-NORTH ATLANTIC :- The Fall Cruise of the Columbus : “...great Humanity to the Passengers & ...Prisoners ...” Western North Atlantic

1. Columbus and Andrew Doria At Sea

Captain Abraham Whipple returned to Newport from on 6 August 1776. 1 Smarting from the mild chastisement he had suffered at the hands of the Marine Committee, Whipple proceeded aboard the Columbus and immediately prepared her for sea. Manning was the biggest problem, of course. Whipple’s officers had enlisted three men on 1 August and had transferred one man from Alfred on 3 August, but there were still too few. 2 Whipple obtained the loan of Master John Earle, Midshipman George House, Third Mate Philip Alexander, Surgeon’s Mate Abijah Parker and twelve more petty officers and sailors from the Alfred on 7 August, plus six Marines. 3 Captain Abraham Whipple. Detail of a painting by Edward Savage in 1786. Navy History and Heritage KN-10876. The word was apparently out that the ship would sail very soon. As men will do, their thoughts turned to the future on the verge of going out upon the ocean. So it was with Surgeon John Ernest Kessler, who made out his will at Providence, on 3 August. 4

1 NDAR, “Commodore Esek Hopkins to the Continental Marine Committee,” 6:639

2 NDAR, " Muster Roll of the Continental Ship Columbus ," 7:142-154

3 NDAR, " Muster Roll of the Continental Ship Columbus ," 7:142-154

4 NDAR, " Will of John Ernest Kessler, Surgeon on Board the Continental Ship Columbus ," 6:28 and note

Comment on this or any page at our ©awiatsea.com-posted October 2020 --1-- On 10 August, 5 only four days after arriving from Philadelphia, and with a crew of 178 officers, men and Marines aboard, Whipple took Columbus out of Newport in company with Brig Andrew Doria (Captain Nicholas Biddle). 6 Not among the 178 men was Coxswain John Holty, who deserted Columbus , thus preserving a tradition among Hopkins and Whipple commanded vessels. 7

Andrew Doria parted from Columbus at 36 oN, when a 60-gun ship was in chase of Whipple. 8 The ""60-gun ship in question was probably the soon to be notorious HM Hospital Ship Jersey (Captain William A. Halsted), an old battleship en route to New York. Jersey reported seeing a ship and brig to the northwest at 0600 on 11 August, she then being forty-eight miles south southeast of Montauk Point, New York. The brig bore down and attempted to cut off a brig in company with the Jersey , so she hauled Detail of the Columbus from the Nowland Van Powell painting of to the north and fired several shots at the the Continental Fleet at sea. brig. Then Halsted set sail and chased the ship until 0730, when she was gaining ""considerably. Whipple, for it was certainly he, continued on his way. 9

A few days before Columbus had sailed, on 27 July, HM Frigate Argo (Captain William Garnier) was ordered by Vice Admiral James Young, commander of the Leeward Islands Squadron, to return to England. Argo was to proceed to St. Christopher’s and pick up a convoy of merchant vessels, and sail for England on 1 August 1776. In sealed orders, Admiral Young gave Argo

5 NDAR, "Newport Mercury , Monday, August 12, 1776," 6:154 and note; Morgan, Captains to the Northward , 64, quoting Whipple’s letter to Congress in 1786

6 NDAR, “Commodore Esek Hopkins to the Continental Marine Committee,” 6:639; Morgan, Captains to the Northward , 64, quoting Whipple’s letter to Congress in 1786

7 NDAR, “Muster Roll of the Continental Ship Columbus ,” 7:142-154

8 NDAR, “Commodore Esek Hopkins to the Continental Marine Committee,” 6:770

9 NDAR, “Journal of H.M.S. Jersey , Captain William A. Halsted,” 6:145

Comment on this or any page at our ©awiatsea.com-posted October 2020 --2-- permission to leave the merchant convoy at 38 oN, and proceed directly to England. 10 Argo duly picked up fourteen merchantmen 11 and sailed from St. Christopher’s. Garnier parted company from the convoy at some point near the middle of August and arrived at Portsmouth on 15 September. This strange procedure set the merchants to scrambling for additional insurance and led to criticism by the merchants and the Admiralty. 12

Well might the merchants be concerned, for Whipple and Columbus found the scattered convoy on 28 August, at about 39 o40 NN, 48 o45 NW. 13 The first vessel of the convoy 14 captured was brigantine Bee (John Baird), 15 variously reported as being from St. Croix 16 or the Leeward Islands 17 bound to Scotland, 18 Lancaster, England 19 or Dunkerque, France. 20 Bee had a cargo of rum and sugar. 21 The crew of the Bee was removed, the master left aboard, 22 and Master John Earle was sent aboard as prizemaster. 23 Bee was Columbus ’s first prize, 24 but the day was not over yet.

