Physics and Physical Oceanography Data Report 2002-2

Historical Hydrographic Data from Goose Bay, and Groswater Bay, : 1950-1997

Diana Cardoso and Brad deYoung

© 2002 Department of Physics and Physical Oeanography Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John’s, Newfoundland A1B 3X7 Abstract

Goose Bay, Lake Melville and Groswater Bay make up the in Labrador. This is the largest inlet along the Labrador coast. There are 4 major rivers which discharge into the Inlet the largest is the Churchill River. A hydroelectrical project was completed in 1974 at in Upper Churchill River therefore the flow from the Churchill River is regulated. This report is a summary and presentation of the historical hydrographic data from the Hamilton Inlet and offshore from Groswater Bay collected from several sources between the dates of 1950 and 1997. Included are temperature, salinity, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrate, silicate and chlorophyll profiles. The data was analysed using MATLAB, and sample locations were plotted.

ii Table of Contents

Abstract...... ii Table of Contents...... iii Table of Figures ...... iv List of Tables ...... vii Introduction...... 1 Summary of data collection ...... 2 Data Processing...... 3 Data Interpretation ...... 3 References...... 5 Tables...... 7 Figures...... 15

iii Table of Figures

Figure 1: Location of study area, The Hamilton Inlet, Labrador. Figure B shows an enlargement of the boxed area in figure A...... 15 Figure 2: Location of temperature and salinity data collection, Goose Bay...... 16 Figure 3: Goose Bay temperature and salinity, pre 1970...... 17 Figure 4: Monthly Goose Bay temperature. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation...... 18 Figure 5: Monthly Goose Bay salinity. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation...... 19 Figure 6: Location of oxygen and phosphorus data collection, Goose Bay...... 20 Figure 7: Goose Bay oxygen and phosphorus, pre 1970...... 21 Figure 8: Monthly Goose Bay oxygen and phosphorus, pre 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation...... 22 Figure 9: Goose Bay oxygen October, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation...... 23 Figure 10: Location of temperature and salinity data collection, Lake Melville...... 24 Figure 11: Lake Melville temperature and salinity, pre 1970...... 28 Figure 12: Monthly Lake Melville temperature, pre 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation...... 29 Figure 13: Monthly Lake Melville salinity, pre 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. 30 Figure 14: Lake Melville temperature and salinity, post 1970...... 31 Figure 15: Monthly Lake Melville temperature, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation...... 32 Figure 16: Monthly Lake Melville temperature, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation...... 33 Figure 17: Monthly Lake Melville salinity, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. 34 Figure 18: Monthly Lake Melville salinity, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. 35 Figure 19: Location of oxygen and phosphorus data collection, Lake Melville...... 36 Figure 20: Lake Melville oxygen and phosphorus, pre 1970...... 38 Figure 21: Monthly Lake Melville oxygen and phosphorus, pre 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation...... 39 Figure 22: Lake Melville oxygen October, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. 40 Figure 23: Location of temperature and salinity data collection, The Narrows...... 41 Figure 24: The Narrows temperature and salinity, pre 1970...... 42

iv Figure 25: Monthly The Narrows temperature and salinity, pre 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation...... 43 Figure 26: The Narrows temperature, post 1970...... 44 Figure 27: The Narrows temperature and salinity, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation...... 44 Figure 28: Location of oxygen and phosphorus data collection, The Narrows...... 45 Figure 29: The Narrows oxygen, pre 1970...... 46 Figure 30: The Narrows phosphorus August, pre 1970...... 46 Figure 31: Monthly The Narrows oxygen. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation...... 47 Figure 32: Location of temperature and salinity data collection, Groswater Bay...... 48 Figure 33: Groswater Bay temperature and salinity, pre 1970...... 50 Figure 34: Monthly Groswater Bay temperature, pre 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation...... 51 Figure 35: Monthly Groswater Bay salinity, pre 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. 52 Figure 36: Groswater Bay temperature and salinity, post 1970...... 53 Figure 37: Monthly Groswater Bay temperature and salinity, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation...... 54 Figure 38: Location of phosphorus and oxygen data collection, Groswater Bay...... 55 Figure 39: Location of nitrogen, silicate, and chlorophyll data collection, October, Post 1970, Groswater Bay...... 56 Figure 40: Groswater Bay oxygen and phosphorus, pre 1970...... 57 Figure 41: Monthly Groswater Bay oxygen, pre 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. 58 Figure 42: Monthly Groswater Bay phosphorus, pre 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation...... 59 Figure 43: Groswater Bay phosphorus September, post 1970...... 60 Figure 44: Groswater Bay oxygen October, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. 60 Figure 45: Groswater Bay nitrate September, post 1970...... 61 Figure 46: Groswater Bay chlorophyll September, post 1970...... 62 Figure 47: Groswater Bay silicate September, post 1970...... 62 Figure 48: Location of temperature and salinity data collection, offshore...... 63 Figure 49: Offshore temperature and salinity, pre 1970...... 68 Figure 50: Monthly offshore temperature and salinity, pre 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation...... 69 Figure 51: Offshore temperature and salinity, post 1970...... 70 Figure 52: Monthly offshore temperature, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. 71

