Journal of Computations & Modelling, vol.3, no.2, 2013, 151-182 ISSN: 1792-7625 (print), 1792-8850 (online) Scienpress Ltd, 2013
Consumers’ Activities for Brand Selection ― Questionnaire Investigation to Automobile Purchasing Case－
Kazuhiro Takeyasu1
Abstract
Consumers often buy higher ranked brand after they are bored using current brand goods. This may be analyzed utilizing matrix. Suppose past purchasing data are set input and current purchasing data are set output, then transition matrix is identified using past and current data. If all brand selections are composed by the upper shifts, then the transition matrix becomes an upper triangular matrix. Questionnaire investigation to automobile purchasing case is executed and above structure is confirmed. If transition matrix is identified, S-step forecasting can be executed. Generalized forecasting matrix components’ equations are introduced. We have made a questionnaire investigation concern automobile purchase before (Takeyasu et al.,(2007)). In that paper, questionnaire was executed mainly on an urban area. In this paper, we make investigation on a rural area and make comparison for both of them. Planners for products need to know whether their brand is higher or lower than other products. Matrix structure makes it possible to
1 Tokoha University.
Article Info: Received : May 2, 2013. Revised : June 9, 2013 Published online : June 20, 2013 152 Consumers’ Activities for Brand Selection
ascertain this by calculating consumers’ activities for brand selection. Thus, this proposed approach makes it possible to execute an effective marketing plan and/or establish a new brand.
Keywords: brand selection, matrix structure, brand position, automobile industry
1 Introduction
It is often observed that consumers select upper class brand when they buy next time. Suppose that former buying data and current buying data are gathered. Also suppose that upper brand is located upper in the variable array. Then transition matrix becomes upper triangular matrix under the supposition that former buying variables are set input and current buying variables are set output. If the top brand were selected from lower brand in jumping way, corresponding part in upper triangular matrix would be 0. These are verified in numerical examples with simple models. If transition matrix is identified, S-step forecasting can be executed. Generalized forecasting matrix components’ equations are introduced. Planners for products need to know whether their brand is higher or lower than other products. Matrix structure makes it possible to ascertain this by calculating consumers’ activities for brand selection. Thus, this proposed approach makes it possible to execute an effective marketing plan and/or establish a new brand. Quantitative analysis concerning brand selection has been executed by Yamanaka(1982), Takahashi et al.(2002). Yamanaka(1982) examined purchasing process by Markov Transition Probability with the input of advertising expense. Takahashi et al.(2002) made analysis by the Brand Selection Probability model using logistics distribution. Kazuhiro Takeyasu 153
We have made a questionnaire investigation concern automobile purchase before (Takeyasu et al.,(2007)). In that paper, questionnaire was executed mainly on an urban area. In this paper, we make investigation on a rural area and make comparison for both of them. It is expected that somewhat different trend will be extracted. Hereinafter, matrix structure is clarified for the selection of brand in section 2. Block matrix structure is analyzed when brands are handled in group and s-step forecasting is formulated in section 3. Questionnaire investigation to Automobile Purchasing case is examined and its Numerical calculation is executed in section 4. Application of this method is extended in section 5.
2 Brand selection and its matrix structure
(1) Upper shift of Brand selection It is often observed that consumers select upper class brand when they buy next time. Now, suppose that x is the most upper class brand, y is the second upper brand, and z is the lowest brand. Consumer’s behavior of selecting brand would be z → y , y → x , z → x etc. x → z might be few.
Suppose that x is current buying variable, and xb is previous buying variable.
Shift to x is executed from xb , yb , or zb . Therefore, x is stated in the following equation.
x = a11 xb + a12 yb + a13 zb Similarly,
y = a22 yb + a23 zb and z = a33 zb These are re-written as follows. 154 Consumers’ Activities for Brand Selection
x a a a x 11 12 13 b y = 0 a22 a23 yb (1) z 0 0 a33 zb Set x X = y z a a a 11 12 13 A = 0 a22 a23 0 0 a33
x b Xb = yb zb then, X is represented as follows.
