Locorum Oath and Law, 240 Greek culture, 82–6, 201 See also Airs Waters Places; de Morbo Sacro; euphemisms for underworld goddesses, medicine and healing (rationalist/ 134, 135 Hippocratic); Nature of Man, The medical schools, 241, 250, 278 Hippolytus, 56–7, 214 See also cosmology (south Italian); Christianization, 62, 221n23, 222n23, iconography, Greek religious; 231, 295 myth, Greek; philosophy literary references to Arician association, Green Man, 148 48, 60n13, 62, 182n61 groves, sacred return from death, 211, 222 of Egeria, at Rome, 222, 224, 225, 228 rex nemorensis and, 148, 179, 184 located outside pomeria, 90, 99 sexuality and hunting, 123, 142 meetings with ritual disarmament, Troezen cult, 56–7, 213n6, 253n40 87–8, 89–94, 98–9, 109 See also Octavian (and Virbius/ See also Corne; Lucus Ferentinae; and Hippolytus) and under Virbius references throughout to grove of Diana Hippolytus, St., 62, 221n23, 222n23, 231, at Aricia 295 Guenther, M., 11, 115 Hipponion, pitch from, 247, 249–50 guilt, 238, 260, 271 Hirpini, 115 Guldager Bilde, Pia, 24–5, 27n49, 56 Holscher,¨ T., 44, 81, 82 Horace (Q. Horatius Flaccus), 26, 119–20 Hadrian, emperor, 280 Carmen Seculare, 84, 122, 130, 138 Hannibalic Wars, 220n20 on ira and illness, 236, 266 hares, 114, 116–17 on itching diseases, 258–60, 261 Hart, Gerald D., 257 on moon and fertility, 136 head from Capitol, prodigious, 101–3 See also Index Locorum headdress of Fundilia Rufa, 75n10, Horatius and the Curiatii, 168 76n11 Hostilius Saserna, L., 98n25 healing, see medicine and healing Hostius Q.f. Capito, Q., 55, 280 heavens, 5, 61, 134–5, 283, 291 humoral theory, 264, 266, 277–8, 288, Diana as queen of, 62, 68, 295 294 See also moon; sun See also balance and health Hecate, 60n13 Hunter, Black, 168 Diana as, 61n15 , 62, 133–4, 135, 175 hunting, 4, 114–21 hedges, 25 cults, 114–21, 138–9, 142, 179, 199 hegemony. See leadership and medicine, 19, 236 heifer, miraculous Sabine, 100–2, 103n37 mysticism, 5, 115–16, 184 Hera, Argive; archaic temple, Paestum, Diana and, 86, 106, 112, 113–21, 122–5, 201 290 Heracles, see Hercules as Artemis ﬁgure, 4, 76, 77–8, 80–1, herbalists, 247–8 84–5, 86, 112–13, 119 (Fig.4)

336

INDEX

connection of moon and hunting, Ionian league, 97–8 117–18, 119, 134–5, 144 Iphigenia, 40, 42, 44–5, 48, 78, 185–6 fear of committing violation, 178–9 as fugitive, 201–5 and fertility, 151 –2 and healing, 289–90 and medicine, 19, 236, 245, 247 Iron Age, 4, 189, 292 and moon, 117–18, 119, 134–5, 144 Isis, 57, 62–3, 68–9 mysticism, 5, 115–16, 129, 184 Italic culture, 81, 115, 277–8 nets, 125–9, 290 itching diseases, 258–60, 294–5 rex nemorensis and, 11–12, 112, 168–9, ivory figure of woman, 57 179 and security of primitive society, 151 –2 jaundice, 258–9, 261 and sexuality, 123, 142–4, 151 –2 Jesus Christ, 68, 287 Virbius as typical of hunter myth, See also Christianity 214–15 , 221–2 Jews in Rome, 225n31 , 228 hypocaust, building with, 63–4 judgment of cult by worshippers, 289–90 Julia (Octavian’s daughter), 41 Iamata from Epidauros, 241n14, 253, junctions, 128–31 253n41 See also under Y, letter iconography, Greek religious, 82–5, Juno, 65, 73 112–13 Infera, 175 See also Diana (Artemis type) Lucina, 73, 80, 137, 230, 290 Ides, 73–4 Jupiter, 73–4, 74n5, 132 See also August, Ides of Capitoline cult, 102–3, 107–8 Il Giardino, 2 (Fig.2) Latiaris, 5, 93, 107n40, 283 Ilione, cloth of, 43–4 Virbius as local form, 148 imaging (healing process), 270–1 imperium, Roman, 100 Kalends, 73 seven pledges, 43–4, 206–7 Kaluli people, 287–8 incest, 59, 229–30 kings and kingship, 195–200 incubation, 238, 253, 273 and barbarism, 182 incurable conditions, 286 Caesar and, 29 Indo-European culture, 71–5, 112, expulsion from Rome, 183, 198 115 fugitives and exiles, 182, 191–200, inflammation, 247, 249, 259 227–30 initiation rituals, 119, 138–9, 283 See also under Egeria; rex nemorensis Grattius’ account, 49–54, 61, 87–8, k»tov (ill will), 262–3, 266 139–40, 171, 181 Kretschmer, P., 72 inspiration Egeria and, 177n54, 224–5, 226, 231 Lacus Palici, 250n32, 250n33 and epilepsy, 237 ladle handle, bronze, 19 poetic, as madness, 259–60 lake (Lago di Nemi), 1 (Fig.1) rex nemorensis’ visions, 174, 175–7, emissarium, 6, 23n43 178 as mirror, speculum Dianae, 1, 6, 75 instruments, medical, 20, 64n21, 236, (Fig.1) 240n9 Navigidium Isidis possibly held on, interdictio aquae et igni, 189 57 international nature of cult, 53–4 in sacred landscape, 5, 117–18, 283, 285, intestines, votive figure displaying, 7, 291 235–6 (Fig.8) See also ships, imperial

