landings laget’s

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LANDINGS LAGET 96th YEAR 1910-2006

President’s Hilsen Fra Sandra Hendrickson

May is here and that means it’s time to turn our thoughts to and although she didn’t learn to make lefse from a Norwegian the summer stevne. This year it is coordinated by the mother or grandmother, she tried her best to supply the family Hadeland Lag and will be held at the Holiday Inn in Sioux with this Norwegian specialty during the holidays. When my Falls, South Dakota. The stevne information, including the husband and I were married she learned how to make schedule of events is included in this newsletter. There are kransekake to serve at our wedding reception. She and my many excellent classes scheduled, plus a Wednesday afternoon father-in-law were regulars at the local lutefisk suppers, but I tour of local attractions. The schedule is changed slightly from think she always ate the meatballs. I think it might have been a the usual format so read the information carefully. You won’t brother-in-law of Polish descent who got them started on the want to miss out on something that is of interest to you. “lutefisk circuit”. He loved to eat that tasty fish, but my in-laws never could become accustomed to it. I guess everyone has a This year our lag responsibility is hospitality. You will limit to just how far they can go! Dorothy will be missed and notice in the enclosed information that the hospitality room is remembered fondly by all who knew her. nd located on the 2 floor of the Holiday Inn and that it will be open for much of the stevne. We will be working with the Our lag has many members who are not Landings Telelag at keeping the room staffed, keeping the coffee pot on, themselves, but are married to Landings. These spouses may extending a welcome to all, and offering respite for the weary. not be Norwegian at all, but please know that we are happy to If you have been given the gift of hospitality and would like to have you as a part of us. We appreciate your efforts to promote assist your lag in this way, please contact me and let me know the heritage of and of Land. when you are available to help out. We welcome a family of new members to Landingslag: Terry The Hadeland lag has invited us to be their guests at a picnic Sateren, his brothers Mark and Roald, and his sister Kirsten. lunch following our annual meeting on Saturday morning. I look Terry has volunteered to write of his ancestors for future news- forward to our picnics because they give us an opportunity to letters (one ancestor being Peder Aadnes) and he has contributed relax and become better acquainted with our fellow lag members. an article to this edition of the newsletter. Be sure to read “The This year our banquet will once again be held on Friday evening, Torpings Declaration Against Luxury” that appears on page 11. so our picnic on Saturday marks the end of the stevne. Hilsen Fra Sandy Those members who attend the stevne always have a wonderful time. There is a lot to do: family research, classes, tours of the area, good entertainment, and an opportunity to meet other American Landings who share a common heritage. Welcome New Members I encourage you to join us and get in on the fun! Sioux Falls is of Landings Laget: a beautiful and interesting city so I think y u will be pleased that Kirsten Sateren Bergherr -Eagan, MN you decided to make the trip. Mark L. Sateren - Minneapolis, MN On a personal note , my mother-in-law died this week. She Roald E. Sateren – St. Paul, MN was the only non-Norwegian grandparent that my children had, but she did her part to promote Norwegian heritage in her Terry Sateren – Seattle, WA home. She cooked komle for her family’s Christmas dinner, 1

SEVEN-LAG STEVNE REGISTRATION FORM July 12-15, 2006, Holiday Inn Centre, Sioux Falls, SD

______Phone______Email______PRINT FULL NAME/s for badges

Street______City______State___ ZIP______

Stevne Registration Fee: $23 per person (for one or all three days) X ___ persons = $______Admission to stevne sessions, genealogy room and all classes and presentations

Friday Evening Banquet and Program: $21 per person X ___ persons = $______Served torsk and meatball dinner at the Holiday Inn Centre, drawing for vendor prizes

Lodging and Meals: Please make your own arrangements.

General Tour: 1:00 PM, Wednesday. $19 per person X ___ persons = $______Bus tour to area sites via air-conditioned motor coach, includes afternoon coffee during tour and supper at Renner Lutheran Church.

EROS Tour:* 2:00 PM, Thursday. X____ person(s) Organized self-driving car tour to EROS Data Center near Garretson, SD. No charge but because it is a federal facility they need to know how many people will be there a month ahead of time.

Cinedome film – “The Vikings”: 5:30-6:15 p.m., Thursday. $5 per person X ____ persons = $______Washington Pavilion Cinedome, 11th and Main, Sioux Falls

Beginners Hardanger class. ____ Thursday afternoon class ____ Friday morning class Please check on the blanks above which session you prefer to attend. $5 for cloth, floss and instructor. Bring needles and embroidery scissors or buy on site. $______

TOTAL = $______

Mail this form with check, payable to Landings Lag, to: Charles Hauck (Please mail before Thursday, June 15, 2006**) 2902 Wicken Ln. NW (No refunds after July 5, 2006) Alexandria, MN 56308

Please mail no later than Thursday, June 15* No refunds after July 5, 2006

*If you are planning to participate in the EROS (Earth Resources Observation Systems) Tour, mail in your Registration Form by FRIDAY, JUNE 9, in order to give us time to give them an alphabetical list of participants by June 12. EROS Data Center is one of five field centers operated by the National Mapping Division of the USGS, a bureau of the Dept. of the Interior. The staff use a variety of complex computer systems to process earth science data.

(Use a photocopy of this page if you don’t want to lose the first page of this newsletter or request a copy via email from Ann Edwards at [email protected]) 2

FROM THE FJORDS TO THE FALLS 7 Lag Stevne July 12 – 15

Holiday Inn Centre - 100 W. Eighth St., Sioux Falls, SD $80.00 room rate, plus tax - double or king. Be sure to mention the "7 Lag Stevne" when making your reservations. Go to http://stevne.hadelandlag.org/ for more complete information on Stevne: schedule, Holiday Inn Floor plan, maps, lodging, transportation and local attractions in Sioux Falls – or write to Ann Edwards at [email protected] with any questions, including other hotels in the area.) Campgrounds: Red Barn Campground (47003 272 Street); Sioux Falls Kamp Dakota/Goos RV Sales (I-90 and Highway 38, Exit 390, 6 miles west of I29); Spader KOA Sioux Falls (I90 at Cliff Ave., Exit 399, PO Box 963); Tower Campground (4609 W 12 St.); Westwick Motel & RV Park (5801 W 12 St.); Yogi Bear Camp Resort of Sioux Falls (I-90 Exit 402). Program Schedule for the 2006 Seven Lag Stevne (The final schedule will be included in your registration packet.)