X = AXb (2) Here,
3 3×3 3 X ∈ R , A ∈ R , Xb ∈ R A is an upper triangular matrix. To examine this, generating following data, which are all consisted by upper brand shift data, 1 1 0 Xi = 0 0 … 1 (3) 0 0 0
0 1 0 i … Xb = 1 0 0 (4) 0 0 1
i = 1 , 2 … N parameter can be estimated using least square method. Kazuhiro Takeyasu 155
Suppose i i i X = AXb + ε (5) and
N J = ∑εiT εi → Min (6) i=1
Aˆ which is an estimated value of A is obtained as follows.
−1 N N ˆ i iT i iT A = ∑ Xb Xb ∑ X Xb (7) i=1 i=1
In the data group of upper shift brand, estimated value Aˆ should be upper triangular matrix. If following data that have lower shift brand are added only a few in equation (3) and (4), 0 Xi = 1 0
1 i Xb = 0 0
Aˆ would contain minute items in the lower part triangle.
(2) Sorting brand ranking by re-arranging row In a general data, variables may not be in order as x, y, z . In that case, large
and small value lie scattered in Aˆ . But re-arranging this, we can set in order by shifting row. The large value parts are gathered in upper triangular matrix, and the small value parts are gathered in lower triangular matrix.
156 Consumers’ Activities for Brand Selection
Aˆ Aˆ x ○ ○ ○ z ε ε ○ Shifting row y ε ○ ○ x ○ ○ ○ (8) z ε ε ○ y ε ○ ○
(3) In the case that brand selection shifts in jump It is often observed that some consumers select the most upper class brand from the most lower class brand and skip selecting the middle class brand. We suppose v, w, x, y, z brands (suppose they are laid from upper position to lower position as v > w > x > y > z ). In the above case, selection shifts would be v ← z v ← y Suppose they do not shift to y, x, w from z , to x, w from y , and to w from x , then Matrix structure would be as follows. v a a a a a v 11 12 13 14 15 b w 0 a22 0 0 0 wb x = 0 0 a 0 0 x (9) 33 b y 0 0 0 a44 0 yb z 0 0 0 0 a55 zb
3 Block matrix structure in brand groups and s-step forecasting
Next, we examine the case in brand groups. Matrices are composed by Block Matrix. [1] Brand shift group － in the case of two groups Suppose brand selection shifts from Corolla class to MarkⅡclass in car. In Kazuhiro Takeyasu 157 this case, it does not matter which company’s car they choose. Thus, selection of cars are executed in a group and brand shift is considered to be done from group to group. Suppose brand groups at time n are as follows. X consists of p varieties of goods, and Y consists of q varieties of goods.
x n 1 n x2 Xn = n x p
y n 1 n y2 Yn = n yq
Xn A11 , A12 Xn−1 = (10) Yn 0, A 22 Yn−1 Here, p q p× p Xn ∈ R (n = 1,2,) , Yn ∈ R (n = 1,2,) , A11 ∈ R ,
p×q q×q A12 ∈ R , A 22 ∈ R Make one more step of shift, then we obtain following equation.
2 X A , A A + A A X − n = 11 11 12 12 22 n 2 (11) 2 Yn 0, A 22 Yn−2 Make one more step of shift again, then we obtain following equation.
3 2 2 X A , A A + A A A + A A X − n = 11 11 12 11 12 22 12 22 n 3 (12) 3 Yn 0, A 22 Yn−3 Similarly,
4 3 2 2 3 X A , A A + A A A + A A A A A X − n = 11 11 12 11 12 22 11 12 22 12 22 n 4 (13) 4 Yn 0, A 22 Yn−4
158 Consumers’ Activities for Brand Selection
Xn = Y n (14) A5432234, A A++ A AA A AA ++ AAA AA X = 11 11 12 11 12 22 11 12 22 11 12 22 12 22 n−5 5 0A, 22 Yn−5 Finally, we get generalized equation for s -step shift as follows. s−1 X A s , A s−1A + A s−k A A k −1 + A A s−1 X n = 11 11 12 ∑ 11 12 22 12 22 n−s k =2 (15) Yn s Yn−s 0, A 22 If we replace n − s → n,n → n + s in equation (15), we can make s -step forecast.