337

INDEX

landscape, sacred, 3–6, 76, 174–5, 178, loss, personal, 290 278, 283, 285 love, 123–4, 141, 290, 291 Diana as uniting, 5, 61, 134–5, 291 See also desires, pursuit of See also sacred space Lucan (M. Annaeus Lucanus), 134, 206 landslide, 7, 56, 295 on rex nemorensis, 150 , 157 –9, 161, 163 Lania Thionoe, 280 See also Index Locorum Lanuvium, 15 , 115 Lucina (epithet of Diana and Juno), 73, 80, in Latin alliance, 12–13, 88–9, 108–9 135–8, 230, 236, 290 sanctuary, 26n47, 293 Lucullus, L. Licinius; legates’ dedications, votive terra-cottas, 18, 19 26, 280 Lares Compitales, 129 lucus, nemus, silva distinctions, 25 Latin League, 13, 89, 93–4, 110 Lucus Ferentinae, 89, 90–3, 94n16, 95n16, Latium 103, 105, 194 archaic history, 111 Luna, deity of moon, 73 Diana as patron, 13, 14, 87–8, 284 Lutatius Pinthia, C., 280 Hellenistic-style sanctuaries, 293, 294 See also under Gabii; Lanuvium; Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 147, 148 Praeneste; Tibur Macrobius, 37–8 votive terra-cottas, 18, 19 See also Index Locorum See also individual cities and alliances, Macstarna, 183, 196 Latin; Dictator Latinus; Latin madness, 204–7 League; Rome (and Latin cities) healing, 219, 221, 236, 271, 276 Latte, K., 72, 113n1 incurable, 286 Laurentum, 12–13, 88–9, 108–9 poetic inspiration as, 259–60 Lavinium, 198 See also mental illness and under Orestes law magical healing, 243n17, 245–6 lex arae Dianae in Aventino, 97, 103–4 magistrates; dedications, 21–2, 55, 277, 280 and slavery and exile, 186–91 Magna Mater, cult of, 68–9 Le Mole, 5, 223 magnesia-bearing springs, 66 lead poisoning, 257 mange, 246–9, 258, 261, 265, 274 leadership maniae, 52n31 , 267–77, 281, 284, 294 Diana as guarantor, 13, 14, 41, 98–102, and mental illness, 275–7 109–10, 112 ritual destruction and remaking, See also under fugitives; rex nemorensis 269–71, 276–7, 286 lectisternium (399), 77, 84, 102n35, 122 and underworld, 271–4 lex arae Dianae in Aventino, 97, 103–4 Manlios Acidinos, C., 21, 280 Licinia Chrysarion, 55, 280 manumission, 190n10 Licinius, Lucius, L.f., 26, 277, 280 Marcius, Ancus, 197n21, 198, 199 liminality, Egeria’s, 231 sons of, 195, 198 linguistics. See etymologies Marius, C., 24 literature, sanctuary in, 48, 55, 119–21 marriage, 228, 229 See also individual authors, and Index sacred, 59, 143, 148, 229–30, 231 Locorum Mars, 123, 199 Livia, empress, 40, 41, 47n27 shields of (ancilia), 43–4 Livius, M. (praetor), 21–2, 277, 280 marshes, 13, 106–7 Lloyd, Geoffrey, 239–40 Martial (M. Valerius Martialis), 218 location of Aricia and sanctuary, 3, 13–14 See also Index Locorum lodgings for travelers, 26 Mary, Assumption of Virgin, 62, 68, 295 longevity of cult, 68, 89, 105–6, 112, 292 masks, relief of actors’, 6 (Fig.3)