10 NDAR, “Vice Admiral James Young to Captain William Garnier, H.M.S. Argo ,” 5:1251-1252

11 NDAR, “Public Advertiser , Friday, September 20, 1776,” 6:605 and note

12 NDAR, “Public Advertiser , Friday, September 20, 1776,” 6:605 and note; “Philip Stephens to Vice Admiral James Young,” 6:628-629

13 NDAR, “Trial and Verdict in Halifax Vice Admiralty Court of the Recaptured British Ship Hester ,” 6:1250-1251

14 NDAR, “London Chronicle , Saturday, September 21 to Tuesday, September 24, 1776,” 6:611

15 NDAR, “Permission Granted to British Prisoners in to Depart for Great Britain,” 7:165-168

16 NDAR, “Permission Granted to British Prisoners in Rhode Island to Depart for Great Britain,” 7:165-168

17 NDAR, “London Chronicle , Saturday, September 21 to Tuesday, September 24, 1776,” 6:611

18 NDAR, “Extract of a letter from a Gentleman in Providence...dated October 3, 1776,” 6:1115; Providence Gazette , Saturday, October 5, 1776,” 6:1136-1137 and 1137 note

19 NDAR, “London Chronicle , Saturday, September 21 to Tuesday, September 24, 1776,” 6:611

20 NDAR, “Permission Granted to British Prisoners in Rhode Island to Depart for Great Britain,” 7:165-168

21 NDAR, “Extract of a letter from a Gentleman in Providence...dated October 3, 1776,” 6:1115; Providence Gazette , Saturday, October 5, 1776,” 6:1136-1137 and 1137 note

22 NDAR, “Permission Granted to British Prisoners in Rhode Island to Depart for Great Britain,” 7:165-168

23 NDAR, “Permit to Captains John Stewart and James McLean, Masters of Two Prize Transports, to Depart in a Cartel,” 7:105

24 NDAR, “The Freeman’s Journal , Saturday, September 28, 1776,” 6:1031

Comment on this or any page at our ©awiatsea.com-posted October 2020 --3-- Ship Hester (David Crombie), 25 from St. Christopher’s (St. Kitts) 26 or St. Croix 27 to London, 28 next encountered Columbus , and was promptly captured. 29 Hester was a rich prize, with a large cargo of rum and sugar aboard. 30 The crew was removed, except for Crombie, and a prize crew of fourteen men, 31 under Second Lieutenant Ezekial Burroughs, 32 put aboard. Hester then sailed for a port. 33

There was more to come. The next day, 29 August, ship Royal Exchange (Lawrence Bowden, 34 a 250-tonner, 35 fell into Whipple’s hands. She was en route from Grenada to London with a valuable cargo of rum, sugar, coffee, cotton and wine. 36 Royal Exchange was fired on and brought to by the “Provincial ” (as another British vessel fortunate enough to escape later reported). 37 Royal Exchange was the third prize captured by Columbus on her cruise. First Lieutenant Joseph Olney was assigned as the prize master, 38 and Royal Exchange was dispatched for Boston, Massachusetts. 39

25 NDAR, “Journal of H.M.S. Liverpool , Captain Henry Bellew,” 6:948 and note; “Trial and Verdict in Halifax Vice Admiralty Court of the Recaptured British Ship Hester ,” 6:1250-1251

26 NDAR, “London Chronicle ,” Saturday, September 21 to Tuesday, September 24, 1776,” 6:611 and note

27 NDAR, “Extract of a letter from a Gentleman in Providence...dated October 3, 1776,” 6:1115; Providence Gazette , Saturday, October 5, 1776,” 6:1136-1137 and 1137 note

28 NDAR, “London Chronicle ,” Saturday, September 21 to Tuesday, September 24, 1776,” 6:611 and note

29 NDAR, “Trial and Verdict in Halifax Vice Admiralty Court of the Recaptured British Ship Hester ,” 6:1250-1251

30 NDAR, “Extract of a letter from a Gentleman in Providence...dated October 3, 1776,” 6:1115; Providence Gazette , Saturday, October 5, 1776,” 6:1136-1137 and 1137 note