Wednesday, July 12, 2006 10:15 - 10:45am Coffee Break International Room - ground floor 10:45 - 12:00 "Three Voices: 9:00am – 5:00pm Hospitality Room 1:00pm Tour - Butterfly House, nd Pioneer Buildings at Augustana Speaking from the Past" - Lilah – 2 floor College, East Nidaros Church Pengra, Geraldine Goes in Center, 8:00am - 5:00pm Vendors - Embassy w/coffee, Renner Lutheran Church – Joyce Jefferson - Starlite Ballroom - Room - ground floor includes supper 10th floor 8:30 - 9:30am "2005 Norway 12:00 – 5:00am Registration – Pictures" - DeLos Olson - Burgundy 6:30 - 8:30pm Registration – main main floor Room - 10th floor floor 12:30 - 8:30pm Genealogy – 9:45 – 12:45pm Hardanger Class 7:00 - 8:30pm Open House - main International Room - ground floor - Betty Knutson - Board Room - 8 floor - International Room 12:00 noon - 10:00pm Hospitality persons for a 3 hr class - ground floor 7:00 - 8:30pm Genealogy - main room - 2nd floor 9:45 -10:45am "Hadeland floor - International Room 1:00 - 4:00pm Hardanger Class Immigrant Identification Project" - 6:00 - 10:00pm Hospitality Room – - Betty Knutson - Board Room - 8 Verlyn Anderson - Burgundy Room - 2nd floor persons for a 3 hr class - ground floor 10th floor 1:00 – 2:00 – "Vikings Old and New" 11:00am - 12:00 "Relations between - Carl R. Sunde - Burgundy Room the U.S. and Norway" - Howard Thursday, July 13, 2006 10th floor Paulson, Norwegian Consulate - 8:00 – 9:00am Registration - Main 2:00pm EROS Tour - Meet in front Burgundy Room - 10th floor floor Lobby, Car pool, no charge, need to 1:00 - 2:00 pm "Bobbins & Pins" – 9:00 - 5.00pm Vendors –Embassy present ID and picture at EROS Marion Nilsson - Board Room - limit Room - main floor. For every $10.00 registration desk 12 persons spent in the Vendors room you will 2:15 – 3:15 – "Blank Spaces and 1:00 – 2:00 – "Norwegian Census receive a ticket for a vendor prize to be their Meaning” - A Cartograph Records on the Internet" - John drawn on Friday evening at the banquet. History of SD - Michael Mullin - Haugo - Burgundy Room - 10th floor You must be present to win. Burgundy Room 10th floor 2:15 - 3:15 – "Writing your Family 8:45 - 9:00 Gathering Music 3:30 – 4:30 – “Norwegian Wood History" - Gene Hanson - Burgundy 9:00 - 10:15am Opening Session Carving” – DeLos Olson - Burgundy Room - 10th floor Starlite Ballroom - 10th floor Room - 10th floor 2:15 – 3:15 – “Genealogy Resources & Presentation of the Flags 5:30 - 6:15 "The Vikings" the Internet" Anne Sladky & Dave Pledge Allegiance to the Flag Washington Pavilion Cinedome - Gunderson - Ambassador Room - main National Anthems 11th & Main Sioux Falls floor Sounding of the Lur 7:00 - 9:00pm NSI Board Meeting - 3:30 - 4:30: "Country Congregations “Story of Prilla Guri” – Verlyn Board Room - ground floor -One Room Schools" - Charles Anderson 7:00 – 9:00 – Vendors - Embassy Room – Woodard - Ambassador Room - main floor Welcome – Dave Munson, Sioux ground floor 3:30 – 4:30: "Viking Life through Falls Mayor the Eyes of Hagar the Horrible" - Gene Greetings from NSI President – Friday, July 14, 2006 Hanson - Burgundy Room - 10th floor Narvel Somdahl 8:00 – 12:00pm Registration - main 6:00 pm Banquet - Starlite Ballroom, Greetings from Bygdelagenes floor 10th floor Fellesraad – Marilyn Somdahl 8:00am - 2:00pm Genealogy – Music - Minnehaha Mandskor Greetings from Lag Presidents (continued next page) Fiddle Music - Bill Peterson & Co. 3 Vendor price drawings. You must be present to win. Bunad Parade 9:00 – 11:00pm Hospitality Room

Saturday, July 15, 2006 9:00 am: Individual Rooms for Lag Meetings – rooms will be posted and announced for each Lag meeting

MAP RIGHT: DRIVING DIRECTIONS – from I-29 and I-90 to Holiday Inn Centre From I-29: Take Exit 84 (I-90 East) From I-90: Take Exit 399 (Cliff Ave.) Travel South (Veer to left at Split) Approx 3 miles to 6th St. Take a Right on 6th and travel 1 mile to Phillips Ave. Left on Phillips Ave 2 blks.

