National Defence College -

VOLUME I NewsletterCOURSE 21 - 2018/19

CHALLENGERS!! We Pull Beyond Gravity Kenya’s Cabinet Secretary for Defence, Ambassador Raychelle Omamo, with NDC leadership and Course 21 participants on 2nd July 2018 Contents

From the Commandant’s Desk ...... 3 Message from the Sponsor ...... 4 Message from the Chairman ...... 5 The Importance of Coral Reef and Mangrove Forests ...... 6 Diversions along the ‘Land of Lakes’ ...... 7 Origins and Standardisation of the Marathon Race ...... 8 Wildlife in Kenya – The Nairobi National Park ...... 10 Being Indian in Kenya ...... 11 Military Integration in Burundi ...... 12 Managing Health Pandemics: Reactions to Ebola in Liberia ...... 13 Time is Life ...... 15 Food as a Political and Security Concern ...... 16 Geopolitical Implications of ‘GERD’ ...... 17 Publisher: The Life of a Samburu Moran ...... 18 NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE Signs of Infidelity in a Relationship ...... 19 P. O. Box 24381- 00502, NAIROBI, KENYA Zimbabwe’s Socio-Economic Transformation ...... 20 Tel: +254 (020) 3883549, +254 (020) 2606230 Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) - The Biggest Threat Fax: +254 (020) 3883552 to Amisom Troops in ...... 21 Email: [email protected] The Digital Betrayor ...... 23 Website:www.ndc.go.ke Loss of Biodiversity and Global Food Security ...... 24 Terrorism ...... 25 Designed & Printed by: Perspective House Ltd Voluntary Repartriation of Refugees from Dadaab ...... 28 P.O BOX 75002, 00200 Nairobi Use of Forensic Biology in Criminal Justice ...... 29 Tel: 020 2044338, Londiani “The Gorgeous” Township ...... 30 Cell: 0721 689 070 Informal Education and the Role of Parents/Guardians ...... 31 Email:[email protected] The Transformation of Kenya’s ...... 32 Editorial Board: Insatiable Love for Money is Immoral ...... 34 Col S O Ondiro (Chairman), Who is Behind that Smile? Unmasking the Psychopath ...... 35 Mr M Katungi (V-Chairman), Youth Skills & Development in Africa ...... 37 Mr S Mwambire (Secretary), Pros and Cons of Social Media use to the African Society ...... 38 Mr M Ogonji, Col Mathenge, Col S K Saeed, Mr M Gicheru, Staff Brig S Jain, Youth Bulge and Development Implications in Kakamega County ...... 39 Col B Korir & CP L Opicho Wildlife our Heritage to Future Generations ...... 40 Holding on To Culture In A Changing World: The Maasai ...... 41 Copy Right © 2018 No part of this publication may be reproduced in Cultural Heritage: Simbi Nyaima Lake in Kenya ...... 43 any form or by means without written permission of Modern Migration Opportunities and Threats for the African Diaspora: the publisher. A Kenyan Context ...... 44 The Thirteen Divine Miracles in Sinai ...... 45 Military Contribution to Nation Building: DISCLAIMER RDF Citizen Outreach Programme ...... 47 The views and articles contained in Social Media ...... 48 this newsletter are solely those of the The Importance of Maritime Domain Awareness in Kenya’s Maritime participants concerned. They do not Security ...... 49 in any way reflect the official position Ammunition Production at Kenya Ordnance Factories Corporation .... 50 of the Ministry of Defence or that Playing Golf: Why it is an Expensive Sport ...... 51 of the National Defence College.

PB NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 1 EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Editorial Team from L to R: CP L Opicho (Team Photographer), Col B Korir , Staff Brig S Jain, Mr M Gicheru, Col S O Ondiro (Chairman), Mr M Katungi (V-Chairman), Mr S Mwambire (Secretary), Col S K Saeed, Col C M Mathenge & Mr M Ogonji.

2 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 3 FROM THE COMMANDANT’S DESK

MAJ GEN A K IKENYE CBS ‘ndu’ (China) ‘psc’ (K) DEPUTY COMMANDANT NDC

he mid-winter of 2018 witnessed the find it an interesting read, as well as giving an arrival of Course 21-2018-19. The enriching experience. T“Challengers” settled down fast and soon For our readers, National Defence College is a made the National Defence College their home. premier institution of the nation. It trains senior We were again privileged to get participants from officers of the security forces and civil servants, in all over the world, adding to the richness of the order to prepare them for higher responsibilities learning experience for all. In fact at the National in the strategic direction and management of Defence College, peer Learning is an important security and other related areas of public policy. component of the overall schooling process. The institution also serves as a regional center At the outset let me begin by congratulating all of excellence for policy and strategic studies. the participants for producing such an interesting Further it is a government think tank for all newsletter. I also compliment the editorial team national security related policy formulations. for coordinating this effort. The newsletter serves I conclude by wishing all the participants the multiple purposes: it informs about the ongoing very best for their remaining part of the stay at activities in the National Defence College, brings the National Defence College. I am certain that out the creativity of the participants, is a historical this newsletter is but only the beginning of the record and also brings out issues of topical interest. creative journey and will serve to imbibe the The instant edition has been exceptionally well culture of creativity as well as scientific writing. done reflecting upon the awareness levels of its HAPPY READING! contributors. I am confident that the readers will

2 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 3 MESSAGE FROM THE SPONSOR

BRIG J M WAWERU ‘MBS’, ‘ndc’, ‘psc’ (K) SPONSOR

he Editorial Board of the National be expected to take up positions of responsibility Defence College is pleased to launch the in the armed forces as well as in the public policy Tfirst edition of the newsletter of Course sphere. Thus, the aim of writing is to encourage 21/2018-19. The “Challengers”, comprising of an all-rounded, well informed personality. 37 participants from nine different countries, I would like to take this opportunity to thank pitching together for this maiden effort. Well all our resource persons, eminent speakers and begun, is half done! The excellent compilation others for their valuable contributions to National of this newsletter makes me believe that the Defence College. Their knowledge, coupled participants will let their creativity flow for with the rich experience that the participants the subsequent publications thereby producing themselves carry, makes National Defence thought provoking articles. College truly a “Institution of Higher Learning”. This edition of the newsletter has focused on I thank the editorial team as well as all the contemporary issues which makes it an interesting participants for their tireless efforts in producing read and also serves to inform. Readers will find articles of good quality. I take this opportunity snippets of College activity giving an insight into to invite the alumni to connect with their Alma the college life. The purpose of encouraging the Mater by contributing to our various publications. participants to contribute to such newsletter is I also express our gratitude to the Commandant to hone their skills and inculcate good reading for his invaluable guidance in preparing this habits. Once they step out of the portals of the publication. National Defence College, each one of them will

4 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 5 MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRMAN – EDITORIAL COMMITTEE

COL S O ONDIRO CHAIRMAN

he Challengers rose to their first challenge and ensured that the newsletter was ready in record time. The indomitable spirit of the Course 21/2018- T19 has been demonstrated in this compilation. I am optimistic that the readers will find it interesting. This edition is our first publication. The creativity demonstrated by the participants reflects upon their writing acumen. We have tried to produce a blend including bits and pieces of our campus life, issues of topical relevance and even some serious topics.

I wish to thank my colleagues on the editorial team who worked tirelessly, the seminar leaders who were the interface and all the participants. Expectations have been raised all round for the second newsletter and the journal.

So please do keep up the current standards. I sign off while wishing all of us a happy and memorable stay and A LIFELONG ASSOCIATION.

4 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 5 THE IMPORTANCE OF CORAL REEF AND MANGROVE FORESTS Western Indian Ocean reported that in 2003, who still ascribe to the traditional religion the hard coral cover was below 5%. This was have erected shrines inside the forests. as a result of the 1998 coral bleaching. The Mangroves also act as carbon sinks and, most coral hard cover increased from about 15% importantly for the fishermen, they are a vital in 2004 to 30% in 2009. In 2014, a massive coastal ecosystem. Fish rarely breed in the loss was experienced by fishermen and the deep sea because the conditions are hostile. tourism stakeholders due to degradation of It is therefore necessary to protect or restore coral reef along the Kenyan Coast, and in depleted mangroves which is essential, not 2015, the hard cover deteriorated to 15%. only to secure sustainable livelihoods for According to a report by Nature Scientific the community, but to mitigate the effects of Reports, if the current trends continue and climate change. the world fails to reduce greenhouse gas The Mangrove forests in the coastal emission, severe bleaching will occur every region are largely logged for human use. year on 99% of the world’s reefs within For more than a decade; researchers a century. In addition to bleaching due to from the Kenya Marines and Fisheries COL J K KORIR increase in the sea temperature, overfishing Research Institute (KEMFRI) have been has also been a major contributor to the working to reverse the degradation of the decline in the number of coral colonies in mangroves and to link science to community watched in amazement as Kazungu, a Kenya’s coast. development, by engaging the villagers in 60yr old fisherman, rowed his boat off The hard coral cover currently stands at their restoration. At first, it wasn’t easy to I the shores of Watamu Island, whistling 60% rugosity which is a major improvement. persuade the local community to buy into the into the deep sea as the waves roar from In August 2017 the then Agriculture Cabinet programme because they didn’t understand a far. He talked of how a few years ago Secretary Willy Bett, gave a report that climate change. However, after researchers fishing was almost becoming extinct due Kenya was losing up to Ksh10 billion from KEMFRI held community meetings to the gradual degradation of coral reef annually due to Illegal, Unreported and to create awareness on climate change, colonies. I stood there reminiscing on a Unregulated (IUU) fishing activities in the most of the villagers embraced the idea and seminar I attended recently on the state Kenya’s Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ) formed their own organizations. In one of the of Kenya’s coral reef as he towed away. in the Indian Ocean. Overfishing is a major coastal village named Gazi an organization Coral reefs protect the coastlines from wave contributor of coral degradation. was formed and named Mikoko Pamoja – erosions and acts as a habitat for many The Mangrove is equally important Swahili for “mangroves together”. Today, marine animals. They provide nitrogen and and offer protection to the coastline from Mikoko Pamoja has its own ecotourism unit, essential nutrients for marine life as well as storms. Though they play a great role in featuring 450 meters of boardwalk among assisting in carbon and nitrogen fixing. Due the coastal ecosystem, there has been a the trees where six of the nine mangroves to increased water temperatures in the sea wanton destruction of the mangrove. Fish species in Kenya can be seen. surface, coral experience bleaching, which rely on the mangrove for in breeding and In conclusion it is important to note occurs when corals lose their relationship also the mangrove protects the surrounding that the Mangroves are as such of vital with zooxanthellae, a microscopic algae. vegetation from salinization. In the coastal importance for humans and for the fauna These algae live inside the coral tissues and town of , there are settlements and living within this ecosystem. In fact, apart from giving the corals their color; they shops which normally extends up to the edge mangroves are part of the “tropical coastal are the main food providers for sea animals. of a mangrove forest, which itself gives way seascape” comprising the coral reefs and In unfavorable conditions such as a rise in to the vast Indian Ocean. Villagers from these seagrass beds. It is encouraging to note that sea temperatures, the algae leave the corals settlements usually meet on these shorelines most settlements along our coastal towns causing a bleaching effect, which makes every day to trade fish. In the early morning, have embraced the idea of conserving the the coral vulnerable. Pollution, low tides women congregate in many of the bays to buy Mangrove forest for sustainable livelihood. that expose corals to air and overexposure catch from the fishermen, who arrive back on With these efforts to conserve, fishermen to intense ultra-violet radiation are among shore after hours out at sea. Mangroves are like Kazungu can enjoy a steady stream of factors that causes coral bleaching. essential for these villages whose inhabitants fish while at the same time conserve the The Global Coral Reef Monitoring rely on the forests to build houses, furniture, mangrove and coral reef colonies since they regional report on the state of coral reef of the boats and to use as firewood. Some villagers have been educated on that.

6 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 7 DIVERSIONS ALONG THE ‘LAND OF LAKES’ Nairobi is home to a variety of green, ‘Off the beaten track’ still in the Rift north forested spaces which offer ample options for of the Equator, one encounters Lake Bogoria a quick, relaxing get-aways away from the which is famous for its geysers, hot springs hustle and bustle of city life. These include and Lake Baringo, which after Lake Turkana Nairobi National Park, Karura Forest, Ngong is the most northern of the Kenyan Rift Valley Forest and Arboretum Gardens. As you lakes. Both lakes are equally spectacular. drive past Nairobi, you might want take a Ol kokwa Island within the vicinity of detour to the paradisiacal Gatamaiyu forest, Lake Baringo hosts an eye catching rocky which is one of the last rainforests in Kenya. formation, locally known as ‘Lesokut” , It is situated approximately 55 kilometres Lake Baringo has the distinction of being away from the capital city and is part of the listed in the Guinness Book of Records for larger Kereita forest. The nearest town is the highest number of birds recorded in 24 Kimende off the Nairobi Nakuru highway hours. On the other hand, Lake Turkana MS M MING’ALA and managed by the Kijabe Environment which is also alternatively known as ‘the MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS - KENYA Volunteers (KENVO) from the Fisheries Jade sea’ on account of its turquoise hues Office at Gatamaiyu. borders Lake Turkana National parks which journey beginning from the Kenyan Along the Nairobi-Nakuru highway lies is listed as a World Heritage site. Coast down to the lakeside city of Naivasha town, most famously associated Along the Nakuru-Kisumu highway, AKisumu stretches over a distance of with the flower farms of the region from passage through the agricultural Rift and approximately 700 kilometres and will take where bouquets a plenty of Kenya’s famous lush tea zones of Kericho finally winds down you through a scenic landscape which entails exports boast their origins. The first of to the grand Lake Victoria which boasts a good number of lakes in between. the Rift Valley lakes, visible from the road the title of being Africa’s largest lake, the Beginning with a detour off the is Lake Naivasha. The lake is located a largest tropical lake in the world and the Mombasa–Nairobi highway, advantageously mere one and a half, to two hours away from world’s second largest freshwater lake by positioned next to Tsavo West National Nairobi providing a quick and easy break surface area. Located along its shoreline Park lies Lake Jipe. Wildlife from the park away from the capital city at one of the is Kisumu which is Kenya’s third largest and a host of various water birds including numerous leisure resorts ranging from five city. Nearby attractions include the Kisumu pelicans, storks and egrets, frequent its star hotels to camp sites dotting its scenic Impala Wildlife Sanctuary, Kit Mikayi rock waters. Not too far off is Lake Chala. The shores. It is close to the world famous Hell’s formation, the Kakamega tropical rainforest lake is a spectacle to behold with its forested Gate National park and has also lent its and accommodation to suit every taste. 100metre high crater rim and its sparkling name to neighbouring Naivasha town. Not These sites are part of the emerging western aqua blue/green waters. A visit to the two too far off, is Lake Elementaita, which is Kenya tourism circuit. lakes which can easily be accessed via most commonly associated with the nearby A detour within the Western Kenya Taveta town will further offer you awesome majestic Longonot crater and flamingoes tourism circuit offers yet another Lake, Simbi views of Mt. Kilimanjaro in the background. which regularly migrate from nearby Lake Nyaima, which is located in Karachuonyo, Lake Magadi is the southern-most lake Nakuru. Lake Elementaita area also has near Kendu Bay town. According to local in the Kenyan Rift Valley. The journey to adequate lodges and camps to cater for mythology, this crater lake was formed the lake, from Nairobi via Magadi Road is travelers’ comforts. when residents declined to shelter and feed 87 kilometres from Kiserian town located Minutes away, Lake Nakuru is next in Ngong. A causeway crossing the lake on our stop. The lake gives Nakuru town an old woman who sought refuge there and provides access to Nguruman Escarpment to its name. Its environs host Lake Nakuru were swallowed up by its sudden formation. the West and welcome access to tented air- National Park, Museum and ‘Simbi Nyaima’ in local dialect translates conditioned accommodation for visitors to of course, resorts and facilities, ranging to ‘village that sank’. The lake serves as a this parched landscape. It is worth noting from the five star to backpackers’ havens. seasonal home for flamingoes migrating from that this route also takes you to the famous Another lake within relatively easy reach of the Rift Valley lakes of Nakuru, Baringo, pre-historic site and museum, this locale is beautiful Lake Ol’ bolosat with Natron and Elementaita. Other interesting and is worth the ride for the rugged adventure its stunning vistas of the Aberdares ranges. sites nearby include Kanjera Archaeological and lessons in the history of early man that it Lake Ol’bolosat can be accessed through site and Kendu Bay’s Old Town. provides. Nyahururu via Gilgil town.

6 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 7 ORIGINS AND STANDARDISATION OF THE MARATHON RACE

French Philologist Breal suggested a climb of more than five (5) kilometers (3.1 marathon race with a view to commemorate miles). On the other hand, there is a strong Pheidippides dramatic run. Michel’s idea was belief that he used the general alignment greatly supported by Pierre de Coubertin, the of the Athens-highway to the south of the founder of modern day Olympics. Naturally, mountain. This route, as it existed during it was well supported by the Greeks. The the 1896 Olympics was approximately 40 games were held in Athens, Greece. The kilometers (25 miles) long. This was the Greeks, therefore, staged a selection race on distance used for the 1896 marathon race 22 March 1896 won by Charilaos Vasilakos and the approximate distance for the next in 3 hours and 18 minutes. The winner of few Olympics marathons. the introductory Olympic Games marathon However, at the 1908 Games in London, was Spyrodon (Spyros) Louisa Greek water- the course was extended, allegedly to carrier. He won it in 2 hours 58 minutes and accommodate the British royal family. As COL T BANDA 50 seconds. the story goes, Queen Alexandra requested Between Marathon and Athens lies Mount that the race start on the lawns of Windsor DEFENCE FORCES Pentelicus, which means that if Pheidippides Castle so that the little royals could watch arathon is a long-distance race actually made his famous run after the battle, the start of the race from the window of completed by running, walking, he had to run around the mountain, either to their nursery and finish in front of the royal or a combination of both. It has the north or to the south. There have been box at the Olympic stadium, where Queen M Alexandra herself would be sitting. The an official distance of 42.195 kilometers suggestions that Pheidippides might have (26.219 miles or 26 miles 385 yards). The followed the Northern route with a westward distance happened to be 26.2 miles (26 miles race was founded as a tribute to a fabled climb along the eastern and northern slopes and 385 yards). run of a Greek soldier by the name of of Mount Pentelicus to the pass of Dionvos The question is; why 26 miles and 385 Pheidippides. Marathon was a battleground and then a straight southward downhill path yards? It all started during the planning of between the Athenian Army and an invading to Athens. This route is considerably shorter the 1908 Summer Olympics in London. The Persian Army in 490 BC. Legend has it that at approximately thirty-five (35) kilometers planning had to be done at very short notice, Pheidippides ran nonstop from Marathon (22 miles), but includes a very steep initial as Rome backed out of hosting the event in to Athens the Greek capital, a distance of forty (40) Kilometers to report his country’s victory over the Persians. After announcing the victory, he collapsed and died of exhaustion. Kenyans and predominantly the Kalenjin ethinic group of the former Rift Valley Province have had a large share of marathon winners of the world. In the men’s category, Kenya boasts of names like Dennis Kimetto, Eliud Kipchoge, Emmanuel Mutai, and Stanely Biwott while names like Mary Kietany, Vivian Cheruiyot, Catherine Ndereba and Gladys Cherono are some of household names in the female category. As a tribute to the country while studying at Kenya National Defence College (NDC), I feel compelled to write about the origin and standardization of the race. When the modern Olympics began in 1896, the initiators and organizers were Samuel Wanjiru raises his hand in acknowledgment of the crowd as he runs to a gold medal looking for a way to promote the event. in the 2008 Olympic Marathon

8 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 9 Marathoners on the race route 1906. A giant stadium, dubbed “The Great Stadium,” was built in When the modern Olympics Shepherd’s Bush in London. It was here that the 25-mile marathon race would end. The race would begin, as demanded by royalty at began in 1896, the initiators Windsor Castle in Berkshire County, England. When the route was and organizers were looking announced in 1907, the planning committee encountered protests, especially because of tramlines enroute. for a way to promote the Consequently, it was slightly altered, ultimately ending up at 26 event. French Philologist Breal miles, plus a lap within the Great Stadium (the lap being roughly 700 yards). However, the original entrance turned out to be inaccessible suggested a marathon race to the track within the stadium. An alternative route was therefore, with a view to commemorate designed keeping the outer route still at 26 miles. With all these adjustments, two things had to remain constant; firstly, the race was Pheidippides dramatic run. to start at the lawns of Windsor Castle and secondly, it had to end in front of the Royal Box. This was impossible under the adjusted route, so rather than doing a full lap within the Stadium, it was decided that the racers would run in the opposite direction but still end the race in front of the Royal Box. This distance, in the stadium, worked out to be 385 yards hence the 26 miles 385 yards or 42.195 metres. The International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) set the modern 42.195 km standard distance in May 1921. It is worth noting that initially, marathon was a males-only affair. For a long time after the Olympic marathon started, there were no long- distance races for women. The women’s marathon was introduced at the 1984 Summer Olympics held in Los Angeles, USA and was won by Joan Benoit of the United States with a time of 2 hours 24 minutes and 52 seconds. The Olympic men’s marathon record is 2:06:32, set at the 2008 Summer Olympics by Samuel Kamau Wanjiru of Kenya. The Olympic women’s marathon record is 2:23:07, set at the 2012 Summer Olympics by Tiki Gelana of Ethiopia. Today, more than 800 marathons are held throughout the world each year under different names like the Boston marathon, the London marathon and so on. Luc-Olivier Merson’s painting depicting Pheidippides announcing the Larger marathons can have tens of thousands of participants. victory at the Battle of Marathon to the people of Athens.