v Figure 53: Monthly offshore salinity, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation...... 74 Figure 54: Monthly offshore salinity, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation...... 76 Figure 55: Location of phosphorus, oxygen data collection, offshore...... 77 Figure 56: Location of nitrogen, silicate, and chlorophyll data collection, July, Post 1970, offshore...... 78 Figure 57: Offshore oxygen and phosphorus, pre 1970...... 79 Figure 58: Monthly offshore oxygen and phosphorus. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. 80 Figure 59: Offshore nitrate July, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation...... 81 Figure 60: Offshore silicate July, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation...... 82 Figure 61: Offshore chlorophyll July, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation...... 82

vi List of Tables

Table 1: Goose Bay-temperature and salinity...... 7 Table 2: Goose Bay-nutrients ...... 7 Table 3: Lake Melville-temperature and salinity...... 8 Table 4: Lake Melville-nutrients...... 9 Table 5: Narrows-temperature and salinity...... 9 Table 6: Narrows-nutrients ...... 10 Table 7: Groswater Bay-temperature and salinity ...... 10 Table 8: Groswater Bay-nutrients...... 11 Table 9: Offshore-temperature and salinity ...... 12 Table 10: Offshore-nutrients ...... 14

vii Introduction

Goose Bay, Lake Melville and Groswater Bay make up the Hamilton Inlet, Labrador. This is the largest inlet along the Labrador coast shown in figure 1. Open to the ocean is Groswater Bay which is about 55 km in length and constricts into a narrow shallow area about 2.8 km in width, 30m in depth and 22 km long, called The Narrows. The lake is approximately170 km long with a maximum width of 35 km and with an average depth of 86m. Lake Melville forms an estuary environment and is a fjord due to The Narrows which creates a sill between the lake and Groswater Bay and due to the lakes deep basin. There are 4 major rivers which discharge into the lake the largest is the Churchill River (Bobbit and Akenhead, 1982).

The historical hydrographic data from the Hamilton Inlet and offshore from Groswater Bay was collected from several sources between the dates of 1950 and 1997 (Tables 1- 10). The majority of the existing data was collected by the vessel the Blue Dolphin expeditions between 1949 and 1953. These expeditions were supported by the Arctic Institute of North America with funds provided by the U.S. and Canadian Government and private sources. Temperature, salinity oxygen and phosphorus measurements were taken throughout the Hamilton Inlet and offshore during the periods July and August 1950 and 1951; June, July and August 1952; and March 1953. The purpose of the Blue Dolphin expeditions was as a general biological and physical study of the coastal waters of Labrador because of the oceanographic and economic importance of the area. Also the natural resources of the area are fundamental for the support of the native population. Observations of temperature and salinity were made using Nansen bottles and reversing thermometers and after 1952 a salinity-temperature-depth recorder (STD) was also used. Dissolved oxygen, inorganic phosphate and salinity were determined aboard the vessel using the standard Kunsen Method, colorimetery for phosphate and the Winkler method for oxygen. However in 1950 salinities and total phosphates were determined at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute.

Other explorations were carried out by the Fisheries Research Board of aboard the vessel the Investigator II during October 1952 and September 1953. The purpose of this expedition was to obtain scientific data particularly of the fishery in Newfoundland. Temperature and salinity measurements were taken from Lake Melville, Groswater Bay and offshore from Groswater Bay.

