Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11911-6

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11911-6 — The Cambridge World History of Violence Edited by Robert Antony , Stuart Carroll , Caroline Dodds Pennock Index More Information

Index

abolitionism 17, 45 Altan Khan, Mongol leader 124 accounts of violence 18, 22–5, 45 Altdorfer, Albrecht 647 denunciation of cruelty 45 Alvarado brothers, in Guatemala 151, 152 use of depictions of horror 19, 20–2, 32–4, 37 Alvarado, Pedro de, conquistador 138 abusive violence, as morally degrading 43 Álvares, Diogo 63 Ache, Indonesia 464 America, colonial 100 Adams, Samuel 385 animal sports 564 Addison, Joseph, The Spectator 559 bear-baiting 566 adultery British soldiers in 268, 383 penalties for 224, 284, 398, 403 cartoon of rape by Britain 266, 267, 268 samurai practice of wife-revenge killing 244 crime and justice 370–86 see also domestic violence criminality of settlers 370–1 Aduston, Joan 261 culture of white supremacy 7 Africa decline of violence 379 European imperative to civilise 10 development of governments 370, 375 limited source material 11 divorce 261 traditional male honour 298 fox-hunting 560 war and slave trading 3, 25–7, 576 gendered violence 255–6 see also North Africa; West Africa homicide rates 371, 372 African rulers, wealth from slave trade 23, 26 household structure and governance Africans, view of inherent deﬁciency 69 259–63 Ahmed III, Ottoman sultan 206 immigration 375 Ahmet Pa¸sa,Deli 210 and piracy 469 Akbar, Mughal emperor 158, 160 post-independence violence 385–6 Alamance Creek, battle at (1771) 382 rise of racism 370 Alawi Muslims, Syria 84 sexual violence against servants and slaves Alba, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of 651 264–6 Albania 204 slavery (Virginian tobacco plantations) Albanians 198 370, 374 banished from Serbia 210 southern frontiers 383 blood feuds 205 treatment of rape 261–2 Catholic Christians 195, 205 war with France (1689) 373, 380 conversions to Islam 205 wars 370, 372 as Ottoman irregular forces 197, 206, 208, 209 white Protestant identity 380 revenge attacks in Balkans 210–11 witch-hunts 112 and riots and rebellions in Istanbul 205 see also American War of Independence; settlement of Kosovo 205 Chesapeake; New England; Albigensian crusade against Cathars 519–20 New York; Pennsylvania; United Alonso, don, indigenous chief 142 States; Virginia

679

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11911-6 — The Cambridge World History of Violence Edited by Robert Antony , Stuart Carroll , Caroline Dodds Pennock Index More Information

Index

American War of Independence (1775–83) Anðelovic´,Kocˇa, Serbian Freikorps leader 191, 381 208, 210 incidence of gendered violence in 268 Anderson, J. L. 454, 455 and individual rights 268 Angelis, goldsmith, execution for apostasy 89 Loyalist–Patriot violence 382–4 Angola violent resistance 382 leopard power in ritual combat 579–82, 584 Americas sanguar skills 583, 584 African martial contests in 588 sodalities (confraternities) of African ritual combat in 586–90 headhunters 579 ceremonial cannibalism 99, 104 symmetrical violence and warfare 580 European conquests 3, 96–113, 138–54 animals, violence against 553–69 European imperative to civilise 10, 673 bear-baiting 565, 566 European influence on indigenous ritual beast-baiting 564 violence 105–8 beheading of cocks (China) 621 frontier violence 419 bull-fighting 565–6 indigenous war season 140 cat-tormenting 562 piracy in 465–9 cock-throwing 563 revivalist rebellions 109 cockfighting 563, 564, 618, 620–1 ritual torture 103 dog-fighting 563 structures of racial difference 10 fox-tossing 564 use of sexual violence for conquest 257, 272 goose-pulling 563, 564 see also America, colonial; Aztec Empire; Great Cat Massacre (Paris) 538 Brazil; Inca Empire; Mesoamerica; jousting 567 Mexico; Peru; Spanish America mutilation for sport purposes 568 Amerindians ritual abuse of 562, 621 adoption of intercultural emblems 596–8 trained for fighting in China 618 cannibalism 96, 102 and vegetarianism 559 construction of intercultural emblems 598 see also hunting demand for slaves 106 anti-Semitism economic incentives for war 105 and Fettmilch riots in Frankfurt 480 justification for violence against 411, 412 of Inquisition 416 mass enslavement 413, 414, 419–20 see also Jews population collapse 96, 105, 259 Antonil, André João, Jesuit 70 ritual violence and sacrifice 96, 101–8, 112 Antony, Robert 465 Spanish assumption of depravity of 424 Antwerp, Spanish Fury massacre (1576) 543, tortured by the Inquisition 111 652, 653 violence in rebellions 108 Anupgiri, warrior ascetic 158, 161 wars between 106 alliance with English East India Company see also Native Americans (1803) 161, 162, 164, 165 Amerindians, Portuguese Brazil 57, 59–66 and Arjun Singh 163 first observations 61 funeral rites 169 forced labour 70, 73 and Mahadji Scindia 168 military action as punishment 65 apocalypticism, and communal violence 535–6 Portuguese policy towards 64, 65 apostasy 634 Amsterdam martyrdoms for 88, 89–90 homicide rates 295 suicide as 313, 318 Noortsteyn murder trial 305 appeals procedures 398, 524 post-mortem examinations and records see also pardons 292, 296 apprentices, violence against 279 sticks as defensive weapons 303 Arjun Singh, and Anupgiri 163 Anabaptists Arjuna, warrior ascetic 156 burned for heresy 515 armed forces 174 punishment of 535 and Articles of War 186

680

Index

command structures 180 and sea sovereignty 458 discipline 186 see also China; India; Japan; Korea; increased size 181 Vietnam as institutions 179–88 Atahualpa, last ruler of Inca permanent 182, 183 beheading of 591, 592, 604–8 professional officer corps 671 expectation of resurrection 605 recruitment systems 184 La degollación de Juan Atahuallpa 605 taxation to fund 473 Aubagne, Marseille, murders 294, 295 see also armies; artillery; navies; soldiers; Augsburg, corpses of suicides 318 weaponry Augsburg, Peace of (1555) 549 armies 183–7 Augustine, St 312 administrative units (regiments) 188 Augustus II the Strong, Elector of Saxony 564 Asian 167, 444 Aurangzeb, Mughal emperor 160 French 183, 184, 190, 199 auto-aggression 102 increased size 183 autos–da–fé 391 infantry 179 Ayodhya, India, pilgrimage town 167 Japanese Buddhist temple 508–9 Aztec Empire linear tactics 179 rebellion against Spanish 145 military frontiers (border garrisons) 185 Spanish expedition (1518) 144 siege warfare 180 Spanish Thirty Years War against 147–9 West African infantry 575 Spanish war (1519–21) 413 see also Chinese army; Ottoman army; women’s sexual rights 257 soldiers see also Mexico; Tenochtitlán Arsenije III Cˇarnojevic´,Patriarch of Pec´202 Aztecs (Mexica) 9, 100 art appropriation of Christian iconography 604 depictions of justice in Illuminated Chronicle enslavement of 148 (Russia) 346 representation of massacres 591, 599 and depictions of war and atrocities by role of leaders in wars with Spanish 147–8 soldiers 644–8 see also human sacrifice; ritual violence The Massacre of the Innocents 635, 636, 643 Mexican embassy mural of Spanish Bacon, Francis 668, 674 conquistadors 138, 139 Bacon, Nathaniel 373 Spanish American intercultural Bacon’s Rebellion (1676), Virginia 372, 373 591–609 Bagi¸s,Egeman˘ 77 use of in abolitionism 17, 32–4, 37 Baillie, John 164, 165 and visualisation of violence 634–56 bairagis, warrior ascetics 159, 166, 167 Articles of War 186 in armies of Jaipur 167 artillery 192 enmity with gosains 167 Chinese 132 Balanand Swami 167 and fortifications 12, 180 Balbi, Gasparo 324 and naval warfare 180 Balkans see also firearms Christian conversions to Islam 79, 94 Asano Naganori, daimyo 241, 250 Christian majority 77 Asante state, West Africa 26, 27, 301 independence of Christian states 213 asceticism 156 instability 206–12 Bhagavadgita 171 Muslim majorities in cities 80 and Christian pacifism 157 Muslim refugees from 202 and power 157, 159, 171 Ottoman campaigns in 201–4 warrior concept of 168–9 see also Albania; Serbs Asia Banaras, India 165, 166 cock-fighting 564 banditry 306 economic and political consolidation 2 Albanian Muslim irregular warriors 197, religion in East Asia 493–511 206, 208, 209

681

Index

banditry (cont.) blood money, payment for murder 42, 299, and gambling in China 620 301, 662, 674 North America 371, 381, 384 blood sports see animals; bear-baiting; bull- and peasant rebellions in China 123, 128 fighting; cockfighting; hunting Bank of England, and national debt 190 bloodshed Bankim Chandra Chatterji, Anandamath and discipline 280 170–2 and exorcism of demons 617, 625, 632 Barbary corsairs 461, 467, 469 as retribution 631 see also piracy see also executions; ritual violence; sacrifice Barcelona, riots 487 bodies, destruction of rebel leaders’ 110 ‘bare sticks’, Chinese single ‘rogue males’ 226 body parts new laws and penalties for 355–6, 363 consumption of 99, 112 Barnard, Timothy 9 public display of 340, 606, 609, 630 The Battle of Issus, painting 647 from slain enemies 102 Bavaria 478 as trophies 107, 208, 606, 609 Bayonne, French army at 485 see also dismemberment; mutilation; scalps bear-baiting 565, 566 Bogomils, persecution of 519–22 suppression of 566 Bologna, executions 395 Beccaria, Cesare 404 bones, exhumed and burned, of Amerindians Beham, Hans Sebald 635 guilty of idolatry 111 beheading (decapitation) 231, 249, 281, 339, Bonny, Ann, pirate 468 392, 401 Bordeaux, executions 395 of Atahualpa 591, 592, 604–8 borders (frontiers) 177, 185 in massacres 546 cross-border raiding and pillaging 198 Beik, William 474 and European expansion in Americas Belgrade 194, 201, 202, 207 380–1, 419 taken by Habsburgs (1789) 209 European fortifications 185 Belize 419 Ottoman Empire 177, 185, 198, 204 Belon, Pierre 77 Borromeo, Cardinal Carlo, Archbishop of Bengal 164 Milan 518, 526 Bentham, Jeremy 553 Bossu, Jean Bernard 42 Bentley, W. Holman 582 Botocudo Indians, Brazil, war against 74 Benton, Lauren 213, 457 Bourdieu, Pierre 307 Benzoni, Girolamo 420 Bouton, Cynthia 477 Historia del Mondo Nuovo 411, 652 Bradford, William, governor of Plymouth 259 Bercé, Yves-Marie 486 Braithwaite, Richard 563 Bergerac, Croquant rebellion at 485 branding 398 Berkeley, William 373 of exiled criminals in Russia 341 Besançon, heresy trials 522 for rape 263 bestiality, in New England 372 of rebels in Spanish America 140, 148 Bethlehem, Muslim use of Church of the of slaves 44, 49 Holy Nativity 92 Brazil, Portuguese 55–74 Bhagavadgita 171, 172 African slaves in 57, 66–73, 589 Bible 520 annual ‘kings of Kongo’ coronations Book of Revelation 635 588, 589 illustrated versions 635 cannibalism 98, 102 New Testament violence 635 discovery (1500) 56, 60 Old Testament violence 634 Dutch control over 466 Bie, kingdom of 585 ethno-racial distinctions 71 Blacker, Lieut. Col. Valentine 162 exports 63, 67 Blickle, Peter 483 independence (1822) 74 Block, Sharon 269 inland expansion 74 Blok, Anton 532 mines 70, 73

682

Index

mulattoes 72 for treason 281 plantations 100, 418 of witches 112, 398, 400, 529 royal family in exile 74 Butler, Elicia, abbess of Kilculliheen 280 see also Amerindians Butterworth, William 31 bridewells, houses of correction 399 Buxar, Battle of (1764) 162 British Empire Byrd, Lucy 255 relations of colonists with indigenous Byrd, William III, Virginia 255 women 258 Byzantine Empire, defeat by Ottomans slave societies 52 (1453) 79 see also America, colonial; Great Britain; plantations; slave societies; slave trade Cabral, Pedro Álvares 60 Brooke, Thomas 165 Cahors, France, massacre (1561) 649 Broughton, Thomas 162 Callot, Jacques, The Miseries and Misfortunes of Browne, Thomas Religio Medici (1643) 315 War (1633) 655, 656, 657 Bry, Theodor de 411 Caminha, Pero Vaz de 60 buccaneers Camisards, southern France 550 Caribbean 455, 467 Canada, and wars between Amerindians 106 see also piracy Canary Islands, combat traditions 573 Buchanan, Francis 162 Canek, Jacinto, Mayan leader 109, 110, 423 Budapest 194 cannibalism 28, 98–100 Buddhism by Amerindians 61, 64, 96, 102 and blood sacrifice 502 Caribbean 97, 142, 413, 608 Fuju-fuse school, Nichiren 499 ceremonial 99, 104 institutional 446 in communal atrocities 547 in Japan 498–9 and human sacrifice 413, 414, 424 in Korea 497 medicinal, in Europe 99, 112 and legitimation of violence 504 and piracy 455 Mahayana 504 Canton, China, rock fights 616 Maitreya Buddha 506, 508 Cao Bang mountains, Vietnam 437 in Ming China 496 capital punishment see executions and death and physical privation 503 penalties True Pure Land sect 499, 509 Careri, Giovanni Francesco Gemelli 160 Buffier, Claude, Traité de la société civile 670 Carib people (Caribbean) Bulavin, Kondratii, uprising (1707–8) 340 cannibalism 97, 142, 413, 608 bull-fighting 565–6 mass enslavement 413 changing rules 566 ritual piracy 454 Bundelkhand, India 163, 164 seaborne raiding 465 bureiuchi (disrespect killing), samurai use of term 141 244–6, 247 Caribbean Burgkmair, Hans 647 African stick fighting (kalenda)in589 The Battle of Cannae 647 Anglo-American freebooters 468 burial buccaneers 455, 467 cannibalism as alternative to 98 intercultural emblems in 608 of suicides 460.160, 463.160. 403 piracy 466 burial alive 641 slavery in 141–3 burial up to neck, as punishment 249, 339 carnival burning cats and 563 of bodies 110 rituals of 538 as form of torture 107, 339, 409, 528 see also festivals burning, at the stake 44 Carolina, North and South 381 in Americas 107 Cloud’s Creek massacre (1781) 383 for heretics 111, 514, 515 Caron, Antoine 649 for idolatry 111 Cartagena de Indias (Colombia) 299, 304