8 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 9 WILDLIFE IN KENYA – THE NAIROBI NATIONAL PARK

I arrived in Nairobi for the first time with African wildlife. Just six hours later, I a flight that landed after sunset. On my way happily reported to my family back home to the hotel I saw nothing but lights, traffic that my reconnaissance mission was then and streets of a major city. The next day completed: I had seen Rhinos, Giraffes, when I started my work in the Embassy Crocodiles, Antelopes, Lions and some and when I made my first excursions to more animals. I got the impression how the Nairobi I quickly realized, that Nairobi for typical African grasslands looked like and sure is, although it seemed to be a giant had a feeling that I now had a much better construction site, was a green town. Many idea of Africa. The day ended with a beer trees, small forests and parks give the first at night and I started to think about the park good impression of the town. and why that single visit was so impressive Quickly, I realized that all the things to me. that people told me about Nairobi seemed Afew weeks later, I was sure that I could to be true, but I missed seeing one thing explain why that day shaped my view of LT COL (GS) S HASLER I ultimately connect to Africa: animals, Africa. The idea of Nairobi National Park GERMANY DEFENCE FORCE especially wild animals. For me Africa is probably unique in the world. Although without animals seemed to be somehow there are National Parks and game reserves Will we have elephants in our garden?” incomplete. all over the continent and Kenya having – that was the first question my four- After some days, a friend took me with several famous of them, this one park is “year old son Tom asked me, when my him to the famous Karura forest in the north something unique. Only seven kilometers wife Cornelia and I told our four children of Nairobi, an apparent green paradise and a away from the Nairobi Central District in that we were moving to Africa. My son was green lung of the city. He had promised me, the Park, one can see typical African nature quite a little boy and his first idea of Africa that I would get a first impression of Africa and animals and enjoy the peaceful silence was about animals. And – to be honest – the and he was right. Walking through the forest of the environment, while in the background amazing flora and fauna is one of the most I saw monkeys and a varied vegetation. I the skyscrapers of the loud and fast city popular and very common images of Africa liked it and proudly reported back home that are still present. Established 1946, the park that even adult and well informed average I had seen some monkeys and the reaction covers 117 square kilometers of nature, is middle European people have in mind when was disappointment. My kids reminded me home to more than 500 different species they think of Africa. that they already have seen monkeys during and is an important part of the Athi-Kapiti After two years of preparation for my one of our vacations and therefore this was ecosystem. The Nairobi National Park new assignment at the German Embassy in nothing special. Furthermore, they asked somehow draws residents and tourists alike Nairobi, and for the NDC Course in Karen, me if I have seen lions, elephants, zebras or into a landscape that shapes the image of sub I had different ideas in my mind about what other well-known African animals. I replied Saharan Africa. Africa and especially Kenya with its four- in the negative, and in the end, I had the Although I am looking forward to million inhabitant capital city Nairobi may feeling that I had yet to see more of Africa. having my first excursion into the Nairobi be: an economic hotspot in East Africa, However, but until I had seen the typical National Park with my whole family, I have a melting pot for cultures, religions and still image-defining animals I would not feel some thoughts following my first visit, that citizens from the whole region; a metropole I was in Kenya. need to be considered carefully. I asked region with the whole variety of challenges A few weeks later I was asked to myself what would happen to the beautiful and opportunities of every fast growing accompany a Dutch-German delegation environment if Nairobi further grew as fast city in the developing world; traffic jams, as one of my duties as Deputy Defense as it is? Will the beauty of the Park be in a fascinating place with friendly people. I Attaché. When I was informed on what I danger? With the new railway track going therefore followed the thoughts of little Tom had to do on a Sunday, notwithstanding through the park, discussions about the and I still had the idea of typical African the challenging NDC course I had already alteration of the borders of the park for animals and an interesting vegetation deep undertaken I was really pleased. The sixteen new development that are urgently needed in my mind. I was curious about seeing all hour program would start with a visit to the to further expand the city, major changes the animals that I knew from books and famous Nairobi National Park. seem to challenge the National Park. It is visits to the Zoo: the famous Big Five, Early in the morning we started our tour easy to criticize decisionmakers and local Crocodiles, Hippos and a lot of interesting with three 4x4 SUV´s suitable vehicles politicians for their ideas but, as a European and more beautiful creatures. to allow the visitors to see the beauty of citizen, maybe it is a good idea not to be too

10 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 11 offensive. Remembering how we treated the beauty of Kenya to our visitors during I asked myself what our environment when we developed our the upcoming four years. Being convinced countries, for sure very recklessly, caution that it is possible to combine environmental would happen to the is appropriate. Today’s decision makers in protection and economic development, I Kenya are much more sensitive with the believe the world famous Nairobi National beautiful environment question of environmental protection than Park will have a bright future. And many if Nairobi further grew ours have been were when we started the little boys, like my son, Tom, will get their industrialization in Europe. first impression of Kenya´s beauty within it as fast as it is? Will Therefore, I am really looking forward and will never forget their first sight of wild the beauty of the to enjoy our visit to the Nairobi National animals. Park together with my family and to present Park be in danger? BEING INDIAN IN KENYA

the UN mission in South Sudan subsequently. The true depth of India – Kenya relations After much trepidation I finally started the was however, only revealed when one was journey. The Kenyan officer attending NDC exposed to the Kenyan media as also after in Kenya provided very detailed information reading about the Kenyan history, There is a starting from climatic conditions to the setup very good reason for Indians being accepted as in NDC. The reception at the airport was an a tribe in the Kenyan constitution. Indians who indicator of what to expect ahead. The KDF were initially brought to Kenya by the British liaison NCO most efficiently whisked past all for construction of the Buganda railway as also the immigration formalities. On the journey for the initial conquest decided to stay back from the airport to the NDC campus what and merge into the Kenyan society. Soon they strikes you is the lack of pollution and the became the backbone of the colonial economic green city. Kenya has been able to preserve and social landscape. Many of them provided its environment in a much better manner than leadership in aspects like forming trade unions India, even though rising population may alter against the British. The anti-colonial struggle this situation even in Kenya. Already squatters found at least moral support and inspiration BRIG S JAIN occupying forest land seems to be a rising trend. from the Indian anticolonial movement. After At first sight the college was very neatly and Independence, India lent its voice for liberation INDIA compactly organized. Probably being a small of all the other African colonies. India till had received a nomination for attending organization, it was also very efficient. Thus recently was the largest trading partner of NDC in Nigeria. Nigeria had been settling down proved to be a lesser challenge Kenya, only now being displaced by China and getting Indian officers at their NDC on a than expected. The accommodation, mess and UAE. I the other facilities were sufficient. The real India and Kenya have also followed a very regular basis and hence a lot of information was available to me and preparations had plus however, was the warmth in the welcome similar growth and development trajectory started in good earnest. However, suddenly accorded by everyone. I was not even permitted after independence and are besieged by almost the nomination was changed to Kenya. to carry my luggage to the room myself. The identical challenges. There are so many Unfortunately, I was to be the first officer Kenyan participants as also the faculty was very similarities. Both had import substitution after many years to attend NDC Kenya. This welcoming. The Mess staff was very concerned industrialization, public sector manufacturing, obviously posed a problem as now one could about dispelling the myth that vegetarian fare license era, liberalization in the early nineties, not count on advice of Indian officers who will not be available. subsequent restructuring and so on. Both had previously done the course. Thanks to I was pleasantly surprised by the “Indian countries adopted a five year plan model the advancements in information technology Connection” that everyone seemed to have. for financial outlays; face similar problems one could immediately speak to the college There were officers who had done their of corruption, similar political systems, secretary and also the Indian Defence attaché graduate studies in India while a large number exacerbation of ethnic fault lines due to election who were very helpful. Another complication of others had attended courses of instructions mobilization etc. in my case was that I was a vegetarian and the there. To be honest one did not earlier know the All is however not well, India – Kenya general perception was that vegetarians would depth of relationships the two counties had. The relations will need nurturing and may not find nothing to eat in Kenya. The silver lining fact that many officers seemed to have pleasant continue to grow by default any more. Many was that language was not to be a problem memories of their stay in India was an obvious Kenyans do now tend to equate China and as also while in India one came across many plus. Thus within a day or two it felt like one India and at times feel India may have similar Indians who had some relatives in Kenya. I had was attending a course in an Indian institution. motives as China. Of course this is not true, also previously served with Kenyan officers There were many reasons for this. Both but perceptions matter. I do hope in my small as part of a UN mission in Eritrea where one Kenyan and Indian armed forces carry some humble capacity I will be able to act as the served under two Kenyan colonels. I had British influence and as such many traditions, ambassador of Indian goodwill and contribute another opportunity to serve with a KENBAT in rank structure etc are similar. Also language as to the strengthening of the deep bond that the mentioned earlier is not a barrier. two countries share.

10 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 11 MILITARY INTEGRATION IN BURUNDI

1962 to 2004, has featured centrally in the the next 20 years of Burundian politics. country’s bloody political drama since just Micombero was overthrown in 1976 coup by after independence. In the first four years Colonel Jean Baptiste Bagaza, also a Tutsi, after independence in 1962, Burundian from Bururi province. Bagaza presided over a politics suffered a series of assassinations, decade of fast-paced development, although an abortive coup by Hutu officers, largely benefit the Tutsi elite from Bururi. repressions, and reprisal massacres. The During this period, a number of movements events culminated in a purge of high-ranking emerged to contest for Hutu representation. Hutu officers and 1966 military coup led These included the Burundian workers Party by the Minister of Defense, Captain Michel (“UBU”) organized among Burundian exiles Micombero, who declared a republic. The in Rwanda, the Parti pour la libération du clique oversaw a dramatic intensification peuple hutu (PALIPEHUTU) and its armed of Hutu exclusion as well as a degree of wing. exclusion by Tutsi. COL A NDUWIMANA In 1972 insurrection coordinated by Military Integration BURUNDI NATIONAL DEFENCE FORCES Hutu expatriates and Hutu army members Creation escalated to involve massacres of Tutsis, With the Arusha Accords in the background,

mostly in the southern part of the country. the creation of an integrated military force his article covers the military This triggered a barbarous crackdown by occurred through power-sharing negotiations integration in Burundi in relation the army. The crackdown went beyond between the National Council of the Defence to the peace process from 2000 to T restoring order and sought to prevent of Democracy-Force of the Defence of 2006 which eventually ended the civil war future uprisings by “decapitating” Hutu Democracy (NCDD-FDD), the transitional that had begun in 1993. Burundi is a small society. The army targeted for execution government and the high officer corps of the land-locked country of approximately 11 Hutus’ authority, those showing signs of Burundi Army Forces (BAF). The Arusha million people in Central Africa. It has been intellect, or otherwise exhibiting leadership Accords continued to provide the basic ravaged by a cycle of political violence since potential. The estimated number killed in structure for the power-sharing agreements, independence in 1962. Burundian society that violence mostly Hutu, was 150,000- with these new negotiations filling in details. is marked by a caste-like stratification that 200,000 and thousands of others were driven South African mediators and experts worked has historically privileged a Tutsi minority into neighboring Rwanda and Tanzania. alongside representatives from Tanzania and relative to majority Hutu and a very small Competition among clan-based factions Uganda to keep the peace process going and third group, the Twa. Burundians have of southern Tutsi military officers shaped offer detailed proposals. On the battlefield, struggled to escape a conflict pitting custodian of this “ranked ethnic system”. This is the context within which military integration has taken place in Burundi. In the sections below, I provide details on the process by which military integration was realized after the civil war from 1993 to 2004, between the regular force and movement rebels. I follow the narrative structure of all contributions, first by discussing origins of the military integration idea in Burundi through a historical background. I thereafter discuss the process by which the terms of integration were set, and then conclude by discussing the outcomes of the process.

Origins Some historical context is necessary to understand the motivations that drove the 2000-2006 military integration process. Burundi’s national army, known as the Forces armées burundaises (FAB) from

12 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 13 the FDD demonstrated that it could control practical necessity of sticking with formula. Burundi has five battalions in peacekeeping large swathes of the Burundian countryside, AMISOM in Somalia and two battalions in but the BAF also showed that it would not Outcome Central Africa. be vanquished any time soon. Politically, the As described above, the NCDD-FDD’s NCDD-FDD began to sense, by late 2002, grand political strategy required military Conclusion that while large segments of the population integration as a condition for peace, and the Burundi Soldiers after Integration supported their war aims, they risked losing vast majority of Burundians supported this Military integration in Burundi has been such backing as war fatigue spread. While aim. It was their success on the battlefield successful with is supporting the vast the NCDD-FDD’s increasingly sensed the that ensured that this became a reality rather majority of Burundians. Other in concerns need for a deal, they remained reluctant to than a replay of 1972. Military integration the case of Burundi would be whether accept the formulas of the Arusha accords, also provided spoils that were used to the military is subject to civilian control particularly 50-50 ethnic balance in the build consensus. In these ways, integration when ordered into action against domestic military. The NCDD-FDD leadership was crucial to the ending of the war. The opponents, and whether the integration initially viewed with great suspicion the new armed forces have demonstrated has made the resumption of large-scale South African mediators who pushed for effectiveness on the battlefield. The new violence less likely. Like the use of quotas acceptance of this formula, accusing them Burundian army also deployed two battalions and the erosion of political power-sharing of pro-Tutsi bias. An important task for the in 2007 as part of the African Union Mission arrangements. mediation team was to gain the trust of the in Somalia (AMISOM). Their contribution to NCDD-FDD and to persuade them of the the mission has been substantial. Now days, MANAGING HEALTH PANDEMICS: REACTIONS TO EBOLA IN LIBERIA

Africa, there was only one isolated case of successive incubation periods lapse without EVD in Ivory Coast in 1994. The outbreak any new cases. which started in Guinea in March 2014 is On 30 March 2014 Liberia confirmed regarded as exceptional in history because its first two cases of EVD, the second of the extensive area of its spread (Liberia, outbreak occurred in May 2014 and Guinea and Sierra Leone), the long duration quickly started impacting society. Up till of epidemic and the biggest EVD outbreak in then, the international community, UN and history. For some time it showed no signs of the Government of Liberia (GoL) mostly slowing down. underestimated the scope of the issue and did As initial symptoms of EVD are almost not react in a timely manner to control the similar to other diseases like lassa fever, spread of the virus. In order to consolidate on dengue fever, yellow fever as well as malaria; efforts, GoL imposed a State of Emergency initial diagnosis and isolation is very difficult on 06 August 2014. until formal confirmation is made through The management of EVD entailed COL N MUHINDI laboratory tests. The incubation period, that creation of Treatment Teams responsible KENYA ARMY is, the time interval from infection with the for investigating reported EVD cases, magine not shaking hands or making virus to onset of symptoms is 2 to 21 days; monitoring persons considered as contacts bodily contact with anyone for months! humans are not infectious until they develop of EVD patients and health promoting; In addition, you are in a foreign country symptoms. Burial, Decontamination and Body Transfer I There is no specific treatment for teams; Logistics teams; Case Management with no commercial flights out or in! This was Liberia during the Ebola Viral Disease Ebola, the pillar of treatment is supportive teams responsible for infection control (EVD) pandemic of 2014-2015. The United management with avoidance of dehydration, and prevention, screening, treatment and Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) was maintenance of oxygen status as the vital laboratory specimen collection and transfer; still in place, it played a significant role in aspect. Ebola virus is known to persist in a and Surveillance teams. The outbreak was creating favourable conditions that facilitated small percentage of survivors, some body notorious for its continued high transmission the international community to respond to fluids like semen may test positive for to healthcare workers. the pandemic. ebola virus for nine months. An epidemic is The GoL with help from the international EVD outbreak is not common in West normally declared over after a period of two community established treatment centres

12 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 13 across the country, the Chinese military built a state of the art EVD treatment unit in Monrovia, the US Army deployed over 3000 troops to build and staff EVD treatment units. European countries also contributed by opening their advanced medical facilities to UN staff who contracted EVD, several UNMIL staff were flown to Europe for treatment before the US military EVD treatment units were completed in Monrovia. Kenya was not left behind, 170 Kenyan health workers served in Sierra Leone and Liberia as part of the African Union Mission to contain Ebola in West Africa. UNMIL supported the government as much as possible while at the same time developed strategies to protect its personnel. supposed to call all travellers daily for Key to this was distribution of brochures, twenty-one days to confirm the individual publications and advisory notes to all staff was not ill, unfortunately, the calls were Kenya was one of members. Mandatory EVD training was rarely made. conducted on weekly basis to educate and It is essential that Kenya re-examines its 19 countries the enhance awareness among all mission staff strategies to address medical pandemics like World Bank viewed members to adopt preventive measures EVD. Countries like Uganda and DR Congo against the disease. The measures included have over the years been able to contain the as being at risk of no handshakes or body contact, preserving spread of the disease. Managing EVD is a Ebola although no personal space, washing of hands with complex task that needs an all of government chorine and taking temperature readings at approach; lessons learnt from other episodes ebola case had entrance to all buildings. are key in ensuring effective strategies are been reported. It was routine to hear ambulance and put in place. police sirens day and night, that were transporting EVD patients or bodies of EVD victims. It was also common to find bodies of EVD victims on the roadside. At one point, lorry loads of bodies could be seen enroute to crematoriums, burial of EVD victims had become hazardous due to the high rate of infections. Kenya was one of 19 countries the World Bank viewed as being at risk of Ebola although no ebola case had been reported. In August 2014 Kenya joined other countries in banning travellers from parts of ebola-hit West Africa; Kenya closed its borders to travellers from Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, the nations most affected by the outbreak. This was after the discovery of EVD in a Liberian government official attending a conference in Nigeria. Kenya Airways also suspended its flights to Freetown and Monrovia. The Kenyan government however allowed Kenyans to travel home from EVD affected countries. Port medical personnel were at hand at International Airport to take body temperature of travellers and their telephone contacts. The medical personnel were ideally

14 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 15 TIME IS LIFE ime refers to They would not go far before meeting this other man who after the conscious similar questions, suggested that the old man needed a ride on the Texperience of a donkey as well; reasoning that the beast had a high load carrying duration or the period capacity and after all it would shortly be sold off. So the old man during which an joined his son in the ride. You would think that was all but before the action or event occurs. duo could enjoy the ride, they came across yet another fellow who Life on the other hand after the usual pleasantries expressed deep shock. “So what are you is the period between eventually going to sell? With this load the donkey will definitely die birth and death of a long before reaching the market” declared the advisor. Alarmed by this living thing. Hence a professional assessment, the old man enquired what he could do.“The lifetime is the duration donkey is already in bad shape and there is only one option” roared the of a thing’s existence. animal rights activist. “I recommend that both of you carry the donkey Time holds a close and such that by the time you reach the market it will have recuperated”. complex relationship So the man and his son devised some means of carrying the donkey! with life. Life without Most of us don’t choose what to do with our lives. We expend COL T N MUTISO time is a dead constant our lifetime just doing what comes our way or doing what ‘experts’ KENYA ARMY while time without life consider important for us. Failure to choose what to do turns out to is a dead variable. As choosing to do everything that could be done in our lifetime. Owing to we need time to live so the numerous tasks competing for our attention,we end up believing do we need life to handle time. that we don’t have adequate time. Often we overwork ourselves with Any time, every time and all the time belongs to you. To master little rewards thereby picking up stress and depression. At times we time is to master your life, while to waste time is to waste your own seem to know what to do, but in the fog of the day we end up doing life. In life, we are faced with choices on how best to live. It is quite something quite different. But the worst crime against self is listening a challenge distinguishing what is the best for us out of the many to what other people prescribe for usand dropping our plans or even seemingly good things to do. To most of us, it becomes a case of the imitating them. proverbial hyena who while in his hunting patrol reached a Y- road Making a choice in life gives us the chance to concentrate on the junction: one of the road fork smelt of fresh meat while the other was most important things in our lives. When we concentrate, our time and awash with roasted bone aroma. The hyena did not want to miss either. energy are synchronized to give us the most rewarding results. Usually So he committed the left symmetry of his body to one branch of the we have enough time to do the right things. What we lack is adequate road with the right one on the other branch. Then it moved forward time to do all that comes our way. So trying to plan time minute by astride both roads. This is quite normal, for while meat is obviously minute to accomplish everything is a mere dream. sweet, who says bones are bad to the hyena? Taking control of our time is a lifetime effort. If you haven’t Mastering our time means not only knowing and doing what we decided on what you want in life, you need to do so as quickly as must do but more importantly discarding what is not necessary to our possible. Once you have decided on what is essential in your life, lives. We need to differentiate between efficiency and effectiveness. concentrate on that alone.Then and only then can you be assured of a Efficiency entails accomplishing tasks in the shortest time possible. good life. You will have more fulfilment in your personal life as well This is quite admirable but we could be efficient on things that have as in your career for you will accomplish more with less effort. Time no value to our lives. On the other hand, effectiveness is determining means a lot to your life hence time is life.You have adequate time to the most important aspects of our lives and committing our time and change your life now, failure to which you will never get another life other necessary resources in accomplishing them. to manage your time! Deciding what we want is quite tricky. Often, we don’t want to take responsibility in choosing one thing and leaving the other. Occasionally,we are not sure if what we want is what we ought to want. The trick is to invest more effort in determining what we need so as to avoid shifting our choices during the implementation phase. Here, the carpenter’s principle of measuring twice and cutting once comes in handy. A story is told of an old man who accompanied by his teenage son, set out on a market day to sell his donkey. After a short while, they met a man who asked the old man “where are you going?” “To the market to sell my donkey” came the reply from the old man. The stranger was surprised and further asked: “You mean you can let your own young son walk all the way to the market while the beast of labour walks leisurely like this?” The old man asked what he was supposed to do and quickly came the answer. “Have the boy ride on the animal” said the freelancer adviser. So the old man ordered his son to climb on to the donkey’s back and they continued with their journey.