[2] Brand shift group － in the case of three groups Suppose brand selection is executed in the same group or to the upper group, and also suppose that brand position is x > y > z ( x is upper position). Then brand selection transition matrix would be expressed as X A , A , A X n 11 12 13 n−1
Yn = 0, A 22 , A 23 Yn−1 (16) Zn 0, 0, A 33 Zn−1 Where
x n y n z n 1 1 1 n n n x2 y2 z2 Xn = Yn = Zn = n n n x p yq zr Here,
p q r p× p Xn ∈R (n =1,2,), Yn ∈R (n =1,2,), Zn ∈R (n =1,2,), A11 ∈ R ,
p×q p×r q×q q×r r×r A12 ∈ R , A13 ∈ R , A 22 ∈ R , A 23 ∈ R , A 33 ∈ R These are re-stated as = Wn AWn−1 (17) where, Kazuhiro Takeyasu 159
X A , A , A X n 11 12 13 n−1
Wn = Yn , A = 0, A 22 , A 23 , Wn−1 = Yn−1 Zn 0, 0, A 33 Zn−1 Hereinafter, we shift steps as is done in previous section. In the general description, we state as (s) Wn = A Wn −s (18) Here, (s) (s) (s) A11 , A12 , A13 (s) (s) (s) A = 0, A 22 , A 23 , (s) 0, 0, A 33
X n−s Wn−s = Yn−s Zn−s From definition, A(1) = A (19) In the case s = 2, we obtain A , A , A A , A , A 11 12 13 11 12 13 (2) A = 0, A 22 , A 23 0, A 22 , A 23 0, 0, A 33 0, 0, A 33 A 2 , A A + A A , A A + A A + A A 11 11 12 12 22 11 13 12 23 13 33 2 = 0, A 22 , A 22 A 23 + A 23 A 33 0, 0, A 2 33 (20) Next, in the case s = 3, we obtain
Α 3 , Α 2 Α + Α Α Α + Α Α 2 , Α 2 Α + Α Α Α + Α Α Α + Α Α Α + Α Α Α + Α Α 2 11 11 12 11 12 22 12 22 11 13 11 12 23 11 13 33 12 22 23 12 23 33 13 33 (3) 2 2 2 A = 0, Α 22 , Α 22 Α 23 + Α 22 Α 23 Α 33 + Α 23 Α 33 2 0, 0, Α 33 (21) In the case s = 4 , equations become wide-spread, so we express each Block 160 Consumers’ Activities for Brand Selection
Matrix as follows.
( 4 ) 4 A11 = A11 (4) 3 2 2 3 A12 = A11A12 + A11A12 A 22 + A11A12 A 22 + A12 A 22
A(4) = A3 A + A 2 A A + A 2 A A + A A A A + A A A A + A A A 2 13 11 13 11 12 23 11 13 33 11 12 22 23 11 12 23 33 11 13 33 2 2 2 + A12 A 22 A 23 + A12 A 22 A 23 A 33 + A12 A 23 A 33 + A13 A 33
( 4 ) 4 A 22 = A 22 (4) 3 2 2 2 A 23 = A 22 A 23 + A 22 A 23 A 33 + A 22 A 23 A 33 + A 23 A 33
(4) 4 A 33 = A 33 (22) In the case s = 5, we obtain the following equations similarly. (5) = 5 A11 A11 (5) = 4 + 3 + 2 2 + 3 + 4 A12 A11A12 A11A12 A 22 A11A12 A 22 A11 A12 A 22 A12 A 22 (5) 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 A13 = A11 A13 + A11 A12 A 23 + A11 A13 A 33 + A11 A12 A 22 A 23 + A11 A12 A 23 A 33 + A11 A13 A 33 2 2 3 + A11 A12 A 22 A 23 + A11 A12 A 22 A 23 A 33 + A11 A12 A 23 A 33 + A11 A13 A 33 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 4 A12 A 22 A 23 A12 A 22 A 23 A 33 A12 A 22 A 23 A 33 A12 A 23 A 33 A13 A 33 (5) = 5 A 22 A 22 A (5) = A 4 A + A 3 A A + A 2 A A 2 + A A A 3 + A A 4 23 22 23 22 23 33 22 23 33 22 23 33 23 33 A (5) = A 5 33 33 (23)
In the case s = 6 , we obtain
A (6) = A 6 11 11
(6) 5 4 3 2 2 3 4 A12 = A11A12 + A11A12 A 22 + A11A12 A 22 + A11 A12 A 22 + A11 A12 A 22 + A12 A 22
(6) 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 A 13 = A 11A 13 + A 11A 12 A 23 + A 11A 13 A 33 + A 11A 12 A 22 A 23 + A 11A 12 A 23 A 33 + A11A 13 A 33 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 + A11A 12 A 22 A 23 + A11A12 A 22 A 23 A 33 + A11A12 A 23 A 33 + A11A13 A 33 3 2 2 3 4 + A11A12 A 22 A 23 + A11A12 A 22 A 23 A 33 + A11A12 A 22 A 23 A 33 + A11A12 A 23 A 33 + A11A13 A 33 + A A 4 A + A A 3 A A A A 2 A A 2 + A A A A 2 + A A A 4 + A A 5 12 22 23 12 22 23 33 12 22 23 33 12 22 23 33 12 23 33 13 33 (24) Kazuhiro Takeyasu 161
We get generalized equations for s -step shift as follows. (s) = s A11 A11 s−1 (s) s−1 s−k k −1 s−1 A12 = A11 A12 + ∑ A11 A12 A 22 + A12 A 22 k =2