338

INDEX

Massilia, 77 active role of suppliants, 278 cult image of Artemis, 78n17, 84, 85, and itching diseases, 258–60 98n25 maniae and, 267–71 Mastarna, 183, 196 performative nature, 252–3 Mauretania, 69 and rationalist/Hippocratic medicine, medicaments, 236, 240, 247–8, 253, 261, 236–42, 252–3, 261–4, 284 284 ritual presentation of practical medicine and healing, 235–55 treatment, 249–52, 256, 264, 284 Apollo and, 19, 241, 248, 250 and understanding/acceptance of Asclepian, see illness, 286–8 sanctuary/Asclepian/religious below schools, 239, 241, 278 and civic disasters, 274–5 training, 238–9, 241, 242, 278, 285, development, 238–42, 285, 294–5 294–5 and deviant behavior, 236, 259–60, 265, wealth from, 19–20, 282 266 See also analogy in medicine; balance Diana as healer, 235–55, 260, 276–7 and health; baths; diagnosis; range of healing, 235–6 environment; humoral theory; disease as divine displeasure, 247 imaging; incubation; instruments, dissection, 20n33 medical; itching diseases; madness; dreams and, 240, 253, 273 magical healing; maniae; empiricism, 20n33, 238–42, 249, 251, medicaments; mental illness; 256, 285 metaphor in medicine; moon (and Hippocratic, see rationalist/Hippocratic healing); patients’ narratives; rabies; below regimen; skin diseases; surgery; hunting and, 19, 236, 245, 247 veterinary medicine; water, incurable conditions, 286 therapeutic use of; wounds mythical explication, 289–90 Meleager, 179, 214 patients’ conﬁdence in, 256, 257, 286–8, mental illness, 236, 259–60, 284 289–90 maniae and healing of, 271–4, 275–7 perception of disability, 286n5 See also madness performative nature, 252–3 Mercury, ﬁgurines of, 57 priests’ role, 235, 250–2, 284, 285, 289 metaphor in medicine, 245, 247, 264–6, prognosis, 240, 288 267–9, 275 range of conditions treated, 235–6, Grattius and, 247, 249, 262–3, 266, 274 284–6 See also anger; deformity; error; Furies rationalist (Hippocratic), 19, 20n33, meteorology, knowledge of, 118 242–52 miasma (pollution), 238 diagnosis by metaphor and analogy, microclimate of crater, 6, 106–7 264–6, 268 Middle Ages, Nemi in, 5, 7, 10, 223 prognosis, 288 Minerva, 57, 127n16 sanctuaries as teaching hospitals, miracles, healing, 286–8 238–42, 285, 294–5 mirrors and sanctuary medicine, 236–42, bronze, 19, 201 252–3, 261–4, 284 lake as Diana’s, 1, 6, 75 (Fig.1) treatment within ritual context, mistletoe, 160, 162–7, 178 249–52, 256, 264, 284, See also Mithraism, 68–9 humoral theory Mithridatic War, 26 sanctuary/Asclepian/religious, 19, moisture, 117–18, 126, 136 256–79 money changing, 20–1, 36–7, 39, 268

339

INDEX

moon medieval, 5, 7, 10, 223 cycles, 116, 131, 132, 135–6, 137–8, Palazzo Ruspoli, 21–2 291–2 nemus, lucus, silva distinction, 25 Diana as goddess of, 73–5, 80, 86, 106, Neolithic period, 4 114, 121–2, 284, 291–2 Nero, emperor, 59, 205n33 etymology, 112 Nerulo, 37n6 associated functions, 119, 129, 131–2, Nerva, emperor, 59 134–5, 136, 144, 276–7, 284 nets, 125–9, 290 eclipses, 132 New Guinea, 270n20, 287–8 and healing, 236, 276–7 niches, 9, 10 and hunting, 117–18, 119, 134–5, 144 Nicias (Athenian general), 132 and life and death, spiritus, 118 Nomentum, 15 and madness, 259–60 Nones, 73 and moisture, 117–18, 136 Norbanus Sorex, C., 280 and underworld, 131–2, 134–5 Nottingham; Brewhouse Yard Museum, 8 Morpurgo, L., 8–9 Numa, 197n21, 214, 225, 228–9 mosaics death, 198, 199 in actors’ room in theater, 65 Ovid’s account, 182n61, 212 in ala of M. Servilius Quartus, 34 See also under Egeria Mother of the Gods, 43–4 numen, 108, 220, 227 mourning. See under Egeria Numitoria (Antony’s stepmother), 35, 36 music, 21, 253, 284 nummularii, see money changing Mycale; cult of Poseidon, 97–8 nurse, see Papiria Mysia, dedications from, 26, 280 nymphaeum, 64 mystery religions, 179–80 mysticism oak, 148, 151 n9, 162–3, 208, 224 hunting and, 5, 115–16, 129, 184 Ocrisia (mother of Servius Tullius), 195–6, southern Italian, 277–8, 294 197 myth, Greek Octavia (Octavian’s sister), 40, 41 Arician and Roman uses differ, 293 Octavian (M. Octavius, emperor and explication of cult, 85–6, 119, 179, Augustus) 184, 185–6, 293, 294. See also and Antony, 34–6, 37n6, 39, 41, 50 Hippolytus; Orestes; rex nemorensis Arician ancestry, 16n26, 20n36, 21, 34, (mythological interpretation) 39n11, 152 , 213, 268–9 and healing, 289–90 exploitation, 40–1, 210–11 Octavian/Augustus’ political use, and Caesar, 28, 33, 34, 45 209–11, 213–14, 220n22 and cults of Diana and Apollo, 40–1, 47, See also individual myths 48, 60, 84, 85, 119–20, 123 and Orestes’ bones, 41–7, 150 –1, 184, 271 Naevius, 65n23, 225n30 personal role in move to Rome, 45, Nature, 10, 24–6, 186–9 152 , 176n53, 210 disasters, 7, 56, 67, 295 political use of myth, 209–11, 213–14, hunting and knowledge of, 115–16, 220n22 118 and rex nemorensis ritual, 150 –1, 152 Nature of Man, The (Hippocratic text), and Virbius/Hippolytus, 47–8, 210–11, 263n12 213–14, 220n22 Navajo people, 247n27, 270n20, 276 offerings Navigidium Isidis, festival of, 57 thank-, 282n2 Nemi See also votive offerings