14 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 15 FOOD AS A POLITICAL AND SECURITY CONCERN

Tanzania, food security is a national access, for instance, against segments of its security issue as evidenced by protectionist own population, such as political opposition agriculture and other policies that reflect groups. In contrast, some governments a sense of National vulnerability on the may assure access to food in exchange for availability or lack of food supplies. promises of political support. Perhaps out of concern about their own One of clearest linkages between food food security vulnerability, many countries security and traditional national security have attempted to pursue what they view occurs when it effects a National Armed as ideals of self-sufficiency even in the face Forces. In order for a country to have a of evidence that such policies are extremely viable military force, it must be able to inefficient. Once again, this reflects a strong provide that force with adequate food conviction in many countries that a minimum supplies. One military study has noted level of food self-sufficiency is prerequisite soldiers are probably more easily exhausted COL C C MZENA for national security. This also may explain and demoralized by the absence of food why most countries in the region have tended and water than almost anything else other TANZANIA PEOPLES’ DEFENCE FORCES to restrict food imports in the interest of than severe sleep deprivation. Therefore, ood is power, food has a fundamental, promoting their food self-sufficiency. governments eager on maintaining their constantly changing role throughout Food security and political stability are power and influence will probably ensure human culture and history. Food often inextricably linked in many countries. that their Armed Forces receive adequate F food supplies, even when the entire country is, after all, a basic need, the very stuff Historically, significant malnutrition and of life. The role of food is complex and famine have been caused by the disruption faces severe food shortages. multidimensional, it touches everything, is of food supplies through wars and civil Military forces participate in food the foundation of every economy and is a strife. The concept of food security and security situations in another way, in food central pawn in political strategies of states, political stability are therefore mutually shortage emergencies, governments may call households have no political strategies. dependant and reinforcing. Food security for upon their military forces to distribute food Through cultural practices such as hunting example, can influence the political stability within a country or region because Military and gathering, market forces, economically of countries. At the same time, political Forces often have logistical capabilities that significant jobs, celebrations, or on a larger instability (such as wars or other forms of are unmatched by other domestic agencies. scale through government regulation, civil strife) can affect food security. Among In 2017 Tanzania Peoples Defence Forces inevitably, people use food to satisfy needs the greatest threats to regime stability is a (TPDF) was also deployed to distribute beyond those for simple nutrition’s. Food has risk of urban riots – riots that are sometimes food greatly assisting the civilian authorities always been a special and glorious expression sparked by food shortages or sudden price in ensuring the food supplies reached rural of self, culture, society, economic, and increases of food products. Often, starvation masses. This demonstrates the positive role political autonomy. Food is also an effective in the countryside does not result in a that military forces can play in providing means of power and control. political instability. This is because those immediate food aid that in many cases may Food security and traditional national who experience the brunt of food shortages set off civil unrest or even the collapse of a security have usually been viewed tend to be rural who have little political government. as a separate and unrelated subjects. voice. Thus the sensitivity that many Food security is likely to continue to be However, increasingly security aspects are African governments have about threats a major security concern for many years to re-examining traditional notions of security to food security may be linked to fears of come, especially given the fact that many and are, in some instances, expanding the social instability and perhaps even political African countries already consider food definition to encompass non-military threats revolution. Food security thus becomes an security to be an essential ingredient of their to the welfare. National Security issue is any issue of regime survival. National sovereignty or national security. trend or event that threatens the very survival Another way in which food can be linked Moreover, for some countries, food security of the Nation, and threatens to drastically to security is when it is used as a “weapon” is likely to be intertwined with future reduce the welfare of the Nation in a fashion or even a tool for gaining political leverage prospects of political stability and regime that requires a centrally coordinated national of some sort. In some cases, governments survival. mobilization of resource to mitigate. For will use food as weapon by restricting it is

16 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 17 GEOPOLITICAL IMPLICATIONS OF ‘GERD’ he government of Ethiopia is currently increased evaporation from the sheer size constructing the Grand Ethiopian of the dam could affect water security in the TRenaissance Dam (GERD). Once country-already one of the most stressed in complete the Grand Ethiopian rennaisance the world. dam, will be the largest hydro power facility Ethiopia maintains that the GERD in Africa (about 6000mw) nearly triple the project has been conducted with adequate country’s current electricity generation transparency and involvement from the capacity and represent a potential economic relevant stakeholders. It also highlights wind fall for the government. that Egypt has not signed the Cooperative The benefits for Ethiopia and for many Framework Agreement (CFA) of the Nile electricity importing countries in East Africa basin states whereas Ethiopia has. are clear. However the implication for Since Ethiopia announced it would go downstream countries are not positive and ahead with the construction of the dam need to be understood. in 2011, Cairo has voiced disapproval. At In 2016, about 30% of Ethiopia M M KATUNGI various stages, Egypt demands that Ethiopia population had access to electricity and more ceases construction, threatened action at the UGANDA PEOPLE’S DEFENCE FORCES than 70% of the households continued to rely United Nations Security Council (UNSC) on traditional fuels for cooking. Traditional ostensibly mapped out a way forward, but and claimed it was protected by the 1959 fuels can cause respiratory infection and implementation of the deal has not been easy, treaty, even though Ethiopia didn’t sign the according to World Health Organisation and cracks are starting to show. In May, this treaty. The treaty essentially divides the river acute lower respiratory infection is the year middle East monitor press concluded between Sudan and Egypt leaving nothing leading cause of death in Ethiopia. that Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan had just for other countries where most the Nile water So the benefits of better access to finished their 14th round of unsuccessful originates. electricity in Ethiopia are clear. But creating discussions about how to manage the Nile With its national livelihood depending on a larger supply does not mean demand will River. the Nile, it is difficult to anticipate Egypt’s automatically follow. In Ethiopia where At the 2015 meeting, officials from the reaction might be should Ethiopia proceed 70% of the population live in rural areas and three countries of Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan with its plan to fill the dam. relies on agriculture, the government must agreed to proceed with an impact assessment Egyptian foreign affairs ministry also invest in developing human capital to that was to be completed in 15 months. After recently told Reuters that Egypt has no increase incomes and stimulate demand 2 months, the report has yet to be publically other resources… we will not allow our for services. The standard of living needs released. There is still no independent national interest, our national security to be to improve before Ethiopians can consume feasibility study, cost-benefit analysis or endangered. This brings back memories of additional electricity-unless it is completely environmental impact assessment. former President Mohamed Morsi’s 2013 subsidized by the government. This is worrying since Ethiopia could speech, in which he declared that if the Nile The government may also anticipate a begin filling the dam at any time. The loses our drop, our blood is the alternative. boost in revenues through electricity exports Ethiopian government expects it will Analysts believe Egypt’s reaction will be from the dam, Several power purchase take roughly 5 to 6 years to fill the GERD in part determined by its political leadership agreements have also been signed with reservoir. However Egypt’s Ministry of under Sissi, but stress that whatever its neighboring countries including Djibouti, Water Resources and Irrigation believes political inclination, a large scale reduction Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan and Tanzania that a period of 12 to 18 years is needed to in water from the Nile would be intolerable however there are concerns about how guarantee water security for Egypt, this is to an Egyptian government. the dam will affect downstream states quite a discrepancy. In conclusion Ethiopia and Nile basis particularly Sudan and Egypt. A recent report from the Geological countries including have a right to exploit Although Sudan was initially opposed Society of America said a period of 5 to 15 their natural resources to support much to the Dam’s construction, the country, has years seemed reasonable, apparently giving needed human development projects and will recently warmed to the ideas. This could credibility to both sides. they afford to compromise their leadership be because Sudan has agreed to purchase But the same report noted that the Niles with downstream states particularly Egypt? electricity from the dam, while the two fresh water flow to Egypt may be cut as Ethiopia has done well to finance and countries have also agreed to collaborate much as 25% with a loss of a third of the promote this project the question now is how on a “free Economic Zone” while bilateral electricitygenerated by the Aswan High dam to manage the possible implications with relations has proved potentially fruitful. which would be bad news for Egyptians. downstream States! Signed in 2015 The Khartoum agreement Also many Egyptian officials fear that

16 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 17 THE LIFE OF A SAMBURU MORAN

he Samburu a ritual referred to as ‘lmuget’ and is in the middle of the 15 year people, one period in which a warrior transitions to an elder. Graduating to senior Tof the over Moran marks the time when he is perceived as a future leader and 42 tribes of Kenya, future family man, and is completely endowed with the security of are regarded as an the society. The Moran graduation ceremony additionally denotes an indigenous population essential move toward the following stage in everyday life, which is (IPACC2007).There turning into a senior. has been one common This stage upholds Samburu values such as self-respect, unfortunate feature perseverance, bravery, courage and fellowship, glamour and strong among indigenous sense of responsibility. populations across the The initial seven years in the life of a Samburu Moran start after world: they all have his circumcision, which usually takes place at the age of 14. In fact, experienced negative the history of the warrior group can be traced back in history to 1781 COL J L LEMAKARA outcomes as a result where the first believed age-set to be regarded so after initiation was of assimilation the ‘meishopo’ age-set. KENYA ARMY and modernization Delayed marriage by men has sustained the survival of the Moran processes. hood among the Samburu and ensures no need for a standing army Even though at the first glance the Samburu community appears a in today’s society.A few other events occur before finally the title rather intact and static example of indigenous cultures preservation, Moran is confirmed for use and he now can adorn red ochre in the the opposite is true since all cultures bear evidence and traces of head. A ceremony is held by the initiates a year before new age-set changes in their traditions and even livelihoods. They spread through is initiated. the three constituencies found in Samburu County; Samburu East, Samburu West and lastly Samburu North. Samburu County borders five other counties including Laikipia County to the south, Baringo County to the west, to the north, Turkana County to the northwest and finally lsiolo County borders to the east. Other ethnic groups that live in Samburu County include the Rendile, Borana and Turkana. The Samburu members of the Moran age grade wear their hair in long braids, which are shaved off when they become elders. Furthermore, these Morans compared to the rest of their tribesmen wear more colourful adornments. The Maasai people named the area as Samburu; which translates to ‘butterflies’ in the Maasai language; drawing reference from the colourful clothes and other adornments worn by Samburu people. The Samburu hold the title of Moran with high regard. Every seven years, the community holds a graduation ceremony indicating that the warriors are climbing up the ladder in the society. Their values and behaviour contrast the elders’ ideals of harmony and peace. The Moran stage - the warrior stage, the agile warriors occupy a strategic position both economically and militarily in the community.Over the course of Moranhood, elders in the community choose a leader of the Morans and also name their age group. Male members of the society in Samburu culture are required to undergo six distinct rites of passage including the ‘lmugetlesikia’ which involves coming from seclusion and circumcision,‘lmugetlenkarna’ through which warriors get new name according to the age- set,‘lmugetlemowuo’ which signals a transitional stage fromaMoranto elder-hood, and stage to leading to marriage which is named as ‘lmugetlalaing’oni’. Polygamy is supported by the community. Morans are not allowed to marry until they graduate as seniors. Graduation of the Morans in

18 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 19 The ceremony, usually called ‘lmongololayiok’ translated “to the SIGNS OF INFIDELITY IN A RELATIONSHIP boys’ ox” marks the beginning of a new age-set and any boy initiated after this If you see your partner suddenly looking is regarded to be of the new age-set. nervous or being secretive about his cell phone The “fire stick elders” are usually and computer communications, these may be red flags that he has a reason to be anxious. entrusted with the responsibility Maybe he methodically now hides his cell of taking the boys interest through phone when it used to sit on your coffee table initiation and the entire journey and or he startles when the cell phone rings. Don’t stages as Morans. This is where the ignore these changes in your partner’s cell name “fire stick elders” originates. phone and computer usage, as recommended The ceremony marks the end of by counsellor Elly Prior, for professional- initiations under the age-set. During counselling in “Signs of Infidelity.” Adulterers have a guilt conscience because they know this period, initiates usually wear that what they are doing is wrong. special ear ornaments called ‘lkerno’, Take a trip down memory lane, and aprons that are dyed using charcoal. remember how he dressed when he first set Around circumcision period, each COL G M MUSYOKI out to win your heart. Ask yourself if he looks and every other pastry performs and smells much nicer now. It’s normal during KENYA AIR FORCE separate ceremonies supervised by new the progression of a relationship for partners “mpiro” “firestick elders” who, prior nfidelity can be described as breaking to become more relaxed as their comfort to this period were junior elders. The a promise to remain faithful to a sexual level increases. However, if your partner has suddenly swapped his ragged jeans for tailored “fire stick elders” usually belong to the partner. The promise can take many I slacks and discarded his favourite T-shirt for preceding age-set to that of the current forms: from marriage vows approved by the state to privately uttered verbal agreements a crispy, new shirt and an expensive silk tie, initiates. between lovers. As unthinkable as the notion consider these to be red flags, writes Prior. A ceremony known as “ilmuget” is of breaking such promises may be, infidelity Any significant changes in the how he celebrated to mark the transition period is common. Some affairs are completely behaves in the bedroom are signals that of a junior Moran to senior Moran. unintentional as one just gets caught up in something is brewing, whether the problem This ceremony usually provides an a moment. Both men and women after an is infidelity or something different, so don’t ignore it, writes Rich Santos in Marie Claire’s, opportunity for the “firestick elders” to infidelity incident, and especially drinkers feel like life has changed forever. Mostly though, “Nine Signs He’s Cheating.” For example, assert their control on the junior Moran some men show diminished sexual drive early enough. It signifies that the ritual people decide they made a stupid mistake and think of never straying again. Some go home when their sexual needs are fulfilled with leader, and later members of his age- and follow their marriage vows until death someone else, and this change in behaviour set, can now marry. The ceremony while others get hooked. may represent one of the first signs of a man’s marks the end of initiations process For some reason, romantic affairs happen infidelity. under the age-set. There has never been more often in good marriages than in bad ones, According to Santos, men who cheat a designated age where one can retire and usually with someone really inappropriate, find it challenging to remain emotionally engaged to their partner simply because their to elder hood from being a Moran. The for example with one with bigger problems emotional energy is invested elsewhere. For marriage and initiation of a new age-set than oneself. Being in love is so exciting that it makes ones troubles seem bearable, though example, you notice that he never tells you are all seen as stages in life.The final briefly. They generally burn out although they how much he loves you, he rarely laughs and ceremony is held after the ritual leaders lead to lots of divorces. doesn’t engage in playful conversation, as as well as a vast majority of his age- Both sexes are just as likely to fall in love; he did before. Although these indicators of set, have gotten married. The ceremony men go crazier and are far more likely to an emotional disconnect aren’t necessarily is called the ‘ilmuget’ of the milk and abandon their families. For women, it is about a validation that your partner is cheating, they are signs of serious problems in your leaves. love and they are pretty much in control of what they are doing. Their affairs last longest relationship. No cheater can hide their affair The Morans receive blessings forever. Eventually it will come out and by drinking milk with the elders especially in bad marriages but have rough edges and some become truly distressful. regardless of how the infidelity is revealed, an just before a bull is killed. Once Though affairs wreck good marriages, they affair tears apart a person’s ability to trust. he becomes an elder, a Moran gets often stabilise bad ones and can really lead to Despite all these, men who get caught are blessings from elders and feeding complications. generally honest about their sex but vague restrictions are lifted. It usually is the Love may be blind, but you don’t have about their emotions. They say that their wives case that a good number of new elders to be blind to see the signs of infidelity. and their new squeeze mean nothing. Both man and woman will forgive a spouse’s affair and shave their plaited hair once they stop According to the Huffington Post in the fight to hold onto their marriage, though they observing these restrictions. The rite article, “Cheating Signs: 3 Ways to Identify a Cheater,” approximately 30 to 60 percent of claim in advance that they wouldn’t. Hence, then concludes the journey of transition men cheat on their spouses and ignoring one’s infidelity is always messy, unpredictable and from a boy to a Moran and in the end to suspicion can produce additional anger and risky. Think carefully before you get tempted! elder hood in the Samburu society. anxiety towards one’s partner.

18 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 19 ZIMBABWE’S SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION

Party, was affecting the smooth running of wreaking havoc in the roads as traffic police government especially on the economic officers extorted money from the motoring front. ZANU PF was reminded that it was public. Tourism was affected as tourists a revolutionary party built on the principles could not endure the harassment. Illegal of the liberation war. Hence, the Zimbabwe vendors, commuter omnibuses and other Defence Forces would not hesitate to step unlicensed commuter vehicles were causing in if the situation did not change. The G40 chaos in urban centres, especially Harare. cabal had total disregard for the founding Police were collecting bribes and neglecting principles of the revolutionary war and the to discharge their duties. Hospitals were in a war veterans. There was also no longer a sorry state and getting worse. The situation clear distinction between Government and had to be contained and the ZDF intervened party; government policy pronouncements citing relevant constitutional provisions had become incoherent and contradictory. Operation Restore Legacy ushered in a Grace Mugabe and her faction, the G40, new political dispensation and trajectory. COL C P MUCHERO CZM, PSC, ZW were corrupt and had taken over key Led by His Excellency, E D Mnangagwa, it functions of government including other ensured changes to the political and socio- ZIMBABWE DEFENCE FORCES security institutions. economic situation in the country. Some of peration Restore Legacy was All hell broke loose in Bulawayo city at the political and socio-economic changes are a military intervention by the an interface rally on 5 November 2017 when listed below. Zimbabwe Defence Forces Grace Mugabe was booed by disenchanted O party supporters. Reacting to that, Mr Robert Fight against Corruption. in Zimbabwe which took place on 15 November 2017 to arrest a fast deteriorating Mugabe announced that he might soon The new government adopted a zero political and socioeconomic situation. The dismiss Mr Mnangagwa from his position as tolerance stance against corruption. The worsening situation was gaining a new Vice President of both the ruling Party and Zimbabwe Anti Corruption Commission was impetus from a series of chaotic political Government. The country was now headed reconstituted and a special prosecutorial unit interface rallies by the ZANU PF youth wing for disaster as it became clear that the set up and the mandate to deal promptly with with the former President of Zimbabwe, inexperienced and vengeful Grace Mugabe cases of commercial crime and corruption. Mr Robert Mugabe, who was drumming up was set to succeed her husband as Head of A former minister of energy is already support for the elevation of the former first State and Government. The situation became serving time and more high profile cases of lady Grace Mugabe to be Vice President. tense as the G40 cabal went on a spree corruption are being processed. The rallies were being used as platforms for attacking generals and issued threats against hate speeches which were running contrary them. The sacking of Mr Mnangagwa set Removal of Unnecessary Police to the founding principles of the revolution. a black cloud on the future of politics in Roadblocks. A splinter faction of the ruling revolutionary Zimbabwe. Police road blocks were rationalized and the party known as Generation 40 (GAO) The socio economic condition of the force is undergoing reorientation training fronted by Grace Mugabe had usurped state citizenry was fast deteriorating. A cash crisis programmes. The police force is set to be run executive authority from former President was also triggered by members of the G40 professionally as expected in their charter. Robert Mugabe who was then senile due to cabal who were looting cash from the banks Revival of Industries. old age. and cash became scarce. At the same time President Mnangagwa has been going The state of the ruling ZANU PF the Zimbabwe Republic Police was also around the country encouraging the setting

20 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 21 up, retooling and re-opening of industries. This programme has paid off handsomely. Revival of the gigantic Zimbabwe Iron and Steel Company is at an advanced stage.

Engagement with the West. During the Robert Mugabe era, Zimbabwe had cut ties with the western world that had imposed sanctions on the country as a consequence of the Land Reform Programme. This had impacted negatively on the economic performance of the country as lines of credit to the country had been cut. However, President Mnangagwa has adopted the mantra that Zimbabwe is Open for Business and investors from all over the world are now queuing in search of investment opportunities.

Independence of Constitutional Commissions. Independent Constitutional Commissions which, hitherto, were compromised have had their independence and support restored by the State. Some of the Commissions are the Zimbabwe Electoral elevation of his wife to the Presidium and with intention to create Commission and the Anti Corruption Commission which play a vital a dynasty in Zimbabwe. The ZDF had to restore the legacy of the role in the good governance of the country. revolution and also ensure socioeconomic progress and prosperity of Operation Restore Legacy was a timely military intervention by the country. The new dispensation saw the improvement of the socio- the Zimbabwe Defence Forces to arrest the further worsening socio- economic situation through the opening of industries, improvement economic conditions. Mr Mugabe and his G40 cabal were violating of international relations, independence of commissions and the fight the revolutionary principles of the ruling party and pushing for the against vices such as corruption amongst others.

IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES (IEDS) - THE BIGGEST THREAT TO AMISOM TROOPS IN SOMALIA

a peaceful, united and prosperous region destroy, incapacitate, harass or distract. IEDs as embodied in the National Anthem, the are often made from commercially-available Constitution and the Economic Development products and/or military munitions, are Blue Print, and foreign policy. Kenya seeks simple in design and are usually cheap in to promote and safeguard national, regional labour and cost to produce. IEDs remain the and international peace and security it also weapon of choice for terrorists and insurgents seeks to protect its sovereignty and territorial in asymmetric warfare especially in Somalia. integrity. Kenya will continue to support The threat is not only to the soldiers but other the work of regional, international and security agencies as well, and the civilians multi-lateral organizations in finding lasting are faced by the same effect. solutions to conflict and terrorism activities Kenya has established a Counter for a free and secure region. Improvised Explosive Device training wing In this context, Kenya is currently at the Humanitarian Peace Support School involved in many peacekeeping missions (HPSS) in Embakasi, one of the training COL S O RADINA with about 5,000 personnel, with the most platforms for International Peace Support KENYA ARMY significant deployment of the Kenya Defence Training Centre (IPSTC) which builds Forces to date being in the African Union capacities for the country and those other enya is a key player in regional Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) since 2011, Troop Contributing Countries preparing for multilateral peace and security under the Operation code named; Operation the African Union Mission in Somalia in Kframeworks. The country has Linda Nchi, as a result AL-Shabaab countering the IEDs. The Centre provides since independence played a leading role relentless incursions in the country. In this up to date training on the countering of IEDs in resolving regional conflicts, expending operation, Improvised Explosive Devices through threat analysis and a threat based significant human and material resources. At (IEDs) are currently the biggest threat to knowledge sharing platforms that cut across the same time the Country bore the brunt of AMISOM troops. strategic, operational and tactical levels of the protracted conflicts including in Somalia, IED is defined as a device fabricated command. The training has a three pillar South Sudan, Sudan, DRC, Burundi and in an improvised manner incorporating approach for effectively countering the IED Eritrea. Kenya’s foreign policy objectives destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic as described below:- are informed by our common desire for or incendiary chemicals and designed to • Pillar 1: Preparing the Force - It

20 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 21 involves training and education of all that measures and analyses human body credible information to report in confidence as part of IED awareness.The training characteristics such as fingerprints, eye and action taken upon, properly investigated against IEDs should be as practical as retinas and irises, voice and facial patterns and followed through. possible and give students multiple and hand measurements for identification scenarios of the different fabrications purposes. Lessons learnt from AMISOM and of IEDS. The training should let the Biometric data is distinct for each person other countries on the IED students use their intuition, initiative in that signature collection and exploitation It has been shown that use of excessive while reading the ground signs of provides an unprecedented capability to force and extra-judicial actions have short possible IEDs emplacement areas. identify and track persons of intelligence and term benefits in the fight against IED but in • Pillar 2: Defeating the device- This security interest. the long run it empowers and strengthens is a higher strategy that involves its use among their support base and wider degrading the device and require IED Legislation populace. specialist skills.It involve use of Kenya as a country and being strategically A judicial approach to IEDs is more time human and equipment capability to placed in the fight against terrorism in consuming, labour intensive and can be seen defeat the IED, this include EOD the horn of Africa is open and willing to to be less effective than a war model military operators, search capability, route and collaborate in the existing joint Partnership approach. It is frustrating and challenging for clearance. and new partnerships Programmes through those who are required to implement such an • Pillar 3: Attacking the network- the legal framework towards fostering approach. Exploitation activities are classified pragmatic and innovative solutions to Communication due to language barrier according to the assets available and terrorism. to the local populace is a big challenge. It the amount of potential data that can Key justice system institutions play a is difficult to bring to book all involved for be exploited. role of arresting, detaining, investigating, successful prosecution. This three pillar strategy has two charging and prosecuting offenders. They exploitation levels. Level 1(field help to dissuade personnel from joining Way forward/Long Term Efforts to exploitation) and Level 2 (Information or from continuing participation in such counter IEDS effectively. Knowledge based Management- IKM). activities. Strong communication - The security forces Level 1 -field exploitation: This captures The various programmes to build need the assistance of local communities to the IED incident context (scene and events) institutions with an understanding of an IED report terrorist, criminal and spoiler activities and preserves, recovers and identifies system and how best to legally degrade its to prevent security threats. A community physical artifacts. It is normally conducted capabilities and dissuade its membership is outreach or communication plan as part of by specialists such as Explosive Ordinance key to effectively counter an IED problem the national security plan for IEDs would go Disposal (EOD); high-risks search or within the country and the region. a long way in securing our own population, sensitive-site exploitation teams, and may Within a wider context, mechanisms security agencies and troops in the theatre. include immediate assessment of aggressor to provide oversight of those undertaking Handling biometric data - Reliable Tactics Techniques and Procedures (TTPs) activities to degrade the system and dissuade forensic standard operating procedures, and capabilities. The field exploitation its membership is key. The oversight include highly trained personnel and reliable reports should focus on Force Protection (FP) appropriate environment for persons with equipment to analyse biometrics. and be disseminated to tactical elements to enhance FP. Valuable technical intelligence to support IED-TM can be derived from the exploitation of captured information and materiel. It includes: Examination, analysis and archiving of documents, photographs, computers and other information storage media. Level 2- Information Knowledge based Management (IKM): This focuses on the detailed technical and forensic examination of evidence to determine the source of components and the nature of IED construction and to identify the individuals associated with it. That in turn further informs FP, intelligence analysis and efforts to degrade the aggressors’ network. The analysis often feeds back into the strategic arena, focusing on degrading the strategic and operational elements of the aggressor network. Biometric data is identified using forensic technology

22 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 23 THE DIGITAL BETRAYOR

mart phones have helped tens on how they can evade the police dragnets of thousands of students in their to avoid deportation. The asylum seekers Sresearch and studies. It has become in Europe are falling into the temptation of an important tool for mothers at home to trying to give false information to migration be better cooks and also perform other departments so that they avoid repatriation functions such as “ to do it by yourself” to their country of origin. This led to the simple solutions. In essence the smart phone convening of a meeting in Brussels in June has made life easier and simpler. Coupled 2018. The meeting sought for forensic with globalization and the invention of social mobile investigation laws to allow for the media communication, access to information access of individual mobile phone data has become easier through the touch of a stored in asylum seekers phones. Information button and swiping fingers on the screen. about where calls were made, photos taken Further more banking services and accessing betrayed many asylum seekers who hid their money in the bank account can be done from identification information to the authorities. the comfort of one’s living room by the A H JILLO In the recent past many suggestive and simple activity of swiping by the finger on nude photos of high profile citizens found MINISTRY OF INTERIOR AND COORDINATION OF your mobile phone. School fees, house rent, NATIONAL GOVERNMENT their way into the public domain to the utility bills the list is endless, are payable embarrassment of the dignitary all because via the mobile money services. It is indeed premises. The list is endless; it is a phantom of the smart phones. a magical world. of goodies provided by the tiny gadget. Kenya has had its fair fare share of crimes The advantages are so many and vast. Management of fleet, security CCTV abetted via smart phones. Two university For instant, Huduma Centers in Kenya have surveillance and even managing farm graduate brothers in the recent past managed made it easier for the citizenry access to livestock feeds schedules can be connected to make a heist by digging a tunnel leading multiple government services; a one stop to the smart phones. Thus all pertinent issues to the safe of a bank and stole millions of business through e-citizen platform which have become mobile just like the mobile Kenyan currencies. The bank robbery took also can be accessed via the smart phone. smart phone. a period of one year to plan and execute, It The citizens further can quickly and easily However, the very device that has was not long before police investigations participate in crucial nation building decision brought so much freedom has turned to be identified the culprits. Photos posted on making process through their phones. Indeed the very thing used to unravel the hopes of a social media via their girl friend smart phone the smart phones have become a necessity sweet life. The gadget has betrayed a number led the investigators to where the stolen for the modern man without which life is of it’s users. The smart phone has turned money was hidden. A mere click of the smart impossible. It is unimaginable to think life human beings into zombies. Students spend phone button betrayed the bank thieves. The without the smart phone. The smart phone more time with their smart phones more mobile phone gave them out; the stolen cache has become an essential integral asset for than the number of contact times with their was traced and recovered. “The Smartphone the modern student, businesspeople, farmer parents, siblings and friends; you will find syndrome destroyed it all.” and even government ministries. It has made them hundreds of young men and women The mobile phone has made confidential easy the task of extension services for the hunched over their phones, their backs information not so confidential any ministry of agriculture, in that information bent over their phones walking and talking more. “The need to know principle” has about farming animal husbandry, diseases, to themselves like mad people. The smart been diluted to the extent that censored and farm inputs is accessed over the phone. gadget is held so dear than life itself. Life information has managed to find its way Farmers are spoilt over the choice of becomes meaningless once the small gadget in the wrong hands only by a simple swipe information on various platforms availed is lost or misplaced. of the finger erroneously or intentionally. in the internet. There is no need to visit the Talk of cyber crimes the numbers is The recent incident of the Nairobi County cyber café anymore. unimaginable. Computer gigs can access governor telephone conversation with his Not to forget health services. Customers individual bank accounts and transfer the Kiambu County counterpart; the shared can access their doctors and consult hard earned cash and savings in a click of conversation was done in secrecy and in pediatricians over the phone through a second. Hacking into important, secret, confidence but the phone, a private gadget various health platforms. For instance ‘the high profiled information is the modern was used to betray the intentions of the hallo doctor’ application. Emergencies are day biggest challenge to security. The smart governor from Kiambu. attended to from a smart phone call. phone has made easier the hacking business. The smart phone therefore is the biggest Learning institutions too have had a In 2016 the UN refugee’s agency reported enemy to modern society. The phone has fair share of joy; prospecting Students can that phones were so important to migrants betrayed its users. I hope I will not be judged make application for consideration to join moving across Europe, the refugees spend so harshly if I declare the smart phones to be university from their comfort zones without more than 1/3 of their income to phone credit. the modern DIGITAL BETRAYOR. necessarily having to queue at the university The illegal immigrants share information

22 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 23 LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY AND GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY

be improved substantially. Biodiversity loss animals’ improvement and is indispensable and global food security are hence two major to nourishment security and reasonable challenges of our time. Linking these two rustic advancement. Oceans, Seas, Rivers, areas from a research perspective and seeking and Lakes: Human populace betterment is synergies between them are likely to generate contributed by biological diversity of aquatic multiple benefits for social, ecological, and which its rich assortment is supported by economic development. inland, marine and coastal areas. Similarly, it would not be possible to keep livestock, fish or grow trees and plants without AICHI Biodiversity the often-unseen contribution of micro- In decision X/2, the tenth meeting of the organisms and invertebrates on our land and Conference of the Parties, held from 18 to 29 waters. The variability and availability of living October 2010, in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, organisms ranging from micro-organismsfor Japan, adopted a revised and updated Strategic example, bacteria, fungi, protozoa to larger Plan for Biodiversity, including the Aichi meso-fauna are essential to agriculture as they Biodiversity Targets, for the 2011-2020 period. COL E P LOPOKOIYIT ensure natural processes can take place while KENYA ARMY contributing to important functions, such as Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011- soil fertility. 2020 What is Biodiversity? Natural renewable resource degradation, Aichi Biodiversity Targets of relevance to ariability of all living things/ including the loss of biodiversity and the food security, include those that by 2020: organisms among them that is erosion of genetic diversity, is one of the incentives and subsidies are reformed; plans Vfrom aquatic, terrestrial and marine major challenges in food production today. are implemented for sustainable production ecosystems complexes of ecology which Biological diversity and the related ecosystem and consumption; fisheries are harvested they are in that includes species and economy services are crucial to cope with changes and sustainably; areas under agriculture, diversity between and within them. achieve food security for all. Addressing food aquaculture and forestry are managed Biodiversity and food security are connected security and biodiversity requires appropriate sustainably; pollution, including excess in many ways. From biomes, species, scenes practices and adequate policies. nutrients, is reduced below detrimental levels; and genes an important resource for humanity genetic diversity of cultivated and farmed is biodiversity. It is the key for a broad range of Fast Facts species, and their wild relatives, is maintained; services provided by ecosystems. Biodiversity Invisible Workers: 35% of the world’s ecosystems providing essential services are helps regulate the nutrient cycle and water for crop production is brought about by insect restored; and that traditional knowledge, example floods. According to UN report by species, mammals and birds of about innovations and practices are respected and 2050, populace of the world is estimated to 100,000 species as more than two-thirds integrated. hit the nine billion mark. Production of food of food plants are pollinated by them. in reference to availability or accessibility of Wild Animals: 85% of protein intake by For the Benefit of Producers and food should increase by or over 60%. individuals living in or near forests is brought Consumers Food security faces significant challenges about by insects and birds, wild mammals Supporting preservation and economical due to population growth, poverty, that are edible, bushmeat and reptiles that utilization of biodiversity, cultivating globalization, climate change, and other live in trees and forests. The biodiversity of frameworks should be supported by producers factors. Supplying healthy food to all citizens around 35 creature species tamed for use in learning or being taught how to ensure is crucial for development.Food production horticulture and sustenance generation is the increased food production and also to be and equitable access to food for all people must essential organic capital for domesticated equipped with customary administration

24 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 25 practices so as to ensure future issues will be addressed. It is accordingly particularly imperative to advance key part ranchers, pastoralists and fisher-society around the TERRORISM globe to play in biodiversity support for food and horticulture, and of the indispensable In the recent past, Kenya has been commitment biodiversity makes to their jobs. targeted by the Al Shabab terror group who There are critical approaches to upgrade abducted tourists, targeted social joints and creation and resilience of food frameworks even attacked and killed students at a public by integrated farming administration, University in Garissa. This generated negative domesticated animals and forestry at their reaction from the public whose perception diverse scales and integrated with other land was that they were no longer safe.. Western employments. countries as a result issued travel advisories for For example, secured or community their citizens against travelling to Kenya. The moderated forested regions inside a scene can tourism industry in Kenya was particularly give huge biological system administrations affected. Terrorist were targeted Kenya due to agriculturists, like, fertilization, improved to its involvement in the war against terror in water supplies and regulation of nearby collaboration with other international actors. atmosphere. Landscape and rural decent Terror activities are designed to frighten and variety is a profoundly attractive objective, as a result cause fear and panic in a nation, particularly under an evolving atmosphere. MR W A LUGONZO and international community. Terrorist use Preserving or re-establishing key NIS - KENYA the media to push their agenda to enable them components of biodiversity for food and reach a larger audience and create greater farming, for instance soil biodiversity, bolsters here is no clear legal definition for this fear among citizens. The long-term effects related biological community capacities. term, The vice is said to be both a tactic of terror attacks in Kenya have changed the Debasement of soils can be reversed to convey Tand a strategy, it has been described as Government’s policies on how to deal with different advantages, including enhanced a crime, holy war, an abomination and even security issues. As a result Security has been supplement and water administration. This as a reaction to oppression. Terrorism may virtually enhanced by security agencies altogether increases proficiency of utilization also refer to violent acts that are created in through patrols and those implicated in the of sources of info for example compost, order to elicit fear and is usually perpetrated menace prosecuted. This has served as a pesticides and herbicides), along these mainly for ideological reasons and directed deterrent mechanism against the spread of lines simultaneously expanding sustenance at a larger civilian population. In as much as terrorism. Meanwhile, security companies productivity, lessening off-cultivate impacts terrorism definition remains controversial, the have benefitted immensely from arising and expanding versatility to climate change. global community has thus far not reached terrorism threats. Many business entities By giving an assorted scope of foods, an agreement on a universally accepted have now engaged private security services biodiversity supports nutritious and practical definition. to guard and also screen people entering their weight control plans, which are those eating It is important to note that terrorists usually premises. When terrorist attacks happen, regimens with low natural effects which add to have multiple demands and are motivated by an aura of fear and panic grip the society, sustenance and nutrition security. Buyers have various reasons to commit acts of terror. In the spreading uncertainty for everyone who may developed a mind of significance of buying Kenyan context, reasons cited for terrorism be a possible victim and thus making the decent variety of foods because of expanding vary from cultural, religious, social,political society feel vulnerable. weight control plans and the intense urge to to economic issues. Terrorist activities alter The long-term objective of terrorism is indulge in those kinds of foods. For example, the public perception of the government’s to obtain national and global recognition educating people living in the urban areas overall effectiveness and legitimacy. This is by attracting the attention of the media, relation between biodiversity, one’s wellbeing usually achieved by disrupting or dismantling harass, weaken, or embarrass government and eating regime will ensure or bring about vital systems of communication in order security forces making the government sustenance practices of farming and security to create doubt in the hearts and minds of appear repressive. Terrorists also target which aid biodiversity. Assorted variety of citizens of the governments inability to weapons and ammunition vital to their nourishments and cultivating frameworks is protect and provide for them. Terrorism operation, and often destroy communication additionally known to help monetary decent comes about when a person is convinced equipment’s with a view of creating doubt variety and increment versatility to nearby that they need public attention to spread their over government capability of protecting its or worldwide financial stuns, subsequently ideology. The idea that violent threats will citizens. Governments must invest heavily in supporting employments and food security. be effective to bring upon change causes information technology as a counter measure More, and nutritiously adequate, food terrorism groups to emerge. These groups against terrorist’s networks and websites. should be produced utilizing less resources. believe that violent actions justify the means The terrorism menace requires both military This should be possible fundamentally to an end. Terrorist groups have been cited and political intervention. Governments need by keeping up and enhancing capacity exploring violence as an option after failure to promote cohesion, national unity and of biological systems to support feasible of alternative pursuits. The terrorist attacks initiate commensurate development structures increases in profitability while simultaneously have at times been attributed to allegations of as a means of checking against perceived decreasing effects over scales, from marginalization. This has seen terrorists target alienation. It is prudent for every citizen to industrialized to smallholder cultivating. not only developing nations, but even the most reflect on the consequences of terrorism and developed economies of the world. always be conscious against it.

24 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 25 PICTURE SPEAK

1 2

3 4

5 6

1 - 4. Week 1 group dynamics at Defence Staff College. 5 & 6. Course Participants during Wednesday Sports Afternoon.

26 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 27 PICTURE SPEAK

1 2

3 4

5

1. Visit to National Museum by Allied Participants 2. Amb Rachel Omamo CS Ministry of Defence During official Opening ofCourse 21 3. Dr Fred Matiangi CS Interior delivering Lecture of Opportunity 4. Amb Dr Amina Mohammed CS Education delivering a Lecture of Opportunity 5. Vice Admiral Girish Luthra from Indian Navy receiving an NDC plaque from Maj Gen A K Ikenye Deputy Commandant NDC after Lecture of Opportunity.

26 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 27 VOLUNTARY REPARTRIATION OF REFUGEES FROM DADAAB

the government of Kenya entered into a tripartite agreement with the government of Somalia and UNHCR in 2013 to facilitate voluntary repatriation of Somali refugees in safety and dignity to their country. The repatriation exercise started in 2014 on a slow pace. However it picked up pace in 2016 when the Government of Kenya set up a multi-agency committee to oversee the exercise, in collaboration with the United High Commission for Refugees and its partners. The government multiagency team was tasked with ensuring that the repatriation exercise was successful. The team has been MR T. ANYIM conducting biometric registration exercise Refugee being registered for repatriation IMMIGRATION - KENYA of all refugees on voluntary repatriation and their family members. The registrations are Road convoys are currently suspended adaab refugee camp is one of the carried out in all reception centers and a due to rains that have rendered the roads largest camps in the world. It was database is created for government use. impassable. Repatriation by air is however Destablished in 1991 to accommodate Under the repatriation program, refugees going on and flights depart three times a the Somali refugees fleeing from war receive a cash grant of $200 per person week with between two to three rotations following the outbreak of civil war in upon leaving the Dadaab camp and another each day. Somalia. $200 upon arrival in Somalia. The grant is Since the exercise began in 2014, about The Dadaab refugee complex is made to enable them settle and start a new life at 80,000 refugees have been voluntarily up of several camps: Dagahale, Ifo, Ifo2, home. repatriated. The repatriation exercise is Hagadera and Kambios. The refugees’ The refugees are repatriated by road to however hampered by challenges inside situation is one of the most protracted in the Dobley through Liboi border control point Somalia that include lack of basic services world having taken over 25 years without and by airlift to Mogadishu, Baidoa and such as health and education, limited resolution. Kismayu. An Immigration control desk has capacity of government institutions in most Arising from the stabilization and been established at the Dadaab airstrip to areas, insecurity arising from Alshabab pacification of large areas of Somali by facilitate the exit of refugees. Security escorts threats and lack of international support AMISOM forces and the establishment of teams were provided for road convoys. towards recovery and development. administrative structures in the freed areas,

Government Repatriation team members in consultation with refugees on road convoy Dadaab refugee camp to Dobley from Dadaab

28 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 29 USE OF FORENSIC BIOLOGY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE

can be a daunting task. As is your biological odontology or dentists can be used in order to costume, DNA plays an evolving role in aid in an identification of degraded remains the judicial system. It is no longer just an (possibly buried for long period or undergone instrument for the prosecution, DNA testing fire damage).Tooth enamel, as the hardest has become part of the post-conviction review, substance in the human body, often endures a model sometimes appropriate for what the and as such odontologists can in some courts consider considered science by the circumstances compare recovered remains courts, and may eventually be of assistance to to dental records. Forensic toxicology is use the investigator in the field. of toxicology and other discipline such as Currently, Kenya Police has a fully analytical chemistry, pharmacology and clinical operational forensic laboratory offering chemistry to aid medical or legal investigation forensic ballistics, bomb and explosive of death, poisoning and drug abuse. analysis, scene of crime analysis, biometric and Lastly, are the DNA-based techniques fingerprints analysis, photographic, video and where DNA evidence links suspect to a crime audio analysis, cybercrime analysis, biological scene or victim. There is nuclear DNA and MR E K LAGAT analysis, chemical analysis and quality control mitochondrial DNA. The techniques involve among others. Bodies of the Sinai fire tragedy such processes in chronological order as NATIONAL POLICE SERVICE - KENYA in which 100 people died and 160 injured extraction, amplification, quantification, orensics is the use or application of underwent DNA test for identification in this sequencing and then profiling. The DNA science in the field of law. The forensic laboratory. The most recent DNA test for profile is then compared to the suspect DNA. theory, generally called the Locard’s identification in this laboratory is the Solai Other DNA Applications include DNA can F Dam Tragedy where more than forty six people be extracted from animals and used to at Exchange Principle, was developed by a French criminologist named Edmund Locard died. Several other tests are being undertaken least identify species, for example bird or bat (1877-1966). In general, he is called a forensic for cases still pending in court. remains on an airplane or wind turbine, Solving father and states that “every contact leaves paternity cases in family disputes, Identification a trace”. That the perpetrator of a crime will The Ultra Modern Forensic Laboratory and creating links of disaster victims to their bring something to the crime scene and will go at the DCI Headquarters’ Nairobi. origins/families, Identifying illegal products away with something similar, and both can be Forensic biology on the other hand is the of biological nature such as ivory and sandal used as forensic evidence. application of biology to law enforcement. wood. Justice is the legal or philosophical theory It includes sub disciplines of forensic The legal system widely recognizes the by which equity is administered. With the anthropology, forensic entomology, forensic role of forensic evidence in the trial against administration of justice, legal teams can focus entomology, forensic toxicology and various offenders. This is because when scientific on punishment for crimes, particularly on the DNA or protein techniques by Proving a techniques and methods are used, there is not suspect was at a crime scene, Identifying basis of available evidence. Forensic analysis much room for prejudice or injustice. This is illegal products from endangered species, becomes applicable in matters of physical why DNA profiles and many forensic tests are Solving crimes by matching crime scene evidence when assessing and determining a widely accepted in courts all over the world. evidence to suspects, Investigating airplane deserved punishment. Interestingly, the first legal technique that was bird strikes, Investigating bird collisions with Forensics being a science, use various used to identify fingerprints and palms dates wind turbines. Forensic anthropology is for forms of physical evidence in incidents/ back to the Chinese (650 AD). identification and recovery of remains. Certain situations where no eyewitnesses to link the Forensic evidence is widely used around characteristics such as race, sex and stature can offender to the crime scene and then to the the world to condemn and exempt defendants. be deduced based on skeletal remains while victim. It can be in physical, chemical or Therefore, forensic science laboratories have biological form. Biological is mainly in the Forensic botany looks to plant life (leaves, seeds, pollen) in order to gain information proliferated throughout the world in the last two form of parts of the body, organs, tissues or decades. In fact, special tools have been put in secretions and excretions. Examples of blood, regarding possible crimes. Can offer valuable information regarding timescales and locations place in the United States, Canada and Australia hair, skin, semen, saliva and many others. The to improve the provision of forensic services. main individualistic feature used in biological of a crime. Forensic ornithology on the other hand involves Bird remains being identified, This would ensure that crimes are detected evidence samples processed by crime scenes with greater certainty and, consequently, is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which varies first and foremost from feathers (which are distinctive to a particular species at both condemnation rates could increase. Scene of from individual to individual. The use of DNA great emphasis on the management of quality profiles in forensic cases has been considered macroscopic and microscopic levels). Just like forensic botany, the use of insects (usually crime and efficient over time. The evolution the most innovative technique in forensic of technology directly influences the way in science right from fingerprints; however, for lifecycles and geographical distributions) to gain information regarding possible crimes is which the criminal justice system is used to those who have limited scientific knowledge, support the judicial system. understanding DNA enough to use it correctly what we call Forensic entomology. Forensic

