! the EFFECTS of Thekmal and IONIZING NUCLEAR Radiaflon on AIRCREWS

AlHl.94'1 130.019c

! THE EFFECTS OF THEkMAl AND IONIZING NUCLEAR RADIAflON ON AIRCREWS

D:ttrlbutim lfdtad to US Gorrernnmnt rgenclcs only because est rnd tvrlwtlon of nilltrry syStms/aquipmnt 1s discussed In the report (Aug 76). Other quests for this docunnt must be nfemd to AWL (SAT)EZIrtland AFB, NH, 87117. AFUL-TR-76-141 ..

Thlr (fnal%mport war pr&rcd for. the Alr Force Weapons Laboratory, Kfr?- \and MB, W,'Ln&r Job Order 88090229. Cr.'*Thoms Moblcy (SAT) was the Lab- Omtoy Pmject Oft1cc r-in-Cha tge, ,1 f btl In Government drawfnq~,specfflcation's, or cther data arc used for any Puqmre other than a &finitely related Ssvcmmcnt procunnnt oDcratfm, the bwmmnt themby Incum no respons'lb!lf,iy nor any aSllgatlon whatsoever, and t)n fact that the Govemknt may have forwla&d, fumlshed, or In any way sup- plied the srtd drswfn , r~cclficatlon~s,01: other data is nct to be regarded by fnplfcatforr or othem P$e as In hny manne+'l,icensfng the holder or any other penm or corporatfon or conwy4ng any rlcj5ts or PcrmIssIm to manufacture, use, or sell any patented inwntlon that may,'b any way be related themto. Thfs technfcsl mpo~has been rrvlewed ai\d fs appmvcd for publfcatfon.

PAUL J. DAILY Lt Cotmt, USAF Colonel, USAF I Chlaf, Technology and Pnrlyrlt Chief, Analysls Mvlxlon Bnnch

00 NOT ERPd THIS COPY. ETAIN OR IXSTWY, I

J I

Dlrtrlbutltm llalted to US 6owhmnt rgakcles only because test an4 evalwtfm of dlltl~systrm 1s dlscussed In th& report (Aug 76). Other requests for this docurrnt must ba,mfermd tq AWL'SAT', Kfrtlaqd Am, NM, 87117.

M8poaa Hum rrrpansrt;'EW; Radlrtfm; Afrtrrw; ktlnrl bum; Skin bun; Ihorwl rrdfatim .r

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2' . .

- .I PKtACE

Thfr nport provldcs Infomatfan on hum? nsporises to nuclear wnpon cf'cc:s whlch c:u:d affect atrcrcw taslr performance di.rfrg a mlssfon In a nuclear war. It 1s dlmctcd towrrd a dl;*emu nadenhip, fnclu'fng comnaild surgeons and nlabrd mdlU1 mnOI)MI; cmnd operatlonal 'pcrrmncl; nvlnncd systems suwlv- ablllty/vulmnbllity analysts; system program oCI.IC~personnel; and ccrtaln mmp8c$ Contractor personnel. Varlous sccticms of the nport wlll be of gnrbt Int8nst to dlffem\t groups amg thmc lirtxd above. 7?w ~nnlnologyused Ih thls nport Is sowwhat specialfrcd. In an attcmt to mh t)w mort nadabla to an audlcna kavtng a vrlrlcd background, a nai- W;hnicr1 vocrbulay hrr'boen used when pdactlcal.. A glossary of trm havfng blomdlcrl or s~clrllrcdmrntngs +s prou'ckd,/ t)w ruthon wish to express a'ppmclrtiin to' tht fol;roufng off?ccs md ~narmlfor thir help during pmpamtIon aqd mvlm of thls mport: A?r Fom Wrpr Lbcnto~,Antlysls Mvlsfon, Kfrtlrnd ATd, NH; Lr,rAF Schcol of ktmprcr )Cdlc$ne, bdfOblrJ1Oa MvISIDn, 8rci:bs AtB, TX; USAF HOSpItdI , Colmel Roy RtUrt, Cocnnnder, Klkltnd AFB, tly; Ernokhrvtn National Laboratory, I;r. Victor P. Bond, Asrwlak Mructor, Upton, Long Islrrrd, MY.

112 kctl m -Paw 7 I I NrnDucTI cm 0 I1 AIRCW FESPONSES TO THEML RAD!ATIY* 9 111 14

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v. 47

VI 58 60

GLOSSARY €5 01 STRIB UTI Ow ca

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3 F1 grirf -Pam 1 Flrrhblindncss Pacowry Ttm for Dtrcrimlnatlm of 16.2 Minute lest Letters 16

2 Flashbllndnasr &cowry Ttm for Olscrfmlnatlm of Horf ron Indica tor 3 FlarhblindmsS. "Sura-Safe" Panvs for Varyfng Yfcld Nuclear Dcto?sfion.i ; Visi bll +fy of 30 MI lcs 20 , I. ' 4 Flashb11n~cr~'"S~~-Safe"P-s for Varyfng Ylcld Nuclear @?tor\atlon5; vi si bl11 ty, o4 30 Mile5 21 5 FLtfnrl Burn Thrasholds In Fwkeys and Rabbits 23 -6 ktlnal Byrn Thmsholds '$6 Skiman, Monk'cyt, and bob1 ts 25

I. 7 Thresholds for Retlnil Burn as a Fmttlorr of Image Dlamter 25 Rtinal Bum "'jum-Safe* bnps for Varyfng Yield Nuclear Rtonatims; V:slblllty of 30 Hllcs 28 b 9 ktlnal Burn "Sur6-Safe" Ra,iger for Verylng 'rleld N;c;aar h:onatlons; Yltibillty of 6 Mlcs 29 10 fbtlnrl Burn "Sum-Safe' Ranges for Varyi?g Yleld Hucferr tctmatlons; Vlslbllity of 30 Mles 39

Rtlnrl Bum "Sun-Safe" Ran s fqr Yarylng Yield 0 Nuclerr Rtonrtlms; VlslbllT ty of 6 Miles 31 , kdlrnt Lltpocuro bqulmd to'Froducc 50 Percent Inel&# of First, kcond, and Tht rd Dagm Skln Bums 33

13 Skln Burn "Sum-$ab" rnd 'pf%sion-Kill' Rmges 35 14 Prlntr Dos+Survlvrl Ttm Cure 39 15 Resparso Periods Follorrlng kute Padfatton Exposum 43 16 Firly Tlrae Hlrtov of Man's Pdfspsnsa to Rddlrtim 44 17 Prodrorrp1 YWtIng dthln 4fl Yourn of Exporurl wfthout Pntnrtant 49

I. 1 4 , . *: I L1USTRAT:ONS [cont' d)

flpun

.'18 Cm Do5e "Sun-Srfe" and "Hlssj cc-KI 11" Ranqcs Cor Prorrpt Imlring Radi8tfq f * .t 19 Exraples of Potantlrl Crw [xpovbre to Ffsslm Product hmna lirdiatlonr 55

3 Y 4 J'

I AfUL-TR- 76- 141

.. SECTIW I

Nan ln (UI alrtrrft Is relatlvrly less vulnerable to nuclear blast and alec- tKnrQHtlc pulsr (EW)than 1s the rjrcraft. On the other hana, the craw medw my be mor, vulnerable to them1 and lonlrlqg radfJtlm than Is the rlrcnft. Thls crtw vulpersblllty may 'affect the probability of idssim success, Tho extent of perfomnce dccrtmnts cxperlenced by an airirtw exposed to thermal and fcmfzfng radfdtfon from nuclear &tonatfans is a cocrplcx fvnctfm of

ths evoked phylr,Iologicel' responses ahd the coTlexlty and tin strcss of th ,I

tasks nmainlng to cowlet4 the mlssfon. ,

A p~rio~og~ca~mspmse gmy or'may not cbuse a performance decremnt, bpllldlng upon when the response occurs mlatfvo to thc period of time In which

r .. I dsslorr~rHntir1task muit be acconpllrhcd. For exaITple, recutrfng bouts of t MUBMmd vaarltfng dght not *lea1 to a performance decnmnt ff thb afrcraft WI 011 rutogllot or If the taiks- mqufred wrc vtry single, scch as a nontlme- crftlul pushlng of a button: Corrver;e;j, :the sam msponscs, nausea and dtfng, could nsult IC a severe ptrforwncc decrement it the crtw mrrtx!r was wigrged In the highly conolcx tsikt asscclated with ~aponthlfveny or afr

colllbrt nnouwn. ;*

Alrc;m &map from thermal and larllri[lg radlatim, in relatlon to the irprct on aircraft mission, must be! deflnhd. In conjunction wfth the U5AF School of Acmspace Mcdicfne, we have adopted tha following bflnltlons for varloln ckgmes of aircrew darnage: MISSIOI1-KILL 1s that nuclear cnvfmwot hlch fs expected to cause, in 75 pwwnt or mrw of exposed cmmen6tr1, I; perfomnts bcmmt that dms not pwult rCC;cwqllrhmnt G? mitrim-eswntlrl trrkr In (L spacltic tim frame 3 daWudnoU by th nitrim, RISSIOP(-CWLfTIU'l Is that nuclerr envlmrnmt whfdr is expected to allow, In 7S percent or #m o? exposed crsw nnficn, naInbnanca of human performance -. * ::p-. at I law1 that ptmlts rccoTpllthnnt of all miss~~-esscntialtasks at the rqulnd tfm, AWL- TR- 76 - 14 1

SUE-$An 18 thrt nuclrrr envlrwtrbnt which, In 90 pemtOP mra of exposed cm~rtnr-8, 1s cwcted to cnuse no hmn perforwmnce degradatfon at rny tin dwing the mfssfm. This report focuser on physlological nsyonsc$ to thermal and lmtrcng ndIatIa;, Including f:rshbllndnass, fetlnrl and rkf;i burns, wid radlatlon sickness, rrd dlrcwser theft 'inpact on afrt'taft misslorw, fhc dsslm-klll, misslar-corglrtlm, and rure-96fc wtvfmfwt$, based won cpcw cxposrlre, arr L rpwlflrd whw ?rrtcble. *. ..

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.. AFUL-'I R-76-14.

e' mn 4 nuclear wrpm 1s detonated withfn ,tb scnsfbl? atmosphen (belm 25 h),30 percent or mm of tho released energy 9ppcan In the form of a puh Of Intonu therm1 rrdlrtlon. The them1 rpdla Ion 1s of short duratlm (secmd8 w less) rnd Is emitted from thc flet.all and s urromdi09 a tmosphcrc. 7herm1 radiation can cause eye damage frqn direct or. ndlrtct viewing of a crocterr drtmrtftm. It an also caurq skin,burns. fho them1 1rndlc~cr)Gcresscs.wlth the squaw of the distance from a Ducker detoc,rtltm. However, tha 1ecs syrttm of the eye ?ocusas the energy h Inclcknt on tho pupll onto the ntlna. In, the otrsence of absarbing scattering or nflectlng by the letervehlng atinasphen, w'tfiql irradfana! is nearly lnbpenbnt cf the distance from the thermal ;!awe.*. TVs fact accounts for the long dlrtsnctr at which the them1 pulse can affect tbe eye. Increased wprrrtlan fmthe burst point fortunately docs redu& the lntensfty because of the rbsorptlw and scatterfng praprtics of thc jd.terwning alr, and It fs thlr mduttlon which is used In m4els ?hat.calzulatc'. safe separation dfstanes for eye efhcts. I If thr them1 wrqy focused on or near the rttfnr by th lanr system of the aya Is ruffldmtly high and if It ozcurs befoe a blfnk can shield the oy8, bodifformt rrtrnmtes are possible. The first 1s a terrporary inpaimt in vlsurl rcuity crllod flashblinchc?s. The secmd, mtinsl burn, results in panurent damgo. Them1 radiation from a nuclear weapon In the mgatm yfcld range CUI producr flashb11ndncss and retina; 0cir-s In afrcrews at dfstanccs of mm than I hurdmd lrrfles (nfs. 1, 2). Sktn bums are produced by direct exposure of ban rtln to thmal radiatfcm'.or hy.hcat transfer through clothing

-1s collps about &s follows: the frradfanc8 (CntrgY per unit area per unit tlm) inclwt on tho eye is inversely prcportional to the square of the dfs- Una fma thr fIrebrl1~however, tha am?@ of the ftmball Imgc cn the re'lfne 1% also lnvenoly proportiara1 to the squaw of the distance from the fireball. I rusult, the 1rradisnce at the ntlna in the tmge of the f1rckz:l fs In+- pendent of the distana fron. th ffrcbrl:--exccpt for the effect Introduced by IUSphrdC 8tknJlrt?m.

vu. ,(( k ?$'a it*'*

9 8 or by gnltlon of clothing. This section kscrf3er the response of an alrcm to themi rrdiatlm. FUSHb L! NaJE SS * Flashblindness occurs wben the intenslty of the vlsible portIan of tClc therm1 pirlre (whlch Is focused on an i,+a of the ntlnt) ls sufflclently hlsh to tame 8 tunpo-ary bleachlog of the photopigvents in that area. An aft~r- fmgr of tha sire and shape of the prlma*y:I-aqe 1s produced In the v?sual Veld and pnnistr mtll the photopigmntr hm regenerated. The afterfmge can appear 4% a brl@t or dark. area ln the ktual Tftld depandfng upm the IuF?nance of the bwkgtavrd, As thc'photcplknts are rtgeoerat@d, the afttrlmage fades. Rcomry tlm from flashblfndnqss -+?ends not only on the energy fqcfdent on ttw eye, but also depends strongjy or, .'the visual tculty rcqufred fw pcrtep- tlm 07 QUI1 In stosqwvt tcmet. In bddltlon, the effect of flashblfndnrss

&pen& upm the rc1atiw";lzcI. a arsJ.*jocatl'mof the after?rAge produced in the fleld of VI-. A high l?tcrqlty lIghC.\~rircr whfch subtends a vlsual an3lc of 1 bgm or less will produce a smll.* .aftcrlmage a3d should not slgniffcantly 1;4polr rrrbsequsrrt vlslm. A hllh InttnsJ'ty Tfght source vicked fro? tC,c comer of the sya will rfftct only pkr;p%?%l'vf9%,rn; thlr would not be as sfgnI*?cant as If the affected art8 were in the ctntcr of thc'pfjeld of vim when acute J. vlrwl dircrlnrinatim is perfomd.

flashblindnrss obscum all or part of me's vfsfon. To perfom a vlsual task, a pllot mujd ham to look throuq! or qvowd the afttrimage. Aittlouq$ an rCtrrlrgr my persfst for horn, as the Mtoplgmcnts am regenerated It becams pessible to vlsualite object3 throug.1 the aft@r?mge. The prob?em nlatad to flashbllndnrrs, t,~~erafwc,~~scldbtnpersist for more than a few mfnutcs. KEnNAL BUM Flrtlnrl bum Is 1rreverslblr tlssm damage caused by absorptfon oc exctssfvt therm1 energy rnd generrlly r5!qu+ds higher fncfrknt levels of ewqy than dors flashbllnCnass. Whereas flrqhbllntbess Is a response to only thc vif{C:w pOrtlCn of th4 them1 pu?sc, etlncl burn results from the vlslblr! svd fnfraed

b c-tr of tho thermal pulse. Ultraviolet wavelenflhs are largely absorbed

1- -'by W comer and flulds of the. eya. 1, ,' I 3, .-; ~rrmtlrl~y411 the enew.Crom the tltCr%: pulse whlch is tocfdeqt the ;*** ; on nflw Is rbro3wl In tha ntfnr and urdorlvlng tissue. ihtr absorbed energy

L .