340

INDEX

ofﬁcials of sanctuary, 57–8, 155 –6, 177, 235 on wildness and civilization of See also priests and priestesses sanctuary, 28–9 ointments, 247–8, 261 See also Index Locorum omens, and suitability for kingship, 196–7 Orestes, 40, 78, 185–6, 201–5, 293 Pacuvius, M., 65, 205 on Aigisthos relief, 22–3, 80n18 See also Index Locorum Arician appropriation of myth, Paestum; temple of Argive Hera, 201 bones moved from Tegea to Sparta, 42 pain, sacred, 176 bones transferred from Aricia to Rome, painting 41–7, 85, 86, 150 –1, 152 , 184, 210, Empedocles’ metaphor of, 263–4, 271 268 and healing after civil war, 44–5, of gladiatorial combat, in sanctuary, 22 175n52, 205, 207, 275, 289, 295 Navajo sand, 270n20, 276 Octavian’s personal role, 45, 152 , See also vase painting; wall-paintings 176n53, 210 Palici, Lacus, 250n32, 250n33 and survival of cult, 295 palladium, 43–4 Diana as “Orestean,” 202, 222 Panathenaia, Greater, 98 drama on theme of, 65n23, 202 Papiria (nurse), 21, 280, 284 as fugitive, 62, 201–5, 289–90 Papua New Guinea, 270n20, 287–8 and healing rituals, 276, 289–90 pastry ﬁgures, see maniae literary references to Arician association, paths, 29–30, 260 48, 65n23, 202, 222 Diana as goddess of, 112, 128–31 , 138, madness, 204–7, 236, 259, 260, 271, 144 276, 289 See also junctions Nero and myth of, 59 patients’ narratives, 241n14 and Thoas, 66, 185, 203, 204, 260, Pausanias, 66 297–8 See also Index Locorum and xoanon of Diana, 204, 260, 297–8 peace, Diana and, 49–50 See also under rex nemorensis Pedum, 15 origin of cult, 11–12, 89 Pennsylvania University Museum, 3, 8 Orion, 142, 179, 214 (Fig.6) Orphism, 132, 179–80, 245n24 performance Orsini, Count, 8, 9 sanctuary medicine as sacred, 252–3 Ostia; theater, 65 See also drama Ovid Persephone, 133n25, 179–80 and Augustan ideology, 119–20 See also Proserpina on Diana, 121, 123–4, 141 Persius Flaccus, A., 130, 139, 180, 298, 300 on Egeria, 182n61, 222, 223, 226, 227 See also Index Locorum and eroticism of hunt, 123–4 pharmacies, see medicaments; unguentaria on Grattius, 49 Philippi, battle of, 40 on hunting nets, 126–7 philosophy, 262, 294 on offerings to sanctuary, 281, 282 and rex nemorensis, 179–82, 184, 284 on rex nemorensis, 28–9, 48, 150 , 154 , See also individual philosophers 162, 274–5 Phocaeans, 77 and Scythian connections of cult, 79 Picentes, 115 on silence of underworld, 134 Picus, cult of, 199 on Virbius, 211–12, 214, 219, 220–1, pitch, medical use of, 244–5, 247, 249–50 227 plague, 67, 275 and Hippolytus, 182n61, 222 Plancus, L. Munatius, 44, 47n26