31 NDAR, “Trial and Verdict in Halifax Vice Admiralty Court of the Recaptured British Ship Hester ,” 6:1250-1251

32 NDAR, “Permit to Captains John Stewart and James McLean, Masters of Two Prize Transports, to Depart in a Cartel,” 7:105

33 NDAR, “Trial and Verdict in Halifax Vice Admiralty Court of the Recaptured British Ship Hester ,” 6:1250-1251

34 NDAR, “The Freeman’s Journal , Saturday, September 28, 1776,” 6:1031; “Extract of a letter from a Gentleman in Providence...dated October 3, 1776,” 6:1115; “ Providence Gazette , Saturday, October 5, 1776,” 6:1136-1137 and 1137 note

35 NDAR, “Accots of Prizes condemned in New Hampshire,” 7:1273-1274

36 NDAR, “The Freeman’s Journal , Saturday, September 28, 1776,” 6:1031; “Extract of a letter from a Gentleman in Providence...dated October 3, 1776,” 6:1115; “ Providence Gazette , Saturday, October 5, 1776,” 6:1136-1137 and 1137 note

37 NDAR, “London Chronicle , Saturday, September 21 to Tuesday, September 24, 1776,” 6:610 and note

38 NDAR, “The Freeman’s Journal , Saturday, September 28, 1776,” 6:1031

39 NDAR, “Captain John Paul Jones to the Continental Marine Committee,” 6:1047-1050

Comment on this or any page at our ©awiatsea.com-posted October 2020 --4-- Whipple’s fourth prize, still out of Argo ’s split convoy, was British Transport 40 Brig Lord Lifford (John Jones), 41 130 tons 42 (or 80 tons), 43 She was captured about the first of September 1776, and was en route from Montserrat to Cork, Ireland 44 or from Antigua to Europe. 45 She was a new vessel, built in 1774, and a good sailer. 46 Lord Lifford had a cargo of rum, and was ordered into Boston. 47

Whipple now turned and headed for home. There were minor incidents of a tragic nature on the ship in passage. On 13 September a sailor died and was buried at sea. A few days later the sea claimed another life when Boatswain John Baker was “Lost overboard at Sea. Quartermaster

40 NDAR, “Whitehall Evening Post , Thursday, December 26 to Saturday, December 28, 1776,” 7:809-810

41 NDAR, “Independent Chronicle , Thursday, October 3, 1776,” 6:1113-1114 and 1114 note

42 NDAR, “Independent Chronicle , Thursday, November 21, 1776,” 7:232-233 and 233 note

43 NDAR, “Independent Chronicle , Thursday, October 3, 1776,” 6:1113-1114 and 1114 note

44 NDAR, “Extract of a letter from a Gentleman at Providence...dated October 3, 1776,” 6:1115; Providence Gazette , Saturday, October 5, 1776,” 6:1136-1137 and 1137 note

45 NDAR, “Independent Chronicle , Thursday, October 3, 1776,” 6:1113-1114 and 1114 note; “John Bradford to John Hancock,” 6:1146 and note

46 NDAR, “Independent Chronicle , Thursday, November 21, 1776,” 7:232-233 and 233 note

47 NDAR, “Independent Chronicle , Thursday, October 3, 1776,” 6:1113-1114 and 1114 note

Comment on this or any page at our ©awiatsea.com-posted October 2020 --5-- --6-- . am Whipple, am

Lord Lifford Lord d d hoto #: NH 85210-KN NH #: hoto depicting Columbus, under the command of Captain Abrah Captain of command the Columbus, under depicting flags are shown correctly, included on the capture the on correctly, included shown flags are hotograph at the Navy History and Heritage command, P command, Heritage and History Navy the at hotograph as a: “Painting in oils by W. Nowland Van Powell, Van Nowland W. by oils in “Painting a: as erating off the New England coast in Allcoast 1776.” England the New the off erating . A fine painting by W. Nowland Van Powell. From a p a From Powell. Van Nowland W. by painting fine A .