I. I .. . .- it ctnvortod to katwhich, under nom1 conditions, 1s dissipated bv conduction to sumurdlng tlssue. If the ratc’at whlch hprll 1s generated by the thermal pulra axwads tho cooling cwabllltfes of the eye In the affectad nxjfon, the

I lcul UupeMtun kdll riso. Ii fhe ternperatbl. exceea- the biological toltt- mas fur tha rnr I,ivolved, Injury to the pho.creepton, optical new tfszw, * and other rtructw In tho mtlnd will resol$, kith m attendant permanent lost of vfrlon tm tha affected rcrgiar.

~kcrrwof swelllng rrib fnCtansticm amulh the prlmary lcslon, a retinal burn fnltirlly affects Ilargcr ama than that dlktly exposed. In additlwr to th loss of vlrlan at the site of the lesi-, hlch ltself may affect the mlssfcm, a retlnrl bum my be serious-fn‘two adcftimal nays. A burn deep to the ntlnr lnay be acconpanled by rupture of a“5lood vessel, and the resultant bcmrrhaga and cellular debrls could causc’cwpiete loss of vislon in the affected eye. Also; If thb 6ptl.k dfqc or a nu:d,r nerve branch is directly burned, rn 4rea of the mttlna, dt?k&&nt upcm:;he dlstrlbutfm of the nerw, .- .I fmctlmally -I wlll k lost. ,-

i. 1% FlrrhblinctMss and retinal bum curves for sun-safe vlewing dtstances for mflm ylelQ, thw bunt altftucks, add-two alrcraft altitudes are presented * : fn ru:4ar 111. These distances &re $3 1prqr’cr~E;artdto o ast, thcml, or TEE mnlqm tht It 1s obvious *at pro&,;ia is required. The sam Ccevlce tkt ‘pwwrwfrnt rstlnal bu$s my also protekt agafnst flarhblinhrcss. ChrfWtarfstict of tk protectlk &via to the choscn 3cpend upon dssfon requi Mnti,

Bumt,to barn Skin art related to the total radiant exposue and the rate Of &llwry Of t)n them1 rrdlrtlm, both of whlch an depcn&nt upan yfcld and MQlt of burst of thr weapon. Lcmr mtes of them1 energy dellvcy (e.$, hrg, yiold mapmr btonrtcd wlthin t& atnmphert) allow gmater - cwtW’1opr fra t)H skin sutiacr by conductton to the deeper layers cf t5e *‘.a :!! rkfu a(% tha blood md by cmvactfm to tht! aft-. b Clotbfng on rfford rlgnlflcant pmtsctirhi t3 ur&r1tying skin. Little evfdaw of rlrfn bum 1s mted wdrr urdamayd favic uhere the fabric Is nut

17. Af)lL-fR- 76-1 41 ..

nlersed rpy ktth skln end praducs bum?.. In general, llahtweiuht clothlnq md'c9othlng laolrElcqed by perspfrrrtlon offpi.. less gtotectim than dry, heavy- ndght ntrrfa:r. In addftfti, the Nmx In a flight suit can transdt rufffcferrt Wma1 anergy to tnckrlylng amrc df ban skin to cause a bum. A thrrrl lording of 7 cal/cm', for exarple, k(-uld produce a sem4 degree bum. (Them1 lordlng at thcsa incldent ~nergir*also produce fmr, smoke, and ignltlan of cartaln cockplt cwonents (ef..3).) Skin m&r clothlnq can be burned as a Tesult of Ipnltlcm of the fabrlc. Actul ca1orfc levels for lgnltlon of fabrlcS vary wlth matarla1 weight, color, amornt of contact between fabric layers,. initjbl tcrveratun!, and degree snd type of solllng. , Bum scvedty is mlated to the degme and durdtlm of skin teverature elevation. Paln occurs when the terrpcrature of nerve cells near the skln surface Is ralud to 43OC (109°F) or more.'' The amunt of pain ls not directly .. m1rt.d to bum sevtrity. 9 The Tint 6gm8 bum Is a mild suiface bum, producing redness but not bllstoHng oftbe. rkln. PaIn usually accoqantcs and cmtlnues after exposure ifthe'tkrrrj dellvery rate 1s ra?fd.

A rrmd 6gnc burn &strays the epidcnnls (outer skfn layer) and produces smlllng and blfstejs in the Qrp epidermal, layer or between the epickmIs and tha &rrrls (inner skln layer). If them1 dellvery Is tapld, sharp paln, later subrldlng to r dull pain, Is cxpcritnced. A thlrd ckgm bum destroys the epldermls and the Qds. Skin gmftlng Is necessary for harllng when larp areas of'the hod)' arc involved. B:fsten fomd burned areas wlll pnvent nom1 use of the affected parts. over the .* Intenu paln 1s produced mtil the nerve cndlngs located In the dennfs are &stmyad. Pafn wlll penfst at tht periplhral, less fnjurcd amas, Although r third &gm burn Is physfologicrlly mom! sekn than 8 second degrct bum, a third 6gm burn may not result in a getrter cbgrtt of short-trm dlsaSility rincr tht prla my not k as tavern, - . ..'d . '*h*b&nt of ktfonrrncr dscnmnt ex&er4tnced by an rlrcrw due to skln bums would depend upon the srverlty of burns, the locatla of thc bums on the body, the fractlm of thQ body surfrcr ana bu.rned, and the tln between cmo- run md trrk perfomnce. Ihy burn to the amaround the eyes my cause ruffldent mslllng to obstruct vlslon, particularly In later steps of th

12 drsion. 8ums to the hands,'clbocn, or knecc that produce Imnobility or llmlt mtlm as a nsult of paln, swlllng, or tissi&'&struction a* llkcly to nrult In 6grrded performance capabi 11 tfcs, Severe perfomrncc! aecmmnt my rtsul t froa rystelhc effects (e.b., cardlovascular shock) caused by bums over large &muef body surface. T'ilrd rkgrta burns of 30 percent of the body surface Uf11 ~rwnllyproduor shock withi? 30 mlnqcs to 12 hours, which, ifuntreated, my muse Qath.

"ha cman mcclvc se-vere skin bums #at.dfstances at which the airplane would sustain only very llght damage. Thermal rvspcmses of tho aircrew and system rn a furction of mapm/alrcraft orientation. Worst case for the crew nnbr appears to be a detplatim ahead and 5lfahtly above the airplane so that the angle of inchhncc to crltlcal parts of aircraft skin is low but aqgle of fncidtncr to the cxgoscd ,crew fs nearly.pc,v: LAndfcular. Sm prwtcctlon fs . 9. providad by fltlght clothing, helmet, crygen ;p-\?, and visor. The &grtt of

a prwtuctfan fs often lass than the thenk.1 harchess of the afrplarie so that u mffonrd crew llhmbr could be.burntd a'lthough the alrcraft.. survives (e?,4). If am can pmtwt the cockpit to the si* level assthe cxtcrfor of t+e rfrptnr, tha thmt tunivabflity of ;i;e fy:lcrl is fncreased fm tbt of t)rr cmto the.uch hlghdr level. Qf. the afrplanc. Cumntly, three JC~RScan te used. If t'te cmcan functicm wlth the rlrplun 'buttoned up," them1 curtalns or nn opaque'thtml shield can be used. Mvantrgcs of this metf.od a* lou wejy'lt, low cost, and hlqh rclfabllfty. It has the dfudvantagc of no outride v4sfbllity and, thus, cannot be used at pmunt for tad, takeoff, or reffwltng. If eye pmtactlm mly 1s mquired, a prthctlw gcgglc ccn be used. A nuctarr flash can trigger the gqgle to aphfcvt an aptfcal densfty of gwetcr than four (0.01 percant tmnswdssicn) (nf.5).

For 10- -1rW cockpit protxtion, a teat shleld wlndaw, wlth pratxrties rldlrr to thr oo(toh, could be tngloyed. A ndw product crrllcd PLZT Is klng drvrloprd (nf. 6). PLZT an bo used both In gaggles rnd ln a heat shield wlnbar. 'It of*m lo# wight, very low pmirequiremnts, low cost, nnatfle cpntlm, md does not requfm an rdditiona? them1 curtafn. Its prlmry dlerdvrntaw fr a mxtnamr Ifght transmfssfm faetbr of ap~roxfmte?y25 perwnt. I .

'1 13 4 *!..a Ir f" SECTION rir .' SPECIFICAtIOF( OF ENVIRbIKYTS FCR :'!EREML RADIATIUI DAYAGE ,'

fhcnnal radiatlm poses h'thmat to 8irc-w metvtxrr only when the posltlms of the mapan bunt and the alrcraft are,. sur5 that the thermal pulse or a specular mflectlm 1s lncldeclt ck ttp clpw me&er. Weapon dctonatlms above and folward o? the aIrcraft.ull1 lllmlnate thc cockplt whereas dctonatfms behlnd and belw wlll result in minim:J.dl%ct them1 threat t3 the crm. Even tho energy fmthose detonatlms 'that'il!.o-ir.atc the cockpit area will be rttsnurkd by the w1ntat na&r:!alj. The at?rr,IJatlcm Is usgally on the o&r of 50 percent, but 1s drpendtnt 'upoi :thC.$p&'! ?ic'nlndcw thlckncss cqd mtcrlals, md Is also frequency dephdcnt, In hddltf&i, -the perlod of eye exposue ard, -1 Ma, rrtlnrl trrrdlanos j;.'sc&hat IfNhd by the blink wftex. Secawc of the,Iongrr pulse lwpth', 1rrgt-yleld.nucleat~ mapons detonated at low altitudes pdbtha krt opportcnlty for the btink mf7ex to provldc som masure of en protcttfon. In tha case of large-yfcld detonations at very high altltudes, or law-field dctonatfms at .any altltude, the +them1 pulse Is so rapld that the blfnk mflex occurs after eye-&caging ammts of ewrgy a= deporlted. The mtqy lavlels discussed hercln arc thosr! which an actually Incident on the clpv mdxt, WVIROHKNTS FOR RASHBLIWONESS' Specfflutlon of damagfng flashb11ndnees~tnvfronnnts can mly be dona fn 70, ofthe bdc them1 fnput to tha aye. .fherrc envimnmts mat be pre- .d f- Wtd In Ua mtaxt of nasmrblr rsouvtfms regarding the mdltim of tb ', : ; '. cmwlkr's ep prior to the encounter and tht dc3'nc of vfsual aculty mqulwd by thr crow mmkr#after the. cncount@r, as well as his respanre 8 -, ' I@ i (mckxlVr nd'mlu~tary) during axp'mu~to the thermal pulse. Uslng there .1 -3 as$~lmr,m cl~l'e~11~lnrths result5 of Mspm output rnd transport calcu- lrtlmr to 6tarrrrlne posltlcns*ln spacc tnat thcsa therm1 levels cxfst as a functfm of wsrpcn yiald and height of burst. Several studlet pf thls natur,

., ha* ~WIrccarpllshed, chfef amg tbn bnf

'I studies that the results pmrentcd kwIn ham larely !?ern cxtnctcd. 'X , t

. ,.,., . AFML-TR- 76-1 41

bslc flashblin&ers response data ups\ w+f& Allen's work it based an fourd In reference 9. 1; that study, eight Jlrbjcctr were exposed to brief (0.04 to 1.4 mcc) flashes fraa rcnm-ftl-led +Ischap ttlbc which subtcnbd a rjswl rnglc of 10' or less, cev!*?d on,,th? '*,.ea, whlch 1s the area of the retina responsible for acute vlrusl dlscrimlnatlon. Rpcowy t?ps wcrc mas- urtd 4s tha ti- fm flash incldcnct uttil the swjyts mre able to @ad Slorn-%ellen letters wlth lmtnanccr ,ranging' tm h.07 to 131 mlllilambert~ (d.) rnd with subtended visual angles of tk tast letten rangfng from 16.~ to 41.6 adnutat. fhc mal rccove~tlns of fOur subjects for 16.2-minute test 1ett;ar-s at varlws letter lwwfnank am pn5~terjIn flgurc 1. Allen se:ected avenge lnstrmt lrafnances of 0.C7 mL for nlghttlm cmdftions (ref. 19) and 20.0 rC for daytlm (mf.11) and assuned -thl'the vlsual aculty reautmd for Instwent reading was equlvalcnt to that required to mad the 16.2-minute test lettars In tht cqxrfment (approximately 2W5S vision). Frcl~lrvailablc data, Alltir scitctpd re+!ry#T exposun levels of vfsually effectlm light correspm'ding to 10-second rcccrvery tfm for the average man a' '. and then ryduacd that lchl by a factor of two to account for hmn var?abillty and vlcertalntlcs in the extrapolation. (h additional factor of two ndirctfm in allowable exposure level was Incorporawd later In Allen's analysis as a , safety factor to accovlt for mcertaintfcs. In'source mdelfng and atmsphcric trmslalrslm.) for a uniform rrtinrl emosurc of 3.2 x 10' traland-seconds (urftr;* Of drfble lt@t em* lncfdcnt on the mtina) under daylight cmditims

