Table 1 Classification of human parasites
I. Protozoa Trichinella spp. (T. britovi, T. murrelli, T. nativa, 1. Intestinal amebae T. nelsoni, T. papuae, T. pseudospiralis, Entamoeba histolytica T. zimbabwensis) Entamoeba dispara Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati (visceral and Entamoeba moshkovskii ocular larva migrans) Entamoeba bangladeshi Ancylostoma braziliense and Ancylostoma Entamoeba hartmanni caninum (cutaneous larva migrans) Entamoeba coli Dracunculus medinensis Entamoeba polecki Angiostrongylus cantonensis Endolimax nana Angiostrongylus costaricensis Iodamoeba bütschlii Gnathostoma spinigerum Blastocystis spp. Anisakis spp. (larvae from saltwater fish) 2. Intestinal flagellates Phocanema spp. (larvae from saltwater fish) Giardia lambliab Contracaecum spp. (larvae from saltwater fish) Chilomastix mesnili Hysterothylacium Dientamoeba fragilis Porrocaecum spp. Pentatrichomonas hominis Capillaria hepatica Enteromonas hominis Thelazia spp. Retortamonas intestinalis Ternidens diminutus 3. Intestinal ciliates 3. Blood and tissues (filarial worms) Balantidium coli Wuchereria bancrofti 4. Intestinal Apicomplexa, coccidia, and Brugia malayi microsporidia Brugia timori Apicomplexa Loa loa Cryptosporidium parvum Onchocerca volvulus Cryptosporidium hominis Mansonella ozzardi Cryptosporidium spp. Mansonella streptocerca Coccidia Mansonella perstans Cyclospora cayetanensis Dirofilaria immitis (usually found in lung lesions, eyes; Cystoisospora belli in dogs, heartworm) Sarcocystis hominis Dirofilaria spp. (may be found in subcutaneous Sarcocystis suihominis nodules) Microsporidia Enterocytozoon bieneusi III. Cestodes (tapeworms) Encephalitozoon (Septata) intestinalis 1. Intestinal 5. Sporozoa and flagellates from blood and tissue Diphyllobothrium latum Sporozoa (causing malaria and babesiosis) Diplogonoporus spp. Plasmodium vivax Dipylidium caninum Plasmodium ovale Hymenolepis nana Plasmodium malariae Hymenolepis diminuta Plasmodium falciparum Taenia solium Plasmodium knowlesi Taenia saginata Babesia spp. Taenia asiatica Flagellates (leishmaniae and trypanosomes) 2. Tissue (larval forms) Old World Leishmania species Taenia solium Leishmania (Leishmania) tropica Echinococcus granulosus Leishmania (Leishmania) major Echinococcus multilocularis Leishmania (Leishmania) aethiopica Echinococcus vogeli Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani Echinococcus oligarthrus Leishmania (Leishmania) archibaldi Multiceps multiceps Spirometra mansonoides Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum Diphyllobothrium spp. New World Leishmania species Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana IV. Trematodes (flukes) Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis 1. Intestinal Leishmania (Leishmania) pifanoi Fasciolopsis buski Leishmania (Leishmania) garnhami Echinostoma ilocanum Leishmania (Leishmania) venezuelensis Echinochasmus perfoliatus Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi Heterophyes heterophyes Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Metagonimus yokogawai Leishmania (Viannia) colombiensis Gastrodiscoides hominis Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis Phaneropsolus bonnei Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni Prosthodendrium molenkempi Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi Spelotrema brevicaeca Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis Plagiorchis spp. Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana Neodiplostomum seoulense Leishmania (Viannia) shawi 2. Liver and lung Old World Trypanosoma species Clonorchis (Opisthorchis) sinensis Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Opisthorchis viverrini Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Opisthorchis felineus New World Trypanosoma species Dicrocoelium dendriticum Trypanosoma cruzi Fasciola hepatica Trypanosoma rangeli Fasciola gigantica 6. Amebae and flagellates from other body sites Metorchis conjunctus Amebae Paragonimus westermani Naegleria fowleri Paragonimus kellicotti Sappinia diploidea Paragonimus africanus Acanthamoeba spp. Paragonimus uterobilateralis Hartmanella spp. Paragonimus miyazakii Balamuthia mandrillaris Paragonimus mexicanus Entamoeba gingivalis Paragonimus caliensis Flagellates 3. Blood Trichomonas vaginalis Schistosoma mansoni Trichomonas tenax Schistosoma haematobium 7. Coccidia, sporozoa, and microsporidia from other Schistosoma japonicum body sites Schistosoma intercalatum Coccidia Schistosoma mekongi Toxoplasma gondii Schistosoma malayi Microsporidia Schistosoma mattheei Nosema ocularum V. Pentastomids (Tongue worms) see Arthropods below Pleistophora spp. Tissue (larval forms) Pleistophora ronneafiei Armillifer spp. Trachipleistophora hominis Linguatula serrata Trachipleistophora anthropophthera Sebekia spp. Anncaliia vesicularum Nasopharyngeal Anncaliia (Brachiola) algerae Armillifer spp. Anncaliia (Brachiola) connori Linguatula serrata Encephalitozoon cuniculi VI. Acanthocephalans (Thorny-headed worms) Encephalitozoon (Septata) intestinalis Intestine Encephalitozoon hellem Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus Enterocytozoon bieneusi Moniliformis moniliformis Vittaforma corneae (Nosema corneum) VII. Arthropods Microsporidium 1. Arachnida Scorpions II. Nematodes (roundworms) Spiders (black widow, brown recluse) 1. Intestinal Ticks (Dermacentor, Ixodes, Argas, and Ascaris lumbricoides Ornithodoros spp.) Enterobius vermicularis Mites (Sarcoptes spp.) Ancylostoma duodenale 2. Crustacea Necator americanus Copepods (Cyclops spp.) Strongyloides stercoralis Crayfish, lobsters, and crabs Strongyloides fuelleborni 3. Pentastomida Trichostrongylus colubriformis Tongue worms Trichostrongylus orientalis 4. Diplopoda Trichostrongylus spp. Millipedes Trichuris trichiura 5. Chilopoda Capillaria philippinensis Centipedes 2. Tissue 6. Insecta Trichinella spiralis Phthiraptera (sucking lice [Pediculus and Phthirus spp.]) Blattaria (cockroaches) Hemiptera (true bugs [Triatoma spp.]) Coleoptera (beetles) Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, etc.) Lepidoptera (butterflies, caterpillars, moths, etc.) Diptera (flies, mosquitoes, gnats, and midges [Phlebotomus, Aedes, Anopheles, Glossina, Simulium spp., etc.]) Siphonaptera (fleas [Pulex and Xenopsylla spp., etc.])
a The name Entamoeba histolytica is used to designate the true pathogen, while the name E. dispar is now being used to designate the nonpathogen. However, unless trophozoites containing ingested red blood cells (E. histolytica) are seen, the two organisms cannot be differentiated on the basis of morphology seen in permanent stained smears of fecal specimens. Fecal immunoassays are available for detecting the Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar group or for differentiating between the two species. E. moshkovskii and E. bangladeshi cannot be differentiated from E. histolytica with no ingested RBCs or E. dispar. The Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar complex or group is comprised of: Entamoeba histolytica, E. dispar, E. moshkovskii, and E. bangladeshi); however, E. moshkovskii and E. bangladeshi are not routinely reported. b Although some individuals have changed the species designation for the genus Giardia to G. duodenalis or G. intestinalis, there is no general agreement. Therefore, for this listing, the name Giardia lamblia is retained.