Lord Lifford Lord coming into port with with port into coming

Columbus this describes Center Historical Naval The (color). in Britishthe bringing op while Lifford, brig Lord Thomas Caton was promoted to replace him. 48

Apparently one additional prize was captured on 21 September 1776. Years later Whipple claimed he captured five “sugar-ships.”49 The muster roll of the Columbus shows that Steward Thomas Darby was sent aboard a brig as prizemaster on the 21st, with the notation that he was captured. 50

Whipple arrived back at Providence on 29 September, his ship in bad condition, needing to be cleaned again and re-rigged. 51

As for the prizes, Lord Lifford arrived in Boston on 2 October 1776. 52 By 31 October her cargo was being advertised for sale, to be held on Hancock’s Wharf on 7 November 1776, 53 and the brig was sold at Hancock’s Wharf on 29 November 1776. 54

Royal Exchange became the scene of high adventure. First Lieutenant Joseph Olney behaved with “great Humanity to the Passengers & other Prisoners on board,”55 and it served him in good stead. Two members of the prize crew, Seaman Samuel Ernam 56 (or Erlom 57 ) and Marine Private Thomas Donahoe 58 (or Donehoe 59 ) were approached by the ship’s steward with a proposition. The steward allegedly told Donahoe and Erlam that the master, Bowden, would give each one twenty guineas and half the ship and cargo if they would mutiny and retake the ship. 60 This turned into a serious business, as Erlam and Donahoe apparently managed to involve four other members of

48 NDAR, “Muster Roll of the Continental Ship Columbus ,” 7:142-154

49 Morgan, Captains to the Northward , 64

50 NDAR, “Muster Roll of the Continental Ship Columbus ,” 7:142-154

51 NDAR, “Muster Roll of the Continental Ship Columbus ,” 7:142-154

52 NDAR, “Independent Chronicle , Thursday, October 3, 1776,” 6:1113-1114 and 1114 note

53 NDAR, “Independent Chronicle , Thursday, October 31, 1776,” 6:1470-1471

54 NDAR, “Independent Chronicle , Thursday, November 21, 1776,” 7:232-233 and 233 note

55 NDAR, “John Langdon to John Hancock,” 6:1050-1051 and note

56 NDAR, “Muster Roll of the Continental Ship Columbus ,” 7:142-154

57 NDAR, “Commodore Esek Hopkins to John Langdon,” 6:1398 and note

58 NDAR, “Muster Roll of the Continental Ship Columbus ,” 7:142-154

59 NDAR, “Commodore Esek Hopkins to John Langdon,” 6:1398 and note

60 NDAR, “Commodore Esek Hopkins to John Langdon,” 6:1398 and note

Comment on this or any page at our ©awiatsea.com-posted October 2020 --7-- the prize crew in the scheme. 61 Olney got wind of the scheme and informed the passengers. Captain Bowden and a passenger, one Captain John Pleince of Corke 62 or Plaince, “behaved like Gentlemen of Honor” by giving up their personal arms for the defense of the prize crew. 63 The mutineers were subdued.

Olney ran across Continental Navy Sloop Providence (Captain John Paul Jones) on 14 September 64 and exchanged information as to the captures made by Columbus and Providence . She made Portsmouth, New Hampshire on 26 65 or 27 September 1776. 66 Olney turned over the prize to Continental Agent John Langdon, who had libeled the ship by 30 September. Langdon inquired, in a letter of that date, as to whether the officers and passengers should be allowed their private “adventures” from the cargo, as there were a considerable number of claims on both accounts. Langdon praised Olney for his “great Humanity to the Passengers & other Prisoners on board, who all say, that his treatment to them has been that of a Gentleman.”67 By 21 October the ship had been tried and condemned, without any private property being allowed, except the Congressional mandated wages of the crew. Never the less, Langdon made sure that Captain Plaince, who had helped Olney in the mutiny, received his private goods. 68

As for Erlam and Donahoe, they were tried for mutiny before 24 October. During the trial, Commodore Hopkins became convinced that Bowden was involved, and asked Langdon to stop his private adventure. Later he changed his mind. On 12 November 1776, he ordered Whipple to release part of his private “Adventure” to him. 69 Ernam was returned to the Alfred , and the other five were kept aboard the Columbus as prisoners. 70 On 14 November Langdon received Hopkins’s

61 NDAR, “Muster Roll of the Continental Ship Columbus ,” 7:142-154, shows Steward’s Mate Hugh Donaldson, Boy John Hagley, Seaman William Carpenter, and Seaman John Chapple as prisoners on 14 November 1776. This is the status given to Ernam. Donahoe is not listed as a prisoner. Ernam, Donahoe and Hagley had all served on the Alfred .