\ or 4.7 % 10' tmland-seconds Wdcr nfghttlm! cmdltlms, the average cm matter should hrw a 6- or 7-second recovery ttm and penmnel most sansftin

,. to flrshbllnbrssr should haw .about. I lO-sccwrd tecovery tlm. Rcowry tim In thfr Ute 1s n?rW $0 the ablllty to mad afrcraft Instmnts directly thmwh the rfterlnga. s . Homver, th ntlnrl exposun fm a nvclcar detonatlcw 1s not mitom but 1s mthr a fmctfm of posgtfon on ~JMmtlm. At'icparatfon distances here fluhblinhers first begins .to-be of corrcein, me expects a small area 07 the rrtfnr, cormspondlng to the dinct ?mgu of $:e fireball, to h8w hI3h and nlrtlvaly mffon exposurd lemls. At pofnts on the ntfna surrounding thls . -. .- -..a . . . Rcovrrj Tlm for Mscrlsrtnatfm of 16.2-Mnut4

. 16

Y MFA-T R- 76- 14 1

OlmCt IaUge, exposum 1s due pi-imarlly to light Tcrlttared by alr and the ocular mC1a. The L.ttlno1 cxposun law1 should &cna:*'rapldly nlth distance from the inage (refs. 12, 13). Since lomr exposite 'e-1~ lead to mn? rgpld lycOvofy, aM expticb the aftetlmge to fade !hot? r.aDldly In the peripheral nglau of uwl eye. men sufflcicnt perlphcral vlslm returns, me will be .- ab19 to WI -arourd thr mom pcrslstcnt dlract aftcrimagc befom tt fades entlmlj I.* "A -1 L. fPom Vtu, 4- .' Allen ntf8d on thr mturn of pe,rlphe~lvfsf'9n In hls speciffcatfar of a sm-safe envlrarnnt for flashbHn6ncss. tie s17'kd an afterimage to prssist kymd the 15oacmd mcovery tim as lmg ri'thatafterfmage dld not cover mom than 8 vfsurt rngla of 3' (cormsparding to an rftrrimacp diamter ot rpproxlrrutrly 0.9 a),Allen used data whfth IndlAt d that then was llttlc

17 ..

c 40

I 4

tepantlm dlrtmces from nuclear deton~+.'(*~f(refs. 2, 7). Given a thnshold ntlnrl Illur(nrtlm level for flashbllidr,.ss, xic ran calculata safe sc7arrltlon dlrtana!s cmrftkring variables such as &t~r~$pbcrfccmdftfms, weatm yield and hd@t of bunt (HOB), altltude of observer, and tlm of exposure (usually IfRita4 by mflex blfnk tfm), Safe'scpcr.?t'l~dfstanas for flashbllndncss wen rbstmcW fm the mrJl of Uhi'te et' a'. (ref. 2) and am contafned In .d figurn 3 md 4. Thesr safi vfwlng dlstanCvs, calculated fcr general purposcs, am rhdved fron fmc-fleld cxpmure'and r!; not conslhr window or eye sF;ield rttenultlan or thc gemtrjr o~ atrcraft o;ieqtit1on In n~atiarto th nuclear &torution. *~lso,mitt et a1. advlrc thA predfctims .for* ylcl& b~1owIO KT and for the 50,000-foot burst tklght be &pd ritn caution.

I The use of fl lO-rccmd mcovery tiwe In the spcci*lcatlm of a sum-safe anvimmnt for tlashblinchess is opcrr to smdebate. (h thcf me hand, :O

1 seconds of corrp1tt.e fovtal blfndness durinj'certain critlc81 periods of thr, r' nfullng and takeoff mission phases could not bc carrsickpd IS strfctly S'J~T- F sah. On the other hand, flashblinbrcss .will not be conplete over the mtfre a l0-ucond tlm period and m can expect vfslm'ta mturn rnow rapldly 1n the prripknl rrgfms of the aye. Thus, an earltcr return of partfal visual capabllltlm CUI k expected uhich will help the pilot avoid serious Offficulty. . Fl~lly,t)Hn cxperimntal evidence the txper+ictnccd pflots would I Is be capable of mtainfng useful control of tbelr atrcrtft for time perfoh 111 exoHs of 10 secmds when flashblinded (wf. 15). Thlrty-five 8-52 pilots mn fltrshbllnckd in the 8-520 wile Flight Slhlator for awruqe tlms of 31.9 seconds (recovery tltw measurrd as the tfw wquled to mad the heas'fng Indicator). During thls tim, they *re m'ufred to bank the similrtc?d aircraf? a 30' to the left while Mintainfng sltlpu6 and alnped. Thefr perf:F**ce was for time pedoh up to approxfiktc~y-24seconds after exposum. Whllc *. th4s mmmr does not slwdlata elthcr takeoff or refueling, whlch are 08 pdhy mcom hem, the gms results my be applicable. For tfms up tc &out 24 ucands suhcqucnt to fleshbiIntF'3s, the pilots had no trouble main- trlnlng thr pmcrlkd couric. In addition, the rrrsults showd no s1'$11ticant eft@f th fluhblfnchess for about 6 (@con&. tor longer tfms, whew the eff8cts of flrrhb1lnb.lcss becam noticeable, tht general result wa: that the pilots becum mm cmurvative*, amd (rr the safe si&, and approached bank mgla of 2(r to 2Y rather than tha pr-eTcrlbcd 30.. Thfs sam cmscrvatlsm could CIUSO thm to dlscanrnct in the nf@llng sltvaL1m. If thfs case murs, contact dth th bnker would haw to'be mtstabilshcd. l? 2: . .

0 8. Ji-I m

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20 -. - _.. .

ANL-TR-76- 141

I $1 i I'

, 411 Jn Y I ' *, Y

-I I'!-. . 1) .+ '9.I. The rlsstOn-c&latln and mlrtlon-k?ll tnvlmmtr am not speclfled for fluhbllndnets bacausc, by deflnltim, .flast4b'indncss Is a temporary vlsual inpafnmnt, trm whlch rtcovc& 1's cwlctt !n sm spcclflc tim. Thus, any dcgrn of flashbllnmcss could tc conf1der.ed to;& wlthln mIssIon campletion

cmstrrInt3, 1.e.. the tlm and tcsk dependency 01 the inpact of flarhblIn&css 1s such that only the sure-safe bflnitipn WI be apqlled in a val?d manner. ENV1-S FOR Pn1N.N. BUM

T)n lncldenw of ntfnal bum Is prfmrfly functlm of cncrgy densIty on the ratlna, the Trea of the Image, and t,heitlrd in which the energy Is delIvcred. The effects on hum pcrfonnance ef a rPtlnc1 bum am dcpcnhnt upon the Image slze, the Image locrtiar, and tht severity of;tclo burn. For these redsons, It 1s dlfflcult to rccurataly sptclfy Qmagfng enii&r,mn'ts corrrspondfng to our drflnltiart of suteesafe, dsslm-kill, and vI:%lm-corqletlm. 'Ihi~~c~tr upar whtd rtttnpl bum calwiatfmr anbased result from rxprrlmntaf uoh on anlmnls, backed up by .Ilr-ftcd direct hunan data on sthjccts who YIII scheduled for eye nmova?. Also*pro'vlCfng backup of the data am cal- cut&-d ntinrl bum dlstanccs frw sptciflc nuclear tests, txperlmntal data trkm on rtilnuls durfng these test$, and ntIna1 turn data from a small nurrber- of huuns.who 1nadwrttnt:y vie-d best weapon tests w: thout eye pratectfm. rbrt mfml data which am appllca3lc to rpt?nal bun. vulpernbility analys 4m haemrlmts *em the retina uas frr,idfatcd by a ru1c:fvPly cmstdnt- - tnt#rtlt), ll$tt source for various duratlmr rlqglng from 10" to 10 seconds t (nf4'8). TM exto~-r'loptla1 systam provlQa the ibflfty to vary the ntlna Irgc' blmtrr. Tygful results of such dxprlmnts 00 both rabbits and mkcys I for -urn of cmmm fnge dlamtcr &re presented In ?{gun 5. SevcraT efV&'lra worthy of mtlm. Ffnt, the Iovoa appears to k more sensftie to e- that! the surroundfng &ma 8s dcmstrattd by cangrrlng the lontst two curws. %card, the dsfinlt4m of & thrcrMld ntlnal bum depends upon tht cFIhrI(I uud to 6Mnc the b;m and the rr~lsltlvityof the tcchnlque used

r .. .

a F1gul.r 5. ktlnrl Burn Thmsholds fn hkeys and Rabblts \

23 AnJL-r~-td-141 .' a

p: mbbttr, to ntlnrl bum. fhlr 1s prbbdbly due to tbe gnatar plgme~tatlonof 1 . II

tha monkey tatlnr. I Data fmi mkcy and rabbft tests and the llmfted experfrental data avatl- .a abla m'humns am canpamd fn figure 6. The data of figure 6 are for a dlffer- ent lmge dlamttr thsn that of tlgure S,.wh;lch fCr dlff2rences In , accomts the the curws. hkcy foveal ntfnal bum thresholds are lower than humn wtlnal bum thresholds for the IlmitCd range of'Lmdftfons avallablc for cocrparlsm. Most of the hmn data worc obtalncd, howen, from extramcular exposum. '. 4 , Uhlle not shmr In this flgurc, blue-eyed humam appear to haw r_ blqhet thwsh- old for ntlnrl bum than do brown-eyed tndfvfduals (nf. 16). It would appear froa thrte llnlted human data Vat monkr,~'.?waT retinal bum threshold datk an Sufflc1qtly cms!!rvatjve for direct ;rtrapolrtton to mar! Insgsfar as the rpeclflufl6\ of a sure-safe an4lmnnt fop rettnal bum ls cmcerrcd. A . .* thnthold level for ret'nal bum in humans of 0.5 tc 1.5 callan' incldent on ' tha rrtlnr delivered at I rite of at least 0.4 (cs1lcm')lsccmd has also been

$ reported (nf.17). .. .* Ffgum 7 Includes dab 011 the other major parameter, ntfnal lwge dlancter, involved fn the ttudy of retfnel bum. Ulth all factors thus consfderrd (and rssurlng the image to be centered on the turea), flgum 7 ls a reasonable spxlflcatlar of the mdlca?ly sum-safe lcvcl of wtfral lrrt,dlaflce. A3 exgected, In gmral a smaller Image dlanctcr Incrwws the toleran@ for rrtlnal bum, xlnce In thts case them Is me aea surrounding tk slte of the

exporun thtwgh whlch heat &y b dfssfpated. A typlcnl applfcattm 08 ffgulv 7 would ba to use an crpasut-r d;rstim of.0.15 secmd, correspmdfnq to a mflex blink tfmr; then for an tmge diwwtet of.O.9 m, the sure-safe Ftfnal frradf- ma nlu 1s fomd to be 0.5 cal/'m*. It shwld be noted that these data am fW Wsmtlrlly Squrn-wrm pu?dof 'thtrmd) mnargy snd great cam must be axerctud tn applying these &t& to them1 pulse outputs fm nuclrdr weapons which hrvc dlffamnt teqotal characbrlstlcs.

24 ..I

1 AFN-TR-76-141 t * :,>J -, "*.. 4 ..:-, $.$ ?. ', * ' All potht8'm@ntnrrt lndlvldwl bpm-tyed human patients. So114 symb0;s indi- uta pnmcr of a ntfnrl burn.wt'thln sccmds and oprn syrrbols repwsont exposums which pmduced no vlsible sl~sof burn; half-flflcd symbols wpnscnt Mrurhold ntlnrl burns uhlch kcam vislble only after sm tlm &lay. The bmhlhe dram through these hta points'ls an approxlmtlon of threshold far mtim1 bums In thlr.ttudy (ref. 16). . I. .- -- .. . _- _c I . ,a .- e.

i 24 E

0 c- Ilr f3

A It \ A

flqura 6. Ratlnrl Bum fhmsholQ In Himin, Honkeyt, and Rabblts 1' +.

. 10

FIgun 7. fhnsholds for Rttlril Bum as a Functlm of Inage Manctct (ref, 2)

26 d .-..

MYL-TR-76.141

In mt dol," * :v& md this requlrts that the bum not tm excestlvely seavcrr. It has been obsorved (ref. 18). at etlnal frradiahca levels a factor of about thm hlghtr than those whlch cause reflnal burn, that the dam* becares sufflclently sevvm to reach the chomld, tk lqyer of the eye directly mdcr tha ntlna. As thls energy 1.evel Is exccc'ded,.thcrc is a possfblllty that blood vessels In the chorold,wlll be. ruptured, wlth bldod occludlng a large ,, portian of virlm. I. ,' ' Thus, bm specify as dsslm-carpletlon le945 thme values In flgure 7 wlth ttm modlflcatlm that, for dlamten no gyafxr than 0.9 nm, the all&able levels should be increased by a factor of th:*e,, When the Inage dlamtcr oxcsaQ 0.9 ~m,however; avallable data 40 nit .!;Jsti.fy.a separate, hluhcr, dssim-corpletlm exposurc lewl. Becruse of mcurtaln,tlcs In tha posgibl& Igcatlons of the Imge, tk ex+mt i of hewhaglng utilch dghk okur. and the task Orpen'tknb. of the lnpact of near 1 blinc)ms, It It fnposslble to ettlate mlssfm-kfll cnvfmmnt levels for mti~i.b~m.3 .. I

ks In tha case of flarhbllnchcss, It Is a cumlex task to translate the i .. rbon blologicrlly Wglng envl,&mnts Into an operutlmally useful fan. r (1 Agaln, rtbrpts to achleve thls have been p6flomd by Glculatlng safe scpara- tlm blstrncrs frum nuclear bursts. Ffgures 8 thrbugh-11 present safe vlewlng distances (in nautlcrl mlles) as a furctlon of weapm y!cld, HOS, obscmr rltttudr, atmorpherlc vlsiblllty, and for day- and nlqht-accomdatcri eyes. @In, these distances do not consldcr the' g~mtryof aircraft orlc?rtatlon In nhtlm to tha r&?esr &tr?natlm. These figures wen developed fm data prrmbd by Uh!b ot rl. (ref. 2) and by Rl&ey '(ref. 13). A USAFWCQw?obcd co6 (nf.19) was adapted to the AWL conputcr kdcowutatlons uem mdt i,.pfwng the wlnhcrran spectral transmissfar ot the F 4 aircraft. hse kilts wa, thenfom, spaclflc for ?e F-4 6ut am rouohly applicable wlthln +20 pemt to othrr Rilitary ait.crrft. - 4. EHVIlUNKMlS WR BIN Bu1I(S Spclflutim of sum-safe, mlssfm-klll, and nlsslm-corrpletlm cnvlm- mts for skfn bum can only b don8 In tern at bastc them1 Input to the skin. fhrw mvlmments again must be pmsenbd In the context of masoneb13 assuptlms mgardlng thr wapm yleld, burst altitude, and orltntatlm of the rlrcnft rlth mspect to thr point of detma?fm.