More recent data was collected in response to the hydroelectric project on Churchill River completed in 1971, located at Churchill Falls. The northern Atlantic cod fishery severely declined in Groswater Bay and Sandwich Bay at about the same time as the Churchill hydro project changed the flow of the Churchill River into Lake Melville. Fishers have expressed concern about hydroelectric development on the Churchill River since the Churchill hydro project was completed (Saunders, 1981). Currently Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro has proposed further construction of hydroelectric stations in the lower Churchill River and this has renewed fishers concerns and initiated a study by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) to investigate the effects of the controlled hydro discharge upon the water properties of Groswater Bay. Therefore, a field trip was conducted in August 1981, temperature and salinity measurements were taken from Lake Melville and Groswater Bay aboard the vessel the Burin Bay, a fisheries patrol vessel. 1

The hydro potential of Labrador initiated other studies since the development of power sources along with the natural resources in Labrador attracted industrial development close to the source. Lake Melville was considered an ideal location however a significantly extended shipping season was required. One study was initiated by Memorial University to study the evolution and characteristics of ice on Lake Melville in order to determine the location and method of keeping an extended shipping channel open from Labrador Sea to Goose Bay. Temperature and salinity were measured throughout the lake during January, April, May, and November 1973 and December 1972 aboard the vessel the CCGS Sir J.A. MacDonald, the CCGS Sir Humphrey Gilbert (icebreakers) and the Prima Vista. Another study to determine the feasibility of winter navigation was completed by FENCO Ltd. commissioned by the Government of Newfoundland through the Department of Industry Development. Two ice breaking probes were used aboard the vessel the CCGS Sir John Franklin during January and December 1980. Temperature and salinity measurements were obtained using an Applied Microsystem Conductivity, Temperature and Depth recording instrument deployed from a helicopter and through holes in the ice. Raw data was collected using a digiprinter.

Another important resource of Labrador is oil and gas. An Offshore Labrador Biological Studies Program (OLABS) was initiated by Department of Energy, Mines and Resources in 1978. The study was a three-year program that involved industry, communities and government. OLABS collected baseline biological, meteorological and oceanographic data on shoreline sensitivities, fish and the fishery, zooplankton, phytoplankton, marine mammals and seabirds for coastal Labrador. The petroleum industry, Petro-Canada funded the studies and a committee made up of several governments departments and the petroleum industry directed OLABS. OLABS funded the Offshore Labrador Initial Environmental Assessment. The OLABS program produced 30 studies one such study contained salinity, temperature, nitrate, silicate, chlorophyll and phosphorus data which were measured from Groswater Bay and offshore during July and September 1979. Temperature was obtained using reversing thermometers and salinity was obtained by samples in triple rinsed polyethylene bottles. Nutrient samples were obtained with Niskin bottles, sub samples were immediately drawn into double rinsed opaque polyethylene bottles. One litre from each sample was filtered with a Millipore HAWP 47 filter (0.45um pore size). The filtrate was stored in polyethylene bottles, preserved and frozen. Nutrient analysis was conducted by the Water Analysis Facility of Memorial University using a Technicon Autoanalyzer II.

Most of the above data collected was obtained directly from the reports referenced or the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) website, except for the Blue Dolphin expeditions which was obtained directly from the DFO data base (courtesy of K. Drinkwater, DFO). From this database other temperature, salinity, oxygen and phosphorus data was obtained during the periods August 1958, June 1963, and October 1983 throughout the Hamilton Inlet and offshore.

Summary of data collection

The hydrographic data for Goose Bay in Figures 2 - 9, was collected by the Blue Dolphin expeditions from 5 hydrographic samples throughout Goose Bay. 2

The hydrographic data for Lake Melville in Figures 10 - 22, was collected throughout the lake by the vessel the Blue Dolphin expeditions from approximately 26 hydrographic stations; the vessel the Investigator II from 4 stations in October 1952; from the DFO report aboard the vessel the Burin Bay from 6 stations; from the FENCO study aboard the vessel the CCGS Sir John Franklin from 17 stations; and from the Memorial University study aboard the vessels the CCGS Sir J.A. MacDonald, the CCGS Sir Humphrey Gilbert and the Prima Vista from 5 stations. More recent temperature data from 1991 was obtained from the DFO ocean sciences database available on their website. Data was collected from 3 stations in September and October 1991.