62 NDAR, “Permission Granted to British Prisoners in Rhode Island to Depart for Great Britain,” 7:165-168

63 NDAR, “John Langdon to William Whipple,” 6:1346

64 NDAR, “Captain John Paul Jones to the Continental Marine Committee,” 6:1047-1050;” The Freeman’s Journal , Saturday, September 28, 1776,” 6:1031

65 NDAR, “The Freeman’s Journal , Saturday, September 28, 1776,” 6:1031

66 NDAR, “John Langdon to John Hancock,” 6:1050-1051 and note. The editorial note inserted in the text containing the date September 20, is incorrect. NDAR, “Providence Gazette , Saturday, October 5, 1776,” 6:1136-1137 and 1137 note indicates in the editorial note that the prize made Boston. This is not correct.

67 NDAR, “John Langdon to John Hancock,” 6:1050-1051 and note

68 NDAR, “John Langdon to William Whipple,” 6:1346

69 NDAR, “Commodore Esek Hopkins to John Langdon,” 6:1398 and note

70 NDAR, “Muster Roll of the Continental Ship Columbus ,” 7:142-154

Comment on this or any page at our ©awiatsea.com-posted October 2020 --8-- letter and immediately held up Bowden’s property until the matter was cleared up. 71 Whipple, meanwhile, declined to part with any of Bowden’s adventure. Bowden had come to Providence and declared his innocence to Hopkins, who was easily convinced. Hopkins ordered Langdon, on 21 November, to pay him $300-400 dollars to live on. 72 Bowden was exchanged on 31 January 1777. 73

Bee did not get into port. She was recaptured and Earle taken as a prisoner. 74 Earle arrived in a cartel soon after and was at Providence on 7 November 1776, 75 where he was given permission to go to Philadelphia on leave. 76 He was exchanged on 11 November for the master of either the Oxford or the Crawford .77 Two members of the prize crew were exchanged the next day. 78 Mate Partick Montgomery of the Bee was released on 15 November 1776. 79 Earle’s exchange was accepted on 26 November. 80

Hester was also recaptured. On 21 September she was 102 miles southeast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, (on George’s Bank 81 ) when she was sighted at 0500 by HM Frigate Liverpool (Captain Henry Bellew). After a one hour chase the Liverpool overtook the Hester . The prize crew were taken aboard the frigate and a petty officer and eight men sent aboard the prize. Hester was kept in company with Liverpool for a few days, and then sent in to Halifax. 82 Three days after her recapture, the London papers were reporting her original capture by Columbus .83 She was libeled at Halifax on 3 October 1776, and condemned on 14 October. 84 Second Lieutenant Ezekial

71 NDAR, “John Langdon to Commodore Esek Hopkins,” 7:134

72 NDAR, “Commodore Esek Hopkins to John Langdon,” 7:233-234

73 NDAR, “A List of British Prisoners...,” 7:1066-1067

74 NDAR, “Permit to Captains John Stewart and James McLean, Masters of Two Prize Transports, to Depart in a Cartel,” 7:105

75 NDAR, “Account of John Earle, Master of the Continental Ship Alfred ,” 7:74

76 NDAR, “Commodore Esek Hopkins to the Continental Marine Committee,” 7:85

77 NDAR, “Permit to Captains John Stewart and James McLean, Masters of Two Prize Transports, to Depart in a Cartel,” 7:105

78 NDAR, “Permit to Alexander Watson and John Campbell, British Prisoners, to Depart in a Cartel,” 7:114-115

79 NDAR, “Permission Granted to British Prisoners in Rhode Island to Depart for Great Britain,” 7:165-168

80 NDAR, “Thomas Stone, Commissary of Prisoners, to the Massachusetts Council,” 7:290-291

81 NDAR, “Trial and Verdict in Halifax Vice Admiralty Court of the Recaptured British Ship Hester ,” 6:1250-1251

82 NDAR, “Journal of H.M.S. Liverpool , Captain Henry Bellew,” 6:948 and note

83 NDAR, “London Chronicle ,” Saturday, September 21 to Tuesday, September 24, 1776,” 6:611 and note

84 NDAR, “Trial and Verdict in Halifax Vice Admiralty Court of the Recaptured British Ship Hester ,” 6:1250-1251

Comment on this or any page at our ©awiatsea.com-posted October 2020 --9-- Burroughs of the Columbus and Master John Earle (prize master of the brig Bee , also recaptured) were to be exchanged, on 11 November 1776, for Captains John Stewart and James McLean, masters of the captured troop transports Oxford and Crawford ,85 but there was a problem.