27 b 9".

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AN-TR- 76- 141 L

I' For those aircraft that haw thermal curtains, skfn bum fs a thwat to -3 the rlrcrac only durlng those portfans of the nlsslon that the them1 curtalns anopm. Skln bums occur at a Mghcr calode level than those rcqulnd for

i 8lt)Hr flashbllntbrss or mtfnrl bum. Hewer, bums to exposed skfn gmerally '. OCcuf at dlrtcncqs that exceed the range ?or them1 effects on the alrcnft or I- pmtlmlrlng ndirticm affects on the hircm. I

#. Skln burns am produced by them1 radfatlm energy ln the ultradolet, :' vfSfb1r, md lnframd xgltms of the spectrum, and can Cccur due to dlract skln exposum, by heat trcnsfer through ;lothing or by lgnltlm of the clothlng (ultrrvlolet ndiatlon, howvar, 1s almost totally absohd by the wlndscmn). mrrprl energy from nuclear dctonatlds fs crnlttcd wlthln perlods of a feu !, arllltwconds to tens of sesonds, and travels in a'rtruight line. Only tclc skfn and clathlng dlnctly facing the buht wlll be affected. - Reflected energy lnclht m tha attcrw WIII generally k brj order of mapltuh jess than dfrcct .> emrgy exposum, and CM rwasmebly be ntyIccWd. The crltlcal radfdnt exDMure for (1 skln bum chrnpcs as the thermal radlittlm pulse durrtltn and S~EC~M chmgr; themfom, the critical dfstancc cbnnot be detenfntd dlrrctly from the calculrtad output. The effectfn,spectrm shlfts wlth burst yield an4 altitude. nW p-iltty of aft tnctlvfdurl bafng burned and the sredty of bum am also eoqled furctlmr of lndlvldurl factors such as plpntatlm, skln thickness and *Am1 cmductlvlty, In1tlrl skin brwrrtum, clothlng, orlentrtlm ulth ntpct to thr burst, uld shlelding. fho trrcrgy absorbed by the skln ln a nom1 popuhtlm my vay by as much as 50 prant due to skln pigmcntatlorr. Skin t~qerrturarof 70'C for a frattlm of a second or a tenptratun of 48.C for rlnutm can nsult In second Qgm bums' (refs. 20, 21). Skln ttqenturts for tint and thfrd dcgm bums afd roughly 25 percent lomr and higher, mgKtlnty, thrn thcna for swqd &grw bums. Ftgum 12 shbn mngas of ndlrnt rxpznunr to tmprotawtrd. bkfn for a 50 percent prababllfty of flnt, uamd, md Old degree bums ln ground observers. In the ffgun, HOB for MY yleld Is optlrnrrnr for 5 psj blast ddwqew''mthe gtcund. The solfd llws rrpnucrt the 50 percent prabrb4lttles*for bums In md m-pigmented hmns. Thr broken llnar npmsent the kl percent bum probabl 1 ties for very light md wry dark pigmntad subjects,

, In th rbrmce at turglasres or V~SC~S,w+lch vould

b 3;;r OfI Skin bum mdtJu eyer, M envlrmwnt of 1.5 u - /I 1 . hbdU sum-s&?e. In emt the ryl amIs [ i E ti

-- . .d i------*

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ffgun 12. Radiant Exgosum kqulmd to Produce 50 b&nt Inctdencs of Flnt, Semd, and Third aCgm Skln Bums for Different Skin Plpntat?m (Hel#tt of burst Is thr optlmm IICB for 5 psi blast damage ar the grornd (nf.20))

33 MYL-TR- 76- 14 1

. *e$. .c lenl of 3 at/d Incldmt is mcomnnckd. This lek1 wauldprodm tint thgm bums on exposed skin oi sonr.crwc mnfHm, but should not urne mm ii than dlsccmfort. Sum-tgfe skin bum ranges ILC specifled In figure 13. This 0 figun Is derlnd fmkt-free-flcld ~xvosurecalculations and does not cmslder alrcnft wlndscrten attenuatfon or atrcraft orientatia. n?t performane &crw~nts rxperlenrcad by the rfnrtw.bccausc of skin, bum would dcpend lrom bum senrlty, ttn locatlp t,f the burn; afld thr fmctlon of the body surface burned. knn pdornran'ca decnmmtr my result from bums caislng local nrrlllng and llmitatth of mvemnt. .? - i A value gf 10 ;l/cm' lncldent is r&crrrmtnded as a nisslm-klll envimrrmnt. i At thls lelual, oxposed *!n yll1 mceive th1tU'ckqme bums, and cockplt autarlals wlll rncbrgo fvnfng, srokfng, an6 i&.lttar (nfs. 3, 20 through 22). Msslm-klll skin bum Finges am also sptclfie'd In ffgurc 13. The range wrsus I yield curves cf thls flgw.warn crlculapd ~.$&q* the. Am*: SNAK Corrputrr Progror (nf.23). I

T)rr dsrtm-corpletfcm anvlmmt ller 'between the txtnaw quoted abom. it

It fs mornbd that a valu of S crl/cm' b? Aed, rssurrlng the eye area to ., k pmEKbd. Thlr level would result 1n appbximtely a 25 percent ind6nce i of second dew bums to'expostd skin. I

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AIRCEN RSPOhSES TO IO)(IZING RADIATICM '

lhlfkr the CAW of thermal radlatlm, whew the alrcrnft structure and them1 curtrlw protact thc cmduring much of the dsslon, then is little protactlar rvallablr against the hlghly penetrating neutm and gam rays to which the mystam my be exposed. Thus, thc cmIs vulnerable durlng all phases Of thr dsslm to the lonlrlng radiation from nuclcflr *apm detonations. Irrodlrtlm of mn my cause daleterious effects: T9c effects am produced idrcm the ndfrtlon energy It sufficient to craats Ions by dis'lodglng orbital a. .rloctnns and by dlsngtlng molecular bonds. Ukn hlQcly mrr~tlcneutm and gam radiatlb 4s incldcnt on the hmn bo@, 4 pw;fan of the energy is thpmlttd wlthln the body. Gama redtation tntencts pmddnantly with electmi. A portim p'f'tpe gam energy 1s trans- fema to an elrctm and ft 1s thfs mrgetfc slcc'tm which causes the damage. It Interacts wlth other electrms In the*ncir 'vlctnl ty '.and .leaves a track of ucmdrry electms, brdcen mleculrr bmds, md ions. In tlnr much less than ,a I socmd, electrlcrl neutrality returns, but the rtpalr of b'pkcn bards takes such longer. .I In the case of neutrons, ttW lntanctlm 1; prcdmlnantl$ colllrfms wlth hy-n nwlel, wlth tha darn* king done by mcoi 1 protons. The Qmqe crwd by neutron Inhtrctlm Is localfzed ln nature;* 1.e.. a large n&r of ~on~zrtlmrrn mnbd In 1 local a-a. Othenrltc, tbe damage Is wch tho sum u that causa6 by gam rays. If ~oniutionWur plum In living Crlls, rubocIIuIar pmassrt.rn 161s- rupt.d md th nodfmetlalng of the cells 1s irpalmd. Sfncr omc rlnglr lonldng sktmy produce mle&lrr chrnga, it ?s kclleved that there Is no threshold to tha rlsk of rrdlrtlcm dtmge, rt least rt the mlaculrr and wllulcr tents. ..

kdlrtlon effects 011 rn orgwlrm as complsx as :hn (n

.36 . i tlssms, Bereby 1nflucnc:lng the fmctlmlng of the 1 rradfatcd organlsm. Somatlc affects am tha srrbje;t of thls ceport. Smttc radfatlon effects may be dlvlbd Into early (mlnutes to days) md late (meks to ycan) responses. Early smtic responses art of Inkrcst In assessing the abllltv of an alrcrm to cmleb Its mlsslm. Qnttlc effects rtsult from damage to the gcrmlr,al tissues and am mnlfested In the offsprlng concci,L"td follmlng exposun.

A usefui measure of the damage capabllity of.cwrytIc neutrons and gam rays 1s t)w nd, whlch 1s 6flned 8s that quantlty of radlatlm hlch would result In tha rbsorptlm of 130 ergs In a gtdm of ktcrlal. 'It Is Important to mcogn1te that the outbr rtgI.cms of the body shl,eld the Inner organs to somc extent. Thus, when a dose or an exposure Is quoted, it Is Important to sprclfy whetJwr It 1s a surface (or.lntl&nt) dose (srmt!ms~calledIncfdent emcnun) or m Intaml doso; md whether It It given-lr, ergs per gram of tlssue or of air. mile tb cannn~arrfactor froin surra& ra~.(t~ssue)I- to Internal tlssua dose 1s a fmctlon of the neutron and.gam ,en@.& spectra arld hmn varlatlcms (such as dlstana! fm surfam to polnt of lntcmst), for the purpmes of thls mport thr folloulng rpproximb convenlcm frcton are suitable: Incldrnt in rads (tissue)'~0.65 Eplgastrfw dose In radr (tfssue) a, Incldsnt dose In rads (tissue) x 0.80 - Wcbrain $me fn rads (tfssuc) t Thr rrd cs used In thls mport, unless othenrlsc stated, Is incident rads (tlssu). UHlFfCEo W WTA Ow RESPWSE IUiIZfNG HW 7'0 .. RADIATICnS 2. I htr on hum rtspmses follalng,eqosm to penctratlng radlatlms In the dose of mrrrrl Uns to I feu hur'drtds of rbds CIR be found In tho ?Iter- aturn. HUM, total bo@ lrrrdfatfms h\va occumd fcllwlng Inadmrtent (rrdlrtfan acdht victlrm) and Intentional (radlothcrapy and Japanese at3mIc ba& &Su1t'lrt) cfrcltrn9s. Doamntcd lynan nt3mnser wfthln thls range of exposuns varies hamlnlnrlly detekablt chanys In the nhrs of fomd blood eltmts to lrthrllty. In rddttlm, the 1ttPmturO cq the radlob1o;ogIcrl nspmtas of exper?mtally irradlatcd mmls can be consuJtad.

Infomtlan on m0 raspsot In tha dose runc)r spannlng tne moderate ndlrtim nrctlon (-1% rads InclCeot) to the ffprdlan 'lethal level (-450 rads lncldmt) Is lncnatlngly spa- with fncrsaJing dose. Data on hum raspms~s fcllosrtng hl# doses (> - 750 - 1500 rads) of ionizlnq radlrtfon Is mry Scam. SurvIvrl fo11dng exposum of thls mapfturb Is very unllkaly.

37 .

ExcePtlorrs to thls statment Include a small number of thtrapcutlc cxpusuns to gravely ill cmmr (leukernla) find organ (k1,hey) tnnsplant patltntr. Patlrnt survival war llmlted to Individuals recalving transfused bone marrow cells from an ldentlcal Gln (refs, 24 through 26) or other h1s:ocwatlble dmcr (refs. 27, 28).

'a. THE LETHAL MDIATIU4 SYNORCkS :.*.' / Clrrrlcal rsdlabloloqy n&Ixo three dfstlnct lethal radiattm syndms. syndmmt art largely based upon pdstradiatlon' sunlval tlm and the slgns urd sylrpt#r of Ma org8n systems prlmdrily rfttcbd by the radlatlon. The chrrrcbrrftttcr of tS lethal radlbtIm 'syndmt (for I varlaty of ndmllan rpecler) can be Mlned. A smry of'mny such gtuditt is cmtalncd In tond's woe (nf. 29). 4 ndlflrd, schemtlc vbr-;im of Bond's dose versus man survlvrl tlm eurvs Is pmfcntcd as flg.j're 74. Monkey dose-survival tlmcs, ;e+ . as drtcnfnd by the Arnd Force; 8sdiobFal.oqy Research Instctute (4FRRI) (refs. 30 through 34). wee ked to adaptathe qcneral mmlian curve to a cum that presmbly apprex~rmtcsthe tbve lethal radlatfon syndms In mn. (WI hrvr rlro plotted the st~rvIvr1tCwr of fie lethally ?rradlabd hwn rccl dent vlctlms in flgur, 14.) Startlng ..wlth an exposum of -25 rads (a cl I n t ca 1 y urcktectablc'd~se), Incrras!nq the dose of total body radlatin leads to Incnrslng damage to bfolcglcal systcdh until a dmc Is reached at whlcfl w lulrr and tissu Injury p;dducrs somc slgns and symtm of radlatlan chmgr. k the dose Is fncrrrsed &ymd thc threshold, them Is an Intcnslflcr- tlm ~f sl~ptom,and a dose Is eventqally machcd at whfch death may result. lbe dlttrlbutfm of survlval tlms of decedents occurs randw?ly arowd a man. If th8 n8n ruwlurl tfw Is plotGd as a function of rcdlatfm doce Gver the ran* of -100 to 100,060 rnds, r chrrracterlstlc thm-canparent curve Is obtalrwd (rwf. 29). Thls Is t)H dme-rcspmse CMH sham rchemrtlcrlly In flgm 14. The three cargamn?s of the dose YO~USman survival tin (6T) cufn am (I) an ?nItlal dorr-ddpcndp*it portlm--suwlval tlms dscrcaslng fm months to weeks to drys 0-r the dose range of 100 to 700 rads; (b) a plateau Indlcstlng i constant man ruwlvrl tfm of a fcw days (appmxlnatrlv 6 days In ran and mkay)--extendIng tTdn about PO0 to 3500 rads; 'c) 8 second dcsc- :' GpeNndtQt rtgItm wlth survlvrl tlms ctlanging from days to hourr--ex:r?dfnu from rmroxlimtbly 3500 to 80,OOO rad;. (These rn Intamel. dcses.) Spoclflc ndlrtfon syqwtolou cormlstas well nlth !wan survival tlme ,'!2 . . -,,.;- ,p~I. $ c*,. , .'iI. : ,c", , tn 4 glrm ran- of erpyu%~rnd has Icd to the esswcfatfm cf each of the # I

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.-x 8 AFUL-TR- 76- 14 1

thm coffponents of the dose-ST curve d&*a partlcular organ system syndm. Thm, the flnt dose-dependent rcgfm (portfa, .a" of ffgun 14) fs classlcally lbntlfled wlth tho bone mrrw (hematopoletfc) syndm. The plateau of relatively constant man survlval tlme (portlon "b" of flgure 14) Is aSSOCl8ted wlth the gastrolntestlnal synd& (GIs), and the second dose-dependent seymt (portlm 'c' of flgure 14) 4s associated with the central nervous system (0s) tyndrrwns. Thfs separatlm Is convenfcnt, but artlficlal, since M5T represents only thr tarorinal conplex of nunrrbus slgns and synptana mklng up the three utrgoriet of huan nrponse. Furthermore, in the transitim zones between sfldnrrr them exists rn Intcrdxturr! of sfgns and symptom. The syndromes nlrta to rurvlval tlw, but syrrptona of damp to specltlc organ system may occur a fen hmdmd to a fen thousand rads bel&. that wqulred to produce &8?h In thr tlm period associated wlth a speclflc o,rgan system.