341

INDEX

Pliny the elder, 118, 166, 167n38 Probus, Valerius, 170, 203n27 See also Index Locorum See also Index Locorum Pliny the younger, 122–3, 126n13 Prodicus, 130 See also Index Locorum prodigies, 100–3, 166 plumbing, lead, 58n8, 59n9 prognosis, medical, 240, 288 Podemann Sørensen, J., 209, 219 Propertius, 123, 130, 138, 142–4 politics on Cynthia’s vow of dances to Diana, Octavian/Augustus’ use of myth, 140, 236, 270 209–11, 213–14, 220n22 See also Index Locorum role of sanctuary, 12–14, 26–33, 90–4, prophecy, 177, 284, 288 109–10, 163 Proserpina, 131, 132, 134, 135, 173, 175 Roman empire-building, 293 puriﬁcation, 59, 91–2, 93, 242, 284, 295 and slavery and exile, 185–6 Pythagoras and Pythagoreanism, 19, 181, and weakening of religion, 105, 108 212, 225, 277–8 See also alliances, Latin Arician cult accommodates, 130, 294 pollution and disease, 238 and rex nemorensis, 179–82, 184, 284 Polybius, 172 See also under Y, letter See also Index Locorum pomeria, 90, 99 quadriga ﬁctilis Veientanorum, 43–4 Pometia, 12–13, 88–9, 108–9 quadrivium (crossroads), 128 Pompeii; temple of Isis, 57 Quirinus, king of Rome, 199 Pompeius, Sextus, 41, 50 Pompey the Great, 27n49, 28, 29, 39, rabies, 245–6, 274 157 –8, 163 Radke, G., 209 Pomptine marshes, 13 reciprocity with other cults, 57 pools in and around theater, 64, 65 refuge, Aricia as place of, 53–4, 61–2 poor as suppliants, 66, 281–2 refuse dump in theater, 64 Porsenna, 77 regimen and healing, 240, 257, 270 portents, 167n38 regiones (sacred boundaries), 95–6 See also omens; prodigies Remus, 190n12, 196n21, 197n21 porticoes, 24, 55–7, 69, 283 restoration to life, 62, 68, 291 See also ala of Servilius Quartus rex nemorensis, 179, 221 Portus Orestis, 202–3 See also Virbius (death and restoration to Poseidon; cult at Mycale, 97–8 life) postliminium, law of, 189, 190, 191 restoration of sanctuary buildings, 66–7 post-traumatic stress disorder, 206 resurrection, see restoration to life Potnia Theron (mistress of beasts), 76, 119 rex nemorensis, 147–84 pots, archaic miniature votive, 10 antiquity of priesthood, 11–12, 112, 283 Praeneste, 20n36, 197n21, 201–2 armed with sword, 149–50, 153 , 154 –5, sanctuary, 65, 293 178 pregnancy, 131, 137–8, 254 barbarism, 39, 182, 204 See also childbirth Caesar’s dissociation from, 27–9 prehistory, 4, 11–12 Caligula forces contest, 58–9, 68n25, 154 Priam, scepter of, 43–4 combat, 22, 39, 167–9, 178, 179 priests and priestesses, 176, 278, 282, 285 concealment, 278 advice given by, 235, 250–2, 284, 289 Egeria as mourning for, 229 See also rex nemorensis evolution of meaning, 178–84 Prima (wife of L. Aninius Rufus), 55, 280 Frazer’s interpretation, 147–9, 151 –3, primitivism, 269 161–2, 163, 221, 297, 299n5

342

INDEX

as fugitive slave, 39, 62, 154 , 177, 182, kings: exiles and fugitives, 191–200 185, 186–95, 283 expulsion, 183, 198. See also individual funeral, 46, 159 –60, 170–5, 178 names. and healing rituals, 276, 289–90 and Latin cities, 13, 14–19, 98–102, 124 hieros gamos, possible, 143, 148 Servius Tullius’ attempted federation, Hippolytus and, 148, 179, 184 13, 89, 98–102, 103, 104–5, as hunting cult, 11–12, 112, 168–9, 179 109–10. See also alliances, Latin and inauguration of ritual, 155 –6, 177, 178 under Aricia. and kingship, 182–4 religious observance, 17, 292–5 leader and advisor to community, 177, temples and groves: of Concord, 41, 47 178, 182, 283 of Egeria, 222, 224, 225, 228 literary references, 48. See also under of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Ovid; Servius; Strabo; Vergil 48 Capitol, 26n47, 43–4, 101–3, 104 mystery religions and, 179–80 of Luna, 73 mythological interpretation, 148, 179, of Saturn, 41, 44, 45, 46–7, 86 184, 185–6. See also Hippolytus St Omobono, 102n35 above and Orestes below of Vesta, 43. See also Aventine, Octavian/Augustus and, 120, 150 –1, 152 Roman cult of Diana on. Orestes and, 184, 221, 260, 271, 293 Terme Museum, 9 as founder and Greek aition, 41, 45–7, votive terra-cottas, 18, 19 85, 148, 201–7 See also imperium, Roman; Orestes philosophical interpretation, 179–82, (bones transferred from Aricia to 184, 284 Rome) political significance, 27–9, 182–4 Romulus, 47, 190n12, 196n21, 197n21, removal to Sparta, 7, 67–9, 204n29, 295 198, 199 restoration to life, 179, 221 royal disease (jaundice), 258–9, 261 ritual summarized, 177–8 Ruspoli family, 8 sacrifices to underworld, 159 –60 Servius Tullius compared, 104, 182–3, Sabines, 73, 74, 93, 190n12 184, 195 miraculous heifer, 100–1, 103n37 tomb, 46, 173, 174 sacer, individuals as, 168, 221 underworld journey, 46, 173–7, 178, sacred space, 3–6, 10, 76, 108, 174–5 179–80, 221 See also landscape, sacred and under crater as violator, 162, 168, 170, 178–9, 221, Sacred Spring, ritual of, 52n33 297, 299–300 sacrifice, 49–54, 91–2, 171, 250–1, 253, 284 Virbius compared, 208, 221 to underworld, by rex nemorensis, 159 –60 visions, 174, 175–7, 178 sacrosanctity, 168, 221 wildness, 26, 39, 154 –5, 182 saliva, medical use of, 244–5 See also bough, ritual of Salluvius Naso, C., 26, 280 riddles, 164, 167, 177–8 sand paintings, Navajo, 270n20, 276 roads, 13–14, 131n21 Saturn, 46–7 Diana as goddess of, 112, 128–31 , 138, satyr, relief of, 6 (Fig.3) 144 Savile, John, first Baron Savile of Rufford, sanctuary approach, 4, 9–10, 281, 282 8, 9, 75, 148, 223 See also junctions; Via Appia scabies Rome in dogs. See mange empire-building, 293 in humans, 258–9 famine, 40n12 scent in hunting, 117–18 Jews, 225n31 , 228 Schieffelin, E., 287–8