The hydrographic data for The Narrows in Figures 23 - 31, was collected by the vessel the Blue Dolphin expeditions from 7 stations. More recent temperature data from 1984 and 1985 was obtained from the DFO ocean sciences database. Samples were collected from 1 station from January to December.

The hydrographic data for Groswater Bay in Figures 32 – 47, was collected by the vessel the Blue Dolphin expeditions from approximately 19 stations; by the vessel the Investigator II from 1 station in October 1952; by the vessel CCGS Sir John Franklin for the FENCO study from 4 stations; and by the vessel the Burin Bay for the DFO report from 3 stations throughout the bay. Further data was collected from OLABS program from 1 hydrographic station in the bay in September 1979.

The hydrographic data offshore of Groswater Bay in Figures 48 – 60, was collected on the Blue Dolphin expeditions from 7 samples, by the vessel the Investigator II from 22 stations in September 1953 and OLABS study from 5 samples in July 1979. The most recent temperature data from 1978 to 1997 was obtained from the DFO ocean sciences database. Samples were collected from numerous stations from January to December.

Data Processing

The data was analysed and plotted using Matlab. The data was divided into pre and post 1970, this is due to the fact that construction for the hydroelectric project on Churchill River began in 1970. This allows comparison between water properties before and after regulation of flow from the hydroelectric project. The data was further divided into the 5 major areas, Goose Bay, Lake Melville, The Narrows, Groswater Bay and Offshore. Each water property was plotted separately by month pre and post 1970. The mean and standard deviations were determined when possible also using MatLab. Each plot includes a scatter of all the data points shown as circles, a solid line for the mean and deviation bars for those data points in which more than one data point existed for the given depth. The locations of all the samples collected are also plotted.

Data Interpretation

Most of the data collected was temperature and salinity measurements. The temperature and salinity data was consistently collected in all 5 areas for both pre and post 1970 in the month of July, August and October. The temperature near the surface in July and August pre 1970 was higher in Goose Bay and gradually decreased towards Groswater Bay. The surface salinity in July and August pre 1970 in Goose Bay and Lake 3 Melville was quite low between 0 and 10 and increased from the Narrows to offshore as expected due to the freshwater influence from river discharge. The salinity below 50 m gradually increased from Goose Bay to offshore from approximately 21, 22 to 33, 34 in Groswater Bay and offshore. Post 1970 temperature and salinity data was collected in all 5 areas for the month of October. As expected the same trends in salinity are apparent for the pre and post 1970 data however, the temperature was more variable. In August, the post 1970 data show higher surface temperatures in Lake Melville with a maximum of approximately 15oC and the lowest temperature in the Narrows and Groswater Bay with a maximum of approximately 6.5oC. Offshore the temperature was highly variable in August with a maximum of approximately 16oC but lows below 0oC. The temperatures in August below 80m were less variable and similar in all areas, for both pre and post 1970 data, close to 0oC.

Oxygen levels were only collected by the Blue Dolphin expeditions and phosphorus was collected by Blue Dolphin expeditions and OLABS study. The least amount of data was found for nitrate, silicate and chlorophyll levels which were only recorded in Groswater Bay and offshore by the OLABS study. For the pre 1970 data oxygen and phosphorus data was consistently collected in all 5 areas in the month of July and August except for offshore and the Narrows where phosphorus was only collected in August. Surface oxygen values in August, pre 1970 are approximately 300 μM in all areas with slightly higher values in Groswater Bay and offshore. Oxygen levels increases with depth in all areas except Goose Bay. Fewer phosphate data was found and it was highly variable especially near the surface. Phosphorus values in August, pre 1970 near the surface were between 0 and 1 μM varying slightly with depth in all areas. For post 1970 data no nutrient data was found for Goose Bay, and only oxygen concentrations were found in October for Lake Melville and the Narrows. For Groswater Bay oxygen concentrations were found in October and phosphorus, nitrate, silicate and chlorophyll in September. For offshore only phosphorus, nitrate, silicate and chlorophyll concentrations were found in July. Near the surface nitrate concentrations were much lower in offshore between 0 and 1.5 μM in July as compared to Groswater Bay between 2.2 and 2.5 μM in September. However at 50m the concentrations were similar. The similar pattern is seen with silicate concentrations with near surface values in Groswater bay at 14.2 μM and offshore between 0.7 and 2.1 μM. In Groswater Bay silicate concentrations decrease with depth and offshore they do the opposite, therefore at 50m the concentrations are again similar. Comparing phosphorus concentrations they were similar in both Groswater Bay and offshore with a slight higher concentration near the surface in Groswater Bay.