HILSEN FRA LANDS MUSEUM av Alastair Brown

At the end of April we received a visit from land hvis største problem er hvordan å bruke dets enorme friends whom we hadn’t seen since we lived in rikdommer mest fornuftig. South Africa. We were lecturers at the same black university, he Good friends make good visitors. We sat in the snow near in classics and I in history. We both got married and had children Spåtind Hotel and drank coffee, barbecued in the garden where about the same time, and we travelled a lot around southern Africa the snow was over our knees, enjoyed the view from the top of together. In the mid-1980s our ways parted when my wife and I, the ski jump in , and had the world’s slowest ski because of our two young children, joined the exodus of whites tour on the flattest piece of ground we could find in the hills on anxious to get out before the seemingly inevitable civil war began. the west side of . They enjoyed every minute, slept Our friends, perhaps being more optimistic, decided to sit it out. late every day (it is so “quiet”), and brought us up to date with Mot slutten av april fikk vi besøk fra venner som vi ikke hadde sett the news about old acquaintances and events in South Africa. siden vi bodde i Sør- Afrika. Vi var lektorer på det samme Gode venner er gode gjester. Vi satt i snøen nær Spåtind og drakk universitet for svarte, han i klassiske fag, jeg i historie. Vi giftet oss kaffe, grillet i hagen hvor snøen rakk over knærne våre, nøt begge to og fikk barn omtrent samtidig, og vi reiste mye rundt utsikten fra toppen av skihoppet på Lillehammer og hadde verdens sammen i det sørlige Afrika. I midten av 1980-årene skilte vi lag da sakteste skitur på det flateste området på Veståsen som vi kunne min kone og jeg, på grunn av våre to små barn, var med på flukten finne. De hygget seg hvert eneste minutt, sov lenge hver dag (det av hvite folk som var ivrige etter å komme seg ut av landet før er så ”stille” her), og oppdaterte oss med nyheter om gamle kjente borgerkrigen som så ut til å være uunngåelig brøt ut. Våre venner og begivenheter i Sør Afrika. som kanskje var mer optimistiske bestemte seg for å bli der. In Norway we tend to talk a lot about the weather. I suspect that Our families kept contact, and now after 21 years we were to meet in South Africa people mostly talk about new burglar alarms, again. He is now professor at Durban University, and she a surveillance cameras, security guards and who has been teacher. We were wondering about how we would get on together attacked and/ or robbed. The increasing violence and corruption after so many years. It was also the chance to finally find out if we is colour blind, all are suffering. It was hoped that it would be a had made the right choice. In all our years in Norway there has passing phase, but the social structure is crumbling. been a nagging doubt about that fateful decision made so long ago, I Norge snakker vi mye om været. Jeg mistenker sør-afrikanere - to leave a job that one felt was socially relevant, an incredibly for å snakke hovedsakelig om nye innbruddsalarmer, exciting country and all our friends, to live in a country where the overvåkningskameraer, vakter og hvem som har blitt angrepet og/ biggest problem is how to use wisely its enormous wealth. eller ranet. Den økende volden og korrupsjonen er fargeblind - Våre familier holdt kontakten gjennom årene, og nå etter 21 år alle lider. Det hadde vært håpet at det ville være en midlertidig skulle vi møtes igjen. Han er nå professor ved Universitetet i fase, men den sosiale strukturen smuldrer opp. Durban og hun er lærer. Vi lurte på om hvordan vi ville gå Their two sons are about to finish at university and may have overens etter så mange år. Det var også en anledning til å finne ut difficulties in getting work because of affirmative action, and our om vi hadde tatt det riktige valget. I alle årene i Norge har det friend may soon have to take early retirement as the authorities vært en gnagende tvil om den skjebneavgjørelsen som ble tatt for want to reduce the number of white staff at the university. så lenge siden; å forlate en jobb som jeg syntes var sosialt viktig, et utrolig spennende land og alle våre venner, for å bosette oss i et Deres to sønner er snart ferdige på universitetet, men de kan få 4 problemer med å få jobb pga. ”positiv diskriminering”, og vår svar på om vi tok den riktige avgjørelsen da vi forlot Afrika for å venn må kanskje snart ta tidlig pensjon da myndighetene ønsker å starte igjen i Europa. redusere antall hvite som er ansatt ved universitet. Emigration is always more difficult for those who are no longer So what does it all mean? They are in their early 50s, and are now young, and especially hard when it is involuntary. For many of beginning to wonder if they will have to emigrate with all the the Norwegians who left for America emigration was neither difficulties of starting again with only small South African something to look forward to nor exciting. For these people pensions in another country, presumably Ireland or England. America was a refuge rather than a land of opportunity. From They don’t know if their sons will stay in Africa. After so many Norway to America and from Africa to England, - different years I’ve finally got an answer about whether we had made the times but probably with not so very different feelings. right decision when we left Africa to start again in Europe. Utvandring er alltid vanskeligere for de som ikke lengre er unge, og Så hva betyr alt dette? De er tidlig i 50-årene, og begynner nå å særlig hardt når det er ufrivillig. For mange av de norske som dro lure på om de må utvandre med alle problemene assosiert med å til Amerika var utvandring verken noe å se fram til eller spennende. starte igjen med bare små sør-afrikanske pensjoner i et annet For slike folk var Amerika mer en tilflukt enn et land av muligheter. land, sannsynligvis Irland eller England. De vet ikke om sønnene Fra Norge til Amerika og fra Afrika til England - forskjellige tider, deres vil bli igjen i Afrika. Etter så mange år har jeg endelig fått men sannsynligvis ikke med så stor forskjell i følelser.

The BLACK PLAGUE in SCANDINAVIA by Rev. Howard Baumgart

“, founded about 1070, is in Scandinavian history. Researchers have “Horseman of the Apocalypse,” who was Norway's oldest city except for Tonsberg. calculated that almost one-half of riding over the earth on his pale horse Together with Visby, on the Baltic isle of Norway's people and at least one-third of slaying mankind with “sword, famine Gotland [Sweden], it was the most the Swedish population perished in this and pestilence.” Many were convinced important port and trading city in all pandemic. So depopulated were the Nordic the end of the world was at hand. Magnus Eriksson's realms [King of lands that farms lay abandoned for lack of Unimaginable panic reigned. Sweden, Finland & Norway 1319-1365]. workers. Three centuries later, civil and For many Jews, it was the end of the Like Visby, it was a center of Hanseatic ecclesiastical censuses contained one world. Christians were convinced that trade with Scandinavia. The Hansa had a category of farms called “ødegaarde,” mean- God was using the Jews to punish them head office in Bergen, which therefore ing, “deserted farm.” Many were at least by poisoning water springs and wells. stood in livelier contact with Western partially occupied and cultivated by the 17th Some were tortured to extract confessions. Europe than any other Scandinavian port. century, though still recorded as deserted. By the tens of thousands they were We are in an age when the land separated The traditional explanation for the cruelly killed--most by mass burning. peoples, but water linked them…. cause of the plague that originated in Asia The plague was used by some as a pretext “One day in August, 1349, a ship and devastated all of Europe has been for underlying hatred of the Jews. In came drifting into Bergen harbor from the attributed to fleas infected with the Sweden, only Visby experienced the west. Expert eyes could discern at a bacterium Yersinia pestis carried by cruel treatment of Jews and even that is distance that it was a cog, the commonest rodents. Infected humans further spread suspect as to whether the nine were type of Hansa merchant vessel at the time. the disease by coughing and sneezing. actually Jews, since there was no Jewish “The men of Bergen piloted the Flea bites left a red spot with a ring immigration in the 14th century. None is helpless ship into port. Not a living soul around it on the skin. known to have been killed in Norway. was aboard her. But many dead. The It is said that little girls carried small Religious relics did a brisk business cog was manned by corpses. Her crew flowers or petals in their pocket to ward off for the Catholic Church. Others reverted had died to the last man. But the cargo of the pestilence in England. In proof, it is to the pagan practice of human sacrifice. clothes and woolens was in good alleged the childish verse, "Ring around Danish and Swedish sources mention the condition, and as the ship had no master, the rosy/Pocketful of posy/Ashes, burial of live children and youth. St. belonged to her salvagers. After ashes/We all fall down” (dead), originated Bridget, claiming to be “God's inspired unloading the cloths and woolens the from the practice of carrying flower petals. oracle,” hounded Magnus for years, Bergen men took the cog and her lifeless Today there are alternative theories prophesying doom because of drunken- crew out to sea and scuttled her. regarding the nature of the "Black Death." ness, lasciviousness and other evils in his “The same day, some of those who Some contemporary scientists are kingdom. When the “Great Death,” as had unloaded her fell seriously ill. A few postulating it was a hemaflagic fever, such the Swedes named it, ravaged the hours later they were dead.” [from as ebola; or ebola-like viruses. Pulmonary country, Bridget said it was God's Vilhelm Moberg, A History of the anthrax has also been suggested as the judgment for the sinful life of their king. Swedish People, pp. 124-125] cause of the world-wide pandemic. Years earlier she had predicted: “Like a It is estimated that the diocese of The “Black Death” to contempo- plough shall God's wrath pass over Bergen had a population of about 100,000; raries, however, was most often attributed Sweden… for corpse shall lie upon two months later 40,000 citizens had to supernatural causes. Astrologers saw corpse… Where formerly a thousand followed the crew to the grave. This event the cause in the alignment of celestial dwelled shall scantly a hundred be left was the prelude to the greatest mass-death bodies. The pious saw it as the alive; and the houses shall stand 5 deserted.” [St. Bridget's Revelationes] terror.” Medieval man lived in terror of a plague-survivors. Is it sheer luck that we Reaction to the “Black Plague,” as it supernatural almighty power beyond his are alive today? Is it genetic selection? Is was also called, is a classic study in control. Modern man fears what he can it divinely ordained? Take your pick. human behavior. “Terror unleashed do to himself. The fact remains, we are here and now, madness. And madness augmented the We are descendants of those stalwart bonded by a common heritage.