343

INDEX

science, principles of, 136 Sicily, 50, 132, 203n27, 249–52 sculpture, 21–2, 55–7, 63 See also Vulcan bas-relief of actors, 6 (Fig.3) silence, 134, 226 of Diana, 3, 14, 30–1, 64, 77–80, 81, Silius Italicus, 220n20 86 (Fig.6). See also anteﬁxes silva, nemus, lucus distinction, 25 imperial portraits, 10, 55–6, 58 Sinnius Capito, 228, 267 See also Aigisthos relief; busts; cult site of sanctuary, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7–10 (Fig.2) images; herms skin diseases, 246–9, 256, 258–9, 261, 274, Scythia, 31 , 38, 79, 153 , 182 284, 285, 294–5 seawater bathing, 248, 250 slaves and slavery, 186–95 Segni, terra-cottas from, 18, 19 American, 187n6 servi/cervi pun, 200–1 Aricia associated with, 34–9, 39n11, 66, Servilius Quartus, M., 34, 55–6, 277, 280 107–8, 283, 284 Servius, 133 Aventine cult and, 107–8, 110, 200–1 on funeral of Misenus, 170–3 dedications by, 21, 280, 284 on multiplicity of Diana, 133–4 fugitive, 186–95. See also under rex on Orestes myth, 203–5 nemorensis. on rex nemorensis, 149, 150 –1, 152 –3, Orestes myth and, 205, 289–90 162, 163, 174n51 and rituals of remaking self, 277 move to Sparta, 7, 67–8 Servius Tullius as, 103, 182, 183, 195–7 philosophical interpretation, 180–1 See also freedmen and freedwomen text and translation of passage, Smith, J. Z., 297 297–300 social range of worshippers, 280–2, 292 on Virbius, 209, 213–15 , 219–21 Solmsen, F., 71–2 on woodlands, 25 Spain, 69 See also Index Locorum Sparta, 42, 204n29 Servius Tullius, 195–8 rex nemorensis moved to, 7, 67–9, and Arician cult, 183 204n29, 295 and Aventine cult of Diana, 13, 89, spearhead, bronze; dedication, 21, 280 97–108, 109–10 speculum Dianae, lake as, 1, 6, 75 (Fig.1) death, 104, 197–8, 199 spiritus, moon and, 118 and Latin cities, 13, 89, 98–102, 103, Spring, ritual of Sacred, 52n33 104–5, 109–10 springs, 66, 283, 285, 291 parallels with rex nemorensis, 104, 182–3, See also under Egeria 184, 195 stagnation of cult, 67 supposed servile origin, 103, 182, 183, Staia Quinta, 55, 280, 283–4 195–7 Statius, P. Papinius, 60–3, 106, 133, Tarquinius Superbus and, 101n33, 110, 217n16, 220n20 183, 197–8 See also Index Locorum and traditional account of kingship, 199 statues, see cult images; sculpture sexuality statuettes, see ﬁgurines, votive Diana and, 123–4, 141–4, 229–30 Stilo, Aelius, 267, 271 and hunting, 123, 142–4, 151 –2 Stoicism, 133 Virbius’ transgressive, 123, 142, 212, Strabo, on rex nemorensis, 147, 150 , 153 –4, 214, 215, 219, 221 162 shamanism, New Guinea, 287–8 See also Index Locorum shell-shock, 206 Suetonius Tranquillus, C., 36–7 ships, imperial, from lake, 6n10, 9, 10, See also Index Locorum 58–9 sun, 117