2 s−3 j+1 (s) s−1 s−2 S −2− j j+1−k k −1 j+1 A13 = A11 A13 + A11 ∑ A1(k+1) A(k+1)3 + ∑ A11 A12 ∑ A 22 A 23 A 33 + A13 A 33 k =1 j=1 k =1 (s) = s A 22 A 22 s (s) s−k k −1 A 23 = ∑ Α 22 Α 23 Α 33 K −1 A (s) = A s 33 33 (25) Expressing them in matrix, it follows.
s−1 2 s−3 j+1 As , As−1A + Αs−k Α Αk −1 + Α Αs−1, As−1A + As−2 A A + As−2− j A A j+1−k A Ak −1 + A A j+1 11 11 12 ∑ 11 12 22 12 22 11 13 11 ∑ 1(k +1) (K +1)3 ∑ 11 12 ∑ 22 23 33 13 33 k =2 k =1 j=1 k =1 s (S ) s s−k k −1 A = 0, A22 , ∑A22 A23A33 k =1 0, 0, As 33
(26) Generalizing them to m groups, they are expressed as
(1) (1) XXn AA11 12 A1m n1− XX(2) AA A (2) n = 21 22 2m n1− (27) ()mm() XXn AAm1 m2 Amm n1−
ki ×k j (1) ∈ k1 (2) ∈ k2 (m) ∈ km A ∈ R = = Xn R , Xn R , , Xn R , ij (i 1,,m)( j 1,,m)
162 Consumers’ Activities for Brand Selection
4 Questionnaire investigation and numerical calculation
Questionnaire Investigation to Automobile Purchasing case is executed.
Table1: Summary for 98 sheets
Annual income Age Sex Occupation Marriage Kids (Japanese Yen) Teens 10 Male 47 Student 16 0-3 71 Single 46 0 55 million Twenties 20 Female 51 Officer 48 3-5 15 Married 51 1 11 million Thirties 18 Company 6 5-7.5 5 Not 1 2 23 employee million filled in Forties 20 Clerk of 1 7.5-10 2 3 9 Organization million Fifties 15 Independents 25 10-15 2 4 million Sixties 15 Miscellaneous 0 15 0 5 0 and over million or more Not filled 0 Not filled in 2 Not 3 in filled in Sum 98 98 98 98 98 98 Kazuhiro Takeyasu 163
Table 2: Sedan Typed Summary for 41 Sheets
Annual income Age Sex Occupation Marriage Kids (Japanese Yen) Teens 0 Male 14 Student 0 0-3 million 28 Single 17 0 10 Twenties 9 Female 27 Officer 38 3-5 million 7 Married 24 1 10 Thirties 7 Company 0 5-7.5 3 Not 0 2 16 employee million filled in Forties 12 Clerk of 0 7.5-10 1 3 5 Organization million Fifties 6 Independents 3 10-15 1 4 0 million Sixties 7 Miscellaneous 0 15 million 0 5 0 and over or more Not 0 Not filled in 0 Not filled 1 filled in in Sum 41 41 41 41 41 41
The questionnaire includes the question of the past. Therefore plural date may be gathered from one sheet. For example, we can get two data such as (Third ahead, before former automobile)(before former automobile, former automobile ),( former automobile, current automobile ),( current automobile, next automobile),( current automobile, future automobile). Analyzing these sheets based on Model ranked Table (Appendix2, Appendix3),we obtained the following 201 data sets. Appendix2 shows total ranking Table and Appendix3 shows the ranking Table for sedan type. ① Number of shift from 5th position to 5th position : 87 ② Number of shift from 5th position to 4th position : 10 ③ Number of shift from 5th position to 3rd position : 11 ④ Number of shift from 5th position to 2nd position : 3 ⑤ Number of shift from 5th position to 1st position : 1 164 Consumers’ Activities for Brand Selection
⑥ Number of shift from 4th position to 5th position : 15 ⑦ Number of shift from 4th position to 4th position : 17 ⑧ Number of shift from 4th position to 3rd position : 3 ⑨ Number of shift from 4th position to 2nd position : 6 ⑩ Number of shift from 3rd position to 5th position : 5 ⑪ Number of shift from 3rd position to 4th position : 3 ⑫ Number of shift from 3rd position to 3rd position : 8 ⑬ Number of shift from 3rd position to 2nd position : 6 ⑭ Number of shift from 2nd position to 5th position : 3 ⑮ Number of shift from 2nd position to 4th position : 4 ⑯ Number of shift from 2nd position to 3rd position : 4 ⑰ Number of shift from 2nd position to 2nd position : 10 ⑱ Number of shift from 2nd position to 1st position : 2 ⑲ Number of shift from 1st position to 2nd position : 1 ⑳ Number of shift from 1st position to 1st position : 2 Total:201