The Effects of the Black Plague in Norde Land by Sandra Hendrickson

The following information was gleaned from disuse following the plague. The five remaining farms could not the pages of Boka om Land VIII-X by Svein-Erik Ødegård. sustain a church. The two farms that remained in Vest Torpa Before 1350, there were about 60 named farms in Nordsinni. probably attended Hogne church and the three in Aust Torpa the At the conclusion of the middle ages, about 1530, there were 10 Østsinni church. occupied farms there. Not until the second half of the 1600s did Some of the deserted farms remained in use as seter, or the population surpass its pre-1350 numbers. The farms occupied summer farms. Lunde was one such farm. However there was far in 1530 were Tøndrum, Brone, Jensval, Tomle, Vinjar, Hogne, more land than what could be utilized by the surviving population Dæli, Skjak, Esbjug, and Gjeile. and consequently, what had been cultivated farmland became In Torpa the results of the plague were even more dramatic, conifer forest. Tax records indicate that at least two farms were there the plague nearly depopulated the area. Records show that put to use as crofts: Skinnerlia and Harstad were used for fishing. there were close to 80 farms in Torpa before 1350, but in 1528 In 1528, only the five farms listed above were occupied. By only five occupied farm places, or 6% of the pre-plague number, 1557 five additional farms were cleared; Oppsal, Vinjar, and remained: Garder and Ommelstad in Vest Torpa and Kinn and Vålhovd in Aust Torpa, and Erstad and Rud in Vest Torpa. two Finni farms in Aust Torpa. This doesn’t reflect a 6% survival Between 1577 and 1578 Frøysland and Frøysak in Aust Torpa rate, but rather indicates that those who did survive reestablished were added to the list of occupied farms, and by 1593 Presterud themselves in a more central location. and Rud were cleared as well. By 1600 there were 15 farms in The availability of so much land meant that land prices fell Torpa. drastically. In 1450 a farmer could get a large farm for the same By 1723 the number of farms in Torpa was still below the price he would have paid for a small farm on the outer fringes of number of farms 375 years earlier. It took close to 400 years Torpa a hundred years earlier. before there were more people in Torpa than there had been in the Church records reveal that all three churches in Torpa fell into spring of 1349.

More Thoughts on The Black Plague by John Monson

I remember hearing at the genealogy Look at political history of to survive in the changing conditions than seminar in Gjovik in 1989 that the Black Scandinavia. Varying degrees of joint the Norse settlers. The Norse settlers were Death nearly wiped out the populations of kingdoms of some or all of the three in even more trouble because they had Land and Hadeland, and probably did countries, Norway, Denmark, and Sweden always been dependent on supplies completely depopulate the valley. (including Finland) were formed in the late arriving from Norway and Denmark, Again, my foggy memory seems to 1300's, culminating in the Union of Kalmar which stopped coming because of the remember that, after survivors gathered in 1397 uniting all three. Why all this chaos resulting in Norway and Denmark together, only about 4-8 farms remained upheaval? The parallel historical strand was from the loss of life in the Black Death. active in Land and another 4-8 farms in the Black Death which hit Scandinavia Footnote: the climate in Greenland Hadeland. After all, we are talking about VERY hard starting about the 1350's. and Iceland is still cooler now than it was the mid 1300's for the Black Death. The depopulation of Scandinavia may at the time of Norse settlement a thousand Records are really sparse before the have been considerably more severe than years ago. Some cool weather grains 1600's. Just for fun, I started looking in more southerly, warmer countries. Why could be grown then that still cannot be through the table of contents of the Boka were these northern areas hit so much grown now, which made settlement a lot om Land IX and X. In IX, on page 156 is harder than the southern parts of Europe? more attractive in 800-1000 than it is now. an article on "De eldste gardene, Før The parallel historical strand is the climate I remember sitting in a farmhouse on a 1350." Apparently there is a document that change with the northern hemisphere hilltop in Narsaq, Greenland, talking with lists Asle as owner of Haukedalen in 1337. cooling into the Little Ice Age, culminating the Inuit owner and two of her The next known owner of Haukedalen is in the 1600-1700's. The cooling was grandchildren about some of this. The Ole Erlandsen in 1625. affecting farm productivity. At the same present farmhouse sits close to but not The 1300's are very much in the time, the Western Norse Settlement in actually on the foundations of the Norse "mists of time" for finding very much Greenland was disappearing and the farmhouse from 1000 years ago. The ruins written history. And in addition, people Eastern Settlement (which was further of other Norse farms can be seen in the today have so much trouble pulling south) was diminishing. The cooling was vicinity, along with the ruins of the Norse together parallel strands of history to also driving the native Inuit population church about 2 miles away. The new recognize the effects of one on the other. south for survival. They were better able Danish church is close to the farmhouse.