344

INDEX

Virbius as god of, 208, 221 architectural, 16n22, 76. See also Sun Dance, Native American, 176 antefixes votive, see figurines, surgery, 239–40, 253, 285 votive; body parts, votive instruments, 20, 64n21, 236, 240n9 representations of swords thank-offerings, 282n2 of Orestes, 202–3 theater, 10, 24, 63–6, 283, 285 of rex nemorensis, 149–50, 153 , 154 –5, performances in, 65–6, 270, 284 178 sculptures, 6, 57 (Fig.3) synoecistic cults, 98 structure, 63–6, 134 Syracuse, 132, 203n27 Thesunti, 202–3 Thoas, 66, 185, 203, 204, 260 tablets, Orphic gold, 245n24 Thurii, 37n6, 38n10 Tacitus, Cornelius, 122–3 Tiberius, emperor, 58, 280 See also Index Locorum Tibullus, Albius, 122n9, 124, 143, 285, Tanaquil, 191, 192, 195–8 297–8 Tarquinius, Sextus, 193–4 Tibur, 12–13, 88–9, 108–9 Tarquinius Priscus, 101–2, 183, 197, sanctuary, 65, 89n5, 293 197n21 Tifata, Tifata, 217 as exile-king, 182n63, 191–2 tiles, 27, 35n2, 37, 66–7 death, 195, 198, 199 Titus, emperor, 59 Tarquinius Superbus, 183, 193–4, 197n21, tombs 198 François, 196n20 and Capitoline temple, 101–3 of Hippolytus/Virbius, 56 and Servius Tullius, 101n33, 110, 183, openings to underworld, 46, 175 197–8 of rex nemorensis, 46, 173, 174 and Tullia, 197, 229–30 topography of site, 3–7 and Turnus Herdonius, 90–3, 103, 105, Trajan, emperor, 60, 280 194 Tralles, 35 Tatius, Titus, 73, 198, 199 travelers, 26, 131n21 Taurinum, 202–3 treasure hunters, 7–8, 9 Tauropolos, 31 , 78, 85, 153 trees, 162–4, 166, 167n38 techneˆ, 125–8, 144 See also mistletoe; oak Tegea, 42 trickster paradigm, 11n16 temples, 10, 285 triple goddess. See Diana (triple form) archaic, postulated, 14, 16, 76 Troezen, 56–7, 213n6, 253n40 early Republican golden-roofed, 10, Tullia (wife of Tarquinius Superbus), 197, 14–19, 23, 112, 283, 293 198, 229–30 Vergil on, 16, 271–2 Tullus Hostilius, 197n21, 198, 199 visual effect, 130n19, 291, 293 Turner,J.M.W.,148 late Republican Hellenistic-style, 119, Turnus Herdonius, 90–3, 103, 105, 194 283, 293, 294 Tusculum, 12–13, 15 , 88–9, 108–9 representations of Diana, 64, 76–7, 81, sacred grove at Corne, 89, 90, 163 86 templum (sacred space), 5 underworld, 47, 62–3, 74n5, 175, 231 Terentius Lucanus, C., 22 descent to, 62, 179–80, 221, 271–4 terraces by rex nemorensis, 46, 173–7, 178, late Republican, 10, 23–4, 223, 283 179–80, 221 upper, 15 –16 Diana as goddess of, 62, 112, 128, 131–5, terra-cottas 144