ACUTE B~E~URROW OR HEMATWOIETIG,SYNDRO~C- e, .. Thc bone mrtw syndtan fs produwd in mnn at total body exposums of ,. grrrtaat than 50 rads but less than 8dO to 'lo00 Internal radc,. The probabilfty of drath rises wlth lncrtasing exposure, wlth very lltt.la lfkellhood of survival rtkr rxpo~umsof -8CO rads and llttle or no chance of &at!! belou 150 rads. 1 .: Olln-s In the clrculatlng fomd clemnts of the'blood, 1.e.. md and hlte c *' btood cella and platalcts, an related to radlatlon damge to the fomtiw 7 borw earn cells (prlnclpally loar'tad ln fibs, vertebral colum, pelvis, and portlmt of the sku:l in the adult).' Inhlbltlm of cell dlvlrlcm md other all &normIitfas (causing robdcuta runptk) are &served followlng hlgh dose-rate exporuns of less than 100 rads. Ults 'lncrcaslng dose, the slckness that is mnlf8stad by mn following expmntms la the lethal range (-200 to 600 Internal I nds) Is rxplrlnrblr on the barlt of &pnsrrd levels of blood rlemnts and an laprlnd fmuw rrchrnlsm. Typlcrlly, the rcsp&$e Is characterlzed by an early traporary indfsporttfm (prodromal syndmm), a *latent perlad of days to weeks (fnvrnoly nlabd to dose), and the onset of infcctlons, fever, bleedfng, and porslbly anemla. kcovery or death depends upon cellular npnar?tlm lcadlng to tha cmtml of infecttous processes and blccdlng tcnckncles. bath, If It occurs, wlll k In the tlm span of thr thlrd to seventh pcntlrradlation weeks. Swvlvr;l beyond thts tim Is nssumd to represent nearly total t'bcovery with llttl~lIlul!hood of rrdlatlon-m14-d death In the cnsulng uxmths.

1 --i.,* .

40 L- f R- 76 - 14 1 ., .'

(;MTROINTESTINAL SYNDROM (GIs) In the exposum rang? of approximately lo00 to sowt'Iing less than 3500 tnternal rads, the signs and synptm of the GI$ have their origin in the fai1Ura Of two tirsua system: the intestinal micosa rrnd the white blood cell r#mrl Systrra. bath (in n8n at about 6 day's postexposun) reflects the € Wrglm of rffwts mrultlng fm damage ,to these two tissues. nhc clfnical cOum fncluQs scycm, and often prostn'tlng, nausea and msls (vcdting), ?nCN&S?ngIrtturgy, dlarha, fnfccttar and dchydratlm acconpanlcd by a pntfpltously frlllng (to vanlshing levels) whJtc blood ell covrt. hn abrupt onset Qf4 tarnrlnrl phase ('1 day doratton) beglns with InQnsc diarrhea, e vcxltfng, rad prostration. Slrbjects exhiktt decreased volfttural actfvlty. Them am npid changes in fluid ;olyrrs''and electrolyte levels. %&rate to ovenhelrrlng bnctcrlal Infections may occur. Prlnclpal sccmday consequences, fluid and electrolyte loss or Infection, &re fcvere enough to cause death at eqmsun levels rrsultlng In the GIs.

I' _, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSEH ((2s) SYElDM At r thxtshold of sorrth4ng less than'3530 ra'ds total body dcsc (Internal) tha man survival tins again becons.dose &pendent. From this nearly indis- J tingulrhrblr threshold to exposures of 8OhOdO rads and beyond, suwfval tims ~CN~Wfra -48 hours to little, if any, !on& than exposure tjn. ne chancbrlrtic cllnlcrl counr Is mrlred bCperl* of rdtrtlan, apathy, dlsorlrcrtrtlb, -dlstwbed aqulllbrlm,, htaxia, dlamher, varrltlng, convulsions, pnntntfon, ndflialiy death. fhs*nschanfsm of dcath for cxposuras in exass of the threshold for th tYiS syndr& appear to be neumal dam* sacmdry to vascular damage, braln adem, and 1n::rPased Intracranial prrssue. At Ierst in man, the UiS syndtwm cmrists of two subsyodrums with dlffcr- ent mchanism of dsath: direct ncumal damp (primary (3s chath) and Indlnct (uccmbry Q15 damage) (nf. 35).. Yo known hmn deaths haw been trportrd fror prlaury CnS dunr(p. *Scw-exp@runs of this mmltuck my haw! occumd at Hlnnhlnr and Nagasaki, but thy web newr recorded amid tha ensuing holocaust and chaos. The assuption th'st man my dle from prfmary CfS rrdirtlan dug, Is baud upon rxtmly hlgh.exp6suws &lfnrkd to cxpctl- -tal mialr. In anisla1 subjects, hi@ nsctor fluxes (drllvend fn nrlcro- to .IllIucmdt) and exposurer of nrny thousands of rads am raqufwd to produce lnstuttanoous pmtmtion and Incaprcitatlon wlthwt a toivarary recovery pcrfod prtq to brtb (nf. 30).

3 41 i 8

hly two known cases of hunaq expo;u?s to secondary CNS syndrome levels hrve occumd (these two cases are descrlbe.1 latrr fn thls report). Cllnlcally, the two cases (mdiatlm accldonts) wen nearly Identlcal; Inltlal prostratlon md tnuprcltrtlm wru follwd by d wcr,v~ryptrlod and then seven! hypotcrslon ally prftlrlly inprovsd.by Intmvcnoh fluids and vasopressor drugs. Physlcal *? lncrprdtatlon kcam prognsst,vely extrem but mental incapacltatlm developed ally bdM1ly when cmvu~stms,&?trim: And cdr developed and woncncd rapidly.

RADIAfIU4 SICIo(ESS ..

Radfrtitm slckness 1s I tern cmly used to bsctik slpns, syrrptons, and tqwlre (daval6plng over a tlm span rancj!np'frm hours to years) of hmn msponrrs fol lwlng rubaccitc to supraltthal exposu.rc. A sch+rratlc mprtsenUtfm of a .genera.llzcd ridtatla, stckncss syndrm Is pnsentad In flgum IS. lhlt flgurd. 1s mdl'flcd fm the rtpresentAtlon of i Lib, Urn, and hCouncy -(nf.36). ,T>e gcnerallzcd features of the syn- dfom hrvr bwn sham to be reprodur,ible'!'n :whole body radfatfm studfcs m a . nrfety of mrnllrn specles: rats, mice,. hg?,sheep, monkeys, and man. Them am rprcles differsnces, but tha overall features are hlghly cocrparable through- .I out t)w mnga of mmls fnwstlgatad. Ccurt-Brm (mf. 37) pro~Icksa ?.-, r- bflnltlvr brcrlptlon of thc occumnce and duratlon of early synptaaa In therrpeutlully frradlatcd pat4ents. A mdlflcd vcnfon (to locluck mom recent data) of Court-Brm'r schrmntlc fepmsentatlms of the Initla1 noctim of pmdrorul tyndma ls presenbd In figure 16.

T)w collectfar of rmtm occurring over a-tlm span of a few hours to 1 w 2 drfi portlrmdlrtlm Is oig&t slptflcana In assssstng the suwivabtlfty d of anned ryrtmr ta Vm Imlrlng rrdtrtlm c'orpment of nuclear mapon effects. WYESPUtSES Am RADIATIaY EJPQSUPE I TO Slnglo -1 body ndlatlm exposums in the dose range of 100 to 200 rads I Wtll produa la sm Indfvlduals 116s and 3yuqtm of rcuta neumcular aqd @StrdfltutfM1 dlStnSS thrt crn inUHarv wfth ?turn p8rfOnr+nm UipdbflitfcS. Thlr noXtOIdl~~tO(lcarplax hrs hir?orlcrlly been called ndfatfan Slcknass, a bm thrt should ku rvolkd. k rtatsd prevlouS?y, rrdfrtfm slckness Is also thr tern cdawnly apgllod to the total -lex of early and delayed symctm and signs of uuta radlrtlm exposure. Sj+lvtoms of neuranwculrr 8nd gust- tntrstlrul Irrltabllfty and sfgns of altdwd pt;ysfo?ogy pna& the throe lethal

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imdirtton ryndronr (hemutopoletlc, gastrolntcsttnal, and CNS); tbemfom, the collectIan of early synptoms is better temd the prodroam1 erctlm, a tern suggested orlg4nally by Gerstner (mf. 38). Other tern aoplftd to thls collection of physiological responses an premonitory phase (ref. 39). a pros- trating tu\stro&e-likr Illness (mf. @), and the perlod of lnltlal mactlon (mf. 36). thr bmrn trn "strahltRkater," carpounded from "ndlrtlm" and 'hang0ver"provlQs I colorful but accurate !kscribtlon of the mlld to mockrate tom of tha prwrpnrl synptorrs. EFFECT Of MDIATIOR Ui AIRCEUS As dncrlkd pnvlously, the physlologlcal mspmsc of the hmn to lmlrlng rrdlrtlm &pen& upon the to'tal dwc mmived, the. dose rate, the partfor, of

tha bo@ lmdlrtud, and ~ tino after raceipt of thc,duse. For most crw mars, VI an contxmrd wltf'ear?y ttua radiation mspcnscs follawing total body fmdlrtia. fra VW datocrrtfm of r nuclta? weapon and/or cxpcnut-e to fltslm pWuk mdlrtlmr. It is the early tadlatlon respdlfe (synqtm bvmloplng within thr tlm'tpan of a wrtsslm) that Is the subject of th reulnbr of thtr nport. Ultimata survlval ls not require& for nlsrlon success as lmr: 4s thr c(w mabr can parlorn hfr duties when )3bqu?red. In atmttng to usgrs thr affect of radlrtlcm eqmun m alrcrcw pcrf&mance, It 1s cm- vhnlant to brcrlba the physlolog!cal mspmsa io icmizlng mdtation In tnu 1: rrbftny dose ranger. For doses below -1800 radr'(lnterna1 tfssue), gastro- f lc:krtlnal and neumuscular dlstnrs am #e dmtnunt n!pcmscs af fntcrrst tu rircm prforancr. At dm8r rbove about loo0 rsds, signs of cardlovascular involvemnt &id affects begln to dodnatr th9 darly cllnlcal plctura em b o(S thouglr man rurvlvrl tlmr tmnd to rcmin ln thc GIS rangr. QF(30ROrmx.spQof TO m LESS MAW lam RADS For 8 hurra pqwlrtfm, total body irradlstfcm 4th doses In exrsss of about 150 raQ Incldhnt my, rlth probablllty prlmrrlly dependent upon thr he, fn 8 t b nrult somuhat pndlctab11 serles of wily phyrfolo!lcs? responses. 5 fyplcrlly, the rrrpmso kglns rorn 30 minutes to 4 hours fol?adng Irrudlatlm t and taminatas 24 to 48 hours latar. The events unfold In a wae-lfke fashlcn I with tha mut of sewn physiological dlstmss, building to an lnltlal illwax,

I gradual dKnur In Intwnsfty, rnd then 8 cyclfc fntcnsfflcatlon and remfssfon c of syrptm (nf.38). i

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i. this cllslut plctun It temd the 'Inltfrl" or "prod~l'rrrctlon of t)n radlrtla? tlckmss syndm. In the early stages, the prodromal response 1s Run1frsted by apathy, extrrn weakness, and even prostration (mf. 41). Carcomltant wlth rpathy and manta1 depr@Ss~m,gastrofntentlnal dlstnss can ds~lop. Rpendlng upon the dose, the di5,crrder emargcls wlth cwlalnts of upset stmch rnd loss of rppetlte. fhls 1s dplacrd. wlth nausea, rttchfng, vanitlng, and dlrrrhta. A#ar I perlod of tlm, tffc comblnatlm of fatlgue and gastro- Intasttnrl $trass can lead tq,r.. serious shyk-llke syndm or stupor-llke strta (refs. 41 thtkugh 4Sj.e.

