ISSN: 2347-7474 International Journal Advances in Social Science and Humanities Available online at: www.ijassh.com

REVIEW ARTICLE

The Social Life of the Itawes as Reflected in the Major themes of their Literature

Dr. Joseph Bangayan Cuarteros

Quality Assurance Coordinator, Gulf College, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.

Abstract

The study collected and translated to the suitable English language the existing folk literature of the Itawes particularly those from the municipalities of Penablanca, , Enrile and . The values and qualities found in each literary material were determined. Specially, textual analysis of each proverb, riddle, folktale and poem were traced. This study made use the descriptive research design using the qualitative technique to determine the different literary types of the Itawes and how they reflect their way of life. The studies found that folk literature reflect the social life of the Itawes. They are instrumental in the formation of their moral and social values, sense of industry, sense of humility, family customs and traditions and beliefs and practices. In the educational sector, the Itawes folk literature provides as a basis for educational planners in enriching the school’s prospectus through the integration of folk literature especially those which are unrecorded. From the various literary types, the Itawes is not distinctly different from the rest of his countrymen. He is very Filipino in his social life. As a Christian, he regards life as a God-given gift and strongly believes in the power of prayer. As a neighbor, he is truthful, compassionate, considerate, and sociable. As a son or daughter, he is obedient, respectful, disciplined and honest.

Keywords: Social Life, Itawes, Literature. Introduction To appreciate a people, one must be able to Literature plays an important role in the life understand his way of life. By knowing the of people. It is considered an art. It is a way of life of the greater number of people in bridge of understanding that brings people Cagayan, leaders, students and the closer together. Educators claim that townspeople themselves will be able to literature is a mine through which people realize that despite the presence of diverse express their inner quality and strength of culture, there will still be unity because they culture and which arouse faith among people are Filipino who has common sentiments and create lasting friendship and goodwill. and aspirations. On the other hand, folk literature has Literature is a written and unwritten everything about human being himself and literary composition, which is handed down his existence. It is a manifestation of the from generation to generation by word of culture of a group of people, a popular and mouth. It is a precious possession of any traditional culture that changes in the society. It can be expressed in the form of course of a group’s history. It changes by the folktales, proverbs, riddles, folk songs, group remains strongly attached because it legends and epics. Nowadays, folk literature is the source of its community life. elevates the people's standards of their moral values and virtues and most On the other hand, the recording and importantly it helps them to nurture their writing down of oral and written literature humanness. However, people seem to know is of great help in the history of the people. little about the types of folklore or if not The most important is the fact that most of these literary types are forgotten. literature is a reproduction of life executed

Dr. Joseph Bangayan Cuarteros | March 2016 | Vol.4 | Issue 03 | 28-36 28 Available online at: www.ijassh.com in an artistic pattern. It is through literature and practices of the Itawes will be treasured where in line with the preservation of as they are being handed down from one Filipino culture for ethnic identity, this generation to another. study was conducted not only to put in shape the literary pieces of the Itawes that are The study of the way of life of the Itawes is about to be lost but also to provide teaching believed to be springboard for future studies more effective through understanding of about other ethnic groups so that Filipino one’s literature. culture will be developed and preserved.

There have been studies and researches The results of the study could contribute to made on folklore in different provinces in the the enrichment of regional and national country. In the province, recording of culture. With the fast developments in the folklore has yet to be given priority since the society, it is very important to look into the collection is still very limited. Apparently, cultural practices of the people to their this study takes concern of documenting needs and not hindrances to their reading materials of the Itawes folklore to development as a people. provide students as well as teachers Statement of the Problem background on their way of life. This study gathered and recorded various In the Itawes community, particularly Iguig literary types of the Itawes and how the and Penablanca, it is imperative that folk major themes of these pieces reflects the literature should be recorded before it shall customs, beliefs, traditions, values, attitudes be forgotten and affected by cultural and practices of the Itawes. Specifically, it diffusion and intermarriages with other answered him following questions: tribes. Hence, it is important that collection of the folk literature shall be made in order  What are the various representative that this folk literature can be used by the literary types of the Itawes? teachers as their instructional materials.  What are the major themes of these literary? The results of the study could contribute to  What are the implications of Itawes folk the enrichment of regional and national literature collection to educational culture. With the fast development in the development? society, it is very important to look into Scope and Delimitation cultural practices of the people to their needs and not hindrances to their This study was limited to Itawes literature development as a people. with emphasis on the collection and translation of different literary types. The Likewise, to make educational structure collection delved mostly on actual interviews reactive to the needs of a vibrant and rapidly through oral and written forms. Each changing Filipino society for the promotion literary type is limited to the translation of patriotism, harmony, and cultural folk from Itawes to English. However, the literature is a basic element of human nursery rhymes were not translated into culture. Thus, it reflects the human spirit. English because its meaning and form are Educators should acquire a basic knowledge distorted. of the people’s folk literature, folkways and practices, beliefs, customs and traditions. The study was concerned with how the The insights gathered in this study will themes of various literary types reflect the serve as groundwork for educational customs, beliefs, traditions, values, planners to be serious in including folk adolescence, marriage, pregnancy, giving literature in the instructional program. birth and death. On the other hand, this study looked into major themes of various Through folk literature such as poems, literary types that reflect the customs, riddles, folksongs, folktales, and proverbs, beliefs, traditions, values, attitudes and when properly collected, analyzed and practices of the Itawes. synthesized, the traditions, customs, beliefs