683

Index

Carter, Landon, Virginia planter 48 Cervantes, Miguel de Cartesianism, and capacity of animals 553 The Bagnios of Algiers 453 Casale, Giancarlo 462 Don Quixote 559 Casteñada, Antonia 257 Chaldiran, Battle of (1514) 80 Castiglione, Baldassare, Book of the Courtier Châlons-sur-Marne, heresy trials 522 (1528) 554, 663, 666 Cham peoples, and Tay Son Uprising 443 Catalonia, revolution (1640) 487 Cham territories, Vietnam 437 Cateau-Cambrésis, Treaty of (1558) 466 Chanvalon, Jean-Baptiste Thibault de 48 Cathars, Albigensian crusade against 519–20 Chaperon, slaveholder 42 Catherine II, the Great, Empress of Russia charivari (rough music) 537, 564 179, 207, 334 and cats 563 amelioration of punishments 343 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 594 executions 343 Carolina law 335, 336, 529 as lawgiver 346 on homicide 299 reforms of local government 338 on torture 392 Catholic Church Charles XII, King of Sweden 179, 190 and application of punishment 73 Chatterjee, Partha 59 and bull-fighting 566 Chen Jingwei 352 and civil society 4 Chesapeake fear of heresy 391, 521 African slaves 374, 375 growth of influence of 520 homicide rates 375, 379 imperatives of conversion 56 indentured servants 371, 373, 376 and invocation of the devil 521, 522 transported criminals in 376 and male honour 297 Chichimeca, intercultural emblem 609 and martyrdom 637 children missionaries in Africa 584 depictions of atrocities against 643 missions in East Asia 499–501 parental violence against 277, 280 Papal Bull (1537) on indigenous peoples 673 as sacrificial victims 101 and persecution of heretics 516, 537 of slaves 265 and private settlements for crimes of and violence as learned behaviour 616 violence 4 as war captives 105 role of courts in domestic disputes 278 see also infanticide role in peace-making 5 China 3, 119, 121, 122 Spanish America 147 autumn assizes 223, 364–6 and suffering 396 Board of Punishments 355, 364, 628 support for slavery in Brazil 68 coastal south 612 and use of judicial ordeal 390 concept of civilisation 367–8 see also Inquisition; Jesuit missionaries; economic and demographic changes 350, Catholic League, France 486, 544 363, 366 Catholics effect of poverty on family 356–63 and communal violence against emperor’s decision on capital cases 364, 365 Protestants 543 endemic violence in 119, 136 depiction of Protestant atrocities against ethnic and lineage feuding 7 650–1 ethnic revolts 128–30 in Vietnam 438–40 ghosts and demons 617, 621, 622, 631 cats 562 Great Punitive Campaigns 135 Cavalleriis (Cavalieri), Giovanni Battista Great Wall 124 de 637 Han expansion in Sichuan 129, 353–5 Celali revolts, Anatolia (1600) 84 homicide and punishment 300, 350–68 Centla, Battle of (1519) 593 homicide rates 4, 297, 350–1 Central Andes Jesuits in 500 Indian revolt (1780–82) 109 and ‘just war’ 120, 131 see also Peru land disputes 351–3

684

Index

legal shift of emphasis from status to Christians, in Ottoman Empire 79 gender 225–30 conversions to Islam 88 legal status boundaries 226, 233 martyrdoms for apostasy 88, 89–90 lifting of ban on maritime trade 130 massacre at Izmir (1770) 93 natural disasters 122, 357 relations with Muslims 91 ‘pacification’ campaigns 122 Christopher, Emma 29 population 351, 356 Chuncho, intercultural emblem 609 power of state 120, 136 Church see Catholic Church; Christianity; pressure on widows to remarry 324 religion property rights 351, 353 Church courts, decline of 397 religions 133, 495–7 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, De Officiis 665 rituals and symbolism of violence 632 cities rock fights 614, 614–18 defences 181 sectarian rebellions 133–5 Japanese castle towns 237, 245 sexual and domestic violence 219–34, 356–9 and social control 308 single, landless men (‘bare sticks’, ‘rogue civil society, Europe 4, 5 males’) 226, 355–6, 363 and class 676 spectacles of violence 612–32 and commerce 670 treatment of tribal leaders 124, 128, 132 emergence of 669–72 and Vietnam 429, 433 regional variation 672 warfare 119–36 and sociability 670 White Lotus Rebellion (1796–1854) 7, 123 civil wars see also executions and death penalties, and communal atrocities 543–7 China; homicide; judicial system; Europe 5, 176 Ming dynasty; punishments, China; and homicide rates 294, 662 Qing Empire; sorcerers and shamans Japan 248 Chinese army 124, 131 Songhay 576 Green Standard Armies 127 see also English Civil Wars and ritual practices 507 civilisation Wolf Troops 128 Chinese view 367–8 chivalry 10, 664 development of concept of 672–5 codes of 297, 662 European view of 10, 660–3, 673 Cholula, Aztec city, massacre (1519) 145, 148, and modernity 661 592, 594, 598 and treatment of poor 672, 676 depiction of 602 as verb 673, 674 Christian IV, King of Denmark 179 civility and civilised behaviour 663–9, 676 Christianity and coercive violence 59 changes in 402 conduct books 669 and confessional identity 189 and decline in homicide rates 307 death of Christ 321, 634 elite codes of 403 and development of civil society 671 European notions of 6, 10, 673 ritual of execution 395 French royal court and 309, 661 role in indigenous American and rise in violence 664 movements 110 Clapperton, Hugh 577 schism between Catholic and Orthodox 521 Clarkson, Thomas 33, 34 and suffering 396, 400, 634 class suicide as sin of despair 311, 321 and Chinese legal codes 225, 226, 233 and syncretic forms of indigenous ritual and civil society 676 violence 107 and colonial system 100, 264 syncretism in Amerindian rebellions 108 and deference in Japan 244 see also Catholic Church; Greek Orthodox factor in rape cases 282, 285 Church; Protestantism; Russian and interpersonal fighting 302–4, 307 Orthodox Church and piracy 453

685

Index

class (cont.) warriors and 164, 245 and slave trade 27 communal violence see also elites; honour in Europe 475–7, 531–50 classical world, depictions of violence from iconoclasm 539–43 635, 647 massacre and atrocity 543–7 Claxton, Ecroyde, surgeon on slave ship 24 public holidays 533 clergy and religion 509–10, 533–5 attacks on 537, 539 ritualised 536–7 depictions of 637 role of soldiers 544, 546 as leaders of rebellions 482 see also interpersonal violence Cloud’s Creek massacre (1781) 383 Condorcanqui, José Gabriel see Túpac cockfighting 563, 564 Amaru II China 618, 620–1 conflict resolution, judicial 390 Codex Aubin 599 Netherlands 674 Codex Azcatitlan 599 in Roman Law 391 Codex Mendoza 604 Confucianism 9, 119, 367 Codex Moctezuma 599 and blood sacrifice 502 coercive violence and Catholicism in Vietnam 439 to induce civilised behaviour 59 in Japan 239, 498 sexual 220, 226 in Korea 497 Coligny, Admiral 650 in Ming China 495–6 Collaert, Hans, Lament over the Desolation of and moral exercise of violence 504 the Netherlands 653 and patrilineal family paradigm 222, 225, collective violence see riots 227, 233 colonial system sexual loyalty of wife 220 and class 100, 264 and validity of marriage 221 establishment of 12 violence as uncivilised 612 legitimised violence 11 conscription 185 Portuguese 57–9 Constantinople relativist views of 423–5 fall of (1453) 459 see also America, colonial; European see also Istanbul colonists; plantations; Portuguese; Corneille, Pierre, Le Cid 665 Spanish America Cornwallis, Lord 383 colour, blackness associated with corporal punishment 13 enslavement 60 forms of 48, 399 Columbus, Christopher (Cristobal Colón) 60, of lower orders 677 97, 256, 413 Russia 333, 343 and raiding in Caribbean 465 bastinadoes (rods) 339 reputation in United States 138, 140 knout 338, 343 combat of slaves 40, 48, 68, 70, 73 judicial 390 see also floggings; mutilation trial by 665 corruption combat, ritual close (West Africa) 573–90 Ottoman Empire 212 championship 575, 576–9 in Russia 337 danced rituals 581 Cortés, Hernán(do) 97, 258, 409, 465, and leopard power in Angola 579–82, 584 593 sangamento danced contests 583, 584, 588 and conquest of Mexico 147 stick fighting 578–9, 583 destruction of Tenochtitlán 138 see also honour violence invasion of Aztec Empire 145 commerce Courtin, Antoine de 670 and development of civil society 670 Coyolxauhqui, Aztec victim 601 and economic growth 2 Cranford, James, The Teares of Ireland 656 effect on interpersonal violence 308 Crawford, Col. William 385

686

Index

crimes Díaz, Bernal, account of Spanish conquest of and compensation for violence 662, New Spain 148–9 674, 677 Díaz, Juan 413 depictions of 641 Diderot, Denis, Encyclopédie 671 private settlements for 4 Dien Khanh, Vietnam 447 by slaves 44 Diggers, England 536 see also homicide; punishments; rape; discipline treason armed forces 186 crucifixion and bloodshed 280 in Americas 107 household 13, 260, 276, 277, 280 in Japan 249 see also corporal punishment; domestic Crusades 521 violence Cuauhtemoc, last emperor of Tenochtitlán diseases 145, 410 introduced to Americas 96, 105, 140 Cuba, Kongolese dance rituals 588 smallpox, Caribbean (1518) 143 Cueva Del Rio, Roberto 138, 139 dismemberment 223 Mesoamerican depictions 601, 602, 604 Da Vach, upland tribe, Vietnam 442 see also body parts Dahomey, West Africa, slave trading state 26 disrespect, samurai killing for (bureichi) daimyo rulers, of Japan 237 244–6, 247 ban on private disputes 242 dissent 6 biennial processions 236, 245 Ming China 496 Daly, Jonathan 344 states and 112, 532 Danforth, Samuel 372 see also religious nonconformity Dante Alighieri, suicides in The Inferno 312 divorce Daoism legalised in United States 270 cyclical time 505 rare in colonial America 256, 261 and exorcism 624 Doan Gang, Pennsylvania 384 Ming China 496 dogs and moral exercise of violence 504 for fighting 563 Date Masume, daimyo 251 for hunting 555, 558 Datong Mutiny (1524), China 135 domestic violence 271, 274, 276 d’Auberteuil, Michel-René Hilliard 43 against servants 279 Davis, Natalie Z. 476, 537 China 219–34, 356–9 De Wolf, James, slave captain 20 public shaming for 278, 279 death penalties see executions and death in Spanish America 421 penalties see also adultery; family and households; debt gendered violence; sexual violence; and homicide (China) 351 wife-beating; women imprisonment for 399 Dominica, Maroon communities 50 national 190 Dominican friars, Venezuelan coast 141 deer, in England 557 Donatism 312 Defoe, Daniel 469 Donne, John, on self-sacrifice of Christ 321 dehumanisation Dornach, Battle of (1499) 646 incarceration 628 Double-Five (Dragon Boat) festival, China ritual violence and 533, 546 614, 617 of slaves 19, 29, 52 double-guilt doctrine, kenka ryôseibai 242 Della Casa, Giovanni, Galateo (1558) 664 Double-Nine (Chrysanthemum) festival, Deng Zhaohou 354, 355 China 614 Deng Zhaolian 354 dragon boat races 617 despair Dragon Flower Scripture (longhuajing) 506 and suicide 312, 313, 317, 318 Drake, Francis 452, 466 as temptation of Satan 317 Dronacharya, warrior ascetic 156

687

Index

Du Bois, François, Saint Bartholomew’s Day Eisner, Manuel 293 Massacre 650 Elias, Norbert 307, 660 Du Tertre, Jean-Baptiste, Histoire générale des elites Antilles ...46 aversion to violence 403, 612, 632, 671 duels and duelling 302, 403, 664–5 France 666 1613 Act against (England) 668 and hunting 555 as democratic 665 as leaders of rebellions 482 as fair fights 307 pacification of 307, 308 to first blood 303, 308, 672 Russian 342, 343 in France 666 see also class; duels and duelling honour codes and 302, 664 Elizabeth I, Empress of Russia 334, 342 plebeian 303 Elizabeth I, Queen of England 558, 565 Dumont de Montigny, Jean-François- Emmanuel, Captain 586 Benjamin 38 empires Dunkirk, Spanish corsairs 467 ‘gunpowder’ 12 Durán, Diego, Historia de las Indias de Nueva and religious toleration 12, 14 España 599 slave system 12 Dürer, Albrecht 635 see also Aztec Empire; British Empire; Inca Durkheim, Émile 322 Empire; Ming dynasty; Ottoman Dutch East India Company 457 Empire; Qing Empire; Russia Dutch Republic 190, 667 enclosure of common land, and protests criminalisation of homicide 300, 473, 480 308 Endres, Blasi, punishment for murders 641 navy 182 energy, sources of 2 penalties for rape 283 England and rules for self-defence 300 bear-baiting 565 and sea raiding (corsairs) 466 and Caribbean piracy 466 and sea sovereignty 457 church courts 398 and stoicism 668 Commonwealth (1649–60) 486 wars with Spain 286 coroners’ investigations of suspect see also Netherlands death 293 Dutch Revolt (1568–85) 486, 532, 653 criminal law 404 depictions of violence 648, 651–2 episodic violence 547 and iconoclasm 539 forest law 556 role of Spanish troops 544 homicide rates 295 Dyre, Hannah 260 hunting in 556–9 pew disputes 666 Eagle, slave ship 23 and politeness 670, 672 East India Company 2 riots 478, 481 alliance with Anupgiri (1803) 161, 162, witch hunts in East Anglia 525 164, 165 see also Great Britain and Indian Ocean pirates 463 English Channel, piracy in 458 and warrior ascetics 160–2, 166 English Civil Wars 189, 294, 545 Eberhard, Wolfram 617 iconoclasm 541 Edo, Japan, Tokogawa capital 236 English common law 391, 662 educational violence 73 Enlightenment, the 660 and incentives 70 and changing view of gendered as means of control 47, 59 violence 268 Edwards, Peter 567 and critique of judicial violence 404 egalitarian societies reassessment of slavery 11, 268 Americas 96, 100, 104 and suicide 311, 326 and human sacrifice 101 Enryakuji, Japan, Buddhist temple complex Eight Trigrams Uprising (1813) 508 498, 509