The vector X,Xb in these cases are expressed as follows. 0 0 0 0 ① X = 0 X = 0 b 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 ② X = 0 X = 0 b 1 0 0 1 Kazuhiro Takeyasu 165
0 0 0 0 ③ X = 1 X = 0 b 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ④ X = 0 X = 0 b 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 ⑤ X = 0 X = 0 b 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ⑥ X = 0 X = 0 b 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 ⑦ X = 0 X = 0 b 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⑧ X = 1 X = 0 b 0 1 0 0 166 Consumers’ Activities for Brand Selection
0 0 1 0 ⑨ X = 0 X = 0 b 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⑩ X = 0 X = 1 b 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ⑪ X = 0 X = 1 b 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⑫ X = 1 X = 1 b 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ⑬ X = 0 X = 1 b 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ⑭ X = 0 X = 0 b 0 0 1 0 Kazuhiro Takeyasu 167
0 0 0 1 ⑮ X = 0 X = 0 b 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ⑯ X = 1 X = 0 b 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 ⑰ X = 0 X = 0 b 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 ⑱ X = 0 X = 0 b 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 ⑲ X = 0 X = 0 b 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 ⑳ X = 0 X = 0 b 0 0 0 0
168 Consumers’ Activities for Brand Selection
Substituting these to equation (7), we obtain 2 2 1 0 0 −1 3 23 112 2 2 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 10 3 6 3 1 10 6 6 3 0 23 0 0 0 3 23 11 41 112 4 4 3 11 Aˆ = 0 4 8 3 110 0 22 0 0 = 0 23 11 41 112 0 4 3 17 100 0 0 41 0 4 3 17 5 0 0 3 5 15 870 0 0 0 112 23 22 41 56 3 5 15 87 0 23 22 41 112
Questionnaire investigation to automobile purchasing case is executed and matrix structure stated in 2.(1) can be confirmed. This is rather a slight upper shift on the whole compared with the former research. We make comparison for both of them in Table 3 and 4.
Table 3: The results of the former research (Takeyasu et al., (2007))
Rank Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Summary Share (%) Upper - 3 7 5 23 38 38.8 shift Same 2 6 9 9 18 44 44.9 Rank movement Lower 2 1 3 10 - 16 16.3 shift Summary 4 10 19 24 41 98 Share (%) 4.1 10.2 19.4 24.5 41.8
Kazuhiro Takeyasu 169
Table 4: The results of this research
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Summary Share (%) Upper - 2 6 9 25 42 20.9 shift Same 2 10 8 17 87 124 61.7 Rank movement Lower 1 11 8 15 - 35 17.4 shift Summary 3 23 22 41 112 201 Share (%) 1.5 11.4 10.9 20.4 55.7
Apparently, the former one has a clear upper shift. To clarify this reason, we have made an interview to the car dealers. Hearing results from the car dealers are as follows. There is a tendency to the shift to the upper brands. But some of them have each feature such as a. When young, they ride on high ranked automobile. But when married, they ride on ordinary level automobile. b. Office workers are apt to buy higher ranked automobile as they promote. c. Recently interior of automobile became upgraded. Therefore user can enjoy higher ranked automobile in a rather lower grade automobile, which cause less need to upgrade. In this research, residents are in rural area therefore that may affect the behavior for the purchase. Anyway we have obtained interesting results. This should be expanded in many areas.