Dr. Joseph Bangayan Cuarteros | March 2016 | Vol.4 | Issue 03 | 28-36 29 Available online at: www.ijassh.com Review of Related Literature and the Gaddangs have rich collection of literary Studies types. According to her, these literary types serve to preserve and transmit the Gaddang This chapter presents citations and excerpts customs and traditions. In addition, her taken from literature and studies that study provides further evidence to support helped develop the framework of the study. the role of the literature as a preserver and Local Literature that the Gaddang despite his belonging to an ethnic minority group is still a typical Different scholars specially the literature Filipino is his way of life. lovers have enlightened various people without their writings regarding folklore. In She recommended the following points in the following paragraphs, the various order to strengthen the collection of the folk thoughts on folk literature are reviewed. literature of the indigenous people: These insights have directed and inspired the researchers in the conceptualization of  That more studies should be encouraged to this study. preserve the Itawes’ culture, custom and

traditions. It is very apparent that the people learn to  That the Itawes literature be made a part of respond to their different persuasion and the literature for reading of achievements through various types of Filipino students to transmit and preserve literary works. Literature comes in any customs and traditions. forms. Thus, it affects people in various ways. It also depicts the way of life, the Some aspects of Apayao folk literature in the work, the achievements, the hopes, and the district of Kabugao, Kalinga Apayao. She frustration of the people. concluded that the Isnegs have rich culture

that needs to be preserved. These literary Folk literature is the oral and written types are full of moral lessons. Thus, she literature of a group that is handed down recommended that these have to be from generation to generation by word of preserved as part of our national heritage. mouth. Generally, folk literature consists of riddles, proverbs, sayings, songs, myths, Dorson [3] emphasized in his book, Folklore legends and tales. and Folk Life; An Introduction l that

proverbs serve to settle legal decisions, This was substantiated in the study of the riddles sharpen wits, myths validate way of life of the Gaddangs as reflected in conduct, folksongs release pent-up emotions. their literature which is a study conducted He explained further that a tale is not by Lora [1] wherein she pictured that the dedicated text, but a living reaction Gaddang a as typical Filipino in his total delivered to a responsive audience for such way of life. She collected, translated and cultural purposes as reinforcement of custom analyzed five representative literary types of and taboo, release of aggression through he Gaddangs- proverbs, riddles, poems, fantasy, pedagogical explanation of the songs, and epic. Some of which are natural world and application of pressures unrecorded and that these literary types for conventional behavior. reflect the values, attitudes, customs, and traditions that contribute to the typical The culture of Ibanag emphasized that there picture of the Gaddangs. is a need for education as an ingredient for

cultural preservation and continuity. She On the other hand, Asis [2] stressed that even stressed that the culture of he people is Maranao proverbs are full of archaism in a basis for educational planners in laying language that contributes to the attainable objectives of education. She also appreciation of the folks. She even stressed pointed out that there is a need of the that Maranao proverbs must be spoken and people's folk literature to be integrated in heard and understood in their original form the schools curricula to serve as a tool in in order to be fully appreciated. enriching the teaching and learning content

in Literature of the Philippines, as a subject Furthermore, the study of Lora proved that in the undergraduate course.