688

Index

entertainment boiling in oil 641 violence as 14, 554 breaking on the wheel 340, 392, 641 see also animals, violence against; hunting burial alive 641 Equiano, Oladuah 266 burial up to neck 249, 339 account of the Middle Passage 18, 32, 46 by crucifixion 249 Erasmus, Desiderius 647 by dismemberment 223 De Civilitate 663, 666 drowning 287, 392 Praise of Folly 559 in effigy 398, 542 ethnography, re-invention of 9 as exemplary 134 etiquette 675 for heretics and witches 514, 516 and civility 666 impalement 281, 287, 340 codes of 661, 664 public 44, 134, 339, 395 Eugene of Savoy, Prince, and Belgrade by quartering (drawing and) 340, 392 201, 202 rates of 389, 395, 401 Europe 2, 6 and seppuku 249 changing concept of honour 298 for slaves 44 civil wars 5, 176 as spectacle 395, 418 external wars 177 as state power 395, 418 global expansion and conquest 176 of war captives 103 military advantages 12 see also burning; hanging; torture reform of criminal justice 45 executions and death penalties, China 366, view of civilisation 10, 660–3 629–31 visualisation of violence 5, 634–56 beheading 629, 630 see also Balkans; Dutch Republic; France; ‘death by slicing’ 450, 630 Germany; Italy; Netherlands; and display of severed heads 630 Portugal; Prussia; Spain; Sweden indefinite stay 365 European colonists ‘lingering death’ 357 degree of control 105 numbers of 630 differing interests of 100 as ritual killing 631 and export of hunting 553 by strangulation 223, 231, 630 and indigenous ritual violence and sacrifice executions and death penalties, Russia 339, 343 96, 105–8 abolition of death sentence 342 introduction of plants and animals 105 affirmation of death sentences 339, 341 use of ritual violence as punishment 96, fall in use of 341 110–12, 113 mass 340, 345 use of torture 107 under military law 343 varieties of conquest 100–1 exile and wars between Amerindians 106 in China (to Xinjiang) 365, 366 see also America, colonial; Brazil; in Russia 340, 342, 343 Portuguese; Spanish America; and branding 341 Spanish conquistadors and marking by mutilation 341 evidence expulsion in rape cases 221, 283 of Jews from Vienna 535 reputation as (Russia) 335, 337 of missionaries from China 501 in witchcraft trials 521, 526 of moriscos from Spain 535 executioners of religious groups 536 China 631 Exquemelin, Alexander, The Buccaneers of and disposal of corpses of suicides 318 America 455, 456 public 48 status and background of 44, 631 Facil Ahmet Pasha, grand vizier 86 executions and death penalties Fairfax, Thomas, 6th Lord 560 beheading (decapitation) 231, 249, 281, 339, fakir, warrior ascetic 159, 166 392, 401 Falconbridge, Alexander 31

689

Index

family and households on slave ships 23 Confucian patrilineal paradigm 222, of women slaves 49 225, 227 food riots 477–8 and domestic murder 271, 277 French entrave 479 effect of US constitution on 269 market riots 478–9 gender roles (China) 227, 228–9 forced labour legal controls over 289 Brazilian plantations and mines 70, 73 murder and disintegration of (in China) of war captives 64 356–63 see also plantations; slavery need for cooperative existence 279, 289 forcible conversion, to Islam 77, 87 power of heads of 255, 272 fortifications 12, 135 and sexual violence against servants and border posts 185 slaves 264–6 expenditure on 181 structure and governance 259–63, new trace italienne techniques 180 275–6, 280 town and city defences 181 violent discipline 13, 260, 276, 277, 280 Foucault, Michel 389, 405 see also children; domestic violence; fox-hunting 558–9, 560 gendered violence; kinship; marriage; Foxe, John, Actes and Monuments (Book of men; women `Martyrs) 638, 639 famine France Little Ice Age 320, 640 and American War of Independence 191 state relief 478 army 183, 184, 190, 199 suicide and 319 attempts to reform slave system 45 Faret, Nicolas, Honnête homme 669 charges of wife-beating 278 Feng Shiji, case of 359–63 civilising process of royal court 309, 661 Ferdinand, Archbishop and elector of civility 666, 668, 669, 672 Cologne 526 and manners 666, 670 festivals communal violence 533 China 614, 617 conduct books 669 Ottoman religious 91 Criminal Code (1539) 335 see also carnival Criminal Code (1670) 400 Feuchtwang, Stephan 624 Croquants tax rebellions 485–6 feuding 667 duels 302, 667 Albania 205 elite quarrels 666 China 7, 305 expansion (from 1670s) 183 factional (Ottoman Empire) 305 fall in executions 400 and kin networks 7, 301 Flour War (1775) 478, 479 see also vendetta gabelle protests 475 fighting see combat; honour violence; inter- limits on assembly 481 personal violence; rock fights; stick persecution of heretics 514, 516 fighting; war police force 400, 482, 674 firearms 12, 179, 192, 573 Protestants as heretics 515 China 125 riots 473, 478 improved technology in Europe 180, 181 royal pardons 398 Fischer, Kirsten 263 use of torture 392, 393, 400, 404 Fisher, Michael 270 and Vietnam 446, 448 Fiske, Alan 305 witch hunts 524 Fitzpatrick 384 see also Paris; St Bartholomew’s Day Flanders, use of torture 392 Massacre The Flaying of Marsyas 635 France, Joseph, abolitionist 37 flogging Francken, Ambrosius 653 of adulterers 398 Frankfurt, executions 395 China 628 Frankfurt-am-Main, Fettmilch riots 480–1

690

Index

Frederick I, King of Prussia 564 and standards of proof 402 Frederick II, King of Prussia 190, 404 witch trials 525 Fredrici, Cesare de’ 324 genocide, of Zunghar Mongols by Qing freebooters 468 China 125 see also buccaneers; piracy Georgia Act (1755) 44 French Antilles German Peasants’ War (1525) 4, 483–4, 532, 535 Code Noir (1685) 42 taxation and 483 slavery 38 Germanic customary law 390 French colonialists, and Native Americans Germany 258, 373 city states 474 French corsairs, Caribbean 450, 466 Imperial Perpetual Peace (1495) 667 French Empire, slave societies 52 and infanticide 288 French Revolution (1789) 53, 488 marriage courts 397 and civilisation 675 penalties for rape 283 and iconoclasm 542 pregnancy from rape 284 French Wars of Religion (1562–98) 189, 294, prosecutions for wife-beating 278 537, 544, 546, 662 witch trials 525, 526 depictions of violence 648 see also Prussia and feuding 667 Gheyn, Jacques de 643 Freud, Sigmund 661 ghosts and demons Freyre, Gilberto 57, 66 China 617, 621, 622, 631 Frisch, Jörg 324 exorcism of 617, 625, 632 Friuli, Italy, carnival violence 538 spirit armies 624 Frois, Fr Luis 251 see also sorcerers and shamans, China; Fronde, wars (1648–53), France 667 supernatural Fucar, Pablo del, Ballestas Mosquetes Gia Dinh (Saigon), massacre of Chinese in y Arcabuces 561 (1782) 444 Fula people, West Africa, stick fighting 578 gibbeting, punishment for pirates (England) funerary rites 98 450, 451 Saiva 169 Giotto 313 for suicides 317, 319 Gnadenhutten, Ohio, massacre (1782) 384 Fuzhou, China 626 Godse, Nathuram 157 Gold Coast, introduction of firearms 573 Galdan, Mongol leader 125 Gómara, Francisco López de, La Conquista Gallonio, Antonio 637 de México 144 gambling, China 619–20 Gordon, Patrick 340 Gandhi, Mahatma 157, 172 Gordon Riots (1780) 482 Gaspar Antonio Chi, Maya nobleman 151 gosains, warrior ascetics 159, 161, 162, 166 Gatter, Christiana 269 and commerce 164 Geertz, Clifford 618, 620 enmity with bairagis 167 gender roles (China) 227, 228–9 Gosse, Philip 455 gendered violence ‘Govindgeer’, gosain ascetic 166 against indigenous women 255, 257, 259 Graf, Urs 646 against slaves 255 Gray, Rev. John Henry, in China 616, 626 early America 255–6, 269, 271, 272 Great Britain and race 263 and abolitionism 17, 20, 32, 33 and religion 262 and American colonies 266, 267, 268, war and 268 382 see also domestic violence; men; rape; beneficiaries of slave trade 28 women ‘financial revolution’ (from 1680) 190 Geneva navy 182, 213, 469 abolition of torture 404 New Model Army 189 executions in effigy 398 outsourcing of colonial project (India) 213

691

Index

Great Britain (cont.) hawking 556, 568 and Vietnam 433 Hawkins, John 452 see also England; Ireland Hayes, James 621 Great Turkish War (1683–99) 194, 201 headhunting, leopard sodalities in Angola Great Wall, China 124 579, 580 Greece, ancient, and suicide 313 Hemings, Sally, slave to Jefferson 271 Greek Orthodox Church Henri IV, King of France 667 Kollyvades movement 90 Henry VIII, King of England 558, 565, 567 and preparation of Christians for heresy 513–14, 523 martyrdom 90 burning of heretics 111, 514, 515 Greek Revolution (1821–29) 211 and the devil 522 Gregory IX, Pope 513, 514 equated with treason 391 Grenada, Maroon communities 50 fear of 391, 521 grief, and auto-aggression 102 judicial torture 514, 528 Grosseteste, Robert, Bishop of Lincoln 513 lynching 516 Grotius, Hugo 668 medieval trials for 520 Mare Liberum 457, 464 and ‘persecuting society’ 520 Gu Yingtai, Mingshi jishi benmo (A Topical rise in persecutions 519–22 History of the Ming Dynasty) 122 suppression of 493, 634 Guanches, Canary Islands, combat games 573 and witch trials 515, 522 Guatemala Hernández de Córdoba, Francisco, 1517 local vendettas 152 expedition to Yucatán 143, 149 Mayan kingdom in 150 Heyn, Piet, corsair 467 Guazzo, Stefano, Civile conversatione (1574) Hideyoshi, Toyotomi 6, 248 664, 668 ban on Christian missionary activity guilds 323, 500 and protests 476 and Buddhism 499 Spanish Netherlands 474 invasion of Korea 131 Guise, Duke of 649 policies of social order 237 Gumley, William 379 hierarchy gunpowder Confucian values of 222, 225, 227, 233 in China 119 and inter-state relations 177 impact on warfare 179 in Japan 239 ‘gunpowder’ empires 12 and military command 186, 187 guru-chela discipleship 163 see also class; family and households Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden 179 Hikayat Siak, Malay epic 8 Himmat Bahadur see Anupgiri; Umraogiri Habsburg Empire 83, 194 Hinde, William 568 army 183 Hindus borders with Ottoman Empire 177, 185 conﬂict between bands of ascetics 160 and Serbian Freikorps 207 relations with Muslims 158, 159 The Hague, public scaffold 403 Hispaniola, slave revolts 587 Hainan island, China 626 history writing, growth of 8 Haitian Revolution (slave revolt) 53, 419, 587 Hoang Cong Chat, uprising against Trinh Hambodedio, ruler of Kounari 578 (1706–69) 440–1 hanging 392, 401 Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan 5, 669 for murder 281, 641 Hogarth, William 403, 563 for rape 283 Hogenberg, Franz 651, 653 Russia 339 Hôjô Ujimasa, lord 248 of witches 112, 529 homicide harakiri see seppuku China Hastings, Warren 164 interethnic 354 Hausa people, West Africa 577 ofﬁcial review of death sentences 354, 364