28 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 29 LONDIANI “THE GORGEOUS” TOWNSHIP

Londiani town is surrounded by been adopted as the widely spoken language. undulating topography of hills covered with Inter-cultural interactions also introduced the Londiani forest. The area under strict other economic activities such as farming and surveillance, protection and conservation by trading which originally was Bantu’s way the Kenya Forest Service, it is a catchment of life and not Nilotic. Londiani boasts of area as well as acting as a natural habitat to a small scale farming of a variety of subsistent variety of wild animals such as the Columbus and cash crops. This is as a result of the red Monkeys, porcupines, snakes and the bush volcanic soil that is well-endowed and rich babies. A tributary of River Nyando locally in the necessary minerals that supports maize known as river Kipchorian runs across farming, beans, potatoes and pyrethrum as Londiani region and hence a steady stream the main cash crop. of water is pumped for household supply At the junction where two roads intersect as well as institutions. At a point locally one from Kericho and another from Kisumu known as Ruskebei, the tributary forms a through Mohoroni, one would not avoid spectacular waterfall. to buy variety of fresh foods like potatoes, MR A C SOI The region boasts of being the home onions, cabbages, tomatoes and carrots, not KENYA FOREST SERVICE for the Kericho sub-county hospital that forgetting roasted maize for one to enjoy as attracts patients from as far as Molo, a town they drive to either of the two cities Nairobi eep in the cold and tea producing in Nakuru County. In addition to that, there or Kisumu. In fact, they are plenty of food South Rift region of the Kenyan are several laboratories and Dispensaries and stuff throughout the year regardless of the DHighland, within the canopy other medical facilities that avail instant aid season beside the food stuff; they are also of Londiani Forest and at the border of medical attention to the locals. Currently, variety of indigenous chickens that are sold Kericho and Nakuru Counties, lies the land, there is a proposed construction for a by roadside at the modest price. The sellers the culture and the people of Londiani, Referral Hospital in the region. are ready to slaughter the chicken for a small unperturbed by the hustle and bustle of big The natives of Londiani are the Kipsigis fee. Fresh milk is available by the road side, cities and towns. To a few outsiders with speaking community whose main economic the good thing with the Kalenjin, is that it’s little acquaintance with the name, let alone activity was livestock rearing, and the culture a taboo to dilute milk with water this affect the town, Londiani is primitive rural center is similar among Kalenjin people as a whole. the quality of milk. They sell milk at modest inhabited majorly by the Kipsigisis speaking After the country gained independence and price. people and occasionally a hot bed for ethnic the white settlers left, the natives began Like any other cultural interaction which clashes. To the locals however, well that is interacting with other communities and is bound to have disagreements, Londiani was another story. There is more to Londiani than through trade and later on, they welcomed adversely affected by the 2007 post-election what meets the eye. them to live amidst them by selling their skirmishes which saw several houses being As you leave the Nairobi-Eldoret land. With interactions came intermarriages brought down and a number of lives being highway from Total at about 9 km, the scent and as at now, the community that claim lost which led the town to be listed as war- of freshness that emanates from Londiani Londiani as their home include the Agikuyu, prone area. In the next two general elections Forest and the serenity of the area ushers the Abaluhya, the Gusii, the Dholuo among however, the town voted peacefully and the you in to Londiani grounds. Sighting Mount many others. This is because intermarriages listing was lifted. Multiethnic community Blanket is an instant assurance of having gave rise to inter-ethnic children whose only have formed various social groups such arrived in Londiani Junction. This is where home is Londiani. as what’s up, sport club, church group and a road from Trans-Africa Highway branch These intermarriages led to borrowing women groups all these geared towards to Londiani-Mohoroni, there a hot bed of culture and norms between communities developments and social protection. of activities as the locals has engaged in as well as religious beliefs therefore, some In conclusion, Londiani can be likened trading along the junction. As you leave the cultural practices have been borrowed and as the proverbial sleeping giant awaiting Trans-Africa highway, the first settlement of shared. A good example is the circumcision awakening. Necessary resources and support what may appear as slums can be seen and practice where originally, the Kipsigis from both the locals, the national and the a number of shops and schools along the community would completely alienate the county government need to be put in place road. Mount Blanket commonly known as initiates and after initiation, women would in order to fully exploit the potential of the “Tulwap Logoi” among locals is a cultural be prohibited to call them by their maiden town, the people and the available natural site, this place where the boys were initiated name. These days, however, initiates can resources while preserving the culture of the into manhood because few men were left be called by their maiden names and this is people, for example the area can be as high after the war. The town has an old railway a result of interaction. The language of the altitude training for athlete, because of its station which is 64 miles to Eldoret that is people of Londiani has also changed, though expansion, it can be and industrial area for why most people in rift valley called the not majorly, due to the need to communicate the County. Come one come all to Londiani. town of Eldoret 64 ‘(Sisi 4)’. with other communities and Kiswahili has

30 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 31 INFORMAL EDUCATION AND THE ROLE OF PARENTS/GUARDIANS learning often takes place outside Knowledge, skills, educational establishments and does not follow a specified curriculum. It may take values, beliefs place accidentally or sporadically during certain occasions, although it is not always and habits are the case. Informal education can also essentials to any occur in formal forums where concepts are adapted to meet unique needs of individual human being and students. Indigenous communities in America, are what makes a and even in Africa, often learn through person’s personality. observation and participation in everyday life of their respective communities are flexible, while the observer participates COL P N SONGEA and families. Barbara Rogoff, and other with active concentration. Indigenous TANZANIA PEOPLES’ DEFENCE FORCES psychologists describe the ways in which ways of learning include practices such children in indigenous communities learn by as observation, experiential learning, and ducation is the process of facilitating observing and participating in community apprenticeship. learning, or the acquisition of endeavors, where eagerly contribute, From the above, informal Eknowledge, skills, values, beliefs, playing valuable roles and finding a sense education occurs outside classroom setting, and habits. Education methods include of belonging in their community. These it does not have specified location and storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, learning experiences rely on the children may occur in a variety of places, but such and directed research. Education frequently being incorporated in the community and parents and guardians cannot escape from takes place under the guidance of educators, their attentiveness engaged. This form of responsibility. Every parent, regardless but learners may also educate themselves. informal learning allows the children to of status, age and environment have a Education can take place in formal or participate in social endeavors which give responsibility to ensure that they prepare informal settings and any experience that them an opportunity to learn by pitching in. programs for their children to learn various has a formative effect on the way one thinks, Learning occurs through socialization duties at home and in the surroundings. By feels, or acts may be considered education. processes in one’s environment. This is doing so, we will be able to guide them, Knowledge, skills, values, beliefs and a more broad reflective of the process identify their talents and even may be habits are essentials to any human being of learning. Learning by observing and predict their future studies. By the time and are what makes a person’s personality. pitching in, is an informal learning model children start formal education they will It is only through education that a person is often seen in many indigenous communities. be equipped with informal knowledge able to identify oneself as an individual in Children can be seen participating that will assist them to pursue their goals. society; in that regard one appreciates the alongside adults in many daily chores Parents must continually supervise what value of oneself as a member of society and within the community. An example is the their children do at home and school. The values others. process where children learn slash-and- have also to ensure that children attend There are two types of education; formal burn agriculture by contributing whenever important occasions like worship in order education and informal education. Formal possible. Noteworthy is children’s own to receive spiritual nourishment. Allowing education can be defined as a being offered initiative and assumption of responsibility children to continually play with electronics in a setting that is highly institutionalized, to perform tasks for the households’ benefit. is not recommended for children and does may be bureaucratic and curriculum Many indigenous communities provide self- not constitute learning. Always remember driven, with formally recognized grades, or paced opportunities to children; they allow allowing children too much freedom has its other forms of certifications. On the other exploration and education without parental drawbacks and may result in them having hand informal education is closely tied coercion. Collaborative input is highly a difficult life. Informal education makes a with informal learning which occurs in a encouraged and valued; both children person’s personality. variety of places such as at home, work, and adults are actively involved in shared daily interactions and shared relationships endeavors. Their roles as learner and expert “LET EVERYBODY BE RESPONSIBLE”. amongst members of a society. Informal

30 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 31 TRIBAL POLICE on duty early 1945s

THE TRANSFORMATION OF KENYA’S ADMINISTRATION POLICE

of AP’s by that time was within the area time when the Administration Police needed where they were recruited within a certain the new fire arms mostly to boost their ability District, their duties was principally to assist to perform their duties easily. the local leaders and also act as messengers. The Tribal Police worked under the Training/Deployment of command of the Regional Agents (Colonial Administration Police Officers District Commissioners) who had Para 1967 - The training centre for Administration military skills and training Police was moved from Ruring’u in Nyeri to In the early 1960s during the “Shifta War” the old Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in North Eastern part of Kenya, the AP’s (JKIA). were deployed to fight the Shiftas who were 1972 - Due to the need to expand the causing a lot of insecurity in the region. airport and other interferences from several Similarly, from 1970 onwards, they were airport activities, the training centre for MR L S OPICHO also deployed to fight poaching which was Administration Police was moved again so rampant, towards the 1980s. from JKIA to the current (Administration NATIONAL POLICE SERVICE

he History of Administration Police Transformation of Adminstration Service can be traced way back to Police In 1970S Taround 1920’s. By then they were The real change of the AP force began in known as the Native Police but they later the 1970s when Rtd Major Shadrack Muia transformed to the Tribal Police Ordinance, who came from the Kenya Army took over under Act 10 of 1929. During this time the from Major Barrow as the Commandant Tribal Police used to work with the native of Administration Police Force. Maj Muia colonial leaders within a certain area of brought a lot of changes for instance in jurisdiction. training, he brought in field craft and also In the year 1958, still under the colonial equiped the force with modern weapons prio Government, the name Tribal Police was to that time beffitting the force. This enabled renamed Administration Police Force, also them to engage poachers and shiftas easily. commonly known as (AP). The deployment The new training and new arms came in at a Parade Inspection by colonial leaders early 1960s

32 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 33 Police College APTC) in Embakasi Nairobi. The training centre later transformed from a training centre to a Training College because it also started to train Administrative Officers namely, District Officers (DO’s and Chiefs). The Administration Police Force has for a long time worked closely with members of Administrative Officers who were known by then as [PCs,DCs,DOs and Chiefs) in the field. The role of Administration Police was well defined under CAP 85 LOK, to protect life and property as well to arrest offenders among other duties beside VIP protection. Currently under the new constitution the Administration Police Service along with the Kenya Police Services are under the National Police Service and their job description is well captured under the law.

Establishment and Function of the Rural Border Patrol Unit (RBPU) learning how to use a drone National Police Service (NPS) The National Police Service is established • Protection of life and property; The 1983 Legal notice published in Kenya under Article 243(1) of the Constitution of • Preservation of peace; Gazette saw the opening up ranks from Kenya. It consists of both the Kenya Police • Provision of assistance to the public members of Inspectorate to Commandant and the Administration Police Service and when in need, exercise of lawful Administration Police. the Directorate of Criminal Investigations. duties; The National Police Service functions are • Provision of border patrol and Conclusion derived from the Kenyan Constitution. border security The NPS has been transformed into a modern Article 244 . It is a national service given the • Provision of specialized stock theft Service with many functions adopting the mandate to perform security duties within prevention services use of modern technology to keep up with and outside the Republic of Kenya and as • Protection of Government property the rapid changes happening globally. may be directed by the President through and vital installations; Officers are trained locally and abroad to the Cabinet Secretary Ministry of Interior make it a world class service and improve who will instruct the Inspector General in Formations and Units coordination and its efficiency to handle a writting. Currently the service has several specialised wide range of criminal activities including After the promulgation of the Constitution units to effectively and efficiently deliver in terrorist related threats, smuggling, border of Kenya in August 2010, the Administration its mandate as structured below. patrols, transnational crimes including cyber Police Force along with Kenya Police Force, • VIP Protection unit based in Nairobi. crimes etc. changed from being a force to a service • The Rapid Deployment Unit based and were put under the National Police in Embakasi, (trained by the US Service headed by an Inspector General of Marines). After the National Police Service and Deputised by • Rural Border Patrol Unit, based at two Deputy Inspector General (DIGs) each Kanyonyo, (trained both by UK and promulgation of the heading one service. The two DIGs reports US Marines). Constitution of Kenya to the Inspector General for the effective and • Administration Police Specialized efficient day to day administration of each of Stock Theft Prevention Unit, (based in August 2010, the the services under their command. in West Pokot County). Administration Police • Critical Infrastructure Prevention Functions of the Administration Unit based in Nairobi. Force along with Police Service • Peace Corps Unit based in all Kenya Police Force, The functions of the Administration Police counties. Service are provided under section 27 of the changed from being National Police Service Act, this includes Ranking Structure a force to a service. • Apprehension of offenders; • As at 1977 the senior most rank of • Maintenance of law and order; AP was Senior Sergeant Major

32 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 33 INSATIABLE LOVE FOR MONEY IS IMMORAL Prostitution itself in proceeds made from prostitution. Prostitution is the business or practice of Even renowned prostituting mothers would engaging in sex in exchange for money. like to keep their daughters so far away Prostitution has been practiced throughout from the vice. What is even more ridiculous ancient and modern culture being “the is that even some on attractive government world’s oldest profession”. Sumerian paygrades take to the streets to earn extra records dating back to 2400 BC are the cash through this vice. So now, why should earliest recorded mention of prostitution such trouble be so blinding? as an occupation. Despite consistent attempts at regulation, it continues nearly unchanged. The Kenyan constitution too has World of Robbers and Burglary not recognized this immoral engagement. It is a miracle when a day passes without a However, the unrecognition notwithstanding, headline story of death as a result of shoot the vice has seen a rapid proliferation to an outs with such consequences as a robber dead extent making it look like normal way of life. or the robing victim dead or sometimes even COL S O ONDIRO Within the upmarket and slums alike this is a both. Many a time this may seem normal. KENYA AIR FORCE profit venture so unavoidable to the Kenyan History of robbery is too unclear but, all we youth. Just to prove the limit of acceptance know is that it is an immoral, dangerous act My Childhood Story this vice has quickly acquired all forms of and against the spiritual teaching of all the s a small boy, I told my mother I entrepreneual titles. Some people call it known faiths. Normally those who engage in would be a millionaire and buy her sexual services, some call it commercial sex this vice do so not because they can’t engage Aa big house. The promise compelled or in a common Kenyan urban slang that is in any other gainful activity but, as an illicit me to do more than just toiling for academic rapidly gaining popularity, hooking – these hobby, so deeply rooted. For those engaged excellence. Indeed I was among the youngest terms now portend acceptability with regard in it, robbery easily pass for the other form and the brightest in the district. But, looking to the vice. Prostitution occurs in a variety of of radicalization. These are very energetic at my mom’s pathetic living conditions, forms. The practitioners are to be found in a members of the society who given a choice I resolved to discover numerous ways of variety of places based on class. The highest will live virtuous lives. Most robberies target arriving there faster. I started up several class, meaning they charge higher fees have cash or items with high cash equivalence ventures to raise some good money most of rentals in the upmarket apartments and pose and which can be exchanged with cash at which never saw the light of the day. One as call girls in establishments specifically the earliest convenience. What is baffling is such venture was to be a paid up member of dedicated to prostitution. The other form that one robbery is never enough. It keeps on 4K Club. This club natured young boys and is known as escort prostitution. In escort going and going and becomes part of life. girls to take up profit generating cultivation prostitution, the act may take place at the Many a time the end to this is normally by of food crop items in the field of agriculture. client’s residence or hotel room (referred way of death or life sentence. But, this is not We could then harvest and sell the produce to as out-call), or at the escort’s residence the only form of stealing. There are these at some small profits. However, exasperation or a hotel room rented for the occasion by referred to as high tech. A mature personality due to the long wait before we could earn the escort (in-call). Another form is street working in an institution will decide to stifled my zeal and I soon quit and directed prostitution. All in all, in whatever form practice stealing in its literal sense: taking my full energy towards studies. But, my prostitution is immoral and no family prides away illegally what belongs to the public or desire to buy my mother the dream house did not fade. Over the years, I have spent a great deal of my energy trying to become a millionaire. At one point, I had the position to do it, but my conscience got in the way. Cognizant of my Christian faith and the inherent expectations, I waged a real fight against the temptation and succeeded. Now, on to the lives of the so called hustlers of the current generation. Hustlers have no limits. What matters to these ravenous lot is getting money at whatever cost. The following paragraphs will highlight some of the approaches notoriously used in the pursuit of money hunt:

34 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 35 organization with a sole intention of changing its ownership to that of Moral lesson oneself or simply selling it for quick cash. The moral fabric of the contemporary Kenyan society is under test and if not checked in time then too soon nothing will be left of it. The Other Forms of Immoral Earnings. rapid decay of morals threatens to disintegrate and flatten everything. How about a case of traders capitalizing on the vulnerability of May the Almighty God intervene soonest! consumers to retail foodstuff with dangerous contaminants? How One is forced to wonder what really is happening. There appears to about food stores or cafes dispensing foodstuff from questionable be a sudden rush by everyone to make quick cash. Majority of people sources? How about traders offloading foodstuff condemned in want to accumulate big monies regardless of the means used to acquire other countries at our ports and quickly repackaging them in covers it. Whereas our generation grew up in societies that emphasized hard from local companies and displaying them in shelves within leading work for a better life, the contrary is the norm currently. Emphasis is marts where unsuspecting Kenyans will simply buy without a second on “smart ways” – in short working smart and cutting corners, and thought? How about the so called “tenderprenuers” supplying the this has hastily taken over the place value for decency. The moral notorious air and getting paid hefty sums of cash? How about cases of standing behind smart ways is yet to be ascertained. However, for assassins for hire killing and maiming people whose sins they don’t the time being it’s imperative that one simply accepts that ours is a even comprehend? How about spouses terminating the lives of their world of a sarcasm that has engulfed even the high and mighty. We partners so they can remain with the riches. How about officers in are confronted with a generation that wants to possess estates and top positions of responsibility abusing their powers to gain extra coins to of the range automobiles without a droplet of sweat. supplement their salaries? And the list is endless. Cases discussed above all constitute unbecoming behavior in any society. Chasing cash for selfish reasons is immoral. Insatiable love for money is the peak of immorality. WHO IS BEHIND THAT SMILE? UNMASKING THE PSYCHOPATH: “But a man who breaks off such a friendship would seem to be doing nothing strange; for it was not to a man of this sort that he was a friend; when his friend changed, therefore, and he is unable to save him, he gives him up.” - Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics.

with a psychopath! According to Hervey and freely until the mask either falls off, Cleckley, an American psychiatrist focusing slips or the psychopath is done with you and in the field of psychopathy, a psychopath is their time to move on. Then the real person appears superficially charming, tend to behind the mask emerges. One can easily fall make a good first impression on others and victim to a psychopath; even very senior often strike observers as remarkably normal. managers. This is so because the psychopath Psychopaths pursue information from you, can display energy, charm and make a seduces you into believing they are part distinctly positive impression during the first of you, they are one with you, they even interaction or meeting and particularly at the ‘sympathize’ with you. They do all this so interview stage for one seeking employment. COL M A NDERIH as to use the information gained from you Organizations seek to recruit employees who KENYA NAVY against you in the future. Of course, once are energetic, charming and fast-moving. they have gathered enough information Psychopaths can appear to be like this and ave you ever interacted or lived they don’t need you anymore. They can present themselves quite pleasantly thanks with someone, a close friend or now discard you. According to Robert Hare, to their ability to tell interesting stories. close colleague who has been H a criminological psychology researcher, Hare intimates that though psychopaths are very likeable, charming, easy going, psychopaths can be amusing and entertaining thought to be callous and selfish, they are also entertaining…..a close confidant. Then communicators, ready to make with a clever charming and likeable and can hence easily suddenly the person changed drastically in comeback, and are able to tell improbable manipulate and deceive. According to a study behavior towards you that you wondered, but convincing stories that cast themselves by Clive Boddy et al of Curtin University “What did I do?” or “What happened to in good light. They can be very effective of Technology, Western Australia, titled, us?” What might have changed in such an in presenting themselves well and are often Leaders without ethics in global business: otherwise cordial friendship or relationship? very pleasant and appealing. corporate psychopaths, psychopaths appear What warrants such drastic change in social to be alert, friendly and easy to talk and behavior? This is someone you had openly Pleasant charmers or wolfs in get along with. They seem to possess an and easily shared your secrets either willingly admirable quality, good ability, emotionally or unknowingly because you trusted them, sheep’s skin? well-adjusted and reasonable, and these “connected well” and your chemistry was Often we meet and engage with psychopaths; traits make them attractive even to those in working. You might just have been dealing we dine, live and work with them happily