6

NORWEGIAN EMIGRATION TO AMERICA

A PERSONAL PRESENTATION by Arvid Sandaker

I don’t know whether it was intentionally or incidentally that the peak year with almost 27,000. World War I and the US entry into it first small party of 52 Norwegians set sail for America on the reduced (abated) the transatlantic migration drastically. The postwar Fourth of July 1825. In either case this timing was just right as a years were also marked by moderate or diminishing numbers of symbolic expression of their intent to pursue the promises from the emigrants except 1923. With more than 18,000 emigrants that land of their destination: freedom - equality - opportunity. became the ultimate year of an exceptionally high emigration rate. A century of emigration that has become a very important and Their tiny vessel "The Restoration", which arrived in New York most fascinating chapter of Norwegian history, was over. on October 9th, has popularly been called "the Mayflower of Norwegian immigration". And that is why October 9th was pro- An article like this leaves no space for an adequate description claimed as Leif Ericson Day in 1964 by President Johnson in memory and analysis of the causes that led to these fluctuations in the of the Norse discovery of North America around the year 1000. number of emigrants. Historians maintain that there was a combination of factors or a mechanism of "pull and push" that Even though it took another eleven years (until 1836) before the explains these variations. If times were good in America and bad next ships with Norwegian emigrants sailed the Atlantic, Norway in Norway, people were more exposed to catching the incurable was still the first country in Scandinavia to become part of (to America Fever. If living conditions at home were tolerable and conjoin) the European transatlantic migration. Another fact is America at the same time was in a recession, the wish to emigrate that with around 755,000 immigrants to North America up until naturally became much weaker. The growing number of World War One, Norway gave a larger portion of its population immigrants already in America is another decisive pull-factor, than all other European countries except Ireland. With an because family connections and prepaid tickets from America additional 100,000 in the period 1916 - 1940 and around 50,000 encouraged migration to a very large degree. When Norwegian after 1945, the total number of emigrants from Norway during Americans in 1925 celebrated the centennial of Norwegian 175 years totaled approximately 900,000! immigration, an old immigrant explained the composite causality by simply saying : "Those people who left for America did not Although some of the emigrants after 1890 returned or had other love Norway less than those who stayed, and it was often destinations than the USA, it is a prudent estimate that at least heartbreaking to see the pain and sorrow with which they departed 750,000 Norwegians came to live and die in the USA. A from their family and friends. But they also had a strong urge to disproportionately large part of the Norwegian people was thus improve their future and that of their descendants. A large transplanted, rooted and branched out in North America. The US- majority of these people profited greatly by this transition, whereas national census which was taken in 2000, showed that more than 4 their situation would have been quite different if they had stayed in million American citizens claimed Norwegian ancestry, as the their native land." count was 3.9 million in 1990. In his speech at the Royal Banquet in in November of 1999 President Clinton mentioned these King Harald stated in his speech of greeting to the American immigrants and their descendants and found it appropriate to say President that due to the strong family ties that developed between "thanks for the precious gift of your people." people on both sides of the Atlantic, Norway is today more closely connected to the United States than to any other country. And The diagram of Norwegian emigration shows great President Clinton commended the people of Norwegian extraction fluctuations, and it ought to speak for itself. Let me, however, who had contributed immensely in American society and he even attach a few words and figures to supplement this diagrammatic called attention to some luminaries of Norwegian descent in various picture. The years until 1865 with altogether 80,000 emigrants fields of national importance. from certain rural areas in , formed an introductory phase to a mass migration that gradually involved all Since the author of this article has more relatives in America parts of the country. Only during eight years (1866-1873) more, than in Norway due to an exceptionally high emigration rate almost 100,000 Norwegians left for America. After a few years of within three generations of his family, starting in 1857 and ending comparatively low numbers in the late1870s, there was another in 1947, I take the liberty of presenting some of them. They are long period of mass emigration. The four years 1880-1883 good examples or representatives of the geographical spread and showed nearly 100,000 emigrants! The peak year was 1882 with variety in activity and achievement among Norwegian Americans around 29,000, and this meant a decline in the country’s in past and present. population. 150,000 followed during the next ten years (1884- 1893). During the remaining six years of the century there was a Firstly I want to mention the brother of my great grandfather marked decrease with a total of only 35,000 emigrants. who volunteered from Wisconsin to fight in the Civil War and my five first cousins who fought for America in WW II. Then I The first year of the 20th century foreshadowed with 11,000 would like to mention two distant relatives who became pioneers emigrants that a third period of mass emigration was in two quite different fields. One founded a small Scandinavian beginning. Statistics for the years 1901-1914 show 230,000 colony in Virginia in 1898 and called it Norge (Land-I-Amerika persons leaving Norway for overseas countries, with 1903 as the March 1996), and that name is still on the map. My other distant 7 cousin started as a bush pilot in Alaska around 1925, and that was inscriptions on all the other headstones, was a very emotional the beginning of Wien Air Alaska. experience. It became a silent memento of the many hundred thousand Norwegians who once left the land of their ancestors in Of my many third cousins I feel like mentioning an honorable the hope of creating a better life for themselves and their district judge in Texas, the initiator and owner of a profitable descendants. On my way from the cemetery I found the living manufacturing enterprise in Silicon Valley and the one, who after proof that their American Dream had been fulfilled. The endless being a member of the Minnesota State Legislature, became County fields of wheat and corn and all the nice houses with a Norwegian Attorney of Minneapolis. And then there is the benefactor of name on the mailbox, convinced me of that. And the people college scholarships and his recent generous donation to build a new themselves gave evidence of a surprisingly strong awareness and public library in his Wisconsin hometown. I am proud to say that appreciation of their Norwegian heritage. Almost without these few selected persons, in addition to a multitude of less exception I heard them say: "I am proud to be an American, but I prominent people, are my American cousins. also cherish my Norwegian roots."