692

Index

related to land disputes 351–3 and iconography of Santiago criminalisation of 299–301 Matamoros 602 documentation of 292 introduction to Americas 105 gruesome depictions of murders 641 jousting 567 of household members 271, 277 racing 567 of husbands by wives 223, 281, 339 House of Orange, court of 308 judicial prosecution of 299, 300 households see family and households and medical treatment of injuries 295 ‘Houtbeen’ (‘Peg-leg’), Cornelis, corsair 467 punishments for 281, 300, 641 Howth, Christopher St Lawrence, Lord 276 and rules for self-defence 300 Huang Bang 357 by Scots-Irish in Chesapeake 376 Huang Jing’er 624 social patterns of 663 Huang Junshang 354, 355 weapons 296 Hudson Bay Company 106 of wives by husbands 223, 271 Huitzilopochtli, Aztec god 601 see also executions; honour violence; human agency 11 interpersonal violence; punishments human nature, violence in 5 homicide rates human sacrifice calculation of 293–4 Amerindians 96, 101–8, 112 and civil wars 294, 662 and cannibalism 413, 414, 424 colonial America 371, 372, 375 ritual specialists 104 decline 307 Yucatán 108 non-European 296 see also sacrifice; self-sacrifice Pennsylvania 377, 378, 380, 381, humanism, view of suicide 311 384, 385 Hume, David, Of Suicide 315 regional variations 662 humiliation rise in China 4, 297, 350–1 auto-da-fé rituals 415, 417 temporary peaks 295, 662 China 629 trends in Europe 4, 5, 292–7, 661 corporal punishment for 49 Homs, Syria, former Church of St Helen 92 religious violence and 533, 537 honour ‘rough music’ 279, 537 Italian science of 668 see also honour; public shaming rituals masculine 13, 676 Hungary, iconoclasm 537 military academies and 672 hunting 554–60 Protestant view of 668–9 classification of game 556 honour code 5, 676 coursing with greyhounds 555 duelling 302, 664 driven 555, 562 in non-European world 297–8 for food 554 transformation to rule-based 302, 309 of foxes 558–9, 560 warriors 102 with guns 561–2 West Africa 574, 575 with hawks 556, 568 honour violence 297–301 par force de chiens 555, 558 disqualification of honour as defence 299 as preparation for warfare 555–6 inter-communal 548 for recreation 556 and one-to-one fights 302–4 satires on 559 samurai 237, 242, 252 Huron people, treatment of captives and unfair fights 304 104, 105 see also combat Hutchinson, Thomas, governor of Hopkins, Matthew, witch-finder 525, 528 Massachusetts 382 horror, depictions of in abolitionism 19, 20–2, Hutterites, expulsion of 536 32–4, 37 Huygens, Constantin 403 horses elite equestrian violence in western Sudan iconoclasm 537, 539–43 574–6 symbolism of 540

693

Index

identity interpersonal violence 4 confessional 92, 189 against dead 538 creation of 8 and culture of feuding 7, 301 Japanese cultural 237, 243, 244, 252 in defence of property 307 idolatry, Spanish campaign against 111, 415 and fair fights 302, 307 Ikoma Genba, samurai 243 fist-fighting 303 Iliffe, John 298, 574 knife fights 303, 308 ‘illicit sex’ (jian) male 292–309 Chinese legal term 219 and male honour 297 consent and coercion 220, 226 and motive 305–6 and male–male sodomy 231 and pardons 662 penalties for 220, 231 rates of 401, 661, 672, 675 in Tang Code 226 samurai 237, 242–3 Imbangala people, Angola 585 in slave societies 43 ritual infanticide 585 unfair fights 304 imprisonment 343, 365, 399–400, 403, 628 see also combat; communal violence; duels; for debt 399 homicide; honour violence effect of shift to 389 investigation Inca Empire (Peru) coroners’ 293 beheading of last ruler Atahualpa 591, 592, of crime, in Roman law tradition 390 604–8 into suicide 316 Catholic syncretic rituals 108 Ireland and popularity of Santiago 596 attacks on Protestant settlers 543, 546 queros (cups in shape of heads) 606 Tudor policy of Plantation in 673 Spanish conquest 100 wars (1640s-1650s) 189, 286 warfare in 592 witch trial (1326) 515 India Iroquois Great Britain and 213 changes in war strategy 106 Mughal 3 female mourners 102 patriotism of warrior ascetics 171 ritual torture 98, 105 sati (self-immolation by widows) 324 Islam thagi (thugs) 306 conversions to 77, 79, 87, 88, 94, 205 warrior ascetic in 156–72 and piracy in Mediterranean 459 Indian Ocean, piracy 461–3 and relations with Christians in Istanbul 91 Indonesia, traditional male honour Shi’a, of Safavids 80 298 and slave trade in Africa 573 infanticide 287–9 and West African combat sports 577, 579 penalties 287, 290 see also Muslims plea of temporary insanity 289, 402 Istanbul ritual 585 conquest of 80 and stillbirth 288 conversion of Pammakaristos church to and suicide by proxy 325 Fethiye mosque 85 Inquisition fire (1660) and rebuilding 85 in Americas 111, 416, 421 Muslim refugees from Balkans 202 anti-Semitism of 416 riots and revolts (1703, 1730, 1740) 205 in Mexico 111, 416 Italian Wars (1494–1559) 667 Roman 514 Italy Spanish 4, 391, 395, 513 banditry 306 use of burning for heretics 111, 514 city states 474, 662 and use of torture 111, 391 civility and manners 664, 668 insanity duelling 302, 664 and murder 306 factional politics and judicial power 397 temporary 289 homicide rates 295, 309, 662

694

Index

imprisonment 399 and Amerindian slavery 64 science of honour 668 Brazil 61 use of torture 392 on cannibalism 98 vendetta 309, 666 in East Asia 499–500 visual representations of justice 345 and military action as punishment 65 Ittersum, Martine van 457 in Vietnam 439 Ixtlilxochitl, king of Tetzcoco 148 Jews Izmir, Russian destruction of Ottoman navy atrocities ascribed to 643 (1770) 92–4 ban on new synagogues in Istanbul 85 conversion to Islam 86, 87 Jackson, Richard, slave captain 30 in Germany 398 ‘jointing’ of rebel slaves 19 persecution by Inquisition 416 Jadunath Sarkar 165 readmission to civil life 548 Jamaica sporadic persecutions 535 common whipman 48 see also anti-Semitism Maroon communities 50 Jiajing, Emperor, Ming China 496 slave market 24 João III, King of Portugal 64 James the Apostle, St (Santiago) 593 João, Prince Regent of Portugal, war against and wars against Muslims 594 Botocudo Indians 74 James I and VI, King of England and Scotland ‘jointing’ of rebel slaves 19 526, 556, 565 Jonson, Ben, The New Inn 668 Jansenists, suppression (1711) 550 Joseph II, Habsburg emperor 207, 208 Japan jousts 555, 567 Akô Incident 241 Judaizers, Novgorod 527 Ashikaga shogunate 498 judges Buddhism in 498–9, 503 and full proof of crime 393 Buddhist temple armies 508–9 as mediators in disputes 390 castle towns 237, 245 mitigation of sentences 391 Chinese influence 494 judges, Russia cultural identity 237, 243, 244 depiction of tsar as 346 disarming of peasantry 237 as local governors 336, 337 establishment of shogunate 6 mitigation of sentences 337, 339 female self-sacrifice 323 role in Russian judicial procedure invasion of Korea (1592–98) 131–2 335 Jesuits in 499–500 judicial systems 13 kinship obligation 7, 361, 365 and avoidance of violence 674 piracy 123, 130–1 martial law 187–8 and religion 498–9 separate slave courts 44 reputation in 237, 243, 244 Virginia 374 revenge culture 7 see also justice; law codes; Roman law Sengoku civil war 248 judicial systems, Chinese shinju¯ (mutual suicide of lovers) 323 autumn assizes 223, 364–6 shunga (pillow books) 323 ‘bare stick’ legislation 355–6, 363 tension between military and civil arts 236 Board of Punishments 355, 364 threat of invasion of China 123 legal status boundaries 226, 233 wako ‘dwarf pirates’ 464 Nine Dignitaries tribunal 365 Warring States period (1467–1600) 236 official review of death sentences woodblock prints (broadsheets) 247 354, 364 see also samurai; Tokugawa Shogunate Qing reforms 221, 226, 301, 350, 363–4 (1568–1868) judicial systems, Russian 335–8 Jassy, Treaty of (1792) 209 accusatory framework (property, lesser Jefferson, Thomas, US President 271, 469 disputes) 335 Jesuit missionaries inquisitorial framework (criminal cases) 335

695

Index

judicial violence Knights of St Stephen 461 armed forces 187 knout, leather strap (Russia) 338, 343 decline (after 1600) 389, 404 Kolb, Peter 562 rise (after 1400) 397 Kongo, kingdom of 579 state monopoly of 174 Christianisation 584 see also torture danced combat rituals 581 Judson, William 264 slaves from, in Americas 588 ‘just war’ 175 Köprülü Mehmet, grand vizier 83 Brazil 65 Korb, Johann-Georg 345 China 120, 131 Korea and military discipline 186 Chinese influence 497 as punishment 74 Chosôn dynasty 132, 494 Spain, against Muslims 535, 592 Japanese invasions 131–2 justice religion in 497–8 changing attitudes to 400–5 Kosovo, Albanian settlement 205 evasion of 398 Kramer, Heinrich, Malleus Maleficarum and redress of grievance 474 (1486) 524 visual representations of 344–6 Krogh, Tyge 306 Kuang Wenqi 358 Kadizade Mehmet, mosque preacher 82 Kume, Kôtarô and Seitarô 240 Kadizadeli movement Kunnersdorf, Battle of (1759) 190 attacks on Sufism 82–4 Kyiv Rus’ state, origins of Russia 333 and non-Muslims 85, 86 Kafadar, Cemal 78 La Fosse, Jean de 395 kalpic time, concept of 505 La Houssaye, Amelot de 666 Kalyvas, Stathis 549 La Mothe-Le-Forêt, Antoine du Puy, Sieur Kâmil Efendi, Mehmed, Ottoman chief de 485 jurisprudent 208 La Noue, François de 666 Kangxi Emperor, China 125, 501 La Paz, Rodrigo, killing of (Mexico City) Kaplan, Benjamin 533 408–9 Karlowitz, Treaty of (1699) 194, 205 La Sauvetat, Croquant rebellion at 486 Karlsen, Karen 373 Labours of Hercules 635 katakiuchi (revenge-killing), samurai 7, 239–42 Lacey, General John 384 Kavi, Ma¯n, poet 159, 171 Lafayette, Marquis de 560 Kea, Ray 587 The Lamentations of Germany 655 Ker, Robert 322 Lancashire, forest of Bowland 557 Kett’s Rebellion (1549) 480 Lancre, Pierre de 524 Khan, Ghulam Hussain 162, 166 land Kiakhta, Treaty of (1727) 125 conditional sales (China) 352, 354 Kidd, Captain William, pirate 451, 463 disputes over (China) 351–3, 355 kılılba¸s, pro-Safavid Shi’a Muslims 80, 82 Landa, Fray Diego de, Yucatán 111, 415 Kimber, Captain John, slave captain 33 Lao territories 436 King, Boston, ‘Memoirs’ 40 Lara, Silvia 73 King Philip’s War (1675–78) 258, 372 Las Casas, Bartholomé de 3, 413, 414, 466 kinship networks A Short Account of the Destruction of the and feuding 7, 301 Indies 652 riots 475 and Ribera case 142 kinship obligation Lausanne, use of torture 392 China and Japan 7, 361, 365 law codes and lineages in China 615 and Articles of War 186 Kira Kôzunosuke, Lord 241 Carolina (Holy Roman Empire) 299, 335, Kitombo, Battle of (1670) 584 336, 392, 529 Knights of St John 461 effect on violence 5, 662

696

Index

Russian 334 Lull, Ramón 555 and slaves 42, 44, 45 Luo Teaching (luo jiao) 506 Spanish law against enslavement 140, 141, Luria, Keith 545 142 ‘luso-tropicalism’ 57, 59 see also judicial systems; Roman law Luther, Martin 536 lawyers, training of 390 lynchings, of heretics 516 Le Code, Vietnam 441 Le Duy May, rebellion 440 Mac Dang Dung, overthrow of Le dynasty 435 Le dynasty, Vietnam 429, 434 Mac family, Vietnam 432 Le Loi, establishment of dynasty (1428) and convictions for heresy 515 429, 436 driven out 437 Le Roy, Louis, De la vicissitude 674 rise of 433, 434–6 Le Thanh Tong, emperor 437 McKenny, John 384 Leclerc, François, corsair 466 Madagascar, pirate safe haven 463 Lefort, Franz 340 Madinka peoples, West Africa 576 Legacies of British Slaveholding project 28 Magdeburg, sack of (1631) 189, 286, 545 Leopold I, Habsburg emperor 204, 564 magistrates, China Léry, Jean de 61 and conditions of rural poor 356 letters of marque, and piracy 457 recognition of ethical concerns 353 Levellers 536 and referral of death sentences 364 Li Fuda uprising (1512) 133 Mahabharata text 156 Li Hongzhang, general 507 Makassar (Macassar) 464 Lienzo de Tlaxcala 602, 604 Malabaris, south-west India 462 limited wars, Europe (after 1648) 188, 190 Malay identity 8 Lin Feng (Limahon), pirate 464 Mali, empire of 574, 575 Lin Zhaoen, Ming literatus 506 slaves from, in South Carolina 587 Lipsius, Justus 668 Malinche (Malinztin), Cortés’s interpreter literacy, Ottoman Empire 83 140, 258 Lithuania, communal violence in Vilnius 534 Malleus Maleficarum (Kramer) 524 litigation 5 Malta, piracy 461 Little Ice Age Manchus, as threat to Ming China 123, 132–3 and natural disasters 640 Manichaeism, in central Asia 506 and suicide rates 320 Manila, Philippines 464 and witchcraft 517 Mantegna, Andrea, The Battle of the Sea Livorno, piracy 461 Gods 635 Locke, John 671, 677 manumission, Brazil 71 Logan, James 377 Manwood, John 556 L’Olonnais, François, pirate 455, 456 Mapuche Indians 609 London, riots 476, 479 Marcocci, Giuseppe 60 Longqing, Emperor, Ming China 130 Maria Theresa, Empress 179 Lorch, Melchior, The Pope as a Wild Man 637 Marignano, Battle of (1515) 646, 646 Los Reyes, Diego de (Diego el Mulato) 452 maritime raiding 13 Lotzer, Sebastian 484 see also buccaneers; piracy Louis XIV, King of France 199, 661, 662 Markham, Gervase 554 Louisiana Maroon War, First (1729–39) 51 Bennett Barrow cotton plantation 41 Maroons (runaway slaves) 50, 588 French 38 and Angolan sanga dance ritual 588 slave conspiracy 51 Suriname 588 Lu Jingyao 354 marriage Luango, Kongolese kingdom, stick ‘by abduction’ 222, 284 fighting 583 changing view of 270 Lucretia, depiction of suicide of 325, 635 sexual violence within 221–5 Luebke, David 545 and unfilial marital intercourse 224