34 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 35 charge of hiring staff in organizations. enables them to get what they want when characteristics associated with psychopathy, In their book, Snakes in Suits, industrial they want. Researchers have also found that people with psychopath characteristics psychologist Paul Babiak and Robert the psychopathy traits of manipulative-ness have often been conceptualized as likeable, Hare define psychopathy as a “personality and cold-heartedness are the least discernible funny and charming company. Many people disorder rooted in lying, manipulation, to others and that this can facilitate a have fallen victim to the psychopath’s deceit, egocentricity, callousness, and other psychopath appearing to be fun loving and manipulations and it is possible that the potentially destructive traits.” Psychopaths interpersonally attractive. This attribute psychopath causing you anguish is causing have a narcissistic and exceptionally therefore eases their rise through the ranks the same to many others. Robert Hare exaggerated view of their own self-worth and of management and gives them opportunities contends that psychopaths don’t see any importance, a truly astounding egocentricity to exploit their positions for their own problems in their actions and see no reason and sense of entitlement, and see themselves advantage. to change their habits or conform with as the center of the universe, justified in Accordingly, Babiak asserts that societal standards. Accordingly, psychopaths living according to their own rules. Their psychopaths easily manipulate their way play the victim and try to blame the others lack of remorse or guilt is associated up the corporate ladder, using pawns including the actual victim. The terse advice with a remarkable ability to rationalize and shedding off patrons as they become Hare gives is, “don’t waste your sympathy their behavior, to shrug off personal outdated and are no longer important. To on them” and be always be conscious that responsibility for actions that cause family, them, like Machiavellians, the end justifies you are the victim. So, rather than “engaging friends, and others to reel with shock and the means. According to Hare, in most in closing the stable door after the horse has disappointment. They usually have handy organizations where such psychopaths exist, bolted” it would better to try and understand excuses for their behavior, and in some cases two factions are likely to develop. One a psychopath and explore ways of avoiding deny that it happened at all. Many of the faction consisting of patrons, pawns and a getting into their way. However, anyone characteristics displayed by psychopaths are including experts can be blinded by a closely associated with a profound lack of psychopath’s real intentions. Psychopaths empathy and inability to construct a mental behavior may not be changed, but can and emotional “facsimile” of another person. recognized and understood. So, before you They seem completely unable to “get into the fall victim or if you are already a victim, then skin” of others, except in a purely intellectual you must consciously admit it and that you sense. With their powers of imagination in are willing to do something about it. How gear and beamed on themselves, psychopaths you got there may not be important but how appear amazingly unfazed by the possibility to bolt out and stay out is! You should know or even by the certainty of being found out. yourself, your weaknesses, your strengths, When caught in a lie or challenged with don’t blame yourself of feel hopeless or the truth, they seldom appear perplexed or confused about the situation. Remember, the embarrassed they simply change their stories more you delay or give in, the more you will or attempt to rework the facts so they appear be taken “advantage of by the psychopath’s to be consistent with the lie. The result is insatiable appetite for power and control.” a series of contradictory statements and a Lastly, Hare warns people dealing with thoroughly confused listener. Psychopaths psychopaths to be careful about power seem proud of their ability to lie…..and lie struggles and warns that psychopaths convincingly! network of followers of the psychopath and have a strong need for psychological and another of the detractors consisting of pawns physical control over others particularly in Psychopaths in leadership positions who realize they have been used, abused and organizations. He avers that it is sometimes According to Robert Hare, if the society discarded or the sober few who realize that difficult to stand up against a psychopath fails to recognize psychopaths, “then it is the organization is in danger. Eventually, without risking serious emotional or physical forever doomed to be their victim”. On the when confrontation between the two factions trauma. He therefore advices that to protect other hand, Professor Barbara Kellerman, a occur, the detractors are outsmarted and oneself one need to invest on managing their leadership consultant and adviser contends finally removed through the machinations reputation, build open and honest relationships that if a psychopath ends up in a leadership of the psychopath. When this happens, with peers and colleagues, work up your position in an organization, they would the psychopath has won the battle and abilities and most of all be honest and follow easily cause poor levels of ethical decision consequently ascends to power unopposed appropriate policies and procedures. May be making within the organization. This is and a trail of supporters who he casts off in your honesty and truthfulness will make one because psychopaths are prepared to lie, no time. Hare asserts that psychopaths can be person see through the lies and manipulations bully, cheat and utterly disregard or cause found in positions of power and control over of the psychopath. Alone, however dealing harm to the welfare of others. Babiak other people and where opportunities for with a psychopath is difficult, so if you can’t contends that psychopaths tend to rise self-enrichment can be expected to present get away, avoid playing their game. They quickly in organizations because of their themselves. have played the game before so they are better manipulative charisma and their sheer, than you think. Talk to someone and muster single minded dedication to attain senior How can one deal with veiled all the emotional support you can muster! To levels of management. He states that their charmers? have a happy life and a productive career, you intelligence and social skills permit them to In his book The Mask of Sanity, Hervey may need to give up on particular people. present a veil or mask of normalcy which Cleckley, argues that in spite of the disastrous But that doesn’t mean you have to give up on people!

36 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 37 YOUTH SKILLS & DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

Saharan Africa. and gender), and even across countries The United Nations Educational, Scientific and regions. Conversely; with appropriate and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has policies that deal adequately with the issues youths as key partners in development. facing them; the energy, size, enthusiasm, UNESCO, together with various partners, dynamism and innovation of youths are including youth organizations, seek to assets that can be harnessed for Africa’s enable young people to be change agents in development. their respective households, organizations, Despite the widespread awareness of communities and States. In recent years, the many challenges confronting Africa’s youth concerns have been put at the heart youths pointed out by previous studies, a of the development agenda by African number of African countries like Kenya, are governments but a lot more needs to be yet to develop comprehensive and effective done. The youth have often demonstrated measures to deal with the issues of skills MR D K MUSYOKA the ability and will to contribute to the development. Neither have they put in development process, and this is evident place a means to assess the progress made NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SERVICE - KENYA given their input from identification of by this big and ever growing segment of n the quest for development and improved issues to the actualization and monitoring African population. The youth population living standards of her citizenry, every of the skills acquisition process. When it of a country usually has a significant impact State must lay its foundation on youth comes to youths, skills enhancement is vital on the national growth. Unfortunately many I of them lack the necessary skills to be empowerment. Hence the youth serve for them to be able to contribute towards fundamental role and act as an important national development. The definition of employed or engage in career progression. tool for political, security, social and national national development clearly indicates that Today’s economy demands digital and development. The United Nations, (2018) all citizens need be involved in developing effective communication skills, but estimate that the total numbers of youth age or building a nation. It therefore follows schooling especially in development States group 15 to 24 globally are about one billion. that the involvement of youth in national still emphasize on traditional skills. The Africa’s 2017 youth population is development is fundamental. ruling population at a given time dictates expected to double by 2050. With roughly It should be noted that, not only are the the tendencies toward humanitarian issues, 70 percent of its population being 30 years youth considered the leaders of tomorrow, free enterprise and equal rights. In Kenya of age or younger; The African continent has but also are today’s partners in issues of today, efforts by the government to improve the largest youth population in the world. In development. Young people are major the effectiveness of education, direct job 2017, youths; defined here as those in the age social actors of progress and change. As training, job search assistance and refresher bracket 15 to 24 years of age; made up 21 aforementioned, they are the social engines course, as a way to mend the skills gap. percent of the more than one billion people of change. Given that older people are As youths in a nation grow up and replace in Africa. Another 42 percent was discovered incapable of carrying out a number of duties, previous generation of leadership with new to be less than 15 years old. The females it is left for the youth to conceptualize policies leadership, the ruling class keeps changing consists slightly more than half of the and do majority of the development works. with every passing decade. Kenya has seen African youth population. It is also observed For this reason, the youth are considered an extraordinary rebound in economic that there are more rural dwellers than urban key pillars of development. Policymakers growth in recent time, driven by enhanced dwellers. Youth population in other parts of and governments in Africa are faced with a youth skills development. the world is expected to shrink given that the major challenge in deciding how to provide large proportion of people in those countries opportunities for the over 200 million youths is under 15 years of age. in the continent so that they not only have The United Nations The youths and children all together decent lives but also contribute to the Gross Educational, constitute a large part of the total population. Domestic Product (GDP) and economic At the moment matters involving youths is development of their countries. Scientific and starting to gain a lot of government and public Undoubtedly, numerous and varied Cultural Organization attention. The growth of youth is on the challenges for youths that are central to increase mainly in the African continent. At Africa’s economic development do exist. (UNESCO) has the moment, matters of development, public Some of them include health, political youths as key participation, peace, skill development, participation and employment. The said sexuality, inclusivity, among others are the issues differ among groups within countries partners in main themes revolving around youth in sub (by ethnicity, education level, health status development.

36 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 37 PROS AND CONS OF SOCIAL MEDIA USE TO THE AFRICAN SOCIETY news, which is compiled and disseminated provide information that in turn could make by the media professional, social networks them vulnerable to attack. are not supported by any professional ethics The Information Technology Audit and and may be susceptible to abuse and used for Assurance Standards, Guidelines, Tools and unscrupulous means. Therefore some cons of Techniques [ISACA], (2017) recognizes some social networks use include espionage, credit of the impacts of the use of social networks fraud and identity theft, phishing, privacy in a in the workplace as nemeses among others, connected world. the fact that individual users may unwittingly In Botswana for example the use of attract rival attacks on their employers. It social media has had both pros and cons is evident that some policies need to be for users. It is convenient and cheaper than developed to control use without instruction traditional methods of communication. Users and protect the interests of the organization can share videos, images, texts and voice that users need. Thus, a documented strategy communications in real time all over the is needed that contains the necessary policies world in a colourful, attractive and fun way. and procedures that must be developed with COL S L JANSEN The fact that users have the freedom to share the participation of all stakeholders, such BOTSWANA DEFENCE FORCE news, comments and opinions on the public as military, risk management professionals, platform; although the use of privacy settings human resources and legal experts to get he twenty first century will be also means that some may use the platform a global approach to assimilate evolving recalled for its fast paced Information for malicious media and may explain some technologies and mitigate the associated Communication Technology (ICT) security issues. risks caused by such technologies, as well T Social media such as Facebook contain a as preserve the goals and objectives of the advancement. It is important to appreciate that the technological advancement, large amount of personal information about organization. In the African society, it is especially internet penetration is opening users, such as dates of birth, marital status, crucial for stakeholders to contribute to policy up the African continent, to the rest of the e-mails, phone numbers and addresses. This formulation, which means that policies must World. The advent of social network is has created a lucrative market for criminal be supported through training to make users a perfect example of technology that has enterprises, where data mining is used to aware of the correct use of social networks. revolutionized communication. Social media gather information on potential victims that Finally advances in technology has made networks include; Twitter and Tumblr, which scammers use to create false birth certificates the modern African society more connected are recognized as microblog, sites to visual with the intent to commit credit card frauds to other continents, leading to transfer of images like YouTube, Flickr, Facebook, after creating false identities. The use of a technological skills, economic, political Myspace and many others. birth date to verify a person’s identity is a and social development is catalyzed by the Social media has evolved to such common practice all over the world and, with evolution of modern technology, which means unprecedented levels that governments the advent of social networks, identity theft that there are many good and bad things that find it difficult to keep pace and exploit is rampant mainly due to information such as the technology as social networks brings to opportunities through technology, as well as the date of birth, family affiliation, images and the African society. However, not everything protect themselves from the challenges that real life events are shared. is virtuous, as shown by examples of social could stem from this growth in the use of The African society is considered a rapid problems caused by social networks in the technology. For instance, security as a concept growing space in the adoption of Information form of phishing, privacy violation, terrorism, is recognized as a multifaceted phenomenon Communication Technology both in public espionage, fraud and identity theft, which are that can imply economic, political, social, and private sector. The most common criminal just some of the impacts that social networks military and technological development. activity associated with social media and the can have on safety. It is not only the power The Internet Penetration report of internet is phishing, which basically means that can be damaged by the use of social (2016), states that individual African that legitimate information has been stolen networks, but that security can derive from countries registered higher rates compared with the use of a medium that was created to such non-caring of users, while the Defense to China which recorded only (47.4%) with appear as a legitimate source, such as a bank, Force becomes vulnerable by its members. Madagascar (74.7%), Mali (72.1%), Malawi and it depends on the handling of messages of It is imperative that the formulation clearly (70.5%), Morocco (61.3%), Seychelles discounted confidence from the user to collect highlights the pros and cons of social media (54.8%), Egypt (53.2%) and South Africa personal data on the user to launch attacks on the society and takes into account users, as (51.5%). However, some African countries directed against the unsuspecting victim. This well as policy makers and other experts with a have low Internet penetration rate of less than type of attack requires the caution of users to strong focus on safety. 2%, such as Ethiopia (1.9%), Guinea (1.8%), be wary of all sites that connect to those in Sierra Leone (1.7%), Niger (1.7%) and which they are connected and to constantly Source: Computer Security Institute, (2006). Somalia (1.6%). It is important to appreciate review their privacy policies. Scammers Emerging Cyber Report. FBI computer crime and security survey. that technological use has both pros and cons. create websites that ask users to update their It can be used to provide objective and reliable personal information and, without realizing it,

38 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 39 YOUTH BULGE AND DEVELOPMENT IMPLICATIONS IN KAKAMEGA COUNTY

he former Western Province of youth are the majority in the Kakamega Kenya was divided into four counties County, their economic empowerment is Twith Kakamega County being one key to the development of the County. They of them. The other Counties are Bungoma, should therefore be encouraged to take Busia and Vihiga. It is surrounded by up training opportunities at middle level Trans Nzoia, Uasin Gishu, Nandi and institutions so that they may be employed Siaya Counties. Mombasa-Nairobi- as skilled personnel at the existing factories Kampala railway line and Mombasa- within the County. The County should also Nairobi-Kampala road pass through Lugari advance loans to youth groups that are Subcounty, one of the thirteen Sub-counties interested in farming to set up greenhouses of Kakamega County. to minimize losses occasioned by bad Africa’s greatest wealth is her people. weather. It is critical to note that social Human capital development is a means consequences for lack of harnessing human of fulfilling people’s potential through resource for development of Kenya vary. enlarging their capabilities, and this implies Personal and social costs of unemployment empowering people, enabling them actively COL E B WEKUNDA include severe financial hardship and risk participate in their own development, KENYA ARMY of poverty, debt, family tensions and many by enhancing their skills, knowledge, others. Kakamega County is basically dependent productivity, and inventiveness. The County government of Kakamega on agricultural activities with the youth The greater part of the youth population should establish markets for farm produce. population being the majority. The local is educated, skilled and yet unemployed. In There is also need for a national policy on people engage mainly in maize cultivation the pursuit of development and improved the minimum land acreage so that land can as their staple food while sugarcane is their standards of living for her citizenry, every remain economical for future generations. cash crop. They are also involved in dairy nation has the youth as the bedrock and the Besides greenhouses, the County should farming for both domestic and commercial foundation on which it builds upon. The also construct dams at designated areas purposes. However, land size is as low as a youth play a very important role in national so that the youth can start irrigation half of an acre due to the high population, development. The youth have particular farming which can indeed empower them thus, rendering the land economically characteristics that make them stand out, economically if well managed. They should untenable. And in certain areas where such as zeal, impatience for change, also be encouraged to fully participate in land size is above one acre, consistent radicalism, curiosity, rebellions, hard-work, development forums so that we can tap their farming has led to unproductive soils hence ambition and ego, just to name a few. talents as early as possible. poor yields. Sugar cane growing sustains Young people are particularly affected Additionally, the National Government Mumias, West Kenya and Butali Sugar by unemployment, scarcity of proper should establish more middle level factories where some youth are employed housing (particularly in the urban areas) institutions in line with the demand. mainly as casual labourers. The youth lack and heath challenges. Lack of opportunity The Kakamega government should also skills because most of those who do not can lead to crime. Urban as well as rural encourage the establishment of more meet the minimum University requirement crimes, often including extreme violence, factories depending on what is being rarely enrol in middle level institutions for are increasingly getting to be a youth produced within the County. These may either lack of money or interest. problem. It goes without saying that the include maize mills, milk processing plant Although the youth comprise the larger youth aged between 18 and 35 make up among others that can in the long run create part of the population in the County, culture the majority and forms a large percentage employment opportunities for the youth. does not allow them to fully participate of Kenya’s population. They rarely have In order to adequately address these in development agendas until they are any say in the state affairs of the country. issues, the Kakamega County and deemed adults by elders. Apart from not The youth, despite making up the majority, National Government have been actively fully participating in development agendas, have more often than not been marginalized mainstreaming youth issues and initiatives youth do not inherit communal land until and pushed to the backburners and yet they in its development and planning strategies. they marry and have a child or children. are a dynamic lot that is full of energy with The Vision 2030 first medium term plan They also lack capital to sustain farming potential to be harnessed to build a more flagship projects and programmes dealing which has proved unproductive as a result of democratic country. Youth unemployment is with youth and sports initiatives. Policies, poor soil that has high levels of acids. Apart one of the biggest development challenges legal frameworks and strategies that support from the unproductive soils, erratic weather in the Third World today. Empowered youth youth and human resources initiatives are conditions also contribute to poor yields produce human resource that is capable now contained in various youth related thereby making farming unsustainable. of more development and being more policy drafts. It is important to note that since the productive.

38 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 39 WILDLIFE OUR HERITAGE TO FUTURE GENERATIONS the great increase in human populations, land mammal. Due to its gigantic stature, we have continually observed the reducing the elephant has no predators apart from numbers of our wildlife population. men who hunt it for its tusks. Elephants The most dignified animals in this region have a sharp sense of smell and are highly and referred as the big five comprise two big intelligent and reputed to be the only animals cats and three of the larger the grazers. that recognize one another, even after death. The lion is the largest of Africa’s cats, and Famed for its bad temper, the buffalo is is reverently referred to as the “King of the one of the most feared animals. It is not only Jungle”. Lions are social animals. A group feared by humans but also by some of the or a pride may consist of up to two dozen most daring predators in the wild. The buffalo members. Male lions can be recognized by resembles the typical cow but has a distinct the long mane of hair that covers their necks. gray black color and up-curving horns with Within the pride, the lionesses do most of bases that meet across the forehead. This MR A M KIMEGA the hunting while the male lions defend the gives it a very dangerous look as is known to group’s territory. Out of the big five, are have caused more human fatalities than the KENYA PRISONS SERVICE many others that deserve mention which we other four. Buffalos live in herds of several have grown with the reminder that may never exhaust. These animals are both hundred led by one dominant bull. wildlife is our heritage; I was oblivious feared and loved in similar proportions. They There are two species of rhinoceros of what it meant to conserve wildlife. deserve our and other species respect for their found in Kenya, the black and white rhinos. I Both are endangered, due to being hunted This is the understanding that a vast array of cause of fear and benefits to the communities the animals could be used as food, these were they cross. We have hunted them down for for their highly prized horns and their long the tales our grandparents would have for us valuable trophies they carry that still attract durations the calves take with their mothers growing up. high acknowledgement in parts of the world. before the latter is ready to mate. The white We generally understand wildlife to Christened the “Silent Hunter”, the rhino derives its name from the broad wide mean, non-domesticated animals in the leopard is a very elusive animal with a mouth adapted for grazing while the black wild, although it is a different perception gorgeous golden yellow fur and black rings. rhino has a pointed upper lip adapted for to different people. While you will ardently It is nocturnal, hunting at night and spending browsing. It feeds on dry bush and thorny defend your home or office environment as its day resting. It is known for carrying scrub, especially acacia. Black rhinos have being ‘not wild’, lots of seen and unseen its prey up into trees out of reach of other a sharp sense of smell and hearing but very animal species share the space with you. Thus animals that would steal it. Leopards often poor eyesight. They lead solitary lives and wildlife practically is part of our everyday lose their kills to lions, hyena and even wild are the more dangerous of the two species. rather than the reserved game animals. dogs. A wildlife spectacle not to be missed Heritage, this treasured feature, as best The African elephant, physically is one of the “Seven New Wonders of the as it comes is what we will live with. With looking the king of the wild, is the largest World” the annual migration of heard of

40 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 41 wildebeest between Maasai Mara and the Serengeti National Parks. It is incredible. The cycle starts towards the end of the short dry season, around March, the short-grass plains of the southernmost Serengeti begin to dry out and the wildebeest begin their journey, heading towards the western woodlands. The wildebeest’s journey is dictated primarily by their response to the weather; they follow the rains and the growth of new grass. By late October, when the first of the short rains are falling on the Serengeti’s short-grass plains, filling seasonal waterholes and bringing new flushes of growth, the wildebeest start heading south was often consumed as food. again. The numbers top two million animals when counted withe Our recent generations within two decades have desolated animal gazelle, zebra and eland across rivers and plains. populations as sport hunting and large collections of skins and ivory This then is a wonder to observe, and indeed the heritage we mainly for prestige and trade. In our success! We have taken up should better understand we have to preserve. the wildlife reserves for our inhabitation, which gives meaningful Though hunting of animals was carried out by man since the ice replenishment of wildlife numbers very low. I hope that we all can try age. This was done sparingly and the wildlife was not slaughtered give the little thought of what we can do and ensure better survivability to hoard away treasures ivory and skins. These were however of the worlds few species of wildlife alongside ourselves. moderately used as clothing and ornaments, sparingly, as the meat