Dr. Joseph Bangayan Cuarteros | March 2016 | Vol.4 | Issue 03 | 28-36 30 Available online at: www.ijassh.com Research Design knowledgeable in writing but could not recite literary pieces were included as This study made use the descriptive respondents. research design using the qualitative technique to determine the different literary The knowledgeable folk specially the elders types of tee Itawes and how they reflect from the towns-Iguig and Penablanca their way of life. For the study to be carried comprise ten population of the study. Iguig out, the researcher along with his assistants, and Penablanca, both Itawes speaking observed and jotted down the various types towns, were selected because they have and took notes of their customs, traditions, almost the same Itawes terms. and beliefs through interviews. The qualitative descriptive research design was Respondents from the two municipalities used since this study involves collection of showed importance in sharing their literary from the respondents, classification expertise and in giving their folk literature of materials according to literary types and right from their shelves and minds through identification of virtues learned from each word of mouth. The proverbs commonly literary type. called “Ononi” were recited by the elders Locale of the Study during some occasions. The riddles were commonly recited by mothers as brain The knowledge folk specially ten elders from twisters while the mother taught her child the towns- Iguig and Penablanca comprise the basic skills. The parodies, on the hand, the population of the study. Iguig and were commonly recited by the farmers and Penablanca, both Itawes speaking towns, children during their leisure time. The songs were selected because they have almost the were sung during occasions as a sort of same Itawes terms. entertainment.

Penablanca is nine kilometers from Research Instrument TuguegaraoCity, the capital town of the The researcher conducted both structured province. It became a town on November 27, and unstructured interview as instruments 1896 by virtue of a decree of a Spanish to substantiate more the details given by the Royalty King. It is bounded on the North by folks. Interview was used as one of the the municipality of , on the East by means in gathering data because of the the Pacific Coast, on the South by the unavailability of some printed materials on province of and on the West by the Itawes literature, customs, traditions, beliefs municipalities of , Iguig and and practices. In addition, the researcher . At present, it has 24 official used structured observation by attending barrios, a land area of 118, 060 hectares and occasions like wedding, christening, burial total population of more than 35,000. and interment,, giving birth and during

courtship period to observe the common Iguig is seven kilometers from Tuguegarao practices, customs and traditions. City, the capital town of the province. It became a town on 1607 by virtue of a decree Data Gathering Procedure of a Spanish Royalty King. It is bounded on The researcher used the fieldwork approach the North by the municipality of Amulung, in gathering the data for the study. The on the East by the municipality of researcher made an in depth observation Penablanca, on the South by Tuguegarao and interview and took down notes while the City and the West by the municipality of literary pieces were dictated or recited by Solana. the folk. Likewise, the thematic approach as Respondents and Sampling Procedure a method of studying literature according to subject matter and theme was also used. The respondents of the study were the

Itawes living in the municipalities of A request for the conduct of the study was Penablanca and Iguig, Cagayan. The written to the municipal mayors of Iguig and informants were those who are Penablanca. Through this, the municipal knowledgeable in writing the Itawes literary mayors helped the researcher by referring types. Likewise, those who are

Dr. Joseph Bangayan Cuarteros | March 2016 | Vol.4 | Issue 03 | 28-36 31 Available online at: www.ijassh.com him to the captains to identity the drawn. The Itawes proverbs are distilled possible respondents. The barangay captains wisdom of people express in the brief but approval gave the researcher the signal fitting expression. These proverbs reveal conduct the study. The listings of key great value and serve as guidelines for informants were provided in Appendix F. acceptable social behavior. The Itawes proverbs are replica of inspiring statements. The researcher requested and oriented the They serve as rules of moral and prudent Itawes for the conduct of the interview. This conduct intended to teach the young. These was done as the respondents would present proverbs are maximized in the teaching the during the first visitation of the researcher. young people desirable attitudes and values The researcher conducted an unstructured that they should possess. interview to the respondents and took down notes while the respondents recited various The predominant themes reflected in the literary types. These were recorded through Itawes proverbs are industry, humility, a tape recorder to complete the data needed patience, perseverance, endurance, self- in this study. On the other hand, structured confidence and cheerfulness, abhorrence to interview was given to the respondents to boastfulness, respect for others, friendliness give them time to recite the literary pieces. and unselfishness.