697

Index

marriage (cont.) medicine validity of, in Confucianism 221, 225 and internal injury 277 see also domestic violence; women treatment of violent injuries 295 Marshall, Edward 380 Mediterranean, piracy 458–61, 460 Martin, Samuel, slaveholder 51 Medway, Dutch attack on English fleet Martire d’Anghiera, Pietro (Peter the (1667) 182 Martyr) 413 Mehmet II, Ottoman sultan 81 martyrdom Mehmet IV, Ottoman sultan 86, 88 of Catholics in Vietnam 439 Mekkî Efendi, Mevlânâ Mehmed 210 and Christian salvation 634 men of Christians for apostasy in Ottoman and adultery of wives 224 Empire 88 attacks on by household members iconography of 637–9, 651 280 Ottoman opposition to 91 authority as head of household 275–6 and self-sacrifice 321, 326 black, and rape of white women 263, 271 suicide and 312, 321 Chinese ‘bare sticks’ (rogue males) 226, Massachusetts 355–6, 363 law on spousal abuse 260 growth of sexual licence 271 and proof of witchcraft 526 indentured servants, Virginia Salem witch trials 373, 525 264–5 Shay’s Rebellion (1787) 385 interpersonal violence 292–309 The Massacre of the Innocents 635, 636, 643 and male-male rape (China) 230–3 massacres motivation for violence in household blaming of foreigners 547 276, 277 of Christians (Izmir 1770) 93 murder of wives 223 communal atrocities 543–7 public shaming rituals 279 depictions of 648–50 and punishment of slaves 48 incidence in Spanish conquests 145, 148 reputational damage of excessive domestic ritual beheadings 546 violence 276 Toxcatl (Tenochtitlán) 145, 146, 598–604 sexual relations with unfree women Matama kingdom 579 (China) 226 Mather, Cotton, Salem witch hunt 526 slaves 29, 49 Matsudaira Yasuhira, Nagasaki magistrate as victims of rape (sodomy) 231–3 252 as witches 525 Maurice, Prince of Nassau, ‘Orange reforms’ see also honour; wife-beating of army 186 Mencius, Confucian sage 504 Maximilian, duke of Bavaria 526 mercenaries 184 Maximilian, Emperor, Weisskunig mercy autobiography 644 China 365 Maya people, Yucatán 97, 151 Russia Great Maya Revolt (1546–47) 152 granted by tsar 337, 346 lack of cohesive empire 151, 152 grants of 337 population decline 152 requested by litigants 337 reaction to Spanish 153 see also pardons scandal of ‘pagan’ rituals (1550s–1560s) Mesoamerica 108, 415 ceremonial cannibalism 99 Spanish Thirty Years War with European conquests 100 149–53, 150 warfare in 592 Mayflower Pilgrims, and native women 258 see also Guatemala; Mexico; Spanish Maynooth Castle, atrocities agains Irish America; Yucatan ‘rebels’ 547 Mexica see Aztecs Mechelen, sack of (1572) 652, 653 Mexican embassy mural see Washington, DC, medical experts, use of 402 Mexican embassy mural

698

Index

Mexico Mishima Yukio, seppuku (1970) 252 conquest of (1519–21) 143–7, 408, 413 Mitford, Algernon 250 execution of slave rebels 418 Moctezuma, Aztec emperor homicide rates 296 capitulation 145, 153, 415 independence 138 fabled treasure of 409 pardons for homicide 301 monarchy popularity of Santiago 594 constraints of representative Spanish Inquisition in 111, 416 institutions 178 Totonac rebellion 423 European states 177 Mexico City 408 and idea of limited war 190 bull-ﬁghting 566 operational command in war 179 slave market 146 and power to wage war 178 see also Tenochtitlán, Aztec city Mongols Miao peoples, China 128, 129 East Khalka 125 Michel, Georg 537 peace treaty 124 Middle Passage, Atlantic slave trade 21, 24, religious heterodoxy under 494 28–30 retreat of 494–5 Equiano’s account of 18, 32, 46 as threat to China 123–6 sustained cruelty in 28 Zunghar tribe 125 see also slave trade Montague, Walter 674 Mikhailovish, Aleksei 347 Montaigne, Michel de 10 Military Revolution Essais 668, 669 and eastern warfare 180 ‘Of Cannibals’ 113 narrative of 174, 179 ‘Of Cruelty’ 553, 559 militias 184 on suicide 314 China 134, 496 on torture 394 colonial America 374, 381, 384 on witchcraft 524 Paris 544 Montanus, Arnoldus 414 millenarianism Montejo, Francisco, invasion of Yucatán China 496, 506, 507 (1547) 149 and communal violence 535–6 Montenegro 204 Ming dynasty, China 3, 6 Monter, William, on heretics 515 and Buddhism 496 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, and cockﬁghting 618 Baron 404 Confucian legal code 496 Moore, R. I. 520 Great Wall 124 morality 11 and Isbah rebellion (1357–66) 496 and ethical norms (China) 352 and Manchu threat 123, 132–3 and exercise of violence 504–5 and military threats 121 Russian codes of 342 Mongol threat to 123–6 More, Thomas, Utopia 313, 559 and peasant rebellions 126 Morgan, Henry 467, 468 and piracy 465 Mori Hirosada, samurai 239 regulation of religion 494, 495–7 Mori Masana, samurai 242 religious dissent 496 moriscos, expulsion from Spain 535 and Vietnam 437 Morocco, Sultan of 576 and war in Korea 131 mortuary rituals see funerary rites and wokou pirates 130 Morvan de Bellegarde, Jean-Baptiste de Ming Keyi 357 671, 676 Minois, Georges 322 Moscow Felony Chancery 336 Mirovich, Vasilii 343 Moses, son of Raphaeli Abravanel, The ...Mirror of Spanish Tyranny ...(1620, conversion to Islam 87 1628, 1638) 654 Mount Athos, Greece miscegenation see racial mixture monastic complexes 79

699

Index

Mount Athos, Greece (cont.) alliance with French in New England 373 preparation of Christians for martyrdom 90 ceremonial cannibalism 99 mourning period Cherokee 381 ofﬁcial Chinese 225 Delawares 381, 384 physical privation 503 English view of 258, 371 ‘mourning wars’ 102 evicted 375 Mughal Empire, historical works 8 on frontiers of Pennsylvania 380–1 mulattoes, Brazil 72 gendered violence against 268 ‘mumia’, body parts medicines 99 Lenape people in Pennsylvania 377 Muñoz Carmargo, Diego 594 view of manhood 257 Münster, radical religious violence 536 see also Amerindians Münster, Peace of (1648) 467 natural disasters Müntzer, Thomas 535 China 122, 357 Murat IV, Sultan, and Kadizade Mehmet 82 depictions of 640 murder see homicide as divine punishment 640 Murer, Christoph 643 state relief for 126 Murray, Alexander 320 see also famine Murray, Dian 465 natural slavery, Enlightenment ideas of 11 Muslims navies 182–3 feuds between in China 496, 509, 510 and artillery 180 refugees from Balkans 202 British (Royal) 182, 213 relations with Hindus 158, 159 linear tactics (line-ahead) 180 Spanish ‘just war’ against 535, 592, 594 Ottoman 92–4 Syria 84 and pirates 469 see also Ottoman Empire warships 182 Mustafa, Deli (Crazy) 211 neighbours Mustafa, El-Hac, governor of Belgrade 210 accusations of witchcraft 518, 523 Mustafa IV, Ottoman sultan 212 and communal violence 475–7 mutilation and domestic disputes 260, 278 of corpses 44, 50, 98, 109 and religious differences 531, 533, 534, 547 to prevent resurrection 109 Neolin, Delaware prophet 109 as punishment 341, 499, 628 Netherlands self- 102, 501, 625 communal atrocities 543 self-sacriﬁce 101 iconoclasm (1566) 540 as slave punishment 44, 49 and Portuguese colonies 466 slitting of nostrils 341, 343 principle of reconciliation 674 tongue-slitting 398 and Vietnam 433 mutinies, China 123, 135–6 see also Dutch Republic New England Naarden, sack of (1572) 652 growing toleration 372 Nabeshima, Katsushige, daimyo 251 homicide rate 371, 375, 379 nagas, warrior ascetics 159, 162 New Orleans, French 44 Nantes, Edict of (1598) 549 New Year, lunar, China 614, 617 Revocation of (1685) 515, 550 Newton, John, slave captain and Naples 487, 676 abolitionist 19 market riot (1585) 479 Nghe An region, Vietnam 436 Natchez Wars (1731) 51 Nguyen family, Vietnam 430 nationalism establishment of dynasty 433 and abolitionism in Britain 33 and inter-ethnic violence 441–2 effect in Ottoman Empire 78 opposition to Mac rule 436 and national interest 188 war with Trinh family 436–8 Native Americans 97 Nguyen Hoang 437, 438 alliance with British forces 382 Nguyen Hue, Quang Trung emperor 444, 445

700

Index

Nguyen Huu Chinh 444 ethnic and confessional make-up of 198, 200 Nguyen Kim, assassination 437 irregular auxiliaries 197 Nguyen Nhac, and Tay Son Uprising 443, 444 janissary infantry 195 Nguyen state, Vietnam 438 reforms (from 1792) 209 defeat of Tay Son 446–7 sipâhî cavalry 195 and Tay Son Uprising 442–7 Ottoman Empire 77–94, 194–214, 196 Nicea, Council of (325 CE) 513 and Balkans Nicholas I, tsar of Russia 343 amnesty for Christians (1792) 209 Nicolas, Augustin 401 campaigns against Habsburgs and Nicolas, Jean 473 Hungary 201–4 Nicole, Pierre, Essays on Manners 671 demographic shifts 204 Nimoo Gooseyng 164 First Serbian Uprising (1804–13) 208, 212 Ningxia Mutiny (1592) 135 growing instability 206–12 Niš (Serbia) 201, 208 persecution of Serbs 208 Nobunaga, Oda 6 borders with Europe 185, 198, 204 nokogiri (burial to neck), Japan 249 campaigns of persecution against Shi’a Noortsteyn, Nicolaes, murder trial 305 Muslims 80, 81, 84 North Africa, corsairs 454, 461, 467 Catholic Christian population 195 North America see America, colonial; changing policies 78, 93 Chesapeake; Pennsylvania; United compared with European colonialism States; Virginia 199–201, 213 Northern War (1700–21) 190 conversion of churches to mosques 85 Nurhaci, founder of Latter Jin state 132 corruption 212 destruction of navy by Russian fleet Oda Nobunaga, shogun 498, 509 (1770) 92–4 Ogilby, John, America 414 effect of Great Turkish War on 194 Ogiwara Matarokuto, samurai 243 guerrilla war and terror against non- Okeley, William, Eben-Ezer 460 Muslim populations 199, 206, 209, 212 Okudaira Tadamasa, daimyo 251 instability in Anatolia 211 Oldfield, John 23 Kadizadeli movement 82–4 Olid, Cristobal de, conquistador 409 mosque building 81, 83 Olivares, Count-Duke of 487 and nationalism 78 Ometochtzin, Don Carlos 111 organised crime 211 ordeal, judicial, medieval use of 390 Orthodox Christians in 195 organised crime, Ottoman Empire 211 and pastoral Muslim warriors 198, Orléans, burning of heretics (1022) 514 204, 205 Orthodox Christianity policy of assimilation 200 absence of the devil in 527 power of sultan 85 Catholic propaganda against 519 religious identity 92 Russian schism 527 religious toleration 12, 77, 78 Orthodox Christians, uprisings against communal prayers 85 Ottomans 194 management of 90–2, 94 Orthodox Church see Greek Orthodox tensions at festivals 91 Church; Russian Orthodox Church role of notables as military contractors Osaka, battle at (1614–15) 236 197 Ostend, siege of (1601–4) 189 and Russia 202, 209 Ottoman army 12, 79, 195–8 and second siege of Vienna (1683) 83, 194 atrocities ascribed to 643, 644, 645 as Sunni Muslim polity 81, 82–90 ban on Christians in 204 timâr fiefdoms (for cavalrymen) 195, 197 banditry of Albanian irregulars 197, 206, war with Habsburgs and Russia (1787–92) 208, 209 207, 209, 213 defection of Orthodox irregulars to war with Russia (1806–12) 212 Habsburg Freikorps 201 Oyo Empire, West Africa 26

701

Index

Padma¯kar, poet 163 Scots-Irish 378, 380 pain and War of Independence 383–5 Christian view of 389, 396, 400 Whiskey Rebellion (1794) 385 infliction of 39 Perdue, Peter 125 Pamplona, bull running 565 Perez, Antonio 586 Panama City, raid on (1671) 467 Perrissin, Jean, Forty Tableaus ...648 Papacy Perry, Commodore Matthew 253 depiction of Pope as monster 637, 638 Persia, rise of Safavids 80 and inquisition 391 Persons, Robert 639 Paracelsus 99 Peru pardons for homicide 299, 300, 301, 662 anti-Semitic campaign by Inquisition China 361, 365 (1649) 417 France 398 ritual commemorations of beheading of Paris the Inca 591, 607 Cross of Gastines 543 see also Inca Empire Great Cat Massacre 538 Peter I, the Great, tsar of Russia 333, 334, 339 Parlement 392, 398 affirmation of death sentences 341 police force 674 and corruption 338 Parker, Geoffrey 122 and mass executions 340 Parlements, French appeals courts 524 and secular art 345 Paris 392, 398 Petrovaradin, Battle of (1716) 202 torture 393 Petrovic´,Karaðorðe, Serbian leader 208 Pascal, Blaise, Provincial Letters 668 Peutinger, Konrad 644 Patrona Halil revolt (1730 Istanbul) 206 Peyssonnel, Claude-Charles 93 Paul III, Pope, on American Indians (1537) 97 Phaeton, British frigate at Nagasaki 252 pax colonial, Spanish use of violence to Philadelphia, mob violence 378 maintain 412, 422 Phillips, Richard, abolitionist 19 peasant rebellions Phu Xuan, Vietnam 438, 441, 444 in China 123, 126–7 physical violence see also German Peasants’ War (1525); against slaves 39 rebellion(s) ritual self-harm 503 Pedroso, Bernardino 394 to stimulate slaves 40 Penn, John, Governor 380 Pierson, William 28 Penn, William 377 Pigneaux de Behaine, Bishop 447 Pennsylvania Pilgrim Fathers assaults 385 household structure 259–60 court records 378 murder of Native Americans 371 divorce petitions 270 and native women 258 early peacefulness 377 Pinker, Stephen 560 Fries’s Rebellion (1799) 385 piracy 13, 449–70 frontier violence 380–1 in Americas 465–9 homicide rate 377, 378, 380, 381, 384, 385 Barbary corsairs 461, 467, 469 homicide and violence in 377–81 and cannibalism 455 mobility of population 379 Caribbean buccaneers 455, 467 non-Quaker immigrants 377 China 131, 630 overthrow of government (1776–78) 384 and class 453 Pomfret Castle 562 corsairs (legal) 466 punishment of abusive husbands 256 definition 449 and Quakerism 377, 380 East and Southeast Asia 463–5 rape prosecutions 271 freebooters 468 relations with Native Americans 377, Indian Ocean 461–3 380, 384 kidnapping and ransom of captives 459, 464 rioting 385 and letters of marque 457