ESPGNSES TO DQS&S GFEAnR THAN 1000 RADS . A dou of rbout.1000 re& sldbitn tfssuc (4th the dose d1fve-d In less thrn 1 second). Is Grtups the thkshold fur 3S nspmsc, An early CNS wspmre to npldly 611wpd, auislva do-s of radlatim has been 4mmstratec' In varlour rpw1.t.. Prlbp',rpe.t!u&tr have dtmmstya?ed that at 5000 rads mld- brain tlrru marly 411 s~jects'will'experlenc; Imdlate coot1apse (sm prlrtar my collapse rttcr m'ly 1000 reds) (mfs. 46, 47, 48). For rm nmben In each grwp this ulll be tollmad at a later tlm by a perlad of partfal ncovafy. In rddltlm to ths QIS rwfpanse, the severe prodromal reactlon (#nlfested by profus8 wmitlng, bloody dlamhea, and hypotensle shock) begins withh 5 to 10 mfnutar (refs. 35, 43, 49). t

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46 SEnIaY V I SP€CIFICATI(m OF ENViRT)(HE?lTS FOR IJWlZIHG RADIATItN DAMAGE

Tk distinct aspects cf afrcrer exposure to fmiztng radlatiun are of ccm- cam. (1) Oatonatlcn of a nuclear weapon glves rlje to neutron ndlatlon and i prlrary plus secondary (neutron capturv) gak radiation. These radlatlms are emitted In periods of less than a second. The lower the yield, the MR llkely it is that nuclear datonatlons will product'biologlca!ly signiffcant 'ncar- instantaneous" exposuns at dlstances at whl'qh-*. !he a!rcraft survives the blast and them1 effects dc~the alrcraft stroctu'rc 'CIT &e 'transient radlatlon effects on Its rlectmlcs. (2) Fission products, fmh thc'splitting of fissile atom, mlertr lrtgr qwntltles of eta and gam radiatlmnr, Thew ndlatlms are . assunsd to wn at 1 second following detonation. Inltlally, flss?m ptaducbs arm In th. npor st&- duc to the wry high @qxratum of the nuclear firrbull. As the fl-11 cwls, mny of the ffssfon products condense ar bod ckbris, dust particles, and 106 crystals. Then flsslm products andispersed In the expanding and rising cloud. The lntcnslty.of radicmc~vityIn the cloud 3 decreases with tlne &m to decay of ndioisotopcs, settling 0' partlclcs from the cloud (fallout), and dlspnl- of rudl~ctlYi!~phrtlclcs.Posslbllitics exist for an aircrrw to mcocntsr cl&-tmOrr;r ftrsfar products ut tins up to a W hours follwlng nuclear &tanattan. pirs1m products that adhew to the rlrrraft or antar the aircraft act as rrdiatlng sourccs and will cmtrlbut@ to $ tJm CPIV rxporum thrwghorrt the nfssim. L 8 b f Tha cmam fw flssim product gam radiaticr, sriscs from the fact that I i multiple, Iargr-yield, rurfrtx-burst nuclcir mapms my producr cxtrnsl C' nuclear cloud. It my not bo pcnsfble to avoid those wl&spmrd radfwctfw! ? i. 8' clods.. Penatntlolr of a cloud glm rise to a cloud ImrtIon dose (&re .:L rrarlnd,dur(ng truuit) md 4 cockpit dote (dose mcclvsd over rmaitidrr of I +j drrlm fra n4lorctive particles &porlted an or Inrib t)w rlrrrrft) (ref.

'* '* 4. SO). Dbpmdfng upan cloud rnty tfm, nullnr, tpeclng, and yield of nuclear % . dotonrtlmr, ti- In thr cloud, rnd mlsrlm durcrtlm, tlgnlflcant radlattor! &+ oxporunr cm acc~.Low-lrvel fllght over radloactfva debris dcrptn1tEd a\ th grornd can likwirs cmtributr to cmexporum (mf, 51). The reader is advised that my firrim product gcm txposun to the alrcnw durfnq aity me i \ r. AW-f R-78- 141

alrrlar would llkely be additive (in its effects on an alnrm) to any near- f Inrtmtrnaous barb burst dose.

SUE-SAFE IO)(IZIlWG RADIATIOH ENVIRCHHENT . ' In tha speclf'fcatlm of a sure-safe level for lonlzlng radiation, an attenpt Is nude to specify a dose to which th6 alrcm w+!r may be exposed and exotr- lcnca no performrncc degrading reaction. Human rpspmse to lonlzing radlatlm is I; function of the cunulative dose reafved. W human body can tolerate law dose exposures to ionizing radfatlon wlthout aserlous effect on subsequent per- fornsnw; It fs thls level whlch one could &asonably use qisur@-safe for a rfnglr exposum. ., bwl&rlng,Ute hurn physiologgl~l mpbn'rer"to low levels of fmlring i rairt(a, It ~r inrppropiiatr' to rssociate.qrcw mehsuffering fm modrate or seven prodrornrl nactlktwith the suX-aafe condition. A crw mder whrgofng the emsis whlch accouprnles the modcrate or seven prodm1 rtrctlon could be expected to do llttle mom than push a button during these pori& of vomltfng. If such eplsodhs coincidc with hfghly. tine-crftlcal tasks !' during tly Aisrlon, serious c'mscqucnccr could result. Thus, it appears i rersonrbla to &firm the sum-safe 1anirlng'radiatlon envfmmnt as that level at whlch the probrbllity of fnduclng ;ha vmftin'g~rractionIs lor.

The IndQno of vomiting vtnus'cpigastrlc tlssut dose 1s presented in ffgwr, 17, whlch Is taken fm mTefcn'cc 52. ne ffgun fs based primarfly on informtlm pmentd by the National 'Acadcyiof Sc'iencesfiatlanal Research cOuK.11 tcr rr~rmcaI?. The l?ne dram repnsents 8 reasonable conclusion fma data and cllnlcrl judpnt. Fmthis tjgue, the SO$,* for vamltina Is 200 ndr.*.. Thr 3Dtr md SO1, vrlues am 100 and 290 rads, nspectlvaly. It 48 kliwed that an lncldrnt dose of less than 150 rads (100 red?. to the eplglstrlu) rtpnwcrts 8 twsmablecstfmata of the run-safe base lewl. At this lent mo rxprcts only a lro6ratr form of tha prodrum1 reaction in sore emu m&m. AOpIbximaly ?O prrccnt of th .Aposed cmmnben nay vomft withln the next fw haurn.

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Pmdnnl Vorrltlng YIthfn 48 Houn of Exposum Without Prttrca,tnn t Orlglnmf drta points: 1. LM~(mf. 41). kclhtr1 ~mtimC(I.KS (ffg. VI F-9, mf. 52) 2. ' kcfdmtrl sqmm cases, Thm and Vald (ref. 53) 4 3. lRerapy patients, E. 0. Thmr (refs. 26, 27) a 4. Rongrlap fallout asas, prvtncted 50 hwr exposure, Lanshar? (ref. 41) 5. Ulf the dtffemoa betmen nmlrrftlmtfcal end toy-nom1 values $1#n In UnNn (mf, 41) 6. Tmtothrapy CltW (nf 54) wfth '.ntlr-etfc prptwetrrrst AFUL-X-76-141

ffpn18 prorents the ranges at whlch 150 rads of ptwnpt lrradlatIon* am Incldunt at the rlrcnft positton. The ran!je'versus yield curves mm calcu- latrd tnlng an AFYL-doveloped conputcr cock--Sw~~"rJ(ref. 55). Inpllcft In the- range versus ylrld curves Is the rrrunrptim that dose Inctdcnt on the rlrcrrft Is qual to the dose Incldcnt 011 the atrcww, a premlsc that 1s not rtdctly comt burutr of 'posslblt alrcnft.shfeldfng In certaln orlentatlons. or embulldup of dose mdcr.srre condltlons, generally .b. (Su&~shlrldlng, Is a lowordrr effect.) Hf3SfQ(-CWLnIOl( IOWtZING RADIATIQP ENVIRtMMYT It' 1s dffflcult to trtimata misrlon-coni>lctlor\ envinxlmnts duo to the many vrrfrbh that rfhct rlsslon corrplction. These variables Include ths need for rerial rrfuellng, bgm of rutmtlm of tk rystrh, cmredcndsncy, and radlrtlfm Incfcknm tlm relatie to pcr7onnancc: tlm for critlcal tasks. For lnrtanca, If the CNU mctfvcd a radfatlon dose' such that a performance decm- mt occumd at refwllng time, or at 3Ci:Pm delivery, there would bc I mdwd ptobabillty of succcssiul c~letlm..If, on the other hard, radlatlm 8 eqmsure occumd at such a tt& that necessary tas,ks could be perfomd befom the mut of srwmty Qgrndcd perfoknce, chancer of mission conpletlon would k much kttar. lo bKnstnQ sum of the factors that must be cons!.dcnd In specifylng a RCsslm-COlpletlon dou, (I hypothctlcal mission- and sawario-dependent case Is pmsentrd u,ulj,uwrgh. r hsur r"m&d AF system wlth twb c&,mhers .and a ;me-flrld nuclear I envlmnamt at th rlrcnft loatfan ut~lchylrlds lh rads tlssue.

Tho lncldmt n&lrtlm my not k attenuated at all upon antcrfng the cock- ! pit, or It nay be rttmurtad, depending updn bupt polnt and alrcraft orlcnta- t tlm, to nsult In 8s llttlr as 400 nQ rlssur, (reh. 56, 57). & t Both cwru6et-s wlll experietka~nrrnra, v$tfng, and erihanctd fetlgabllfty for th next 6 to 12 hours. Hcwwr, then wlll be a delay, the Is3 period, kfoon thr onset of ryrrptorm. Though wrfrblc !n durattm, tho rag ped od

cld, he ah t PWteOfQ 0s-

' :

1. AFUL-TR-t6-l41

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1 .i ., b L *??.'I,"- .e

,. VI .* c 'V

.* si -ai*!i % W P

03 . c

I% 51 chrnctarlrtlcr1ly wlll .last from 30 mlnutcs to sm 4 hours after mcefpt of rrdlrtlon. The duratfon of the 1ag.pcrjod Is a finctlon of psycholoqtcal stab, tlrm stna last mal, and other physlologfca.1 stmsscr. Performance during the lag parlod Is prcsmd fo bebunhdmpcrad by tha radlatlcm exposum. The 149 perlod amy sudAnly be' tsnlnated by tha abrvpt msct of vomiting. Tho 8afly Mtlngc?lcodcs my not be prrctckd by nausea, and the mltlng may be projectlle. Although perfomnkc capi:'l lltfes may be severely nztrfctca or ten nonexlstcnt duflng the act of v4ting,'therr am periods of elatiw well-belng between cplsobcs. For the a?sbmcd doseD the Interval betueen ! oplsodrs rang@s'fromspproxlmately 15,to.. 33 mfnutes. Performance durlng these fntermls wlll lfkely be acceptablq e'xcrpt ?cr highly cowlex and lntrfcatc tasks. Sevrm nausea, retch'trq, and grg;: "J tray precede errpsis in the later stag@$of the prodromal syndm. Tkse mr\!fcstatIms are hlghly exhaustive and gsnerally le#d'$o severe restrict!& In phyrlcal actlvftles and a cwmelling &sin for Ilkp. 'ICwfomncc capablTf'ttes .during 'thls perf3d range from purely reflex actlvftiej 'to 'the rcbicwmt .of Glatt vely sirrglc tasks. Both mental and physlpl bpbbl,lltier~art lnhlblted. i If the clhw Is Irtahlrted 1 hour.ptiot :a refueling, the llkcllhood of both cm manexprlenclng the prodnyal synd- slmultaneously end in synchrony dth nfullng (asturd to mquln 15 nlnutcs to corrglete) would be low.* The rrrwtfon Is that durfng perf& of emesls by One CRW medm (assunad 10 mqdn rpproxtmtaly 2 dnutas!, the other cmmrrbcr 1s properly qual1 fled ant! hat the controls avallrblr at hl, pusltlm to accoFpllsh those tasis chat an mrtcntlal In ketpfng thc rlrcntt afr5ornr untll the Indlsposcd crew member I mown sufficiently to rash lhlr dutjas., .Thd, thc Influence of ear?? bouts oC,emsls on the rtfuallng scpqt of the mlssfm profllc can be exwctcd to

ptoduu dnfmal nds~fonIrpact. Hcwcver, If the cmm&en MW IrmdIatPd 8. srrllrr In tho nlsslon, the fngsct of later ~rodm1respmscs (repeated crrrtlc oplro6s lncludlng ntchlng and gaggfng ~4chmay lead to acute cxhaurtfon) would llkely k gnat. '. 4 i I* ,- 8.; .. .. ~ .!r' , A rlrllrr ll~of rrrrmfng might be applfed to the mtnfng tasks of the ~ ; .. 4' Irlsslon. Early Fasrr of tM prodnmal m~ponscexhibit minimal lroact of c , -'. , crltlcrl tasks If arw crtw mwbr can functlm In tha cspaclty of the lndfsporcd .* F ,AfYL-TA-76-141 :- .,'*

cpav &r, or if the l&qs affected mdxrscan keep tho alrcraft alrbome rntl1 Ut@otbr mnbr an mcovtr. Later states of the prodml response erne I mm profourd Inp(lct, for It 1s durfng this pcrlod that both cm mobers wlll rhaw nmximm deprcssltm In perfomnp capabjlitles. nus, no generally aypllcable nu&ers can-k spclfled as mlsslm-completlm environments for lmfzfilg ndfrtlcm. Such rtudmrs must hr dcvelopt4 uslng swclffc mlsslm paramten. MI Ss ION-KI LL ION I ZING RADIATIOH ENVIROHEZNT

I In the spclflcatfm of a nlsslon-klll level for lonlztng radlatlon, one C dtttrrpts to specify a radlatlon dose level which would Incapacltate the cnw s to such an oxtmt that them 1s a hlgh probrbtllty that they would k unable to conpleu tho mlrsfm. Thg-bailc data up& hlch the speclflcatlon of b, r~?Isslon- klll envfvfnt Is based cmslrt of two hmn nuclear acclknt CISOS at hlgh dou leva18 (>Wrrds):knd rnlmal dsta. The hlgh dose nklerr accidents occumd at Lo$ Atrmr Sc'lantlffc Laboiatoty (LASL), New Haxfco, In 1958 (nfs. 42 tJ~mu@44, 49), and In Rho& Island In 1964 (refs. 35, 58).

thr accfdnt at LASL mtultrd In the exposure of an fndlvidual b an AW~P whole bo@ 4900 rads. The free i doso of 3900 to mldllnc afr exposure to the herd md rpper abdmn was estlmaQd'to be 10,000 rads.