4 References

Bobbit, J. and Akenhead, S. 1982. Influence of Controlled Discharge from the Churchill River on the Oceanography of Groswater Bay, Labrador. Can. Tech. Report of Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1097: 43pp.

Buchanan R.A. and Foy M.S. 1980. Plankton, Nutrients, Chlorophyll, Phytoplankton and Ichthyoplankton. OLABS Program Report (Offshore Labrador Biological studies) prepared by Atlantic Biological Services Ltd., St. John’s, NF for Total Eastcan Explorations Ltd., Calgary, AB. 293pp.

Coachman, L. K. 1953. River flow and winter hydrographic structure of the Hamilton Inlet-Lake Melville estuary of Labrador. Blue Dolphin Labrador Expedition – Winter Project 1953, unpublished manuscript. 19pp.

Fenco Newfoundland Limited 1981. Lake Melville freeze up study 1980: final report. Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Industrial Development report. 128pp.

Fenco Newfoundland Limited 1981. Lake Melville/offshore Labrador winter navigation study 1979-1980: final report. Department of Industrial Development report. 116pp.

Fenco Newfoundland Limited 1982. Lake Melville freeze up and winter navigation study 1981-1982: final report. Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Industrial Development report. Vol. I: chap. 1-7, Vol. II: chap. 1-14

Memorial University of Newfoundland, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science 1974. Lake Melville ice research, 1973-1974, report no. III. Ocean Engineering Group, Memorial University of Newfoundland. 145pp.

Memorial University of Newfoundland, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science 1973. Lake Melville ice research, 1972-1973, Appendices Vol. I. Ocean Engineering Group, Memorial University of Newfoundland. 154pp.

Memorial University of Newfoundland, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science 1973. Lake Melville ice research, 1972-1973, Appendices Vol. II. Ocean Engineering Group, Memorial University of Newfoundland. 51pp.

Newfoundland Fisheries Research Station 1952. Report of the Newfoundland Fisheries Research Station for 1952. The Station, 1951-1955, St John’s, NF. 15pp., Appendix (3): Investigator II-Lake Melville, 2-3. Appendix (35): Hydrography-Lake Melville, 53-54.

Newfoundland Fisheries Research Station 1953. Report of the Newfoundland Fisheries Research Station for 1953. The Station, 1951-1955, St John’s, NF. 12pp., Appendix: Exploration of the Hamilton Inlet Bank, Labrador, 11-13.

5 Nutt, D. C. 1951. The Blue Dolphin Labrador Expeditions, 1949 and 1950. Arctic 4, (1) 3-11.

Nutt, D. C. 1950. The Blue Dolphin Labrador Expedition; field report 1950. Unpublished manuscript. 11pp

Nutt, D. C. 1952. The Blue Dolphin Labrador Expedition; field report 1952. Unpublished manuscript. 9pp.

Nutt, D. C. 1953. The Blue Dolphin Labrador Expedition, Winter Project; field report 1953. Unpublished manuscript. 4pp.

Saunders, D. 1981. The absence of Codfish in Groswater Bay, with emphasis on the Pack’s Harbour fishery. Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 8pp.

6

Tables

Table 1: Goose Bay-temperature and salinity Reference Data Expedition Month Year Station numbers DFO Canada database T S BD July 1950 62, 73 (Blue July 1951 62, 72, 73 Dolphin) July 1952 62, 73 Aug 1951 62, 72, 73 Aug 1952 62, 73 Oct 1983 34, 73 Coachman, L. 1953. River Flow and T S BD Mar 1953 34, 62, 113 Winter Hydrologic Structure of the (Blue Hamilton Inlet-Lake Melville Dolphin) Estuary of Labrador.