702

Index

Mediterranean 458–61 popular literature and ballads 272 models of 455 German woodcuts of executions 392 pirate leagues 131 on murder 280 pretexts for 450 rapid growth of 8, 11 religion and 452–3 on rebellious wives 281 renegade captives 453, 461 Russia 346 revenge 452, 457, 466 visual representations of justice 345 and rise of merchant empires 458 see also printing ritual 454–5 population and slave trafﬁcking 463, 467 China 351, 356 survival 450–2 decline of Amerindian 96, 105, 152, 259 wokou (Japanese) 123, 130–1 growth, and protests 473, 477 pirates, Chinese 455, 464 Porcallo de Figueroa, Vasco 561 Tay Son alliance with 446 Portugal and Vietnam 430, 433 ban on Amerindian slavery 65 Pitt, William, the younger 45 concept of racial difference 60 Pius IV, Pope 518 discovery of Brazil 56, 60 Pius V, Pope 566 independence from Spain 487 Pizarro, Francisco 465 judicial institutions in Americas 301 plantations Napoleonic invasion of 74 Brazilian sugar 63 nature of colonialism 57–9 Caribbean sugar 40 and West Africa 56, 67 disciplinary practices 30 see also Brazil drivers 40, 48 Portuguese overseers 40, 42, 48 and African slaves in Brazil 66–73 owners 40, 42 in Angola 579, 584 systemic violence 40–2, 43, 46, 418 justiﬁcation for slavery 56 Plassey, Battle of (1757) 2, 164 and piracy in Asia 463 Plato 312 and piracy in Indian Ocean 462 Pleck, Elizabeth 260 racist ideology 56 Plum in the Golden Vase (Ming dynasty relations with Amerindians 59–66 novel) 220 rules of violent practices 55, 59 Plutarch 553 Potosí silver mines 3 Plymouth, Pilgrim colonists 259–60, 371 Powers, Karen Vieria 257 poaching, of deer (England) 557, 558 Prague, Jewish ghetto 535 Pocahontas, and John Rolfe 258 Prange, Sebastian 462 Poland, witch trials 528 printing 8, 11, 656 Polatsk, Poland-Lithuania, murder of Greek broadsheets 639 Catholic archbishop 537 and depictions of violence 634, 636–41 police forces and propaganda against enemies 643–4 national 400 see also popular literature and ballads and riots 482 prisons 399–400 policing systems 13 bridewells 399 and runaway slaves 43 China 628 Pollman, Judith 544 see also imprisonment Poltava, Battle of (1709) 190 processions Poma de Ayala, Guamán 605 China 626, 627 Pompey the Great 459 Japan biennial daimyo 626 Pontiac’s War (1763–4) 109 proof, law of 393, 400 poor, the changing standards of 401 absent from collective protest 477 and witchcraft 526 rural China 356 property, violence in defence of 307 treatment of 672, 676 property rights, China 351, 353

703

Index

prostitution payment of blood money 42, 299, 301, China 226 662, 674 prohibition of 228 for pirates 450, 630 protest sending to galleys 399 individual 474 transportation 44, 300, 399 and threat of violence 474 see also branding; corporal punishment; see also rebellions; resistance; riots executions; flogging; mercy; mutila- Protestantism tion; pardons; public shaming rituals; in colonial America 373 punishments, on slave plantations; and iconoclasm 539 punishments, China; punishments, and martyrdom 638 Russia; torture and predestination 311 punishments, China and suffering 396 blows by heavy bamboo 231, 497, 628 view of honour 668–9 exile to Xinjiang 365, 366 see also Puritans; Quakers; Reformation flogging 628 Protestants for illicit religions 497 depictions of Catholic massacres of 648–50, incarceration 365, 628 651–2 and kinship relations 361, 365 violence against Catholics 537 mutilation 628 Provisorato (Indian Inquisition, Spanish public display 629 America) 421 ritual 626–31 Prudentius, Psychomachia 313 tattooing 628 Prussia 190 wearing of cangue (wooden frame) 231, 629 abolition of torture 404 see also executions; torture communal violence in Torun´ 535 punishments, Russia 338–44 conscription 185 exile 340 see also Germany hard labour 340 psychological violence, against slaves 39 running the gauntlet 340, 344 public opinion slitting of nostrils 341, 343 and revulsion against slave trade 20, punishments, on slave plantations 44, 46, 47 32–4, 419 customs and rituals of 47 Russian community surveys 337 debates on 43 see also abolitionism delegated to overseer or driver 48 public shaming rituals 399 four stakes 36, 37, 37–8 for domestic abuse 278, 279 Puritans stocks and pillory 112 iconoclasm 543 tarring and feathering 384, 385 New England, persecution of Quakers 112 of violence against children 280 Pythagoras 560 see also humiliation Pugachev, Emelian, execution 343 Qasimi pirates, Persian Gulf 462 Pugachev’s Rebellion (1773–5) 5 Qi Juguang, General 130 pugilism, Hausa forms of 577, 588 Qianlong, Emperor, Qing China 125, 223, punishments 353, 363 for attacks on heads of households 281 and decision on capital cases 365 banishment 399 Qing Empire, China 3, 6 castration 263 economic and demographic changes 350, European states 395–400 363, 366 exemplary, for rebellion 64, 65 and Green Standard Armies 127 fines 338, 399, 403 homicides over land and debt 307 gruesome depictions of 641–3 lack of legal dispute mechanisms 7 imprisonment 343, 365, 399–400, 403, 628 law on sodomy 231–3 for infanticide 287 legal reforms (Law Code) 221, 226, 301, 350, for murder 281, 300, 641 363–4

704

Index

militarisation of 120 legal 274, 282 Mongols as threat to 125 as vaginal intercourse 220, 282 and piracy 131, 630 and evidence of violence and lack of and religion 506–8 consent 283 and secret societies 134 male–male 230–3, 282 suicide of widows 324–5 marital 221, 255, 270 territorial expansion 121 and marital status 262, 282 and threat to social order 127, 368 penalties for 231, 262, 263, 289 and Vietnam 430, 433, 445 and pregnancy 284, 287 Qu Dajun, scholar 622 prosecutions for 229, 284 quail fighting, China 618, 619 North America 256, 262, 271 Quakers by soldiers 268, 285–7 and Pennsylvania 377, 380 standards of evidence for (China) 221 persecuted as dissenters 112 of under-age girls 285 treatment of violence against women Razin, Stepan, uprising (1670–1) 340 262, 272 Read, Mary, pirate 468 Quang Nam region, Vietnam 437 rebellion(s) 472, 482–8 Quang Ngai region, Vietnam 442 Amerindian, ritual violence and 108 Quang Trung, Tay Son emperor 446 Chinese peasant 123, 126–7 Qui Nhon, Vietnam 443, 447 colonial 422–3 Europe 176 race, and gendered violence 263 exemplary punishments for (Russia) 340 racial mixture (mestiçagem) French Croquant 485–6 in Brazil 57, 63, 66 German Peasants’ War (1525) 483–4 classification of mulattoes as black 266 Japan 236, 500 Latin America 259 as justification for violence 410 racism Kett’s(1549) 480 against African Americans, in Virginia 374 leadership of 482 against Native Americans 373, 374 musketeer (1698 Russia) 340 in colonial America 370 Pennsylvania 384, 385 and decline in homicide in colonial and religion 474 America 372, 374 Tay Son (Vietnam) 131, 430, 442–7 and gradation of colour 56, 63, 67, 71 White Lotus 7, 123, 134, 507 pre-scientific view 56, 60 see also slave rebellions view of black sexuality 265, 271 Rediker, Marcus 22 view of inherent deficiency of Africans 69 Reformation 5, 397 Rajendragiri, warrior ascetic guru 158, 161, and heresy 523 164, 166, 168 and iconoclasm 539–43 Rajputs, view of battle 171 and inter-communal violence 531 Ralston, David 163 and minorities 531 Rama, warrior ascetic 156 and move towards coexistence 548–9 Ramakrishna Mahant 167 and politics of revenge 10 Ramayana text 156 print propaganda 637 Rangel, Rodrigo 561 and state power 177 rape see also Protestantism and abduction 284 Reggio Emilia 398 assumptions about victim 228, 230, 233, Reis, João José 587 261, 262 religion attempted 261, 271 China 133, 495–7 as capital crime in Europe 261, 271, 282 and communal violence 509–10, 533–5 changing views of 267 East Asia 203, 493–511 in colonial America 261–2, 271 and gendered violence 262, 269 definitions and meaning of self-sacrifice 321

705

Index

religion (cont.) samurai katakiuchi 7, 239–42, 244 and moral exercise of violence 504–5 vendetta 301, 548 as motivation for homicide 306 revolutions 472, 486–8 and rebellion 474 against Spanish monarchy 486 role of 8, 402 Catalonia 487 simultaneum in Holy Roman Empire 545 Greek 211 and slave rebellions 52 Haitian 53, 419, 587 suppression of heretics 493 see also Dutch Revolt; English Civil Wars; violence in practice of 501–3 French Revolution and violence as sacred performance 14 Ribera, Gómez de, capture of indios as slaves and war 177, 189 141, 142 see also Buddhism; Catholic Church; Richardson, David 30 Christianity; Islam; Orthodox Riches, David 8, 305 Christianity; Protestantism; Russian Rio de Janeiro 62 Orthodox Church Riot Act (1715 England) 482 religious nonconformity 14 riots 472, 475–82 move towards coexistence 532, 548 against billeting of soldiers 475 punishments for 536 against enclosures 480 as rebellion against polity 532 as collective action 474, 475–7 and role of providence 536 England 476, 478, 479, 481 see also heresy; Quakers Fettmilch, at Frankfurt 480–1 religious persecution food 477–9 against Muslims (Ottoman Empire) 78, 80, frequency 472 81, 84 and injustice 475 of Jews 416, 535 Istanbul 205 of Quakers 112 kinship ties 475 see also heresy size 475 Renaissance tax 475 art 635 ritual behaviour and civility 664, 675 carnivals 538 and view of suicide 311, 313, 326 and control of violence 8 renegades (pirate captives) 453, 461 piracy 454–5 Rennes 288 see also humiliation; public shaming; representative institutions, European sacrifice states 178 ritual violence reputation in Amerindian rebellions 108 and English juries 391 Amerindians 96 as evidence in Russia inquisitorial trials European use of 110–12, 113 335, 337 for exorcism 501, 502 Japan 237, 243, 244 for retaliation 101 see also honour; humiliation ritual murder by leopard sodalities in resistance Angola 580, 584 popular 13 and syncretic forms of Christianity on slave ships 30 107 see also rebellion(s); revolutions; riots torture of captives 103 resurrection, mutilation of corpses to variations 96 prevent 109 West African close combat 573–90 revenge see also cannibalism; sacrifice; torture of against non-blood relations 241 captives and culture of vengeance 7 Roberts, Bartholomew, pirate 468 piracy 452, 457, 466 Robinson, David 120 politics of 10 Rocha, Manoel Ribeiro 73 retaliatory 240 rock fights, China 614, 614–18

706

Index

adolescent youths 616 Ulozhenie, Conciliar Law Code (1649) 334, and fertility rites 617 339, 341 Rodney, Walter 25, 27 legal reforms (1860s) 333, 336, 344 Rolfe, John, and Pocahontas 258 Lithuanian Statute (1588) 334 Roman law local government reforms (1775) 338 Carolingian Europe 390 local laws 333 compensation for crimes of blood 662 moral code 342 and concept of satisfaction 665 Moscow Felony Chancery 336 inquisitorial trial procedure 335, 521 Old Believers 527, 535 investigation of crime 390 and Ottoman Empire 202, 207, 209 and prosecutions for self-murder 315 destruction of Ottoman navy at Izmir reintroduction in Europe 389, 390 (1770) 92–4 Romans, France, carnival violence 538 war with (1806–12) 212 Rome, Jesuit English College 637 patrimonial judicial role of tsars 333, 337, 343, Rome, ancient, and Roman Empire 344, 346 beast-baiting (venationes) 564, 565 persecution of witches and heretics massacre (43 BC) 649 527–8 Ottoman Empire compared with 78 Preobrazhenskii Chancery 339 and piracy 458 prison system 343 and suicide 311, 313 Pugachev’s Rebellion (1773–5) 5 Romero, Francisco 566 punishments 338–44 Rosignoli, Ottavia di 394 secular art 345 Roth, Randolph 371 Treaty of Kiakhta with China 125 Rottenburg, Germany, witch trials 526 witch trials 527 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 268, 672 see also executions and death penalties; Rowlandson, Mary 258 judges; punishments Rowson, Susanna, Charlotte Temple (1791 Russian Orthodox Church 333, 342 novel) 269 jurisdiction of 333, 334 Royal Navy 182, 213 and Caribbean pirates 469 Sá, Mem de, governor of Brazil 64 Rubens, Peter Paul 654 sacred time Rudé, George 476 concept of 505, 506–7 Rumelia (Rumeli) in Japan 508 conversion of Christians to Islam 88 sacrifice Orthodox attacks on Muslim to appease deities 501 population 194 cockfighting and 620–1 Ruskin, John 17 concept of 101 Russia (Russian Empire) 331–47 Confucianism and 502 abolition of death sentence 342 offer of body parts 102 administration and bureaucracy 332, 336, 337 scapegoats for 617 Cossack uprising (1648) 537 see also human sacrifice; self-sacrifice depictions of justice in Illuminated Sahagún, Fr Bernardino de Chronicle 346 Florentine Codex 9 executions for political crimes 343 Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva expansion and conquest 331–2 España 599 frontiers 185, 332 ¸Sahkulurebellion (1511) 80, 82 judicial procedure 333, 335–8 St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, France 532, Law Codes 334 543, 643 Criminal Articles (1669) 341 painting 650 Criminal Code (1845) 343, 344 St Jan, Dutch West Indies, slave revolt 587 criminal law 333–4 Saint-Domingue, French colony 42, 44 military 340, 343 Sainte-Marie, Jean-Baptiste Poyen 40 secular law (Rus’ Law) 333 Salazar, António de Oliveira 58