HOLDING ON TO CULTURE IN A CHANGING WORLD: THE MAASAI

are also intriguing for other reasons. With community through flirting and social the rise of industrialization and even changes interaction and improves social relations in the global environment, the Maasai have among the members of the tribe. The music managed to maintain their strong cultural of the Maasai traditionally consists of practices and adapt them when necessary. rhythms provided by a chorus of vocalists All the need of food is satisfied by their who sing harmonies, while the leader of a livestock. They eat meat, drink milk and song, or Olaranyani, sings the melody. The sometimes blood. Bulls, oxen and lambs are Olaranyani is usually the singer who can slaughtered for meat on special occasions best sing that song, even if different people and for ceremonies. For animal products, can direct a song. The Olaranyani begins by skin and hides are used as bedding; while singing a line or a title (namba) of a song. the cow dung is used to build houses (it is The group will respond with a unanimous plastered on the walls). The Maasai lifestyle call in recognition, and the Olaranyani MS R S KURARU-CP really revolves around their livestock. But will sing a verse on the rhythmic song of with changes in the environment and climate, the group. Each song has its own specific NATIONAL POLICE SERVICE - KENYA the Maasai who are pastoralists, have had to structure based on calls and answers hat is it about the Maasai that introduce more plants and grains into their The effects of modern civilization, has intrigued the world? Could diet. education and western influence have it be the harmonic dances Both Maasai men and women also not completely spared this unique and W practice body modification techniques. interesting tribe. Some of the Maasai tribe’s performed by both sexes, which means a strong community and a symbol of future Most women pierce the earlobes with cross deep-rooted culture is slowly fading away. relationships? Is it his jump which is sections of elephant tusks, film cans and Customs, activities and rituals such as female incredibly athletic; probably the best known wood. These piercings are made when the circumcision and cattle raiding have been in his admired aesthetic culture? or is it his Maasai are very young, around five years outlawed by modern legislation. Maasai only image in a world that is increasingly old. The tradition is that the boy or girl who children now have access to education and homogeneous? undergoes this ritual should not cry because some Maasai have moved from their rural Although these unique components of the crying symbolizes a sign of weakness. homeland to urban areas where they have Maasai culture are really special, the Maasai The harmonious Maasai dance is more secured jobs. than a simple dance: it facilitates the Although the Maasai culture is

40 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 41 Maasai doing the traditional dance Adumu at Tsavo National Park Kenya. patriarchical, it also allows women to be Maasai’s economy is increasingly practices while managing to adapt to a powerful. For example, both polygamy and dependent on the Kenyan market economy changing world, the Maasai are an example polyandry are common marital practices for the purchase of beads and clothes. Cows to us all that it’s possible to balance culture within the group. Women can marry more and goats are also sold for uniforms and for and change effectively. than one person within their age group and payment of school fees for children. Maasai even choose a partner they want. The Masai men and women in major cities and towns women also have a strong place in the of Kenya, not only own goats and cows, growing economic scale. They are dedicated but also bank accounts, cell phones, wheat to the commercialization and creation of among other items. Entrepreneurship is beautiful ornaments and jewels, which the something new in our society. Maasai are well known for. As for men, It was not until the early 1980’s with who are mainly hunters and farmers, the the rise of the Group Ranch that Maasai’s ownership of a large number of animals is a became much more entrenched in a symbol of wealth. A man who owns a large market economy and, therefore, because number of cattle and children is considered more impoverished in general terms.In rich. response to contact with an external world Livestock is the main source of income moving towards rapid industrialization and for the Maasai. They serve as a social utility globalization, the Maasai have been able to and plays an important role in Maasai’s find their own place in government jobs and economy. Similarly, they are sold for other educational system. livestock products, money or livestock and Realizing that they might have to come milk. Individuals, families and clans have in contact with the outside world, they have established close ties through the supply embraced a change, but still work hard to or exchange of livestock. “Meishoo iyiook strengthen and keep their culture intact. Enkai inkishu o-nkera” - that’s how he Thus, a Maasai man or woman can leave addresses Maasai’s prayer. The English home, become trained at a local university translation of this prayer is: “May the or technical school, learn the ways of a Creator give us cattle and children”. Cattle changing world and bring those ideas back and children are the most important aspect home to develop the community. Maasai Woman in Beautiful traditional of the Maasai. By holding tightly to their cultural Ornaments and Jewels at A ceremony

42 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 43 CULTURAL HERITAGE: SIMBI NYAIMA LAKE IN KENYA “Your Time is limited don’t waste living someone else’s life” – Steve Jobs (Late CEO of Apple) smell that one can get from far off as it is the the young woman to go and fetch her husband. first sign that one is getting closer and closer to When she arrived at the party, she informed her the lake. The locals always use the water to cure husband that his presence was required at home, skin ailments. but on realizing that it was the old woman who The immediate lake surrounding is had requested his presence, he turned on his characterized by soda ash, which is a salt mined wife with abuses and beatings. She went back for a variety of uses, including cattle feed. Lake and narrated the incident to the old woman. Simbi Nyaima is surrounded by other sites that In the morning, before leaving, she advised include the Kanjera Archeological site and the compassionate lady to take her children and Kendu Bay’s Old Town. leave that village immediately. She pledged to punish the unkind and inhuman villagers for The Myth their mistreatment. She took heed of the old According to the local community who are woman’s advice, packed her essentials and predominantly Luo, Simbi Nyaima which left. After travelling for a short distance from means the village that sank, exists thanks to a the homestead, a light drizzle fell on the land, MR M M OGONJI tale passed over from one generation to another followed by a serious storm that swept the about a certain village known as Simbi that entire village leaving nothing behind, except NIS - KENYA stood where the now Simbi Nyaima lake is the kind lady, her children and the old lady. History and Origin of Simbi Nyaima situated. Simbi was also the name of the local The entire village was submerged and chief of the Kakseru clan that inhabited Kendu became a lake. This incident forced Kakseru imbi Nyaima, meaning the village that Bay. One night, the people of Simbi were clan to migrate towards Tanzania away from sank, is a crater lake in Kendu Bay celebrating with lots of local drinks and meat the tormented village. Today, one will find of Homa Bay County, within Nyanza S at the chief’s homestead. An old haggard and Karachuonyo clan and other immigrants from Region. The crater lake renowned for its hungry woman entered the homestead at the Uyoma Naya inhabiting Simbi area. Since areas cultural attraction and tourist sites is located a peak of the merry making and asked for some adjacent to the lake are dry, it is believed the few kilometers from the fresh waters of Lake food and a place to rest for the night, but was water came into being as a token of appreciation Victoria. instead rudely sent away by the elders. by the strange woman. The woman, according The history of Simbi Nyaima has two With nowhere to go, the woman pleaded to the community, was the daughter of a famous dimensions in regard to its origin. First is that once more for help on humanitarian grounds, rain maker and therefore inherited some of of a mythical story that explains the origin of but the chief and the villagers threatened to those powers. the lake. The second version states that the harm her if she didn’t leave. She proceeded to Consequently, Lake Simbi Nyaima emerges lake traced its origin to geological processes another hut within the village where a young after the mysterious woman appears and that gave rise to a Caldera Lake. Geologists lady was nursing a child. The lady welcomed pronounces a curse on the village and villagers aver that Simbi Nyaima Lake was formed as a the old woman, gave her a bath, food and by invoking a heavy downpour of rain. She, result of earthquakes accompanied by volcanic shelter for the night. The old woman inquired however, saves one hospitable woman and her eruptions creating a crater lake about six if the young woman was married, to which she children and where they go to, remains part of centuries ago. The green trees surrounding the replied in the affirmative. She then asked her the mystery that makes up the myth. This history lake are home to birds of various species. where her husband was and was told that he and cultural narration of the origin of Simbi was at the festival. The old woman then asked Nyaima contrasts greatly with the scientific and The Location of Lake Simbi Nyaima geological point of view. Geologically, Simbi Nyaima was formed as a result of weaknesses Simbi Nyaima is situated in Homa Bay County, in the earth’s crust which triggered volcanic about 3 Kilometers north-west of Kendu Bay eruptions leading to the formation of a caldera Town. It occupies a depression, which is lake in the late 17th century. naturally a crater that resulted from volcanic The choice whether to go by the cultural myth activity. Simbi Nyaima is surrounded by flat or take the scientific geological explanation gently sloping plains along Lake Victoria with does not, in anyway, dim the radiance of Simbi Homa Hills on the southeastern side. Nyaima as a cultural and natural heritage site. The Lake can be accessed from Kendu Bay town. An all-weather marram road connects The Potential Benefits of Lake Simbi Simbi-Nyaima Lake to the main Kendu Bay- Nyaima Homa Bay tarmacked road. Some of the benefits that would accrue from The Lake has neither an outlet nor an inlet. proper conservation and marketing of the It gets its water from temporary streams formed Simbi Nyaima and Associated Natural site include its socio-cultural, economic and during rains. Its water is alkaline and has a foul Heritage in Nyanza touristic values.

42 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 43 MODERN MIGRATION OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS FOR THE AFRICAN DIASPORA: A KENYAN CONTEXT

to the Middle East and Gulf States, Europe stability. and to a lesser extent, Southern Africa. A bilateral agreement was signed by Unemployment and under-employment both countries in 2015 to recruit 100,000 remain major developmental challenges Kenyans for jobs in the United Arab facing the African continent. The employment Emirates. Here in lies the challenge. Kenya problem is compounded by rapid population has no formal institutions such as labor or growth and low un-sustained economic welfare offices in the U.A.E. to protect its growth. In the case for Kenya, its youthful nationals from abuse and exploitation. The human resource is increasingly becoming an Kenyan diplomatic mission lacks a well- exportable resource and an instrument for developed grievance and dispute resolution reverse transfer of technology. programs, counseling mechanisms, post- arrival orientation programs, and contract Labor Migration and Challenges verification and monitoring. Kenya’s Faced by Kenyan Diaspora diplomatic mission lacks the institutional Labor migration is a global practice primarily resources and mechanisms to effectively MR M B R SAFARI involving two countries in each individual address complaints raised by the affected MFA - KENYA case: the sending country and the destination members of diaspora when a dispute arises. country. For the sending country, the In particular, Kenyan domestic workers Introduction practice serves two main purposes; to ease endured physical, financial, and in some cases he African Union (AU) Commission the unemployment challenge and generate sexual maltreatment by their employers. definition of the African Diaspora is foreign income from remittances. Kenya is Various newspaper reports and social media Twide. It defines the African Diaspora both a key sending and destination country reports have aided Kenyan domestic workers as peoples of African origin living outside for labor migration. to voice their concern about the limited the continent, irrespective of their citizenship The challenges faced by many of the access to dispute resolution and mediation, and nationality. It further states that they are Kenyan migrant lies in those who travel given their exclusion from the governing people who are willing to contribute to the abroad as semi skilled and and unskilled labor law in the host country. This illustrates development of the continent. Through its labours. This stems from the manner in which the institutional, administrative, and policy constitutive Act, the African Union considers the country has turned many of its technical challenges facing both governments in the Diaspora to be the “sixth region” of the institutions into universities and therefore effectively regulating and addressing the continent.This article will focus on modern very little hands on training is imparted on labor complaints raised by migrants. migration, opportunities and challenges the Kenyan students before going on to the faced by the African diaspora in general and workforce. Another challenge lies in its lack Challenges emanating from Kenya and specifically those from Kenya. of policies for the protection of the migrant the U.A.E. can be summarised as follows:- Modern migration is seen to occur due workers. to a number of reasons, namely, economic Recruitment Practices looking for better livelihoods; political The Kenya-UAE Migration Corridor Illegal and unethical recruitment practices strife-leading to refugees, asylum seekers and Policies remain rampant, posing challenges for and many more. This, has come with new Kenyan migration to the United Arab the Government. Unlicensed recruitment challenges and opportunities for African Emirates (U.A.E.) illustrates the challenges agencies or brokers in Kenya continue to governments and its people as Africa interact facing labor sending and receiving countries deploy significant numbers of migrants with other states, international organizations on worker protection. The U.A.E. is one in-spite of a government ban on recruitment and multinationals. of the largest trading partners for Kenya in or deployment of Kenyan to the Middle East Kenya in the recent past has become a the Middle East, and is also the preferred in general. regional hub for irregular transit migration destination for Kenyan migrants, due to towards South Africa, the Middle East, perceived higher wages, better living and Contract Substitutions North Africa, West Africa, Europe and North working conditions, and the country’s Like other migrant workers in the America. This is further compounded by the Middle East region, Kenyans often face ever growing educated youthful population contract substitutions either at origin or in Africa in general and Kenya in particular. destination, whereby agents—both legal As the local labour market gets saturated and illegal—deliberately provide false the African youth and indeed the Kenyan contract information and lure prospective youth are increasingly seeking employment applicants to accept the employment offer. opportunities beyond the borders where both This asymmetric information has not only skilled and unskilled labour force is in high resulted in labor abuses (i.e. false promises demand. In the Kenyan context the bulk of and cheating) within the market, but also has the Kenyan migrant labour is mainly destined

44 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 45 negatively affected the wages, and, in some cases, triggered the early recruitment costs, shifting the responsibility for payment to the departure of migrants from the Gulf countries. recruitment agencies, except for a service fee that should not exceed 25 percent of the workers’ first monthly salary. Lack of Bilateral Labor Agreements In 2009, Kenya drafted an overall migration policy, followed the Despite signing a trade agreement in 2011 and despite the increasing next year by a national labor migration policy. These policies, which presence of Kenyan domestic workers in the United Arab Emirates, remain in draft form, encompass the deployment of Kenyan workers, the two governments have not signed a labor accord. Furthermore, their labor rights and protections while abroad, and reintegration. there has been no public reporting of labor protections for Kenyan In 2015, Kenya implemented a diaspora policy focused on migrant workers in existing bilateral agreements or diplomatic harnessing the potential of its nationals abroad to contribute to the discussions. Given domestic workers’ exclusion from national labor country’s economic development. The policy seeks to facilitate law protections in the middle east countries, the lack of an established remittance inflows. bilateral labor agreement remains a critical gap in protection. Despite these mechanisms proposed to enhance the protection of workers abroad, Kenya has not developed a comprehensive strategy Tackling the Challenge-Emerging Policy Framework to address reported labor abuses, particularly in the Middle East Recognizing the growing economic importance of its diaspora, region. Kenya has not created the same protection infrastructure as Kenya has begun work on legislation to address issues surrounding key migrant-sending Asian countries, such as an official labor and emigration. In 2007, the government sought to curb recruitment welfare office, safe shelter houses, and other protection initiatives. malpractices by enacting the Labor Institutions Act, which regulates Furthermore, Kenya lacks detailed strategies and capacity for cross-border recruitment by private employment agencies, including implementation of its regulations. The lack of such labor laws, the registration requirements, agents’ obligations, and penalties for policies, and institutions paves the way for systematic labor abuses violations. The law’s subsequent amendments in 2014 regulated and creates an exploitative space for recruitment agencies. THE THIRTEEN DIVINE MIRACLES IN SINAI place in the world. Those miracles happened This miracle happened in the same place when prophet Moses and the Israeli People and at the similar time like the previous one. escaped from Pharaoh to Sinai on their way After Moses had dropped the cane to the to the Promised Land. ground and it converted to a snake, Moses was afraid of it. Allah Almighty ordered him The first miracle: Allah’s Almighty to pick it saying do not be afraid we will get Speech to prophet Moses: it back to its first shape (Sura: Taha - Verse: Allah Almighty spoke to Prophet Moses, 22) and (Sura: Al-Naml - Verse: 12). peace may be upon him in Sinai directly without inspiration or sending a messenger The Fourth Miracle: The Miracle of as what happened with all other prophets Sea Fission: and messengers (Sura: Al Shura - Verse: When Moses and his people left Egypt 51). Prophet Moses peace may be upon escaping from pharaoh, he pursued them him talked to Allah Almighty and took his with enormous number of his soldiers. When messages directly (Sura: Al Nesaa - Verse: they became close to Moses and the people 164). BRIG A A DERAR EGYPT DEFENCE FORCES The second Miracle: The Miracle of the cane which happened in the gypt is the gift which Allah Almighty same place at the same time. gave to the earth. It is the only It was the cane which converted to a snake Ecountry that Allah had honored with when Moses drupped on the ground (Sura: five mentions in his Holy book. We have Taha - Verse: 17-21) that was repeated twice to be proud of that. Sinai Peninsula which after that. The second time was in front of represents 6% of Egypt’s area had honor the Pharaoh with presence of Aaron Moses’ and consecration in all Holy Books as it brother (Sura: Taha - Verse: 58-59).While was mentioned in the Quran by mentioning the time was in front of the wizards, Pharaoh, Sinai and the Tor Mountain twelve times in his followers, and all the people (Sura: Taha addition to the Sura of “Al Tor” in the Quran. - Verse: 69-71) Sinai it called the sacred land because it contains the provender tree in St. Catherin, The Third Miracle: The Miracle of the the sacred valley (Tua) and thirteen Divine White Hand: miracles had not happened in any other

44 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 45 of Israel, Moses called his god and then the Appearance or transfiguration of Egyptians. The people of Israel worshipped sea was split giving Moses and his followers Allah Almighty in Sinai: it when Moses went to speak with Allah the ability to cross to Sinai. When Pharaoh This miracle happened at “Al Tor” Mountain in the determined appointment. When the and his soldiers tried to follow them they when Moses spoke to Allah saying let me Moses came back and asked about what drowned in the sea in front of Moses and his see you, O Allah. Allah responded to him happened, he applied the laws on Samaritan followers (Sura: Al Shoaraa - Verse 63-67) saying you would not see me but look at the by abandoning him and prevent anyone from and (Sura: Al Baqara - Verse: 50) mountain and you would see me. When speaking to him. Moses took the Golden-calf Allah appeared on the mountain Moses and burnt it. After the calf melted Moses The Fifth Miracle: The Miracle of kneeled to the ground. That appearance did dropped it in the water to prevent the people not happen in any place on the earth of Israel from finding it once again (Sura: except for Sinai as the earth adhered with the Taha- Verse: 83-88) and (Sura: Taha - Verse: sky. Allah gave Moses an appointment after 95-98). thirty days and then he made them forty. When Moses offered his penitence to Allah, The Twelfth Miracle: The Miracle of “Al Tor” mountain came back as it was Moses ordered them on behalf of before (Sura: Al Aaraf - Verse: 142-143). Allah almighty to slaughter a cow: Moses said to the people of Israel that Allah The Ninth Miracle: The Miracle of almighty ordered them slaughter a cow the Death of the People of Israel by and they had to obey but they asked and Lightening and Resurrecting them doubted why Allah asked them to do so. Again: Then it was revealed that there was a man In addition, this miracle happened in “Al had been killed and they sheltered the killer Tor” mountain when some of the seventy to avoid Allah’s law from being applied to experts of Israel went with Moses, Aaron him. Allah followed this method to awake and Joshua to apologize to Allah because their consciences, he ordered them to hit the some of the people of Israel had worshipped victim with a part of the cow, then the victim the calf. When Moses finished his speech resurrected and referred to who killed him Manna and Quail: with Allah Almighty, the clouds went away (Sura : Al Baqara). Allah Almighty wanted to respond to Moses and Moses came back to them, they said request to provide them with food after what we would not believe until we see Allah The Thirteenth Miracle: The Miracle they had run out. Then, he dropped manna openly. Lightening broke out from “Al Tor” of Moses acquittal and moving the and quail on them, manna is a substance mountain killed them all and then Allah Stone: similar to honey was coming from the Almighty resurrected them again (Sura: Al There were rumors about Moses with fake sky as if it was raining, its taste was like Baqara - Verse: 55-56). accusations of adultery suffering from honey. Quail is a bird that came to them in vitiligo or having a swelling in his testicles. swarms about to cover the earth because of The Tenth miracle: The Miracle of Prophet Moses was shy, he did not take its enormous numbers (Sura: Taha - Verse “Al Tor” Mountain rising above the off his clothes. Allah wanted to show that 80-81) and (Sura: Al Baqara - Verse: 57) people of Israel: Moses is innocent. One day Moses went to It is the third miracle for “Al Tor” mountain. the sea to wash up and he left his clothes on The Sixth Miracle: It is a supernatural and not imaginable a stone on the shore. when he left the water The Miracle of the Explosion of the miracle. When Moses came with the tablets to take on his clothes the stone moved with Twelve Water Wells in Sinai: of Torah he ordered his people to accept it the clothes. Moses ran after the stone until After Moses peace may be upon him and the and comply with its laws strictly. They said it stopped behind a hill where the people people of Israel crossed the Sea and survived “Show us its laws first if it was simple and of Israel had gathered. Then, they saw him from Pharaoh and his soldiers, they ran out easy we would accept it and if it was not without clothes and realized that he did not of water. They were about to die along with we would not accept it”. He said you have have any injures or defects (Sura: Al Ahzab their livestock, so they asked Moses to save to accept it as it is with its laws but they - Verse: 69). them. Allah ordered Moses to hit the stone debated with him repeatedly. He complained with his cane, then twelve water wells the to Allah Almighty, so Allah ordered angels number of sons of the prophet Jacob peace to raise “Al Tor” mountain above their heads may be upon him were exploded. A well as if it was a shadow. Moses told them if for each branch of the people of Israel. The they did not accept all the laws, the mountain remains of those wells are still in the area would be dropped on your heads and they of ‘Ayoun Mosa” in the south of Suez city were ordered to kneel, they kneeled while (Sura: Al Baqara - Verse: 60). they were watching the mountain. Kneeling became a tradition for Jewish people until The Seventh Miracle: The Miracle of now (Sura: Al Nesaa - Verse: 163), (Sura: al the Cloud: Aaraf - Verse: 171), (Sura: Al Baqara - Verse: When the heat of the sun increased in Sinai 63-64) and (Sura: Al Baqara - Verse: 93). when the people of Israel were walking there Allah Almighty sent a cloud to give The Eleventh Miracle: The Miracle of them shadow and protection of the sun’s heat the Roaring of the Golden-calf: (Sura: Al Baqara - Verse: 57) The Golden-calf was made by the Samaritan from the Gold which they had stolen from The Eighth Miracle: The Miracle of the