5 Application of this method
Consumers’ behavior may converge by repeating forecast with above 170 Consumers’ Activities for Brand Selection
method and total sales of all brands may be reduced. Therefore, the analysis results suggest when and what to put new brand into the market which contribute the expansion of the market. There may arise following case. Consumers and producers do not recognize brand position clearly. But analysis of consumers’ behavior let them know their brand position in the market. In such a case, strategic marketing guidance to select brand would be introduced. Setting in order the brand position of various goods and taking suitable marketing policy, enhancement of sales would be enabled. Setting higher ranked brand, consumption would be promoted.
6 Conclusion
It is often observed that consumers select upper class brand when they buy next time. Suppose that former buying data and current buying data are gathered. Also suppose that upper brand is located upper in the variable array. Then transition matrix become upper triangle matrix under the supposition that former buying variables are set input and current buying variables are set output. If the top brand is selected from lower brand in jumping way, corresponding part in upper triangle matrix would be 0. Questionnaire investigation to automobile purchasing case was executed and above structure was confirmed. We have made a questionnaire investigation concern automobile purchase before. In that paper, questionnaire was executed mainly on an urban area. In this paper, we have made investigation on a rural area and made comparison for both of them. Interesting results were obtained.Various fields should be examined hereafter. In the end, we appreciate Ms. Kurumi Kawamura for her helpful support of work.
Kazuhiro Takeyasu 171
References [1] D.A. Aker, Management Brands Equity, Simon & Schuster, USA, 1991. [2] H. Katahira, Marketing Science (In Japanese), Tokyo University Press, 1987. [3] H. Katahira and Y. Sugita, Current movement of Marketing Science (In Japanese), Operations Research, 14, (1994), 178-188. [4] Y. Takahashi and T. Takahashi, Building Brand Selection Model Considering Consumers Royalty to Brand (In Japanese), Japan Industrial Management Association, 53(5), (2002), 342-347. [5] H. Yamanaka, Quantitative Research Concerning Advertising and Brand Shift (In Japanese), Marketing Science, Chikra-Shobo Publishing, 1982. [6] K. Takeyasu and Y. Higuchi, Analysis of the Preference Shift of Customer Brand Selection, International Journal of Computational Science, 1(4), (2007), 371-394. 172 Consumers’ Activities for Brand Selection
Appendix 1 Questionnaire Sheet
1. Age
Third Second First Present Next time future Ahead Ahead ahead
Manufacturer Name
Model Name
Purchase Reason
Car Name
Manufacturer Name：A. Toyota Motor B. Honda Motor C. Nissan Motor D. Mitsubishi Motors E. Mazda F. Subaru G. Isuzu H. Daihatsu Kogyo I. Suzuki J. Benz K.BMW L.Audi M. Miscellaneous
Model Name：a. Sedan b. Coupe (Sports car) c. One box・Minivan d. Wagon e.RV f. Compact car・Light car g. Recreational vehicle h. Miscellaneous
Purchase Reason or Reason why you want to buy.：1. Design2. Structure (It is possible to load with a lot of luggage.) 3. Performance (It is flexible.,The engine is good.)4. Sales price5. Family structure 6. Favorite Manufacturer7. According to the lifestyle（Hobby etc.）8. It is good for the environment. (Fuel cost etc.) 9. Area of garage 10. Present (You are presented used car.) 11. Interest rate 12. Maintenance expense (The tax is cheap.) 13. Miscellaneous (Please write in the frame.)