In 1964, 4 nuclear accldrnt occcrmd In an tndustrlrl plant In Rho& Island In whlch cmo man mcefvad an average hole body dose of 8800 rads (ref. 58). Thdore to tho fmtal mglm of the bmln W~Jestlmatcd to be about 12,000 rads. The Vlctlm of-the New cbxico and mode Island crltlcallty sccldents

I rxhlblt8d short perfodt of rat1mrl:behavior prlor to the onset of acutt shock- llko syrrptoau. The onset of tho sywpton, rrndercd each man fmctimally

1 Inuprcltrtrd. Lhch vlctlm'r physlcal md?ttm faproved tnly after cmrgelrcy tmrtamt for his acute hypobnslbrr. ':no cmditlms of tach patltnt stabillzed < for b nurGr of hour# (24 and 9). Ther++ftar,.. tho patfrnts' cmdltlmr woncncd, i md brth bccumd at 35 and 49 hours, nrpctlvaly. ' t. Supplmntr1 6tr gofnmnc to tho spccff1atlan of a mlsslon-klll envlronmnt corn froa hlgh doro lcvtl enlmrl cxpefdrrints. Hhlle mny dlffeent mamllan tprdos haw been exposed, thr experiments with tralned prlmtss (monkeys) am probably mort opplfcable. The masons for this cholce Include phytlological rlnrilrrlt~ss(including, In particular, slmi lsrltlas in the nertous system) of

53 monkey and mn, and the response slwdlarlt~esbctwetn those obscrwd In the hlgh- dose hum crltlcrllty accfdarrts and In monkey exptrlmnts. The effect of fadfatlor, oxposura on prlmak bchavfor has been lnvcstfgated by a variety of hborntoy bchnlqUr, Of partfculrr usefulness for thls report are those prlm8U studies whlch Included qwntltatlw mcasurcrlrntr of postlmdiation porfonnmce o? learned tasks. The USAF School of Pcmspace hdlclnc (USAFSAM) ono VIC Amd Forces Radloblology Research Instltute (AFRRI) have Investlgated the effects of nuclear radfatlon on monkey (Yacacb mlatta) perTomncc of a variety of learned tasks. The primate performance studlcs at USAFSAM (refs. 47, $ 48, 59) and AFRRI (refs. 30, 31, 34, 46.) a- fn gCncta1 agmcnnt that at doses of about SO00 rads then Is a gnat Ilkellhood of a majority of subjects demon- stratlng an early perlorl of grossly dlmlnlshc'd capabllftles (wcllch In sm nwnkoyr pmgresses to total collapse). Ills wi 11 bc followed (In som mankeys) at a lrtw tim by r perlod'?f partlal to c&letc' recovery of perfomnce caprbIlftler. Nota that a 5000-ntl exdosure Is vrfvcnally lethal at a later tir ("2 days). Exporun of an ri~&to a heof the approxlmste magnitude axpcrlcnctd by dthr rccldmt victlm described prcvfwsly or to the approximately 5000 rads mafwd by the above described primates would almst ccrtalnly result In Inapacftatltm. Thenfore, m rechend'the salectlw, of 5000 rads as a mfsslm- kill tnvironmnt. A 5000-tad exposure %uld lfkely result In less than 5 to 10 ntnutar of mrnlngful humn performance before the onset f acute physlologlcal resparser would nnbr the tndlvldurl Incapable of further purposeful actloo. It 1s klleved that at thls level orbbow a hlgh probrblllty exlsts that the crew wfll not be able to tchfeve thlr nls;fw If mare than 5 rcllnutcs of crtw rctlvlty am mqulmd afbr exporun. Ranges to whfch 5000 ra6 of pr-t lrndlatlon crxtmd are glven tn ffgura 18. Agafn, this figun canstthan only pmtdore, rnd porsibllltles such as dl.scmsed In the following sectIan mst also k conrlbrnd. r. POSSIBLE C& #1sE: ACCWWTIOW FROH KURD FtfSI(M IROWT IRRADIATIaY kr rtbrpt was amdo to provldr axdwles of crry dose acc~latlmfrom flrrlm product gam radfatfon and tho nsults am summrlr@d In flWw 19. Potential cmdato is scenarlo-&pendint. figura 198 shws an alrcratt pcne- tntlng tho nuclear cloud from L 100-Kf surface dctmatlon. Patrfck (refs, 50, 60) pmvlder the baric data on whlch crtw dose can be comuted for thls rltua- tlm. Infornution contafned In th refereczs waq mdfffad to pomft the A1 =raft ptnetrat4s 0 psi cloud fm 100 Kl 0 Cal/m' buqt at 10 dn IO rads pdrt datmrtlul

AI rcraft ovarflfas 15 rads at 76 mten and 145 .*ps st 1 hour atter 1 M surfacr burst.. . +am --f

i Burnt 909 b flight;. 0.7 psl Alrcnft cmttnws 2.0 caI/a' 1 caurs'e a,t 145 rgs 85 rads -I. I KY- 4 i I . Bunt In Tlfght path; 1.2 psi Alntaft turns at 2 g 2.0 cal/car' :* and 145 sgs 210 mds 1.1 Ky-c. +. 1.3 prl 1.2 crllca' 4100 ndr

3 i . 'L iii flgm 19. Exrnples of Potmtlrl C& Lxposun to Plsslm Product Gam Radrtlons

53 .* n . -r;-.. corrrldrrmtfar of th tingle 100-UT butrt The assmd aircraft velodty war g. .,%* L 145'mten/wc (282 knots). It was further issvmed that the alrcnft pmctrawd thr cloud rt 10 adnutas* prst &tm%tlon and spent 1 minute fn the C'lOrJd. A 'cloud lrmrnlm Qu' of 9 r8Q and a "ccckplt dust 4050" (after 3 hours) of 1 ndwm cmutad. The total @sa for thlr sltuatlm of appmxlmtely 10 rads should not rffect alrcrm perfothsncc but would be addltlvc to the ptvvlwsly ndwd exposun. . ! Next, cmridar the case of an rlrtraft, pfrhaps perfodciq a banb damage rsusrnmt dss1on, werflyfng the grourd zcm of 6 pmvlourly targeted am4 (figurw 19b). ksw that r I-KT surface bunt occurrcd 1 hour prlor to over- fllgnt. Furthat rssm that the afrcraft fllcs (at a speed of 145 mtan/rcc rnd &'1 rltltub of 76 mtctr) over a 40-km path of fallout dcpotlted at a:, awn* hnrlty pmvldlng a dose rate of 10oO Rlhr I$ 1 mtrt &bow the surface. T)n tmrlt tlm wlll be 277 seconds or 0.077 +our. Glrrrtme (ref. 51) provlbrs rn rlr rttmuatim factor of fln for

qunt expdrunt. I. In the following exarplcs an aircraft 'Is asswed to be wnetratlng a dfenbd rlnprce. In tach 1nsth.x' be.speed of 'the a1 Kraft is 145 mtcnlrcc t 7. (28 knots) and the altitude Is 152 mtm (500. feet) above the ground whlch 1s rt 305 wtan rbouw sea 10~1.. A

fIRFLY (mf. 61). c .. t In figun 19c th drtmrtltm.- occurs at a dl5tanw of 1.1 in and 90. to tbc fll#lt path. T?w rlnmft c&rtfr;ws straight ahcad. <.+ I ' hit(amt nwlrrr affwts m' the rlrcraft rm as follows: shock fmt (0.7 I pi psi) mchr M rllurrft 3.7 seconds rftey detonrtlon, lhr thml level ts ID 2.0 cal/a*. The total prorrpt lmltlng dose Is 81 rads and the Qlayed (flsslon "I product) gam &sa Is only 4 rads. ! In thr next cam (figun 19d) th drtorrrtlcm 1s 1.1 km dlstant and tn the I fllght path. The pltot InftlrWs a 2-g turn away from the bunt. The shock front (1.2 psi) maches the rlrcrrft 2.4 recmd after &tonatfar. ThO them1 taw1 48 kfOm is 2.0 Crl/cru'. The pronpt dose Is 81 rads as In MU L-T R- 76 - 1 41

i I >' &e prrvloca''wmpl~,but thr flsrfm product gam dose 1s 125 rads. The Incr8rSa In Qu 1s due to the approach of the aircraft to #e tadloactlw cloud. Finally, conrldar a dlffennt case (flgurt 1%) In whlch a 1-KT detmatltn occm 1.4 km in front of and 335 mcters~(1163 feet) below an alrcraft flylng 1 ka ?bow thr grcourd. The rirctrft experlcnces an o~rpressumbf 1.3 psl and a thermal level of 1.2 cal/cd. Tha prarpt dols.lr 37 rads. Hmevtr, because the alrctaft cm- tlnwr stmight ahead, passing dlnctly beneath. the rising nuclear cloud, the .. flrrtar product gmm dose Is'4?00 rads. T)w rxrrptw drnmstrata tha scsnario-&peq,d&nt nature of an rl~rrw i , ncrlvlng r flttim product gam dose.

I ', . '8 ,.,

57 *

0 AWL-TR-76.141

*SECTIm VI . 0 cayc1us1ms

I. Alrcm hnan vulnerable to the them1 and lmftlng radirtfms rccaprryrlng I nuclarr drtonatlm, Tklr pcrfonmna capabllltlrs am &pendent ~lpoc\ thr p~lo~oglerlnsponias that arise following axporurr to nuclear mvfrwmnts. Warpar-produced thermal envfruinents my pduce eye effects (flarhbllndnrrs and rrtfnal bums) at extnmly low levels of Irradlance and, tuna, at gnat dlstanccr fran the pofnt'of c)ctmatlon. Skin burns may occur at caloric levels thr$ bo n& f6pct th;! physfcal parts of the system. The ncaAnhndrd tum-safe flashbllndncss cnvlionrrents are 3.2 x 1@' tmland- srcmbr (mlts of energy of the vlslble spcctm Incfdcnt on the ntfna) for dayllght operations and 4.7 x 10' trolsnd-seconds for nlghttlm agcratfms. Examplor of tho rppllcrtlm of thki mlts to ipeclffc weapon yield, height of

bunt !HOB), rnd'obscrvei a1tl tu& In tha.I .sped ficatlon of sure-safe vlmlng dlttrnas am glwn ln flguns.3 and 4. Sum-mfe ntlnrl bum enwlrrar&ts In terms of safe vlmlng distances for varylng ylrld nuclear drtmatfcms, HOB, observer'altltude, and day or nlght cocrdftlmr am glw In flgunr 8 throu@ 11. lirc-drd sum-safe rkln bum en~ronmtsare 1.5 cal/an2 for personnel dth urpmtubd rlrln anar rrinmd thd ryes or 3 crl/cm' lf #Is ana Is pro-

' bctod by smglrs%er or vlron. fha Anplrr to hlch 1.5 cal/cm* extends an glm for vrrylng corblnatlms d ylrld, HOB, and observer altltuchs fn flgure 13. A vrlw of 10 crl/ca* Incldent Is ncOIlllrn6d II a misslm-till envim- mt. I Alrcmr prfonnanca &cmt nrultlng fma lonlrlng ndlrtfon Is largely .. I fictlm of be, &sa-rata, rnd tlrr from ncrlpt of fmd(rt1m. A 150-nd tncfht doso rt th cm posftfm Is ncomtndrd as a run-safe lmltlng trdl ation lawl.

Is rrcorrmbd IS a rlrrim-klll fmlrlng ndlrtlon lavml. t 1s further nrtrlctad b the ncelpt of thr doso In a rfnglr

$8 . t

In flgum 18 th ranges (in nautical dler) to which the 150- and 5000-rad lenls of pmtlonftfng radlatim extun4 an Indfcstrd. Various yields and ko HOst (wlth the rcecatver rt coeltltudc) am presented.

ft should k mulled that the rrnge versus ylald CUMS presented fn flgun 18 on for single near-lnttrntrneous Irradfatlan snd do not cunsfder the flsr!an praduct gwar dose. If the aircraft ancoaten early tlm, cloud- bo&nuclur dtbds, doses of rrswrol tons to feu hmdnds of rads could be rccuu1rt.d for each nuclear cloud pmetratlm (flgum 19). Xn flml s-ry, trble I gfwts etthet rpeclflc cnvlmmt levels for each drgr mlsaor pa# mfehncqs.,ln the text where sucb lavols are discussed.

*a . #fsrlm SUn-Sbh a' pq!ati on' Wstion kill day 3.2 x 10' '..N/A (see N/A (see ages nlghf 4.7 x 10' paw 14-22 20 and 21p and figures 3 urd 4)

%e pl*S 24-21 kt p89cS. and flgum 6 , 24-27 and md 7 . flgurear 6' !, ;1 ' rly 1 3.0 11 eyu amas 5.0 if ey, '10.0 8- pmtrctrd amas an protactad Imltln ndlatim 150 see w9es rad# PInddmt) 54-57 and flgun 19

. , . -* ?

, 1

-_ .r .. . ^... 59 4 - .. I.-.. t AFU L- TR- 76- 14 1 I

1' RmPfHCES ' 1f 1. Plckerlng, 3. E., Culver, W. f., Allen, R. G., prlvatc camnnlcatfm, I Octobrr 1960. i .I 2. wtr, t. J,, TIPS, J. H., Wit& P. w., mfprtir, M. A., mution of 1 Detmetlorrs, 11, Safe kparatlm Dlstanccs Pre- i i , Novtmkr lm. .' 3. I

4 4. i i I I 5. €&adsr J., Lautltscn, T. N., Nuclear Flash and Them1 Protection for Alr- I pus, AFUL-TR-74-110, A1 r Fora kapons Laborbtory, Ki rtl and AFB I

6. Cutchv, T. J., PUT fhcm1/Flash Protective Cevicet, SAND 75-0561, Sandfa Laboratories, AT&ucrsw, mbm. I. 7. Allen, R. G., et al., The CaTculatim of R6tfnal Bum and Flashbllnblcss Sate %pantion Mstan-06 , Trrtcrrber. 1968. 8. mller, H. 0.. Uhlh, T. J,, Evalwtlon of Eye Hazards from Nuclear Detona- tl 8. I, btfnrt Bums snd Rashbll.ndnass, Novcdxr .j an m. I 9. 10.