345

INDEX

underworld (Cont.) Vietnam War, 206 as Hecate, 61n15 , 62, 133–4, 135, villa, Caesar’s, 26–9 175 violation, ritual, 90–3, 178–9 entrances to, 5, 46, 173–4, 175 See also under rex nemorensis; Virbius maniae and, 271–4 Virbius, 208–22 moon’s connection with, 131–2, 134–5 Asclepius and Virbius/Hippolytus, 47, in tripartite cosmos, 5, 61, 135, 291 56–7, 211–13, 221, 236 unguentaria (pharmacies), 21, 36, 39, 268, Christianization as Hippolytus, 62, 284, 295 221n23, 222n23, 231, 295 urine, medical use of, 242–3 concealment, 220–1, 222, 223, 231 death and restoration to life, 211–13, Varro, M. Terentius, 120–1, 126, 292, 294 215–18, 221, 231, 291 See also Index Locorum as annual event, 221–2, 227, 229 vase painting, 116–17, 201 by drowning, 216–18 vaticinator at sanctuary, 177, 284 Hippolytus resurrected as, 222 Veii; quadriga fictilis Veientanorum, 43–4 as typical of hunter myth, 214 Venus, 57, 123, 141, 143, 148, 160 and young and old forms, 219–20 Vergil (P. Vergilius Maro), 48 as Diana’s consort, 219, 221, 229–30, and Augustan ideology, 119–20 291 on branching junction, 139 and Egeria, 214, 220n20, 223, 224, 226, on Camilla, 124–5 229–30, 231 deformity metaphor and maniae, etymology of name, 209 271–4 Frazer on, 208–9, 215, 221n23, 222n23 on Diana, 130, 132–3 and healing, 221, 289–90 on Egeria, 223, 227 Hippolytus’ association with, 47, 62, on gold-roofed temple, 16, 271–2 85–6, 143, 209–13, 221, 222, 293 rex nemorensis ritual as reflected in Epidauran inscription on, 56 Aeneid, 149, 150 –1, 152 –3, 156 –7, literary references, 48, 60n13, 62, 159 182n61 in death and funeral of Misenus, 46, hunter myth paradigm fits, 214–15 , 159 –60, 167–8, 170–3, 297, 300 221–2 in sacrifices to dead and descent into as local form of Jupiter, 148 underworld, 159 –60, 173–5, 176, and madness, 219, 221 177 as numen, 220 in taking of golden bough, 159 –61, rex nemorensis compared, 208, 221 162–3, 164–6, 167 Servius’ account, 213–15 on underworld, 132–3, 134, 173–5, as sun god, 208, 221 271–4 touch prohibited, 221, 222, 278 on Virbius, 210–11, 219, 220–1, 223, tomb, 56 226, 227 as violator, 212, 214, 219, 221, 290 See also Index Locorum young and old forms, 219–20, 222 Vespasian, emperor, 59–60 See also under Octavian; Ovid; sexuality Vestal Virgins, 91, 224 virginity, 135–6, 141, 143 veterinary medicine, 236, 242–52, 254–5 visions, rex nemorensis’, 174, 175–7, 178 See also dogs, care of; mange; and under vitality of cult, 292–5 Grattius Vitruvius Pollio, 15 n20, 133n25, 224n29 Via Appia, 3, 5–6, 15 , 20–1, 26, 282 Voconius, Gaius, C.f., 26, 277, 280 Vibo Valentia, see Hipponion volcanoes and mystery rites, 180n56 Vidal-Naquet, P., 168 Volusia Cornelia, 63, 280

346

INDEX

votive offerings, 14, 18–19, 26, 113, 280–2 and civilization, in sanctuary, 25–6, 28, archaic, 10, 14 31 –2, 38, 70, 76 baked images, 39, 52n31 , 76, 282n3. See clothing and abandonment of, 127–8 also maniae. Diana and, 87, 112, 131, 278–9, 290 bronze, 19, 21, 75–6, 280 and freedom, 187–8 and confidence in sanctuary, 257, 289 hunting cults and, 142, 179 in initiation ritual, 139–40 of rex nemorensis, 26, 39, 154 –5, 182 medical instruments, 20, 236 ritual containment, 142, 179, 214–15 , wealth from, 21–3, 26, 280, 282 219, 221 See also body parts, votive Wissowa, G., 105–6, 223–4 representations of; figurines, votive on Diana, 72 vows, 140, 236, 270, 285 as women’s goddess, 88, 113–14, 149, Vulcan; Sicilian rite, 156 , 157 , 249–52, 254, 208, 209, 223–4 264 on rex nemorensis, 149–50, 151 , 152 on Virbius, 208, 209 wall-paintings wombs, votive models of, 8, 137, 235–6 in actors’ room, 65 (Fig.7) of boys with torches before altar of women Diana, 140 dedications by, 280 in François tomb, 196n20 Diana and, 107–8, 110, 113–14 war, 205–7 imperial, 40, 41, 47n27, 84, 160 Diana/Artemis as goddess of, 88, 110, Wissowa’s theory, 88, 113–14, 149, 112, 119, 124–5, 140–1 208, 209, 223–4 Warde Fowler, W., 77 votive models of body parts, 7, 20, 137, water, therapeutic use of, 66, 224, 245, 235–6, 8 (Fig.7), (Fig.8) 257, 261, 270, 284 woodlands, 25, 76, 148, 283 watermills at Le Mole, 5, 223 World War I, 206 wealth of sanctuary, 19–23, 26, 63, 66, wounds, 236, 242–5, 254, 274, 284 120 from votive offerings, 21–3, 26, 280, Xenophon, 130 282 See also Index Locorum weapons prohibition in sacred groves, 87–8, Y, letter 89–93, 98–9, 109, 283 junctions in form of, 129–31 , 136, 139, See also axe heads, bronze; spearhead, 297–8, 300-1 bronze; swords Pythagoreanism and, 130, 180–1, 297–8, weaving, 125–8 300-1 Webster, J., 83, 84 young, care of, 138–40, 144, 236, 254, wildness 284, 290 barbarism identified with, 25–6, 31 –2, 38 Zopyrus, 194n19

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