707

Index

Salazar, Gonzalo de, factor in New Spain 409, Sea Dayaks of Borneo, ritual piracy 454 410, 411 Sebastião, King of Portugal 65 Samadhi interment, Saiva ascetics 169 sectarian movements, China 123, 133–5 samurai, Japan 236–53 methods of suppression 134 blood revenge 240–1 sectarian violence bureiuchi (disrespect killing) 244–6, 247 wars and 189 and Catholicism 499 see also religious violence and commercial transactions 245 secular courts cultural identity 252 expansion of 389, 397 domestic violence 244 and moral offences 397 exercise of violence 236, 239, 243 use of torture 392 and failure to redress insults 246 Sefer Reis, Indian Ocean raider 462 fair and unfair fights 304 Segu, West African kingdom 576 grant of refuge 241 self-control 9, 307, 668 honour violence 237, 242, 252 self-inflicted violence interpersonal violence between 239–44 flagellation 625 katakiuchi (revenge-killing) 7, 239–42 ritual self-harm 503 and kenka (fights) in private disputes 242–3 by shamans 625 removed from land to castle towns 237 see also seppuku; suicide reputation and male identity 237, 243, 244 self-sacrifice 101, 323 seppuku 237, 248–52, 322 in battle 322 traditional male honour 298 as heroic 321 two swords 239, 252 and martyrdom 321, 326 under-employment 238 see also human sacrifice; martyrdom; sacri- violence against commoners 244–8 fice; suicide sanga (blade dance combat ritual) 581, 588 Selim I, Ottoman sultan 80 Santa Catarina, Portuguese galleon 464 Selim III, Ottoman sultan 212 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia 593 New Order reforms 209–10 Santiago Matamoros (intercultural emblem) Sens, France, massacre (1562) 649, 650 591, 593–6 seppuku (harakiri), self-inflicted violence 237, renamed Santiago Mataíndios 596, 601 248–52 Santos Atahualpa, Juan, Andean rebel 605 abolition (1873) 252 sanyasi, warrior ascetics 159, 161, 166 to avoid disgrace 248 Sardinha, Pedro Fernandes, Bishop 64 as capital punishment 248, 249, 250 Saveuse, Henri de 675 cutting of neck 249 Savory, Mary 261 disembowelling 248, 249 Saxony, classification of game 556 inseki (responsibility-driven suicide) 251 scalps junshi 250–1 from slain enemies 98, 102 ritualisation 248 taken by Europeans 107 as voluntary self-destruction 250 Schappeler, Christoph 484 see also suicide Schoelcher, Victor, abolitionist 37 Serbia, Kingdom of (1718) 202 Schoen, Erhard 644 Serbs 198 Schwartz, ‘Black Jack’ 562 defection to Habsburg Freikorps 198, Scienza Cavalleresca 668 201, 207 Scindia, Mahadji, and Anupgiri 168 exoduses to Habsburg Empire 202, 204 Scots-Irish First Serbian Uprising (1804–13) 208, 212 Pennsylvania 378, 380 Ottoman measures against 208 in Virginia, reputation for violence 376 rebellion against Ottomans 194, 201 Scott, James C. 474, 597 servants, domestic, violence against scribes, chancery 338 264–6, 279 role in Russian inquisitorial trials 335, servants, indentured 264–5 336, 337 homicides by 371

708

Index

and pregnancy 265 slave narratives 18, 32, 46 in Virginia 371, 373 slave rebellions 51 settler colonies see America, colonial and abuse of women 266 Seven Years War 190, 268 armed resistance 586 slave revolts in Caribbean 45 Caribbean 45 sexual abuse, and racial mixture 58 Haiti 53, 419, 587 sexual crimes Saint-Domingue (1791) 53 homicide related to (China) 351 Spanish fear of 417–18 see also rape slave societies 12 sexual practices, and Chinese legal texts 220 collective regime of violence 42–5, 419 sexual slavery, of indigenous Americans dependence on new captives 39 140, 420 and honour violence 298 sexual violence public justice 43 against slaves 49 racial divide 36 depictions of 635, 653 violence as normal 37, 41, 46 in Europe 282–7 and white non-slaveholders 42, 43 modern meanings 219, 274 see also plantations by single, landless men (‘rogue males’) 227, slave trade, African, wars and 25–7 229, 230 slave trade, Atlantic 3, 18, 417 within marriage (China) 221–5 captains 19, 29 see also ‘illicit sex’; rape conditions on ships 24, 29 Seyyid Abdullah, Sheikh, Kurdish dervish 87 deaths of slaves 19 Shagan, Ethan 547 growth of public revulsion 20, 32–4, 419 Shah Alam II, Mughal emperor 161 international abolition (1807–15) 53 Shakespeare, William, Hamlet and suicide 314 Middle Passage 18, 21, 24, 28–30 Shammas, Carole 259 rebellions 30 Shandong province, China, homicides 357 sailors 19, 20, 23, 28 Shawan rural district, Canton, rock fights 615 use of terror 19, 20–2, 24 Shimabara, Japan, rebellion (1637) 236, 500 see also abolitionism; slavery Shuja ud-Daulah 162 slave-raiding Siam, and Vietnam 430, 433, 444 Caribbean 143 Sichuan province, China piracy and 463, 467 Han expansion into 129 slavery interethnic violence 353–5 abolition of 53 Jinchuan Wars 130 in Africa 26, 573, 586 Thirteen Houses of Kuidong rebels 127 in Caribbean 141–3 Sicily, revolt against Spain 487 chattel 38, 42, 49, 265 siege warfare 180 justification for 56 Silamka, Masina Fula knight 578 natural 11 silver, Pacific trade in 3 patriarchal (Portuguese) 58, 66 Silverblatt, Irene 417 for rebels in Spanish America 140, 148 sin variations of systemic violence 40–2 punishment of 402 see also abolitionism; slave trade; slaves suicide as 311, 321 slaves Sipâhi bazaar riot (1740 Istanbul) 206 African, in Americas Sital Singh ‘Bikhwud’ 167 as first cowboys 587 Skinner, James 167 and ritual combat 586–90 Skopje (Macedonia) 201 taken as soldiers 586 slave markets African, in Brazil 57, 68 Caribbean 30–2 Portuguese policy towards 66–73 Ottoman Empire 209 violence against 68 sale process 31 from west central Africa 586 the scramble 31 conversion (to Christianity) 65, 69

709

Index

slaves (cont.) Soyo province, kingdom of Kongo 582, 584 debates about abuse of 42–5 Spain as domestic enemies 41 army 183 exclusion from civil society 677 ban on Amerindian slavery 140, 141 and incentives 70 and concept of civilisation 673 inspection of 32, 39 conquest of Mexico (1519–21) 143–7, 408, 413 and legal systems 42, 44 gendered notions of violence 257 murder of masters 51 Inquisition 4, 395 and racism in America 370, 374 and ‘just war’ against Muslims 535, 592 runaways 43, 50 and piracy in Americas 465 treatment of male 29, 49 revolts against monarchy 486 violence between 50 and wars between Amerindians 106 violence by 50–3 wars of invasion in Americas 100, violence as means of control 47, 70, 265 138–54, 592 see also Maroons; women slaves (black) Spanish America Smallwood, Stephanie 29 administration 146 Smith, John, Virginia 673 bull-fighting 566 Smith, William, Jr 376 Catholic Church 147 Snayers, Pieter 655 culture of male honour 297 sodalities (confraternities) of headhunters encomienda system 146 among slaves in America 588 fear of rebellion by slaves 417–18 Angola 579 greyhound coursing 561 sodomy indigenous people 10 China 231–3 see also Amerindians punishment for 403 intercultural emblems of violence 591–609 soldiers judicial institutions 301 and Chinese peasant rebellions 126 and legitimacy of power 597 depictions of atrocities by 644–8, 653 Spiritual Conquest (conversion to discipline 186 Catholicism) 415–16 as independent agents 176 stability of colonial regime 592, 608 as legal group 187 views of violence 408–25 and military law 187–8 violence of conquest 422 and rape 268, 285–7 written records 412 role in communal violence and atrocities see also Aztec Empire; Inca Empire; Maya 544, 546 people; Mexico see also armed forces; armies Spanish conquistadors 147 Song dynasty, China, and necessity of in Mexican embassy mural 138, 139 violence 504 as pirates 466 Songhay Empire, West Africa 574, 575 treatment of indigenous women 257, 258 civil war (1588) 576 ‘Spanish Fury’, Antwerp 653 sorcerers and shamans, China 622–3, 623 depictions of 543, 652 charms and spells 624 Spanish–Maya Thirty Years War 149–53, 150 and exorcism of demons 623–6 failure of colonisation 152 religious festivals 626 manipulation of local rivalries 152 self-flagellation 625 The Spectator 559, 671 Sores, Jacques de, corsair 466 Spee, Friedrich 401 Sosa, Alonso de 455 Spenser, Edmund 673, 674 Soto, Hernando de 561 sports, animals for spectacle 554 Sousa, Tomé de, governor of Brazil 64 Staden, Hans 61, 450 South Africa, hunting 562 Staffordshire, Needwood Forest 557 sovereignty Standish, Myles 371 of monarchs 177 Stanfield, James Field, The Guinea Voyage over the sea 456–8 (1788) 21, 22–5

710

Index

Star Chamber (England), prosecution of as dishonour 317 Catholics 397 disposal of corpses 316, 318, 403 state formation, Europe 175–6, 400 and euthanasia in More’s Utopia 313 state(s) folk beliefs about 319–20 and armed forces 174, 179 global comparisons 320–6 and boundaries 177, 185 indirect 306 and civil militias 184 investigations into 316 and civil society 4 legal sanctions 317 composite 473 leniency for 313 executions 395 mutual (of lovers) 323 and internal security 400 origin of term 311, 315 and judicial violence 13, 174, 389, 397 paradox of 311 limits on assembly 481 pathologised 315, 316, 326 monopoly of legitimate violence 42, 120, rates of 320 174, 199 and Roman notion of honour 313 and ‘national interest’ 188 by slaves 50 and piracy 456 see also martyrdom; self-sacrifice; seppuku pre-industrial 2 suicide murder (suicide by proxy) 306, 325 and religious orthodoxy 493, 510, 532 Süleymân the Magnificent, Ottoman and representative institutions 178 sultan 201 suppression of interpersonal violence Sulu, Philippines, piracy 454 299, 307 Sun Shiyi, governor general of use of contracted armed forces 176, 184, 213 Guangdong 445 and warfare 175, 176 supernatural see also armed forces; armies; navies offerings to 102, 104 Stedman, Lieutenant John Gabriel 266 punishments by 104 Steele, Richard, The Spectator 559 see also ghosts and demons Stewart, Lazarus 381 Swabian League 484 stick fighting, West Africa 578–9, 583 Swadeshi movement, Bengal 171 and African diaspora 589 Sweden sticks abolition of torture 404 to beat inferiors 304 suicide by proxy (infanticide and for defence in knife fights 303 execution) 326 stocks and pillory, punishment of witches 112 Swedenborg, Emanuel 305 Stono Rebellion, of slaves (1739) 587, 588 Swift, Jonathan 568 Storace, Giovan Vincenzo, and Naples Switzerland, witch trials 515 riot 479 Syria strappado, torture by 339, 393, 528 Alawi Muslims 84 Strassburg, Gottfried von 556 sharing of sacred spaces 92 Stuyvesant, Pieter 564 Sudan, Western, equestrian skills 574–6 Tagore, Rabindranath 171 Sufism Taíno peoples, Caribbean 465 Indian fakir warrior ascetics 166 conquest of 142, 143, 414 Kadizadeli attacks on 82–4 Spanish treatment of women 256 Sugiura Uemon, samurai 251 Taiwan 465 suicide 311–27 Taki Zenzaburö, samurai 250 as apostasy 313, 318 Takizawa Kyûemon 240 attitudes to 312–15 Taky Onqoy millenial movement, Peru 605 changing judicial treatment of 403 The Tale of Hôgen, Japanese war chronicle 248 as crime 315–20 Tang dynasty, legal code 225 crop failures and 319, 320 Tang Guhe, magician 625 degrading funeral rituals 317, 319 tapas (asceticism) 156, 159 and despair 312, 313, 317, 318 Tarquinius, Sextus 325