Since a majority of the Norwegian immigrants became farmers in A PIECE OF STONE the Upper Midwest, I must include my maternal granduncle, who A white fistsized piece of stone emigrated as a poor cotter’s son in 1882 and over the years built up an is sitting on my writing table. impressively large farm in South Dakota. My paternal grandaunt, It seems to be a little lost who came to America as a young girl in 1903 to work for one of her so far away from its cradle. four aunts, lived to be 105 years old! As the owner of a butcher shop in Iowa, she will here serve as a representative of the countless It doesn’t stem from rocky Norway, small businesses that were owned by Norwegian immigrants. it’s from the "Land of 10.000 Lakes". I picked it from a fertile field in Minnesota, Before I bring this family- focused gallery to an end, I must tell where an immigrant once put up his stakes. about my grandmother’s parents. In 1885 they left their The rock is shaped like a clenched fist, enslaved position as old cotters and made the long journey on like a petrified symbol of defiance prepaid tickets to join five of their seven children. They had against an unjust system in his old land bought a small farm in Minnesota where the parents should enjoy that never gave him a fair chance. their last years as free and independent individuals. But it is sad to Since that man was my great grandfather, think that they both passed away within only a couple of years the rock reflects more than a stony past. after their arrival. Standing at the gravesite of my great grand- It’s a solid link to a departed ancestor parents in that small prairie cemetery, and reading the Norwegian and a rare memento that will forever last.

City, Utah. If they are available in microfilm in Salt Lake City, you can order one for use in your local Family History Center. NORWEGIAN CENSUSES The 1664-66 census is more of a population rolls or Head Tax By Carol Olson, Genealogist List (Manntall), taken only in rural districts with farm name, names of owners that farmed and boys over 12 years of age, especially when they are listed with their fathers in the farms they During the 7-Lag Stevne at Whitewater, WI, last owned. According to Herrick and Upcapher, some areas are July, I did a little shopping in the vendors’ area and came across a missing. This census is not in the Internet, though. When I receive huge display of books and other materials set out by Origins, Inc. the issues of Vestoppland Slektshistorielag four times a year, I see of Janesville, Wisconsin. Of course, after seeing their wonderful articles with partial lists from that particular census as well as find display, I bought a few items from them. A lot of their books are references to this census by published books such as bygdebøker of value to genealogical research, not just for Norway and for and in periodical or serial books dealing with genealogy. America, but for other countries such as Germany, Great Britain. The next census was taken in 1701. It is more of a population The book I am referring to and will be quoting from for this article roll (Mantell), listing farms in rural areas. In this one, all males is Norwegian Research Guide, written in 1998 for Origins by and ages are listed. Like the 1666 census, this one is not in the Linda M. Herrick and Wendy K. Upcapher. Internet. The 1701 records of several areas in Norway are This book is a good update to Finn Thomson’s 1984 book The missing. Likewise with the 1769 census, and this time it is Beginner’s Guide to Norwegian Genealogical Research because called Sjeleregister. This census was taken just for statistical during that time many resources were not yet available by way of purposes and not all of Norway was covered. the Internet and a portion of the Herrick and Upcapher book The 1801 census, which is the National Census, is most discusses the availability of resources by way of the Internet. The widely used for genealogical research, especially after it became subject I am discussing is the censuses (folktellinger) in Norway. available in the Internet in the mid 1980’s after appearing in Not all of the censuses are available in the Internet, especially the microfiche prior to that. This is much more comprehensive than 1664-1666 census and some of others. The censuses were taken all the previously mentioned censuses with information listed for in 1664-1666, 1701, 1769, 1801, 1815, 1825, 1835, 1845, 1855, each person: age, farm name, occupation, family status (first 1865, 1870, 1875, 1885, 1890, 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930. All can marriage, etc), relationship. All the servants, other members of be found in the National Library and Regional Archives in Norway the families such as grandparents, in-laws are usually listed with and some in microfilm in the Family History Library in Salt Lake the owners of the farms. For me, it is always a pivotal point in doing research for my family as well as for my research for 8 members of Landings Laget as genealogist. If found in this may cite information from these censuses at times. census, one can trace at least one generation and maybe two Now, use that Vestoppland Slektshistorielag website more and the bygdebøker fills in gaps from that point on. You http://www.slektshistorielaget.no/Engelsk/sources.htm to gain can gain access to that census by using the website: access to the 1875 census. After gaining access to this website, http://www.uib.no/hi/1801 . It is in Norwegian, but you can see you will see a list of sources with areas in blue, meaning that if English on the left column—click on it and you will get the you click on the blue letters (i.e., ), you will see next English version. You can see that the censuses online are 1801, the heading. On the left column you will see “Kilder for Nordre 1865, 1875 and 1900. That is all that is online but Nordre and Land” at the left column and listed in the next paragraph: Søndre Land in is not listed there. The 1875 Norway Innledning, Folketellinger, Kirkebøker, Kirkegård, Justis, census covering Nordre and Søndre Land is not available online Utvandring, Matrikler, Diverse, Papir kilder. Rettinger: Gjøvik, by way of the University of Bergen, but from VestOppland Ø.Toten, V.Toten, S.Land, Gran, Oppland. This column ends Slektshistorielag with the web address following: with Nærliggende kommuner. I will discuss these and http://www.slektshistorielaget.no/Engelsk/sources.htm . Vestoppland Slektshistorielag's website in the next newsletter or The 1865, 1875, 1890, 1900, 1910, 1920 and 1930 censuses two. This is a must to add to your Favorites in your computers. are also national, but not all of them are available in the Internet. Click on Nordre Land and you will see on screen another list The 1801 census as well as 1865, 1875 (not all), 1890 and 1900 of items available, among them Kirkeboker, Folktelling. Click census may be found in the Internet at the University of Bergen on Folktellinger and you will see boxes for the 1801, 1865, 1875 website, but all can be found in the National Library in Oslo and and 1900 censuses. This information will appear in Norwegian some regional archives. Some are available from the Family but you can click 1875 (it is in blue numbers, meaning that it is History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah. I did some searching in available on the Internet). After finding the year you want to the 1890 census online and found it to be helpful. Various other research, click on the blue letters/numbers. You will then see six organizations (such as the Minnesota Genealogical Society) own blank boxes with headings: Fornavn (forename), Etternavn (last microfilms of some of these censuses. Landings Laget has the name), Bosted (living at a named farm), født før år (born before 1865 and 1875 National Censuses in microfilms. year selected) født etter år. I keyed Hans in the Fornavn box and "1815, 1825, 1835, 1845, 1855 National Census. Most have Erstad in the Bosted box, clicked on the SØK (search) box and statistical information. The few that have names or other came up with one hit: Hans Kristian Kristoffersen Erstad, information are filmed at the Family History Library." husfar, g (gifte-married), Gårdbruger, f. 1828, Bosted Erstad, The 1865 census was the National Census giving December Fodestad—Torpen N. Land. On left is “237” in blue—click on 31st as the “official date“. Unfortunately, no censuses were taken that and you will see on screen everyone who was living at the between 1801 and 1865, so one has to depend on the parish Erstad farm at the time the 1875 census was taken. records and Bygdebøker to fill in this huge gap. Probate records Church records and other records online can be found in the are sometimes helpful, especially with owner families of farms. Vestoppland Slektshistorielag website such as parish records Censuses taken in 1875, 1890, 1910, 1920 and 1930 list divided by category (birth, confirmation, marriages, funerals), years persons were born. "The 1875 census can be found in the then by years. I found that, after clicking Søndre Land, I came Regional Archives, and 1890-1930 are at the National Archives. across an index to Boka om Land III, covering Hov! This will The FHL (Family History Library) has the 1875 and 1900 be discussed further in the next newsletter. census. These censuses give year of birth for all listed and the If you readers are interested in purchasing this wonderful book, 1900 census lists even temporary guests in households. These you may contact Origins, Inc., 1521 E. Racine Street, Janesville, censuses did not become available to the public until 60 years WI 53545. Their website is http://origins.safeshopper.com/ . You after they were taken, compared to 70 years in the US censuses. can click on books, click on Europe, then Scandinavia and you "Censuses were taken in 1870 and 1885 for towns and are will see the Herrick/Upcapher book Norwegian Research Guide. kept either at the National or Regional Archives." Bygdebøker You can order items by mail, phone or Internet.