The researcher classified the materials The Itawesriddles play significant role in the according to literary types and translated life of the Itawes. They usually call this as from Itawes to English language. In the “Palavvan or Pakatta” These are used to process of translation of the materials, the break boredom of daily routine, serve as researcher asked the help of some of his co- intellectual twisters to entertain the young teachers to assist him in the translation. and the old as well. Riddles are description Textual analysis was used to reveal the of objects to suggest something different, or customs and traditions, attitudes and a question stated so as to exercise one’s beliefs, practices, and values reflected in ingenuity in answering or discovering its these literary types. The virtues that were meaning. learned from the proverbs were identified and the answers for the riddles were given. The predominant themes reflected in the After the researcher gathered all the Itawes riddles are faith to the Divine materials, he classified them according to its Providence and sense of unity. They usually type, occasion when used, setting, and plot. appear in verse forms and are replete with Then he determined the recurrent and moral values that serve as guide for the predominant themes of these various people. literary types and classified also those that need to be preserved and to be discarded. The Itawespoemsare used by the Itawes to express their sentiments and feelings. There Summary are no written records of these poems. The Folk literature reflects the human spirit and respondents recalled them from memory. considered as a basis element of human culture. Thus, educators should acquire a The Itawesfolksongs are expressions of the basic knowledge of the people’s folk deepest feeling of an individual. The songs literature, folkways and practices, beliefs, are written in Itawes and are sung by the customs and traditions. It is in this view folk to help them to release their worries, to that this study was ventured on to express their love, frustrations, ill feelings investigate the “The Social Life of the Itawes and hostilities towards others. The as Reflected in the Major Themes of Their predominant themes of the Itawes folksongs Literature”. are faith to the Divine Providence and high regard to women. The various literary types of the Itawes are proverbs, riddles, poems and folksongs. The recurrent themes of the different Having collected and translated to the literary types of the Itawes are industry, English language, the themes were also humility, patience, perseverance, endurance,

Dr. Joseph Bangayan Cuarteros | March 2016 | Vol.4 | Issue 03 | 28-36 32 Available online at: www.ijassh.com honesty, abhorrence to idleness, respect to Education is the offering of a six-unit parents, high regard to the Divine Literature subjects among all private and Providence and cleanliness. public colleges and universities. These six units’ literature subjects are Literature of At present, it is very imperative to collect the Philippines and Literature of the World and compile the different literary types of which are covered under the General the Itawes. Thus, in the education sector, Education Curriculum. Literature 1 covers folk literature collected works provides as a the “Literature of the Philippines” focuses on basis for educational planners in enriching the literature of all the regions of the the schools prospectus through the Philippines, whether written in native or integration of Cagayan folk literature foreign languages from the beginning of the especially those which are unrecorded in the Philippine history to the present. courses such as Humanities, ethics, Physical Education, Social Sciences, Sociology, Thus in the education sector, folk literature Filipino, and other subjects in the collected works provides as a basis for elementary and secondary, tertiary and even educational planners in enriching the graduate levels. schools prospectus through the integration of Cagayan folk literature especially those At present, there is really a need to conduct which are unrecorded in the courses such as further studies on folk literature collection Humanities, Ethics, Physical Education, to preserve the bits of culture of the different Social Sciences, Sociology, Filipino, and ethnic group like the Itawes. It is likewise other subjects in the elementary and necessary to include these literary types in secondary, tertiary and even graduate levels. the curriculum for readings of Filipino students so as to preserve and transmits the At present, there is really a need to conduct values and practices, customs and further studies on folk literature collection traditions, attitudes and beliefs embodied in to preserve the bits of culture of the different these literary types. ethnic group like the Itawes. It is likewise necessary to include these literary types in Folk literature collection is also a bridge for the curriculum for readings of Filipino the adaptation of the different literary types students so as to preserve and transmit the and the realization and admiration for the values and practices, customs and creativity and ingenuity of the forefathers of traditions, attitudes and beliefs embodied in the populace and to build up the cultural these literary types. pride and identity of the Cagayanos. It will also orient the with the literary Folk Literature collection is also a bridge for types of the Itawes and this would provide the adaptation of the different literary types them avenues to rediscover the glorious past and the realization and admiration for the of the Itawes and other ethnic groups. creativity and ingenuity of the forefathers of the populace and to build up the cultural Furthermore, folk literature collection pride and identity of the Cagayanos. It will enriches the teaching-learning content of also orient the Filipinos with the literary Literature of the Philippines. Hence, the folk types of the Itawes and this would provide literature instills in the youth the necessity them avenues to rediscover the glorious past of preserving their most valuable customs of the Itawes and other ethnic groups. and traditions that transform their virtues, beliefs and practices towards a better and Furthermore, folk literature collection meaningful living. enriches the teaching-learning content of Literature of the Philippines. Hence, the folk Implications of Folk Itawes Literature literature instills in the youth the necessity Collection to Educational Development of preserving their most valuable customs One of the mandates of Republic Act (RA) and traditions that transform their virtues, No. 7722, otherwise known as the “Higher beliefs and practices towards a better and Education Act of 1994,” adopted and meaningful living [4-60]. promulgated by the Commission of Higher