174 Consumers’ Activities for Brand Selection
Appendix 2 Model Ranking Table(Total classification) (CC)
Toyota Nissan Honda Subaru Suzuki Mitsubishi Mazda Daihatsu Benz
Opa Infiniti Q CR-X Impreza SX4 sedan Aspire Applause WiLL Auster Accord Impreza- Aerio Eterna Altis Avalon Gloria Ascot anesis Cultus Emeraude Charmant Avensis Sunny Insight Leone Chevrolet- Carisma Allion Cima Inspire Legacy optra Galant Aristo Stanza Integra B4 Chevrolet- fortis Windom Cedric Concerto cruze Sigma Verossa Cefiro City Diamante Origin Teana Civic Dignity Camry Tiida Civic Debonair Corolla latio type-R Tredia Corolla Pulsar Civic Proudia axio Fuga hybrid Magna Crown Primera Saber Mirage Crown- Bluebird- Today Lancer- athlete sylphy Domani evolution Crown- President Torneo Lancer
Sedan comfort Presea Ballade sedan Crown Maxima Vigor
sedan Langley Fit aria Crown Liberta Rafaga hybrid villa Legend Crown- Leopard Logo majesta Laurel Crown- royalsaloon Classic Cressida Cresta Corsa Corona Comfort Sprinter cielo Century Tercel Kazuhiro Takeyasu 175
Chaser Duet Vista Platz Prius Brevis Premio Progres Pronard Belta Mark X Mark Ⅱ Lexus ES Lexus GS Lexus HS Lexus IS Lexus LS
MR2 GT-R S2000 Alcyone FTO RX-3 MR-S 180SX NSX GTO MX-6 Curren NX Integra- Cordia RX-7 Corolla coupe type-R Starion Etude levin Exa Prelude Autozuma-
Coupe Cynos Gazelle AZ-3 Supra Silvia Cosmo ・ Sports car Sports Starlet Skyline- Familia- Sprinter coupe astina
Sera Figaro Eunos- Celica Fairlady presso Soarer z Roadster Lexus SC Micra C+C Lucino 176 Consumers’ Activities for Brand Selection
Isis Elgrand Edix Exiga Every landy Chariot MPV Alphard Caravan- Elysion Domingo Landy Dion Biante Ipsum silkroad Elysion- Traviq Delica Premacy Wish Serena prestige D:5 Bongo- Vellfire Bassara Odyssey Delica friendee Voxy Presage Stepwgn star- Eunos- Estima Lafesta Stepwgn- wagon cargo Gaia Largo spada Delica
One box Corolla- Liberty Stream space- spacio Partner gear ・ Minivan Granvia Freed Lancer Sienta Mobilio cargo
Sparky MObilio- Nadia spike Noah Hiace Passo sette Masterace Regius
Caldina Avenir Avancier Legacy- Lancer Atenza- Corolla- Wingroad Accord- touring wagon sportswagon fielder Expert tourer wagon Libero Demio Crown Stagea Airwave Legnum estate R´nessa Orthia
Wagon Succeed- wagon
Sprinter carib Probox- wagon Mark x zio Kazuhiro Takeyasu 177
RAV4 X-trail CR-V Bighorn X-90 Outlander CX-7 Vanguard Safari HR-V Forester Escudo Airtrek Proceed Cami Dualis Z Legacy- Grand- Pajero Proceed- Kluger Terrano Crossroad outback escudo Pajero Jr levante Hilux surf Mistral Passport Jimny- Harrier Murano Horizon sierra
SUV Mega Rasheen
cruiser Rush Land cruiser Lexus GX Lexus LX Lexus RX
bB Cube S-MX Justy SX4 RVR Infini MS-6 iQ Tiida Capa Dex Chevrolet- Colt Verisa ist Tino That’s MW Colt plus Vitz Note Fit Swift Mirage Auris Pao Swift dingo
Compact car Compact Corolla- March sports rumion Splash Passo Solio
Fun cargo Blade Porte Raum Ractis 178 Consumers’ Activities for Brand Selection