NOTICE to those doing research from the The Norwegian National League Of Minnesota Larissa Reutgen information given by in th the February newsletter article Sagas, Norway Day this year is Sunday, July 9 at Minnehaha Park on the south Folklore And Ancestors. Larissa writes that side of Minneapolis. This day-long event brings together some of the best the link in the February newsletter for the and brightest entertainment talent in the Norwegian-American community. Telebond saga doesn’t work. The correct An open air Christian worship service opens the day at 10 a.m. Music, one is: http://www.vshl.no/telebonde.htm. song, dance, and food follow for the rest of the afternoon. Also, for the web debate at the July 28-29, 2006 40th Annual Nordic Fest Digitalarikivet here is how to get there: Decorah’s city-wide celebration of Norwegian heritage and one of http://digitalarkivet.uib.no/cgi- America's premier ethnic festivals, where you will experience some win/WebFront.exe?slag of Scandinavia's finest foods, music, arts and crafts, and a great deal =vis&tekst=meldingar&spraak=e more. Opening ceremonies 7:00 p.m., July 27. Vesterheim highlights click on the left on The Debate Forums. include special musical guests; Living Heritage Demonstrators; a Viking Then click on The Users' Forum. Search in Encampment; a children’s theatre production; the “National Exhibitions topic/go to topic no: ____ these are the of Folk Art in the Norwegian Tradition”; and folk-art demonstrations by topic numbers to enter one at a time: 4415, some of the best artists from the United States and Norway. 8813, 21369. 9 Christmas Past At The Cal Pederson Home By Carol Pederson Jorgenson

Sandy wrote an interesting letter about Norwegian Christmas traditions on the front page of the last newsletter. She asked if others would share what traditions their families continue to observe. Since both my parents were raised in homes and communities that were “very” Norwegian, we practiced many of the traditions that Kathleen Stokker discussed in her book, “Keeping Christmas”. As a matter of fact, I was also reading just recently from a copy of her book that was in my mother’s room in the Minnewaska Lutheran Home. Mom was not feeling very well this past December so I spent a few days by her bedside as she rested and recuperated. I enjoyed learning about the background of some of these traditions which we practiced in the home I grew up in and continue to observe in my own family today. To give you a brief background on my family, the grandparents of my father, Calvin Pederson, came from the areas of Land and Valdres. They immigrated to America in the 1870’s. The parents of my mother, Hazel Svingen Pederson, came from Above, Hazel and Cal Pederson with daughter Carol the Gudbrandsdal area and immigrated in the 1890’s. Since they and sons Dale and Tom, Christmas Eve about 1960. lived in Norway the first twenty years of their lives and learned lutefisk which I never grew to appreciate). We would dine on the traditions of their home country, I believe most of our lutefisk, short ribs, boiled potatoes, various vegetables, and of strongly held traditions came from my mother’s side.. course, lefsa. After we had our fill, cleaned up the kitchen, and Christmas for us started just a few weeks beforehand with washed every possible dirty dish (this was the worst part since we, the baking of many types of traditional baked goods, including as children, were very impatient), we could now move to the living fattigmand, krum kake, sandbakkels, kringla, and rosettes, and room where the decorated tree stood in the middle of the room. of course, mountains of lefsa and flatbread. All these goodies My father would read the Christmas story from the Bible were spirited away to a cool, dry place, not to see the light of rd and then we would join hands as we walked around the tree, day till Lillejulaften, the 23 of December, when the cookies singing our favorite Christmas carols, including “Jeg er sa glad and baked goods were brought out and ceremoniously sampled hver julekveld”. The rest of the evening was spent enjoying our for the first time. Sometimes this feast would include fruit soup new gifts which often included a new board game or puzzle. or rommegrot. Dad would bring out the old wooden bowl that must have On the day of Christmas Eve, my father would do the belonged to my great grandparents for it looked very ancient evening chores early, always giving the cows an extra bit of hay and worn. It was filled with a variety of nuts in their shells and and the cats a bigger bowl of fresh milk. That afternoon, he my father spent the next few hours cracking them, sharing their would tie a sheaf of grain to a tall pole to feed our winter birds. sweet meat. Some times we would play a game of Rook or get By the time he was done with the chores and came in for the out the caroms board. evening, the house was full of pleasant smells (excluding the Christmas services were always held on Christmas morning. We would hear the church bell peal its announcement of great joy. It was a very festive day when we would greet our friends and neighbors and “show off” our new mittens or hat. The rest of the day we would either drive to have dinner with relatives or they would come to our home. For the rest of the week, between Christmas and New Year’s, we’d continue to celebrate by inviting others for afternoon coffee or a meal, or we would pack up and drive to see them. It was a relaxed time for the work on the farm was limited to caring for the livestock and other animals. The Junior Choir would visit the shut-ins and sing all their favorite carols. And some years we’d team up with another neighbor’s family or one of my cousin’s families and we went Julebakking, a Norwegian form of trick or treat. Such fun we had. I didn’t realize till I went out into the world how strong the Norwegian traditions were in my community of Starbuck and Benson in western Minnesota. I am so appreciative to my parents for continuing these traditions Above: Wayne and Carol Jorgenson with their children and I will try to continue to keep them as I teach my children Lindsay and Michael, Christmas Eve 1998 at their and grandchildren their heritage. home in the Twin Cities 10 THE TORPINGS’ DECLARATION AGAINST LUXURY Submitted by Terry Sateren