Dr. Joseph Bangayan Cuarteros | March 2016 | Vol.4 | Issue 03 | 28-36 33 Available online at: www.ijassh.com Conclusions Based on different literary types, the Itawes Based on the findings of the study, the is not distinct from the rest of his following conclusions are drawn: countrymen. He is very Filipino in his way of

life. As a Christian, he regards life as a God- The study found very rich cultural values in given gift; strongly believe in the power of the folk literature of the Itawes. The four prayer and God-fearing. As a neighbor, he is literary types such as proverbs, riddels, truthful, unselfish, compassionate, kind and poems and songs reflect the social life of the considerate. As a son or daughter, he is Itawes. These literary types very obedient, respectful, disciplined and loyal. instrumental in the formation of the moral and social values, sense of humility, For the Itawes, life is worth living. He enjoys industry, family customs and traditions, and a very simple living and is contented of what beliefs and practices of the Itawes. he has. He is superstitious and believes on

the forces of evil. With these findings, the The Itawes recognizes brotherhood, faith researcher could deduce that the folk understanding, and perseverance, treasure literature of the Itawes in general is replete their unique practices, characteristics and with people’s ideals, dreams, beliefs, and the right attitudes in dealing with other aspirations in life. people through his literature. References 1. Lora Ma Luisa l (1980) The Way of Life of the 12. Diyanni Robert (1997) Literature: Reading Gaddangs as Reflected in their Literature. Fiction Poetry, Drama, and Essay. 3rd (Unpublished Master’s Thesis) St. Paul Edition, New York: Megraw-Hill, Inc. College. 13. Dridtlle Gail and Luann Glick (1935) 2. Hadji Asis, Roselaine P (1994) Structural and Mcdougal, Littell Literature. New York: Textual Analysis of Maranao Proverbs. Illinois Mcdougal, Littell and Co. (Unpublished Thesis) Xavier University, 14. Dumaual Rocio et al. (1956) Philippines Cagayan de Oro City. Prose and Poetry. Vol. I, II and III. Manila: 3. Dorson Richard M. Ed. (1972) Folklore and Saint Mary’s Publishing and Co. Folklife: An Introduction. Chicago: The 15. Enverga Tobias (1982) Literature for filipinos Unversity of Chicago Press. of today. Manila: Saint Mary’s Publishing. 4. Abelardo Ancheta (1967) Literature for 16. Eugenio Damiana l (1981). Ed. Philippine Today’s Children. Manila: Philippines Folk Literature: An Anthology. Quezon City: Graphics arts, Inc. Ateneo de Manila University Press. 5. Abrahamsen Heken M (1954) The Philippine 17. Eugenio, Damiana l (1992) Philippine Islands: a Guide. California: Pacific Books, Proverb Lore. Quezon City: U.P. Diliman. Paloalto, California. 18. Eugenio Damiana l (1992) Philippine 6. Aquino Francisco (1965) Philippine Folk dictionary of the english language. Dances. Manila, International edition, vol.1. 7. Caldez Estanislao T (1987) Ibanag Folk 19. Eugenio Damiana l (1996) Philippine Folk Literature: Reconciling, Uniting Tone. Literature: The Legends. Quezon City: Tuguegarao, Cagayan. College of Arts and Letters, U.P. Diliman. 8. Castillo Teofilo, Medina B Jr. (1974) 20. Fansler Dean (1921) Filipino Popular Tales. Philippine Literature from Ancient Times to Hatboro, Pennsylvania: Folklore Associates. the Present. Caloocan City: Geographic Arts, Folklorist, Inc. inc. 21. Funk and Wagnalls (1971) Standard 9. Ccp Encyclopedia. (1994) Vols I & Ix. Roxas Dictionary of English Language Boulevard, Manila Philippines. International Edition, Vol. 1. 10. Constantino Ernesto A. (1985) Philippine 22. Gardner Fletcher (1941) Philippine Folklore. Folklore. Manila: U.P. San Antonio Texas: Texas Palm Tree Press. 11. Coronel Maris Delia (1968) Stories and 23. Jocano Landa (1969) Outline of the Legends from Filipino Folklore. Manila, UST Philippine Mythology. Manila: Centro press.

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