Otti Acty R1 Kei eK sports AZ-offroad MAX Kix truck R2 Kei-works eK wagon AZ-wagon Atrai wagon Clipper Acty van Vivio MR wagon i R360 coupe Esse rio Street Sambar MR wagon- Town box Autozam- Esse- Pino Zest Pleo wit Toppo AZ-1 custom Moco Vamos Pleo van Alto Toppo BJ Carol Opti Vamos- Rex Alto lapin Pajero Chantez Cuore hobio Every- mini Scrum- Copen Beat wagon Bravo wagon Sonica Life Cappuccino Minica Spiano Tanto Cara Minica Porter Tanto-
Light car Light Jimny van Laputa custom Suzu light Terioskid
Cervo Naked Cervo SR Mira Twin Mira Palette custom Fronte Mira gino Wagon R Move Wagon R- Move- stingray custom Moveconte Moveconte- custom Leeza
Kazuhiro Takeyasu 179
Appendix 3 Model Ranking Table(classification for Sedan Type) (CC)
SEDAN COUPE・ ONE BOX WAGON SUV COMPACT CAR LIGHT TRUCK SPORTS CAR・ CAR CAR MINIVAN
Ⅰ 525i GTR HUMMER BMW M3 LAND CROWN NSX CRUISER HYBRID AUDI LEXUS GX CROWN COUNTACH RANGE MAJESTA CORVETTE ROVER CELSIOR BOXSTER BENZ PORSCHE LEXUS VOLVO LEXUS ES LEXUS SC LEXUS LS DIAVLO 180 Consumers’ Activities for Brand Selection
Ⅱ C4 MR-S MPV ACCORD KLUGER MS-9 RX-7 ASTRO TOURER SAFARI VW GOLF RX-8 ALPHARD MARK X ZIO BIGHORN VW VENT S2000 ALPHARD AIRWAVE PRADO ACCORD INTEGRA HYBRID ARISTO TYPE-R VELLFIRE ALTEZZA COSMO ESTIMA INSPIRE SKYLINE ELYSION WINDOM COUPE PRESTIGE CAMRY FAIRLADY ELGRAND CADILLAC Z ODYSSEY CROWN DELICA CROWN SPACE ROYAL GEAR GLORIA LUCIDA CIMA BASARA CHANSON SKYLINE CEDRIC CEDRIC CUBE FUGA PEUGEOT207 BORA MARKⅡ MARKⅡBLIT LANCER EVOLUTION X LEXUS IS
Ⅲ IMPREZA LEVIN IPSUM ACCORD CRV CRESTA STEP WGN WAGON OUTLANDER SIGMA STEP WGO GOLF WAGON X-TRAIL CIVIC TYPE SPADA STAGEA SURF R SPACIO PRIMERA TERRANO CEFIRO SERENA WAGON HILUX SURF DIAMANTE DELICA LEGACY PAJERO BEETLE HIACE TOURINGWAGON HARRIER VIGOR REGIUS LEGNUM DUALIS PRIUS MARK X LEGACY LEOPARD LAUREL Kazuhiro Takeyasu 181
Ⅳ SX4 SEDAN 180SX ISIS AVENIR RAV-4 RVR ASCOT CAVALIER WISH CALDINA AIRTREK COROLLARUMION INSIGHT SILVIA VOXY MARK ⅡWAGON CAMI MINICOOPER INTEGRA SUPRA EDIX WINGROAD TRIBUTE RAUM IMPREZA SMART CARAVAN FORESTER RUMION ANESIS CELICA SIENTA IST EXIV PRELUDE CHARIOT CAPELLA STREAM CARINA ED NOAH GALAT PREMACY FORTIS BONGO KRONOS VANETTE CIVIC CHASER VISTA VISTA ARDEO PRIMERA BLUEBIRD BLUEBIRD SYLPHY PRESEA 182 Consumers’ Activities for Brand Selection
Ⅴ CR-X MR2 ACTY VAN SPRINTER CHEVROLET bB EKWAGON ACTY AXELA COROLLA EVERY CARIB PAJERO Jr iQ MAX TRUCK AERIO LEVIN CHARIOT DEMIO RASHEEN VITZ MR HYBRID CARINA SPRINTER TOWNACE LANCER CEDIA CUBE WAGON TRUCK COROLLA SPRINTER HIJET WAGON SWIFT ATRAI MIGHTY COROLLA Ⅱ TRUENO PRAIRIE LIBERO NOTE WAGON BOY CRUZE MASTERACE PYZAR ALTO CORSA LITEACE PASSO VIVIO CORONA FUNCARGO EVERY SUNNY FIT WAGON GEMINI MARCH OTTI CITY FREED OPTI TERCEL JIMNY TIIDA SCRUM PULSAR STELLA FAMILIA STREAT FESTIVA SONICA PLATZ TANTO MIRAGE BISTRO LANCER PINO SEDAN MINICA LEONE MIRA LOGO MOVE MICO LIFE LAPIN REX WAGON R TERIOSKID THATS