46 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 47 MILITARY CONTRIBUTION TO NATION BUILDING: RDF CITIZEN OUTREACH PROGRAMME

minister of health giving an example of their progress through foreign support, it is RDF doctors urged other health workers the citizens of those countries who used their to emulate RDF approach in offering swift hands and brains to reach the development services. levels they are enjoying today. The point The minister said, “This is what medical here is, if others can do it- so can we. doctors and nurses should learn; to offer The village is connected with electricity quality care to our patients, and with and water, it also has a primary, secondary sacrifice; without expecting other rewards schools, hospital and sporting facilities. The because there is no better reward than seeing village was built by the RDF under the ‘three your patient going back home in good months’ outreach integrated programme. shape,” This is in line with the country’s move to She pointed out that a larger number of relocate people from high risk areas that are patients had come to the hospital than before: disaster prone to disasters and settle them “This this shows that they are expecting in well planned settlements. It is expected COL C M MUJUNI good and quick services from RDF doctors.” that 754 families will be relocated to the RWANDA DEFENCE FORCES Ideally, since the country is well Herezo model village built by Rwanda ation building is a responsibility of protected, it is ideal to start broadening Defense Force. This is linked to the overall every citizen of Rwanda; however, security scope in the country. As time goes government development program aimed in as far as the government is by, the word security broadens in meaning. at promoting the welfare of the citizens N Security should be mirrored in health, self- which is in line with attaining Sustainable concerned it is a multi-agency responsibility. Rwanda Defence Force as the people’s sufficiency, education for our children, and Development Goals (SDGs). force has the mandate of guaranteeing and social welfare among others. As mentioned Finally, the RDF is aspiring to break the securing territorial integrity of the country. In in the preceding sections, good health is colonial mentality where military personnel addition, the Rwanda Defense Force (RDF) a requirement to nation-building. Good were kept in barracks waiting to fight wars. has other critical roles to play in Nation health and knowledge are a critical tool in The force has embarked on re-defining building. In this regard, the Ministry of promoting and developing all aspects of a National Security with a larger scope that Defence of Rwanda in April 2018 launched nation. entails; health, self-sufficiency, education, the “RDF Citizen Outreach Programme’’ Apparently, the RDF outreach program and social welfare. This is what defines previously known as “Army Week”. is aimed at entrenching the values of self- the peoples’ defense force- which always The programme involves treating and reliance in an effort to win the developmental keeps in its sight the people’s well being and operating diseases mainly focusing on goals of the Nation. security. dental, oral and visual ailments, orthopedics, All developed countries did not attain women and paediatric cases inter-lia, in health field. The programme also takes care of other social amenities like, road construction works, increasing the number of class rooms country wide and environmental protection. Nation building is not an easy undertaking, it requires citizens who are healthy and knowledgeable. This is what inspired the RDF to first focus on building and strengthening health and education base in conjunction with other critical issues like infrastructure and environmental protection. In the year 2018, the Rwanda Defense Referral Hospital targets about 113,000 Rwandan patients with different ailments countrywide who will access free health attention as part of the outreachprogramme. Gen Patrick Nyamvumba calls upon the residents to work with RDF through its Citizen At the launch of the programme, the Outreach Programme for the country’s development Source: RDF website

46 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 47 SOCIAL MEDIA The world has witnessed an increase in a platforms have been widely used as the number of unemployed youth. Social media primary platform for propaganda among has been widely used in connecting, and many terror outfits finding job as well as business opportunities. During the 2013 Westgate Mall attack in Employers find employees and unemployed Nairobi, the terrorists used Twitter to provide find work. Social media sites have created real-time communication on how they were thousands of jobs and new avenues of income carrying out their heinous acts. as well Through Social Media, terror groups On the contrary research has proven that discover potential recruits whom they while grades did improve for light users, encourage to cut ties with mainstream the grades of students who are heavy users influences such as families, friends and of social media tend to deteriorate. Other religious communities. Once recruited the negative effects of social media are both often-naïve recruits are encouraged to take physical and mental. Excessive use of social their conversations into encrypted messaging media can change ones perception of the platforms that are designed to hide identity. COL S J MUTUKU world and self, scientific research has also They allow users to send encrypted messages proved that spending too long on social anonymously, which makes it almost networking sites could adversely affecting impossible for security agents to track them efinition; forms of electronic mood. People in this category have in fact, down. communication (such as websites reported poor mental health, including Terror groups have also used Social for social networking and micro- symptoms of anxiety and depression. On top Media to spread fear and propaganda through D of increased rates of anxiety and depression news bulletins that are free of any legal or blogging) through which users create online communities to share information, ideas, is poor sleep. ethical reporting standards. They broadcast personal messages, and other content (such Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) is a grotesque images of beheadings, for instance, as videos) phenomenon that was born at the same and while the supporters are enthralled by the The social media has continued to time as Facebook—and it’s one of the most mindless executions, the potential victims are increasingly occupy the space of most people common negative effects of social media. gripped by overwhelming fear. Nevertheless, across the globe. FOMO is basically a form of anxiety that however horrendous a terror strike may be, Social media has become prominent part a frequent user of social media gets when graphic videos of decapitations, suicide of our everyday life. Most people engage scared of missing out on a positive experience bombings and public shootings get millions with social media without assessing what or emotions that someone else is getting. of views on social media sites. the effects are. However, whether positive Social media sites harms employees’ Sexual predators are known to find, stalk, or negative social media whose main aim productivity quite a great deal it’s no wonder and assault victims through social media, is to increase social interaction has actually many office computers have a number of while security attacks such as hacking, created distance between even those closest. sites whose access has been denied and identity theft, and viruses and exposure to A family unit living under one roof could or restricted. ‘Toxic’ use of social media phishing scams are common via social media. easily have a typical day in which everyone is can harm employment and prospects. Job Extensive online engagement is correlated more involved with these electronic ‘gadgets’ recruiters check a prospective employee’s with personality and brain disorders like poor than is with the rest of the family. social media accounts, and things like poor social skills, narcissistic tendencies and a However, there are a number of positive spelling or grammar, racism, sexism, poor need for instant gratification. Addictive aspects associated with social media, for health, references to alcohol or drugs, sexual behaviors and other emotional distress like instance in education, teachers are able to and extremist religious content. Security depression and loneliness. Paradoxically, easily collaborate and communicate with attacks such as hacking, identity theft, and social media sites can make us not only more students. Students have easy, access to viruses are common. Criminals use social capable but also more inept. We sometimes resources online to help them learn. A large media to commit crimes. share too much with too many, and we have number of these users report that they use Kenyan youths among others across the to be conscious of that. social networking to discuss educational globe have increasingly been radicalized and Social media is often described as being topics. recruited into terror groups through social more addictive than cigarettes and alcohol. On the Political front, social media media. Terrorists use various social media In many instances, it is clear that social facilitates political change. Information platforms to inspire their sympathizers and media has become integral part of human life. spreads faster online than any other media. instill fear as well. These platforms have We see people checking smart phones every A large number of people across the globe been used to give instructions on how to two minutes, looking for the latest tweet or who have access to this platform learn about join militant groups, and how to make and status update. It’s important yet difficult to breaking news on social media. On the other assemble destructive components by use of retain the attitude that these sites may be hand, the ‘Y’ generation indicate that social dual purpose ingredients such as fertilizers useful, but that’s all they should remain— media has helped in their interactions. and industrial chemicals. Social media tools, not lifestyles.

48 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 49 THE IMPORTANCE OF MARITIME DOMAIN AWARENESS IN KENYA’S MARITIME SECURITY

In this regard the objective of the MDA is maritime domain due to the vast amount of maximum information collection which space to be covered. This hiccup may be when translated to intelligence will give addressed by proficient flow of information knowledge about movement of all platforms which will result in rapid responses to any in the country’s waters. The actionable maritime incidents or emergencies. Effective information is used by the rightful maritime knowledge will also assist in the inter-agency authorities in all those marine areas that coordination as well as coordination between may cause risks of damage to economic governments and the marine industry. Hence and ecological systems. As 80 per cent of it is one of the means to create a culture global trade by volume uses the oceans, of collaboration and cooperation amongst many criminals use the maritime domain to maritime security agencies. The cooperation undertake their unlawful activities. will eventually nurture confidence and trust MDA comprises the use of technological between all concerned agencies. Maritime aid such as Automatic Identification System domain awareness requires a coordinated COL S K SAEED (AIS), Long range radars, and Long effort between states, stakeholders and ...... range Unmanned Aerial Vehicles to better global partners. There is a fundamental understand maritime domain which will give challenge facing many states from capacity, nternational Maritime Organization’s rise to better law enforcement. The decision- information management to security. (IMO’s), and International Aeronautical makers’ effective understanding and The main challenge facing African Iand Maritime Search and Rescue comprehension of the intelligence allows maritime security is maritime domain (IAMSAR) Manual Volume III, defines them to take applicable action. The decision awareness due to surveillance technologies, Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) as makers will be aware of the obtaining information sharing, and shortage of vessels. “the effective understanding of anything situation and threats. The Situational This leads to various security challenges, associated with the maritime domain that awareness (observable) and Threat such as smuggling, piracy, illegal fishing, could impact the security, safety, economy, Awareness (anticipated) are the components and a multitude of other issues. The or environment.” Maritime Domain of the MDA. When these two components central problems of capacity, information Awareness (MDA) is very important to are brought together they give the decision management, and security need to be Kenya’s security campaign from the naval makers amalgamation of environmental recognised and addressed from the outset. perspective to maritime law enforcement. information, intelligence and operational Many African countries suffer from a kind As security personnel become more aware of information. The MDA will assist the of “sea blindness” - failure to appreciate the the maritime domain, it strengthens maritime decision makers to understand changes in central role the oceans and naval power have security in our country and to an extent the maritime domain, activities patterns and played in securing their strategic security transcends regionally and globally. potential threats which naval commanders and economic prosperity. Many of these Information awareness and information and law enforcers perform in broad range states failed to take active role in shaping sharing is the basis of Maritime Domain of missions. MDA is the cornerstone of the regional security order of the oceans to Awareness. The public agencies identified maritime security. promote their national interest. to lead this effort are the Kenya Maritime Activities at sea need to be known MDA concerned with a nation’s maritime Authority (KMA), the Naval force, Maritime and is one of the mainstays of successful safety and security interests. Achieving the Police Unit and possibly in future the maritime security governance. Effective needed level of Maritime Domain Awareness “Kenya’s Coast Guard.” The MDA is a knowledge may only be established by is a challenge that calls for partnerships current debate topic. The Oceans covers over having a institution that integrates data across all public agencies, as well as with 71% of the earth’s space and many coastal on maritime activity and analyses. These private interests. “No one nation has the states do not know what is happening in institutions share intelligence between resources required to provide safety and their neighborhoods. So why do security national and regional public and private security throughout the entire maritime personnel need to know MDA? With the maritime agencies. In Kenya this institution domain. Increasingly, governments, non- advent of piracy, trans-national criminal at the Mombasa seaport and also coordinates governmental organizations, international activities, and many other crimes, security search and rescue. organizations, and the private sector will personnel need real-time collection of Intelligence is the backbone of maritime form partnerships of common interests to information, and analysis of information operations which include law enforcement. counter these emerging threats” according to generated in order to provide actionable and Many developing countries have limited a Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Sea wide-ranging discernment of the situation in capacities to effectively monitor their power. order to reduce risks and operational efforts.

48 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 49 AMMUNITION PRODUCTION AT KENYA ORDNANCE FACTORIES CORPORATION: AN OVERVIEW OF THE APPLICATION OF A QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR GUARANTEED QUALITY ASSURANCE

he Kenya Ordnance Factories “Kenya Ordnance Factories Corporation Corporation (KOFC) is a State (KOFC) is committed to producing TCorporation under the Ministry of high quality small arms ammunition Defence mandated to carry out production through effective implementation of ISO of ammunition of various calibres as its 9001:2008 Standard requirements in core business. Ammunition production at order to consistently meet our customers’ KOFC involves various intricate processes requirements as well as to comply with both using a combination of different materials regulatory and statutory requirements. It and high precision production machines shall provide a framework for establishing operated by experienced competent and reviewing its quality objectives on production staff. This notwithstanding, yearly basis that continually improve the having the required materials, production effectiveness of the Quality Management machines and competent production staff System.” cannot guarantee the production of high Considering that the ammunition quality end products. In order to guarantee production process is automated, and ensure that the ammunition produced COL C N MATHENGE one of the requirements of the ISO meets the required quality standards, 9001:2008 Standard is to ensure valid KOFC undertakes small arms ammunition KENYA ARMY results throughout the quality control production guided by the implementation processes. To achieve this, KOFC ensures According to the International of a Quality Management System (QMS) that specific production machines and Standards Organization, ISO 9001:2008 according to International Standards measuring/test equipments are calibrated International Standard is used to assess an Organization (ISO) 9001:2008 Standard or verified by KEBS at required specified organization’s ability to meet customers’, requirements in all its ammunition intervals prior to use at the Factory. statutory and regulatory requirements production processes. Calibration for portable devices is done applicable to the product and the The Corporation was first ISO certified at the firm’s Metrology Laboratory organization’s own requirements. QMS on 14th July 2006 for a three year span in Nairobi while for the non-portable was also developed by the International by Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS). devices/machines, it is carried out on site Organization for Standardization and Successive recertifications have taken at the Factory. Continuous calibration of comprises a set of requirements that place after every three years. Before specific production machines, measuring/ reflect time-proven, universally accepted recertification, external surveillance audits test equipments, interpretation of data good business practices, the majority of are conducted by KEBS for verification indicating the state and correctness of the which are mandatory. Related standards of compliance and conformity to the equipment is critical. This confirms and utilize the ISO 9001 framework and requirements of the Quality Management ensures that required maintenance has have additional industry specific System being implemented by the been undertaken to forestall unexpected requirements such as products’ technical Corporation. machines and equipment downtime, specifications. QMS aims to ensure expensive damage, loss of production and that an organization consistently meets unwarranted accidents to staff. customers’ requirements by controlling Production of small arms ammunition the main processes such as sales orders, at KOFC is undertaken in conformity to production, inspection and delivery. This NATO and WARSAW military standards. is achieved through consistency in all According to Small Arms Survey, related processes coupled with continual (Independent Research Project based in performance improvement. Switzerland) these are standards originally To guarantee high quality ammunition set by NATO and the former Warsaw products, KOFC continues to implement Pact Countries each of which focuses on 3 main quality procedures focusing on specific calibres. The standards include Procurement Quality Specifications a list of requirements which need to (PQS), In-Process Quality Controls (IQC) be fulfilled in relation to the respective and Delivery Acceptance Specifications physical characteristics and technical (DAS). The Corporation has also adopted performances. KOFC ammunition and remains guided by the following comprises small arms live and training Quality Policy which is actualised through ammo namely; 7.62 x 51mm Ball, 7.62 x the implementation of the forementioned 51mm Ball – Linked, 7.62 x 51mm Blank quality procedures.

50 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 51 Star, 7.62 x 39mm Ball, 5.56 x 45mm Ball , 5.56 x 45 mm Ball – Linked, 5.56 x 45mm Blank Star, 9 x 19mm Parabellum and .308 KOFC Target Master. These ammunition products are mainly produced for the Kenya Defence Forces, other entities namely; National Police Service, National Intelligence Service, Kenya Pisons Service, Kenya Wildlife Service, Kenya Forest Service and various licensed commercial arms/ammunition dealers. Foreign customers include the United Nations, African Nations and other International markets on order. During the production processes, the products undergo verification according to the applicable Quality Assurance Provisions (QAPs) at each and every stage of the process. Verification checks are conducted by the respective machine operators/setters and quality assurance technicians along the Production Line. The outcome of every verification check is documented in data recording sheets which are unique to each production stage and ammunition type. If the results conform to the required QMS standards, production is given the green light ammunition products to satisfy local and international customers’ to continue. However, should non-confomity be noted beyond the requirements/expectations by ensuring that all provisions of acceptable thresholds, production is discontinued for the required ISO 9001:2008 Standard and QMS are adhered to. Key to the rectification to be undertaken. The 100% Visual Inspection and implementation of the embraced QMS is customer satisfaction, 100% Automatic Machine Gauging which involve verification of consistency and continual performance improvement in all all parameters for each ammunition product are critical quality processes right from the onset related to the Procurement Quality assurance checks in the production process. The overall aim of Specifications, In-process Controls and Delivery Acceptance applying the QAPs is to ensure that all ammunition produced Specifications. is of guaranteed high quality and meets Customers’ products’ Further, KOFC’s strategy is to continue upgrading and expectations in terms of quality and performance. modernizing critical Production Machines/Production Lines while In conclusion, KOFC has significantly benefited by maintaining maintaining a competent workforce in tandem with evolving an effective QMS in terms of improved standards of production technology now and in the future. This will ensure enhanced and operational efficiency, enhanced customer satisfaction and production capacity to not only meet set objectives, but to also continual performance improvement of all internal processes. The enable effective and efficient support to the manufacturing pillar Corporation continues to guarantee the production of high quality in the Big 4 Agenda. PLAYING GOLF: WHY IT IS AN EXPENSIVE SPORT Shepard, an astronaut on Apollo 14, pulled central region. Others are located near major out a make-shift six-iron (golf club) and urban centres of Mombasa, Nakuru, Eldoret hit two golf balls on the lunar surface. It is and Kisumu. Only 19 out of 47 counties in generally accepted that the modern day golf the country have golf courses. This is partly developed and was played in Scotland in the because, apart from the high initial costs that 15th Century. goes to acquisition of a big track of land, Golf is a club-and-ball sport in which designing and constructing a standard golf players use various clubs to hit a ball into a course comes with a huge financial outlay. series of holes on a large open-air course in Maintenance of golf courses (grounds) also as few strokes as possible. A standard golf requires a lot of resources. course has eighteen (18) holes comprising of The game is managed by the Kenya Golf the ‘tee box’, the ‘fairway’ and the ‘putting Union (KGU) that controls the affairs of green’. It is played under strict rules and golf clubs and promotes the interest of the procedures and attracts penalties in case of game. Junior Golf Foundation (JGF) runs rule infractions. A player must also adhere and promotes junior golf affairs while Golf MR M GICHERU to a standard golf etiquette which dictates the Talent Foundation (GTF) has the role of MINISTRY OF INTERIOR AND COORDINATION OF competitors’ behavior while on the course. mentoring and nurturing young golfers. NATIONAL GOVERNMENT - KENYA The history of golf in Kenya dates back To start playing golf requires substantial to the colonial era when the game was financial commitments and therefore it has olf was the first sport to be played on exclusively played by white settlers. There for a long time been a preserve of those the moon’s surface. This happened are about 42 golf clubs in Kenya today which who are considered affluent. The expenses Gon 6th February 1971 when Alan are concentrated within Nairobi and the involved for one to become a member of

50 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 51 a club have made it impossible for many annum. This also comes with a requirement a tournament. The caddies, who have basic prospective golfers to access golf courses. for members to patronize the club regularly. golf training, assists golfers during play. A However, in Kenya, the Kenya Golf Union, To start playing golf, a club member is golfer must also acquire a golf trolley that the Junior Golf Foundation and the Golf expected to undergo basic golf training as aids a caddie in carrying the golf equipment Talent Foundation have been making efforts well as the acquisition of necessary golfing along the fairway. to demystify the game by advocating for equipment. A beginner will be required Another cost goes to the golfer’s insurance introduction of public golf clubs. to pay golf instruction fees which are cover-although it is not a mandatory There are a number of factors that makes charged per lesson. Golf instructor’s total requirement. However, an insurance cover playing golf an expensive affair. First, golf charges depends on the number of lessons a is necessary because it covers the players can only be played in golf courses which trainee will undergo plus the cost of hiring in case of injury or damage to equipment are open strictly to members only. Since equipment to be used during the sessions. during a round of golf. golf courses are few and exclusive, the Acquiring golf playing equipment is Most golf clubs also offer other sporting first hurdle for a prospective golfer is the another major financial undertaking although and entertainment facilities within their prohibitive golf club membership fees. Club a member can hire the same from other premises. These include swimming pools, membership is categorized as either single, golfers. The cost of a golf kit ranges between gymnasiums, tennis courts, squash, darts family or corporate. Ksh.60,000 to over Ksh.500,000. The basic and pool tables. However, members can only The process of registering as a new equipment includes a set of fourteen (14) access these facilities after paying prescribed member begins with the payment of an clubs, balls, golf bag, gloves, towels and charges. application fee which is followed by a other accessories that are used during a golf Therefore, a prospective golfer, must rigorous vetting process and includes a session. The cost of new equipment varies be ready to pay the membership entry fee, prospective member’s formal introduction depending on their quality and brand. annual subscription fees, training fees, by an existing club member. An applicant’s Golf rules also dictates the type of buy golf clubs, pay green fees and caddie background information, occupation and attire to be worn on the course during a charges, acquire golf attire and other charges personal credentials are then scrutinized tournament. Appropriate golf wear includes before joining the golfers’ club. and verified by clubs’ members. The golf a special spike-less shoe which is designed A former Kenya Golf Union chairman, club then has a right to either admit or deny specifically for golfing. This is due tothe Mr. Richard Wanjalla, had this to say membership depending on the outcome of delicate nature of the ‘putting greens’. The concerning the cost of playing golf. “It is the vetting process. shoes are highly priced and are unaffordable because of the expenses involved for one Once cleared for admission, an applicant to many prospective golfers. Other necessary to become a member of a club, that made has to pay a membership fee and the amount items of clothing needed during a game of me realize that, the only other way we can depends on the status (category) of the golf golf are a short sleeve shirt and a cap. Denim increase the number of golfers in the country club. The membership fees are generally jeans trousers are not allowed in the golf and by extension introduce the game of golf prohibitive and hence a major hurdle to many course. to the rest of Kenyans, was to introduce potential golfers who cannot afford the same. For a golfer to be allowed to participate in public courses. I am very sure that if golf The membership entry fee can range from a round of golf (session), a mandatory ‘green is taken to the rural areas of Kenya, it will Ksh.80,000 for low category clubs to above fee’ must be paid. The fee, which varies attract many young people and we are likely Ksh.1million for exclusive clubs. Those from one golf club to another, goes towards to discover lots of talent”. who can afford the fees are then allowed the maintenance of the golf course grounds, The cumulative costs that a prospective access to the club’s facilities but must also fairways and putting greens. golfer is expected to bear before joining a pay an annual subscription fees in order to Another mandatory charge during a round golf club makes playing golf an expensive keep their membership active. Annual fees of golf is the caddie fee which goes to the affair. ranges from Ksh.20,000 to Ksh.50,000 per person who carries the golf bag/club during

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NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE P. O. Box 24381- 00502, NAIROBI, KENYA Tel: +254 (020) 3883549, +254 (020) 2606230 Fax: +254 (020) 3883552 Email: [email protected] Website:www.ndc.go.ke