711

Index

tarring and feathering 384, 385 Tlaxcala city-state, Aztec Empire 145 Tatars, refugees from Crimea to Rumeli Tlaxcalans 591 198, 209 as allies of Spanish 594 The Tatler 671 visual histories 598, 602 Taussig, Michael 598 Tokugawa Shogunate (1568–1868) 6, 236 taverns, and collective violence 476 and Chinese inﬂuence 494 taxation establishment of political and social order to fund wars (Europe) 190 237–8 and German Peasants’ War (1525) 483 Laws for the Military Houses (1683) 242, 251 and rebellion 484 Tomba, Marco della 162 and state control 473 Tondibi, Battle of (1591) 576 Tay Son Uprising, Vietnam (1771–1802) 131, Tong, James 122 430, 442–7 Tonkin, northern Vietnam 434 allies 443 Tortorel, Jacques, Forty Tableaus ...648 establishment of state 445–6 torture of captives surrender to Trinh forces 443 Amerindians 96 Taylor, Comfort Dennis 263 ritual, war captives 103 Taylor, John, on violence against slaves 41 torture, judicial 390–4 Te Brake, Wayne 549 bone crushing 528 Teach, Edward (Blackbeard), pirate 468 China 628 Tempesta, Antonio 637 in classical Rome 390 Tenochtitlán, Aztec city to combat heresy 391, 514, 528 destruction of 146 to extract confession 392 in Mexican embassy mural 138, 139 and false confession 394 siege and capture of 144, 145–6, 592, 602 frequency of use 393 Toxcatl Massacre (1520) 145, 146, 598–604 gradual abolition in Europe 404 see also Mexico City by Inquisition 111, 391 terror as interrogation tool 389, 392 in slave societies 52 methods of 103, 339, 393 state use of 418 not used in England 391 use of in slave trade 19, 20–2, 24 peine forte et dure 397 thagi (thugs), India 306 as punishment for infanticide 287 Thai Duc, Tay Son emperor 446 on the rack 528 Thailand see Siam Russia 335, 339, 342 Thang Long (Hanoi) 438 statutory limits on 392, 528 imperial centre 434, 435 by strappado 339, 393, 528 Tay Son armies in 444 use by colonial authorities 45, 107, 110 Thanh Hoa region, Vietnam 432, 435, 436 of witches 393, 514, 525, 528 Thévenot, Jean de 92 see also burning; punishments Thevet, André 61 Toulouse, heretic trial 522 Thirty Years War (1618–48) 183, 189, 294, 545 Tours, France, massacre (1562) 649 death rate 662 Toxcatl Massacre, Tenochtitlán 145, 146, 598–604 violence of 545, 655 Traité du vrai mérite de l’homme 671 Thistlewood, Thomas, slaveholder 41, 49, 677 Tran Cao, uprising in Vietnam (1516) 435 Thomas, Keith 563 transportation 44, 300 Thompson, E. P. 476, 558 to American colonies 376 Thomson, James, Summer 17 Transylvania 209 Thornton, John K. 585, 587 treason Three-in-One (san yijiao) 506 attacks by wives as petty 281 Thuan Hoa region, Vietnam 437 ‘illicit sex’ as (China) 219 Tiandihui secret society (Triads) 134 penalties for 281, 339 Tibet 125 Treitzsaurwein, Marx 644 Timbuktu, chroniclers 576 Trinh family, Vietnam 430

712

Index

opposition to Mac rule 436 Vani Mehmet, preacher 83, 85, 87 war with Nguyen family 436–8 Vansina, Jan 585 Trinh Kiem 437 Varma, Raji Ravi 157 Trinh Sam Vasistha, brahman sage 156 campaign against rebellions 441 Vassy, France, massacre (1562) 648 invasion of Nguyen territories 443 Vatican, and witchcraft trials 518 Trinh state, Vietnam 438 vegetarianism 559 anti-Catholic edicts 440 Velázquez, Diego de 143, 144 Hoang Cong Chat uprising (1706–69) 440–1 vendetta trophy-heads, display of (Americas) 606, 609 and communal violence 548 True Description ...of the Barbaric Tyranny of Guatemala 152 the Spaniards 653 Italy 309, 666 Truong Phuc Loan, Nguyen regent 443 Mediterranean 301 Tryon, Thomas, Wisdom Dictates (1691) 559 see also feuding Túpac Amaru I, Andean rebel (1572) 605 Veneziano, Agostino 635 display of severed head 607 vengeance see revenge execution of 592, 604 Venice, penalties for rape 283 Túpac Amaru II, Andean rebel (1781) 109, 110, Verdier, Marcel Antoine, Punishment of the 112, 423, 607 Four Stakes in the Colonies 36, 37, 53 Túpac Katari, Andean rebel 109, 607 Veritable Records, Chinese chronicles 121 Tupi-Guarani tribe, Brazil 63, 102, 107 Verstegan, Richard, A Theatre of Cruelties 650 Tupinamba tribe, Brazil 61, 98, 104 Vespucci, Amerigo 61 and captive women 105 Vidin (Serbia) 201 Tupinikin tribe, Brazil 61 Vieira, António, Jesuit 69 Turks, atrocities ascribed to 643, 645 Vienna Turner, J. M. W., Slavers Overthrowing the expulsion of Jews 535 Dead and Dying 17, 33 and Kingdom of Serbia (1718) 202 ‘tyranny’, as justification for violence 410 second siege of (1683) 83, 194 Tzevi, Rabbi Shabbatai, conversion to siege of (1529) 643 Islam 86 use of torture 392 Vietnam 429–48 Ukraine, Khmelnitsky massacres of Jews Chinese influence (Red River region) 432 (1648–58) 535 extent 430 Umraogiri, warrior ascetic 158, 161, 165, 168 nature of conflicts 434 United States of America patterns of regionalism 432–4 Constitution (1787) 269 Tay Son Uprising (1771–1802) 131, 430, domestic murders 271 442–7 post-independence violence 385–6 upland ethnic populations 432, 441–2 see also America, colonial; Carolina, North violence against religious minorities 438–40 and South; Chesapeake; Vijaya, former Cham capital 444 Massachusetts; New England; Vikings, in Mediterranean 459 Virginia Vilela, Gaspar, Jesuit, in Japan 500 Uskoks of Senj (Dalmatia) 461 Villanueva, Archbishop Tomás de 566 Utrecht, iconoclasm in cathedral 540 Villegagnon, Durand de 62 Villers-Cotterets, French Statute of (1539) 529 Val Mesolcina, Italy, witch trial (1583) 518 Villiers, George, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, Valetta, Malta, pirate slave market 461 Bilsdale hunt 558 Valide Sultan, Hatice Turhan Sultan 86, 87 Vinckboons, David 655 Valiente, Juan 586 violence Valignano, Alessandro, on seppuku 249 changing views on 14 Valle, Marqués del 409 effect of civilisation on 660 Valtellina, massacre of Protestants (1620) 545 legitimacy of 8, 673 Valvasone, Erasmo di, Della Caccia 561 as perspectival 11

713

Index

violence (cont.) and ritual violence in Angola 580, 584 and social constraints 663 seasonality 140, 183, 191 see also animals, violence against; and self-sacrifice 322 communal violence; domestic and the State 174–9 violence; executions; gendered wars between Amerindians 106 violence; honour violence; interper- see also armed forces; armies; ‘just war’; sonal violence; judicial violence; wars of religion; wars of succession; punishments; religious violence; weapons and weaponry ritual violence; self-inflicted violence; war captives sexual violence; war forced labour 64 Virginia 673 and honour of warrior 102 Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) 372, 373 marriage and adoption of women and divorce 261 children 105 homicide rate 371 participation in ritual 103 indentured servants 371, 373 ritual torture 96, 103 justice system 374 sacrificial victims 101 laws on slaves 265 Warren, James 454 Scots-Irish in 376 warrior ascetics (India) see also Chesapeake in Bankim’s Anandamath 170–2 Viswamitra, warrior ascetic 156 concept of 156, 163 Vitoria, Francisco de 97 decline of 170 Vojvodina, military border region 204 and English East India Company 160–2 Voltaire 268, 404, 660 enmities between 167 Vrancx, Sebastian 655, 656 and guru-chela discipleship 163 Vredeman de Vries, Hans 649 in regional armies 161, 162, 167 state authorisation of 160 Wagadu Empire, Western Sudan 574 variants for 159, 166 Waldensians, of Savoy 550 wars of religion 188, 189 Waley-Cohen, Joanna 120 and depictions of violence 648–52 Walker, Garthine 283 see also Dutch Revolt; French Wars of Walpole, Horace, civilisation and treatment Religion of poor 672, 676 wars of succession Walsham, Alex 547 Europe 177 Wang Chen 357 War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48) Wang Jiayin rebellion, China (1628) 126 191 Wang Lun Uprising (1774) 134, 508 War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14) 191 Wanli, Emperor, Ming China 121, 135 Washington, DC, Mexican embassy mural war 138, 139 in Africa 25–7, 576 Washington, George 560 casualties of 189 weapons and weaponry close-quarter fighting 192 azagaya (African short spear) 575, 587, 588 conduct and impact of 188–92 duelling 302, 303 depictions of 644–8 equality of, interpersonal violence 302 effect of European weaponry on and gunpowder 119, 179 Amerindian conflicts 106 for hunting 561–2 and enslavement in Ottoman Empire 91 kingdom of Kongo 582 hunting as preparation for 555–6 and military drill 186 inherent risks 191 for murders 296 limited 188, 190 on slave ships 28, 30 and ‘national interest’ 188 Spanish conquistadors’ steel swords 600 objectives and goals of 191 sticks for defence 303 plunder and lamentation 653–6 Vietnamese 444 and rise of ‘gunpowder’ empires 12 see also artillery; firearms

714

Index

Weber, Max 661 witchcraft 319, 514 West Africa in Americas 111, 421 Asante state 26, 27, 301 banishment for 403 leather shields 575, 586 changing attitudes to torture and proof of and Portugal 56, 67 526–7, 529 ritual close combat 573–90 criticism of prosecution of 401 Songhay Empire 574, 575, 576 and the devil 521, 522 stick fighting 578–9, 583 Malleus Maleficarum (1486) 524 West, Ashley 648 punishments for 339, 522 West Indies, parliamentary report on and use of torture 393, 525 slavery 45 and witch fear 525 Westphalia, Peace of (Congress 1643–8) 178, witches 190, 548 accusations by peasants 518, 523 Weyer, Johann 401, 526 depictions of 643 whipman, common, Jamaica 48 gatherings in sabbaths 514, 522 whips as malicious 523 on plantations 40, 41 men as 525 used by sailors on slave ships 29 Mother Goose 527 White Lotus Rebellion, China (1796–1804) 7, prosecutions of 112, 525 123, 134, 507 see also sorcerers and shamans (China) White Lotus sect 133, 134, 496 wolves 556 Whittaker, Cynthia 342 women Wick, Johann Jakob, ‘Wonder Book’ attacks on husbands 281 collection of illustrations 640–1 and chastity (China) 220, 228 wife-beating civilised treatment of 676 China 222 and collective protests 476 colonial America 260, 270 and concealment of pregnancy 288 Europe 277 and ‘consensual’ rape 220 penalties for 278 ‘disobedience’ 223 prosecutions for 277 as indentured servants 264–5 wild boar 557 and infanticide 287–9 Wilde, Oscar 559 and the Inquisition 421 Wilhelm IV, Duke of Bavaria 647 and male honour code 676 Williams, S. W. 619 as mourners 102 Williamson, Col. David 385 murder of husbands 223, 281, 339 Wilson, David, slave captain 23 in patriarchal societies 13, 277 Wilson, George 563 penalties for adultery (China) 224 Wilson, Peter 545 protection for abused wives 260, 278 Wimpffen, Alexandre-Stanilas de 47 and punishment of slaves by 48 Windt, Christoff, punishment for murder punishments (Russia) 343 642, 642 rebellion against abuse in North Wirtschafter, Elise 342 America 256 Wise, Naomi, ‘Omie Wise’ folk ballad and regulation of morals (America) 269 272 role in ritual torture of captives 104 witch hunts (1500–1700) 516, 523, 529 as sacrificial victims 101 East Anglia 525 and samurai practice of wife-revenge Franche-Comté (1600–60) 524 killing 244 purpose of 516–18 and self-sacrifice 323 witch trials as shamans in China 624 death toll 516 sodalities in Angola 579 and heresy 515, 522 and subordinates in household 276 Salem (1692) 373, 525 suicide after sexual assault 360 variations in regions and convictions 517 suicide of Chinese widows 324–5

715

Index

women (cont.) Yang Yinglong, Miao chieftain 129, 132 suicide by sati (India) 324 Yangjiang county, Canton 617 tortured as witches 393 Yazaemon, Enomoto (1625–86), diary 9 violence against in Spanish America Yogis, warrior ascetics 159 420, 421 wandering bands of 160 as war captives 105 Yongzheng Emperor, China 125, 363 see also marriage; rape; wife-beating; decree on gamblers 620 witches expulsion of missionaries 501 women, indigenous (Americas) Yoruba states, West Africa 26 enslaved by Spanish 140 Yuan (Mongol) dynasty, China 120, 123, 494 gendered violence against 255, Yucatán 97, 421 257 Great Maya uprising (1546–47) 108, 152 manumission in Brazil 72 Quisteil uprising (1761) 109, 423 as sex slaves 140 scandal of ‘pagan’ rituals (1550s-1560s) 108, women slaves (black) 415, 421 and African combat rituals 589 Spanish expeditions 143, 144 children of 265 Yunnan province, Han–Muslim violence 510 lack of legal protection 263, 265, 271 Zhang Juzheng, Ming adviser 130 sexual exploitation of 265–6, 271 Zhang, Ms 359–60 violence against 49, 255 Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga), Chinese Woodley, Edward, rape by 261 pirate 465 Woodmason, Charles 376 Zheng Yi Sao, ‘pirate queen’ 465 World Antislavery Convention (1840) 17 Zhu Yuanzhang, Ming founder 495, 496 wrestling, West Africa 576, 588 Zhuge Yuansheng, Ming ofﬁcial 128 Wyoming Valley 381 Zishtov, Treaty of (1791) 209 Zong, slave ship 17, 33 Xavier, Francis 323 Zuazo, Alonso de, judge 142 Xu Hongru uprising (1622) 133 Zwingli, Huldrych 647

716