On 11 November 1776 the two captains of the British transports Oxford and Crawford , captured by the Andrew Doria , were given permission to depart in a cartel for Halifax. They were to be exchanged for John Earle and Ezekiel Burroughs, the prize masters of the Bee and Hester respectively, that had been recaptured. 86 Two seamen from Columbus were approved to be exchanged for part of the sailors from the prize crews the next day. 87 There was an immediate difficulty. Burroughs and Earle arrived at Marblehead, Massachusetts on 26 November, having been put in a cartel from Halifax independently of the above exchange. Thomas Stone, the Commissary of Prisoners at Halifax, absolutely refused the exchange of one of the masters for Burroughs, who was the Second Lieutenant of the Columbus , requesting a British naval Lieutenant, Edward Sneyd. He was willing to accept the other master for Earle (who was master of the Alfred ). Stone wanted the Massachusetts Council to request Sneyd from the Connecticut authorities. 88 The Columbus ’s muster roll records that eight of the prize crew either entered or were impressed into the Liverpool .89 Burroughs had been exchanged by early February 1777. 90

On 20 December 1776 Continental Agent John Bradford requested Whipple to forward the crew list so the prize money could be paid. 91 The crew of the Columbus received £ 2572 from the sale of the brig and cargo. 92 On 6 November Langdon advised John Hancock that the ship would be sold on 12 November, and estimated the ship and cargo would sell for £10000 or £11000. 93 The sale was completed by 17 November. 94 By 4 December Langdon had bought the ship for the Continent, for £460, but reported she was in bad shape, and would only take small masts.

85 NDAR, “Permit to Captains John Stewart and James McLean, Masters of Two Prize Transports, to Depart in a Cartel,” 7:105

86 NDAR, “Permit to Captains John Stewart and James McLean, Masters of Two Prize Transports, to Depart in a Cartel,” 7:105

87 NDAR, “Permit to Alexander Watson and John Campbell, British Prisoners, to Depart in a Cartel,” 7:114-115

88 NDAR, “Thomas Stone, Commissary of Prisoners, to the Massachusetts Council,” 7:290-291

89 NDAR, “Muster Roll of the Continental Navy Ship Columbus ,” 7:142-154 and 154 note

90 NDAR, “Commodore Esek Hopkins to Captain Ezekial Burroughs,” 7:1152

91 NDAR, “John Bradford to Commodore Esek Hopkins,” 7:526 and note

92 NDAR, “Daniel Tillinghast’s Receipt for Prize Money for Crew of Continental Ship Columbus ,” 7:1026

93 NDAR, “John Langdon to John Hancock,” 7:58-59

94 NDAR, “John Langdon to John Hancock,” 7:206-207

Comment on this or any page at our ©awiatsea.com-posted October 2020 --10-- Langdon would use her rigging on the Ranger and lay up the hull. 95 On 6 January 1777 Langdon paid out £ 2730 as the captor’s share. 96

The news of the first losses arrived in England on 23 September, 97 although it was December before all were reported. Lord Lifford ’s loss was reported in England on 27 December 1776. 98 Never the less, these losses contributed to the beginning of a storm among the merchants in England. Four of a convoy of fourteen had been lost, but only after the escort had sailed off and left the convoy.

95 NDAR, “John Langdon to William Whipple,” 7:362-363; “John Langdon to John Hancock,” 7:469; “John Langdon to William Whipple,” 7:535-537

96 NDAR, “John Langdon to Commodore Esek Hopkins,” 7:864-865

97 NDAR, “London Chronicle , Saturday, September 21 to Tuesday, September 24, 1776,” 6:610 and note; “The Freeman’s Journal , Saturday, September 28, 1776,” 6:1031

98 NDAR, “Whitehall Evening Post, Thursday, December 26 to Saturday, December 28, 1776,” 7:809-810

Comment on this or any page at our ©awiatsea.com-posted October 2020 --11--