Printed below is the Torpings' Declaration Against Luxury. homes, that testify to a desire for show which never can be Terry writes: “Those instrumental in drawing up this document praised, but nowheres more to be rejected and less useful than the were my g-g-g-grandmother, Ingeborg Johannesdatter Lunde, poor Norway, have led the undersigned to consider the necessity originally from Øyer (1769-1843), and her son Stener. She was of introducing a frugality into Land community and the peasantry married to Johan Lunde. He was a very wealthy land owner with in particular, which can bring the country back to the former two Lunde farms, two Lundesaters, and the Smelrud and Gaarder condition when it is satisfied with little by getting along without farms of Torpa. He also became a timber baron with vast forest that which it can claim without extravagance. holdings. However when there was an economic downturn in the economy, he almost went bankrupt and had a mental In accordance with the considerations we have made, we agreed breakdown. He ended up aimlessly wandering the fields. with one another on the observation of the following points: “Whether or not this had anything to do with the initiating 1. No one must hereafter expend color to cloth for men’s of the Declaration Against Luxury, one can only guess. The clothing under penalty of twenty dollars. lofty and heavy text of the Declaration was translated by 2. He who is convicted of consuming coffee in the home must Herman Amberg Pruess Lunde and included in the Lunde pay twenty Spd. family genealogy.” 3. He who hereafter erects expensive home ruinous to the Among the many abuses among the people inland lately has been woods and a burden to the descendants to maintain will pay one a luxury which is much more destructive, since it affects the hundred Spd. for each offense. general economy and so much more dangerous because it 4. We the signers agree that fines be collected like royal taxes, influences the morality and finally undermines the simplicity and that these be kept in a separate fund to be used for one or which through the centuries has characterized the Norwegian another purpose in the parish as the signers decide. peasantry. The luxury which concerns Land’s parish especially These points are hereby affirmed to be followed inviolably by the includes the use of colored clothes instead of the formerly used signers. Given this 12th day of May, 1824. uncolored, the great use of coffee, this drink which but thirty Signed by forty persons. years ago perhaps was unknown in the mountain areas and surely never can be considered beneficial to health, but most harmful to The contract was recorded in Hadeland and Mortgage Book, the economy, and finally the erection of large and beautiful September 8, 1824.

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Mail to: Make check payable to: Landings Laget Charles Hauck, Treasurer Amount enclosed $______2902 Wicken Ln, NW Renewal ____ Alexandria, MN 56308, U. S. A. New Member ____

*In order for us to serve you in the area of genealogy, you may wish to enclose a pedigree chart (with a duplicate if possible) with information beginning with yourself and going back to your ancestors in Land.

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LANDINGS LAGET OFFICERS, BOARD AND COMMITTEE MEMBERS 2005-2006

PRESIDENT: Sandra Hendrickson, 18641 Knollwood Circle, Lakeville, CONSTITUTION & BY-LAWS COMMITTEE: MN 55044. (952)-892-5402. E-mail: [email protected] *Paul Edwards, 365 S. Oakland Ave., Burlington, VICE-PRESIDENT: David D. Benson, 5595 Shingle Mill Rd NE, Bemidji, WI 53105. (262) 763-3929 E-mail: [email protected] MN 56601. (218) 759-0642. E-mail: [email protected] John Monson, 1062 Bramblewood Dr., Castle Rock, CO 80108 SECRETARY: Mary Herness, N35441 Steinke Rd., Whitehall, WI (303) 663-8911 E-mail: [email protected] 54773. ph. (715)-538 4239 E-mail: [email protected] Oscar Lund, Ex Officio (612)-821-4672. TREASURER: Charles Hauck, 2902 Wicken Ln. NW, Alexandria, MN GENEALOGISTS: 56308. (320) 846 0088 E-mail: [email protected] *Carol Olson, 475 Doverwood Dr., Reynoldsburg, OH 43068 DIRECTORS: E-mail: [email protected] Wayne Lunsetter, 31126-390th St. NE, Middle River, MN 56737 Art Paulson: 2639 Aldrich Ave. S. #104, Minneapolis, MN 55408 (term exp. 2006) ph. (218) 459 3379 E-mail: [email protected] (612) 874-0463 E-mail: [email protected] John Bredehoft, 2156 Harmony Ave, Albert Lea, MN 56007 HISTORIAN and ARCHIVIST: (term exp. 2007) ph: (507) 373-2105 E-mail: [email protected] Donald Paul Anderson, W4945 Center St., LaCrosse, WI 54601 Jane Fenno, 815 Dwight St., Chippewa Falls, WI 54729. (608) 788-3181 E-mail: [email protected] (term exp. 2008) ph: (715) 723-8106 E-mail: [email protected] MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE: PAST PRESIDENT: *Charles Hauck (telephone and addresses, column 1) Oscar M. Lund, Jr., P.O. Box 8167, St. Paul, MN 55108 Mary Hendrickson (telephone and addresses, column 1) (612) 618-0442. E-mail: [email protected] NOMINATING COMMITTEE: NORWAY LIAISON: *Donald Paul Anderson (telephone and addresses above) Alastair Brown, Curator, Lands Museum, 2870 Dokka, Norway. Miles Benson, 2511 Lovewood Dr., Wisc. Rapids WI 54494 DELEGATES TO BYGDELAGENES FELLESRAAD: (715) 423 4203 E-mail: [email protected] Mary Herness (telephone and addresses above) PUBLICATIONS: Wayne Lunsetter (telephone and addresses above) Ann Edwards, Newsletter Editor, 365 S. Oakland Ave., Burlington, WI 53105. (262) 763-3929. E-mail: [email protected] LANDINGS LAGET ON THE WEB: Bruce Nelson, Web Coordinator, 132 E. Wilson St. #204, Madison, http://www.landingslag.org WI 53703. (608) 250-1938 E-mail: [email protected]

CHANGE OF ADDRESS? (Artwork by Norma J. Wangsness, used with permission of Pennfield Press) Please notify the editor or treasurer!

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