11. Plttr, 0. 6.. Lopor, L. R., "Nttnt and Cockplt Lunirrnca kasurtmnts," 1 ktoSMa kd., 34, pp 145-149, 1963. I i f 12 b Vm, J. J,, et at., SaRtflectJms cm the Can r of and the Protection lnrt Nuclrrr Flarhb7ess and No. 1Zm-25, I tltuk for Parwptim, RvUTTTXmn64. I t 13. 07 \/{sua1 Functions 'I roach, BP~Yo. 159

14. Rlchey, E, 0.. "Pndlctlm of €pSate hparattm Dlstunccs,* Loss of Yltfar. ftm Hi$ Intansity Light, AGARD Carf, Pmc. No. 11, pp-4, 15

16 b

if! 60 I// . AFYL-TR-76.141

18. Frmr, 0, N., USAW, prlvdtr coaanlratlon, 1972-1973. 19. kdw#,'€.r'f D.* lot, N. E., Pndlctln Safe Mstan f to Plannt Ratlnal Burns haNuclerr btmatidK-,%%. 20. (Contact MYUSAT concerning thfs ntcmnoc) 21, A1p.n. C,, Shllne, 6.. "Effects of Hiqh InttnsltY radiant Encrw m Skln: Quantltatjm Dcpcndcna o4 Tlssw Injuj (XI Ouration of Expmu~-," NU Arch. Path 55, pp 280-285, 1953. -- - I 22. Brrcclrwntl, 3,. l'hrruml Radlstim Pmtcctfon Offered by Alwm Fllqht 9- 9- uy( Ppplred Scfenw Laboratow- D b#~rrg63. 23. Habbs, W. P., Uetmom, N. P., Walsh J. P. ,-"SNAE.," an In-house canputtr prcram extrretad fm: TW A 01 ltamuter Program for Calculatln the Rs cmse of Aircraft a atjm fran a fluclear-rrs xv os on, dm,Air Force Waaporrs Lab&%-@, KidT and Ab9 e NMn-72. b 21. Thonrr, 0.. L'bCht4', H., Jr.., Cpnpocr, 3:. , SBhlat, O., Fernbee, J., "Supra- 1 lethal mole-Body Imdfatlon and Isoloqdus krmTransplantatltm In fin," . -3, -,-*aClin..lnrcrt -38, pp 1709-1716, 195-9. , 25. Thollur, O;'Lod;ta,*J., Jr.d Ferrrbee, 3,. "Irradfatian of the Entfrt Body * .fmnrplantatlm: $an Observatlms and Comncnts," Blood, 14, 1 vr ''L--pp 1-2"7" * 1959. 9 ? i 26. nolys, E. 0.. et 41.. 'Isogrnlc #rm' Gnfting In kn," Exptl. Hemtot., f -21, p~ 16-18, 1971. NUL-TR- 76- 141

.VIM, 0.. turbyflll, C., the Acute ndrtalgy Resparse of hkcys (Pbcaca ta Pulsed Mixed bm-Neutron Fa atfcms, Am5 citntific kport , Amd Forces RadiObi ology Rcschmftute, Bcthesda, NO, 1968. 33. hddl, C., kfgneur, L., Strike, l., tidnSenn'C.. Jr.. Schlaak. J.. The . 34. Yomg, R., kFarland, Id., The Effects of 15,000 Rads Pulsed Gam-Rcutrun In tha Bahavlora~Pariormbnce of Honk ejs Ibcaca hla c &port SR-- m71 , And Forces Radiobl oloqy Instftutc m, 1970. ,. . 35. Frnger, H., Lushbrugh, C. C:, "Radiatfm bcath from Cardlovascular Shock follawlng a Crltfcrllty Acclcknt, kport, of a Secmd bath fm Hwly (bflnod Huasn Radirtlm fhth Syndm,' Arch. Pathol., 83, pp 446-460, 1967.

36. lfrbow, A., Ya&n, S., IkCounry, E.O "Pstholoqy of Atdc Bart, Casualtlcs,' An. -J. -*'-Path01 25, pp 853-1020, 1949. ,, ... 37 Court4roun, W., 'Synptbmtic Disturbance after SInglr fherapautfc Dose of X hy~r'wa pp 802-6050 1953. I' . 38. bntnw, tl. E., 'krctlat to ~ort-Te~.RaOflLlonIn hfi,' --hn. kv. s., Pp 789-S2, 1960. 39.

40. Yalsh, D., 'bop Tjrru Tramtlsh fran Roenlgcn Ray Exposure," --8dt. Wrd. -*J ' 5 pp272, 1897.

41 e

12.

43.

44.

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a. i F 1 48. Plckrtlng, J, E., "Rdlrtlm cffocts hfonnatlm to 8-1A SPO,' lettrr to 0: P' AWASZD, 21 Octthr 1969. 3 i j 43. Shlpm, T. L., I,ush&ugr, C. C., Petarson, D. F., Langhrm, Y. H., Harris, : p. S., Lawma, 3. P., 'A& kdlatim bath Fbsulting from an kclbntrl . t Nuclrrr Crltlcrl Excumim," i. Ocw. K.,Sup. pp 115-192. 1961.

I 50. PrPrfck R. P., hett, G. 0.. 'Ylngllng, W. A., Alrcnft Pmtratlm of 5 Clouds bnenbd bslerr8 AFUL-fR-73-~r Force Ucaptms 4 t t- UI B, nfl, ! i 1 1I . 51. ,6lustau, sb (ad), Ttu €fhcts of Nuclear Weapons, Wash, DC, pp 491-497, f. " 1964, i* t I i-

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A strta o? Qficlency of aIther*thnwtw of circulating rad blood mllr or tlw'rmrnt of hemoglobin In the red calls. ATAXIA Lack of nom1 'c'mrdination of parts, Inabitlty to coardl- nrk volurtry muscular mvemnts. ELIWK ELX An involuntary motor re:ponsa of the muscles con:rolllng the ej-lId In response ti a visual stfmulus. bit of luninous tntcnslty; f.e,, luntnorn flux (power) par steradian. e

-I. Viscular rnhranes.beitnd tha retlna of the eye.

. A stab of profomd In'mtlblllty caused by disease, idjury, ur pofson. 3. A mn or less brrpomry state 57 nntrl disturbance charactnrlzed by confusion, dIsor&nd sptecb, and often ha1 1UCtn~tionS.

ERHIS Thr inner layer of the stln. Ern Swelling dw to accumulrtfm of excess fluids In any titsw ,. EmIS Vonlting, the ejection af matter frun the stmch through Ms rsophagus and mouth. EPsrERMXs Thr outer wllular layer of skin. Hmn epldenls cmrfsts of four s&l.aprs as fo??om (from the outsfdr): (1) a layer of horn flatmod calls; (2) r la r of transparent calls; (3) 'a .Tayer of granular cells; (4 r lrycr of m6dpl+nted cbllr. 3" The upprr raglan of the abdOmrl, whIch contalns the stomch.

:,h . The ntz kif. tranrfar of enrtgy #cross a glwn rurfrcr rraa. a. . Tho mntrnl portla, of tho ntlnc of the eye when vlsim 1s mst d'ztlnct. mTOQo1mc Of or portainlng to the fomtior of blood. H1STOCWATIEI.E klrtlnq to dltfomt tlssus cells whfch do not mlc3 me another, themby causing no nrctfon when transfused,

65 LOW blood pmrsura. The ndlrnt flux incident per unit arar upon a surface. Yhen light falls upon a surfaa, it yields "illuninatim" to that surfacd. The 111uninance of r surface Is the Idnous flux falling upon unlt area of that surface. Retinal Illuninanca Is e psychophys!ologlcal quantlty, partially correlated with the brightness attrlbutes of visual sensatlm; masumd In trvlands. IWkRiE MCHANISM The processes whertby the body's noncellular and cellular Qfe?%es (lymphocytes, granulocytes) cartribute to fwedcim , frdn harmful effects of dlseasa-causing agents. us I om Any abnoml change In the sttuctum of organs or parts.

I f A stiti of tnac'tfm.or fndittereficc. 1 ', I The qwntltative attribute of light that correlates with senratfan bf -bti$tness. th .* A shrllou, ovdl dtpntsfon, 2 to 3 mn In dIamter around the Cowa, occupyin'g.thc crntral &mi of Me retina. A unft of luntnanca equcl to 1/1OOO lambert or to l/(lOOO w) candle/sq cm, therefom equal to the uniform luminance of I' a light. !- prftctly'diffusfng surtaa emitting or nflectI>g The llnlng rnmbruns of those uvttics of the body whfch exterfor. i cmlcate wlt~the The Innermost llnlng of the tnkstine. NM5U Any rtckncss of the stomach with I &sin to vomit. NEURmK Pertrinlng .'to a neurm, a nerve cell; the structural unlt i of the nervous system. Pemin!ng to tha eye. Obtrfned or mixfwd by the sfght; VlStrrl,

A wlrltr spot in t)w mtlm,,tM potnt of entrance of tho aptfc nww. PUfMRk VtSIOl Indistinct vision. obblned w)m ttn no fm the imge fall on the retina outsib of the tow&. Expulsion of the mtrnts of the stmuch with greet force,

Plgments (retlnenc, rhodopsin) fn the ntina (rods anti cones) Involved In the sensation of vfslon. The retina Includes a layer of nerve and varfous cellular and fibrous layers. The sensory layer of the wrtcbratt eye.

The dose mqulmd to produce,the response in 50 percent of the population Is called the 50 percent synptom dose (SD,,) for a partlcular msponsc or synptom. SCOTOUA A bllnd or dark spot in the vlsula fleld. SEQlEUE A conseqkttx, necessary concomitant. A mrbld conditfon left as a msult of a dlreast. SPECUUR Relating to or hiving the qualltfes of a mfrror. SYNDROCE A group 07 slgns and symptoms that occur together and charecturl zp r dl scasc. SYNERGISH CooQcrstlva, &ctlvltcs such that the total affect 1s gmabr than the sun of effects taken indapendently. SY STWI c of or pert;rlning to the general system or tb body as a who1 e, TRDWID A unit of ntinal~I11wninancebeing the visual stlmujatlm resulting Ym a lunlnanca of 1 candle/sq rn hen the apparent area of the cntrunct pwil of the eye is 1 sq mn. VISUAL ACUITY Sharpness of vlsfm In respect to the abltity to dlstingulsh &tail. ,It fs comnanly ttsted by mans of letters or other ? chrnctars grrduatcd In slre accordfng to the maximum dlrtrnca a,t whlch they call be distlngulshed by the nom1 en Act of Mlllng or chooslng; exercise of the wlll; a state of declrim or choice.

67 ’ DISfRIBUfION No. cyt 4 Hq VSAF (SAHI; RDQW 1 Hq USAF AnAC (TAP), Patrfck 10425; RCQS; SGPP), AFB, FL 32925 hsh, DC 20330 2 AFISC (PQAL; SEL), Norton AFB, 1 Dlr NUC Sur (W), Stop 71 C4 92409 3 AFSC (00; MSP; SM), 1 TAC (LGnD), Langley Am, VA Pndrawt AFB, Wash, DC 23365 20334 5 CINCSAC (DOXS; XPFC; XPFS; 4 AM: (W; XPYY; XPQDQ; XPHV; SGPA), Offutt AfB, NE SGPW), Ent Am, CO’ 80912 681 13 1 AFIT (Tech Llb, Bldg 640, 1 CTNCUSAFE (DOA), APO New Yo& Ani a), UPAFB, OH 45433 09012 1 CINCPACAF (WA), NO Srn 2 USAFA (DFSLB; FJSRLBCC) e CO Fmncfrco 96553 ’ aa4o ’ ’1 ,WHl (Tech Lib), HPAFR, OH 45433 2 MD (RDR; Tech Llb), Broolrr AFB, fk 782% *‘ 1 nD (ETET, hrrj Stovall), 1 AfFDL (Lib), HPAFB, OH 45433 WPAFE, OH 45433 1 AFAPL (Tech Llb), WPAFB, OH 2 ML(HES; M, Maj Olson), 45433 WAR, f3-4 45433 4 ASP (Tech Llb; MU; ENYU; 1 SA60 (SEN) , PO8 92960, # YHEX), MPAFBB OH 45433 wc,LA, CA 90009 1 AFATL (DLOSL) , Eglin AF8 , FL ESD (DRT), Hinrcom AFB, , 32542 M 01730 1 MDC (bc Lib), GrlffIss AFB, AWL (DYSN), Edrlrrdr AFB, NY 13441 * CA 93523 1 AX (ADSWO) Spec Wpnt Ofc. i 1 AFLC, Alb LO (WQ), Stop 70 stop 19 1 SACLO, Stop 68 TACLQS, Stop 67 *: MWL, Stop 53 sw (SEI, Mr S&~pns, ’ 1 j:w)b* Hnpr) Ully AFB, TX’ A3241 I* 2 -9 W; EL; SA* SAB; SAS; SAT; VSAFSAn (SUL-4; k), SAW; INi Brooks AFB, TX 78235 NS; 1 AFOSR, 1400 Wllson Blvd, TAC, Eglin AFB,‘.FL 32554 Arlington, YA 22209 CO, MhMd Lhb ‘(Lib), ‘T CO, USACDC, Inst Nuc Stud, Ft Wash, DC 20438 , Bliss, TX 79916 hpt Aw NlUE-X Fld oft, 1 RSIC, VSAMC (0,Doc Scc), VSANA (AHcpnwx-m, ~r. kdttona Arsenal, AL bvldrm), Bell trl Lab, 35809 Whippiny, N3 07981 1 CO, Plcdttnny Antnal (STINFO Ole), bwr, NJ 07801 no. ws No. cys 1 1 CO, USARO (Box Cn, Duke Sta, Durham, NC 27705 -1 USAMFSS (Stlrmon lib), Ft 1 Sam Houston, TX 78234 1 Cdr, WASC, bpt Wavy (AIR- 1 52023), WashD 20360 1 Nav ShfpS, lbpt Navy (WAVWIPS 1 I OS), WUh, DC 20568

4.. -2 Cdr, WSwC (730, Sal), White Oak, 1 , SIlwr Spring, nb 20910 i 1 Mr, Spec Pro1 Ofc, hpt Navy, 5 20360 ? 1 Hash, DC 1 1 Mr, WsEQ (hC Cart), Hash, *M: 20305 2 1 EffOA (Sib), h 3-004, Wash, DC 20545 1 'I Sandlr lab (W),POe 969, Lfwrnom, CA 94550 1 1 . LLL (Lfb), Bld 50, Ibn 134, Berkeley, CA 84720 1 * .l URS kch (R. W. Shnlder), 755 BOW Rd, Sin MateO, 94402 2 CA 1 Mr, DCPA (RSS), Wash, DC 20301 it 1 f 5 1

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