Table 2: Goose Bay-nutrients Reference Data Expedition Month Year Station numbers DFO Canada database P BD July 1950 62, 73 (Blue July 1951 62, 72, 73 Dolphin) July 1952 62, 73 Aug 1951 62, 72, 73 Aug 1952 62, 73 O BD July 1950 62, 73 (Blue July 1951 62, 72, 73 Dolphin) July 1952 62, 73 Aug 1951 62, 72, 73 Aug 1952 62, 73 Oct 1983 34, 73 Legend: T- Temperature, S- Salinity, P- Phosphorus, O- Oxygen

7 Table 3: Lake Melville-temperature and salinity Reference Data Expedition Month Year Station numbers DFO Canada database T S BD July 1950 38, 46, 39, 45, 40, (Blue 44, 42, 43, 47, 48, Dolphin) 49, 50, 51 July 1951 71, 38, 39, 40, 47, 48, 49 July 1952 38, 40, 47, 49 Aug 1950 Aug 1951 38, 39, 40, 47, 48, 49 Aug 1952 38, 40, 47, 49 Aug 1958 71 Oct 1983 Bobbit, J. and Akenhead, S. 1982. T S BB Aug 1981 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Influence of Controlled Discharge (Burin Bay) from the Churchill River on the Oceanography of Groswater Bay, In Oct 1952 1, 2, 3, 4 Labrador. (Investiga- tor II) Coachman, L. 1953. River Flow and T S BD Mar 1953 38, 47, 40, 49, 50 Winter Hydrologic Structure of the (Blue Hamilton Inlet-Lake Melville Dolphin) Estuary of Labrador DFO Canada T Sept 1991 http://www.mar.dfo- Oct 1991 mpo.gc.ca/science/ocean/home.html Fenco Newfoundland Limited 1981. T CCGS Sir Jan 1980 Lake Melville/offshore Labrador John winter navigation study 1979-1980: Franklin final report. Department of Industrial Development report. Fenco Newfoundland Limited 1981. T CCGS Sir Dec 1980 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10, Lake Melville freeze up study 1980: John 11,12,13,14,15 final report. Newfoundland and S Franklin Dec 1980 3,6,8,10,11,12,13 Labrador Department of Industrial Development report. Memorial University of T S Prima Vista, Jan 1973 A-1 Newfoundland, Faculty of CCGS Sir April 1973 A, A-1 Engineering and Applied Science Humphrey May 1973 D 1974. Lake Melville ice research, Gilbert Nov 1973 A, B, C, D 1973-1974, report no. III and and CCGS Dec 1972 A, B, C, D Appendices Sir J.A MacDonald Legend: T- Temperature, S- Salinity

8 Table 4: Lake Melville-nutrients Reference Data Expedition Month Year Station numbers DFO Canada database P BD July 1950 38, 46, 39, 45, 40, (Blue 44, 42, 43, 47, 48, Dolphin) 49, 50, 51 July 1951 71, 38, 39, 40, 47, 48, 49 July 1952 38, 40, 47, 49 Aug 1950 Aug 1951 38, 39, 40, 47, 48, 49 Aug 1952 38, 40, 47, 49 Aug 1958 71 O BD July 1950 38, 46, 39, 45, 40, (Blue 44, 42, 43, 47, 48, Dolphin) 49, 50, 51 July 1951 71, 38, 39, 40, 47, 48, 49 July 1952 38, 40, 47, 49 Aug 1950 Aug 1951 38, 39, 40, 47, 48, 49 Aug 1952 38, 40, 47, 49 Aug 1958 71 Oct 1983

Table 5: Narrows-temperature and salinity Reference Data Expedition Month Year Station numbers DFO Canada database T S BD July 1950 61 (Blue July 1952 104, 105, 107 Dolphin) Aug 1952 107, 104 Oct 1983 DFO Canada T Jan 1984 http://www.mar.dfo- Feb 1984 mpo.gc.ca/science/ocean/home.html Mar 1984 April 1984 May 1984 June 1984 July 1984 August 1984 Sept 1984 Oct 1983 Nov 1983 Dec 1983 Legend: T- Temperature, S- Salinity, P- Phosphorus, O- Oxygen. 9 Table 6: Narrows-nutrients Reference Data Expedition Month Year Station numbers DFO Canada database P BD Aug 1952 107, 104 (Blue Dolphin) O BD July 1950 61 (Blue July 1952 104, 105, 107 Dolphin) Aug 1952 107, 104 Oct 1983

Table 7: Groswater Bay-temperature and salinity Reference Data Expedition Month Year Station numbers DFO Canada database T S BD June 1952 92, 96, 97, 99, 93 (Blue July 1950 52, 53, 54, 55, 56 Dolphin) July 1951 70, 54, 55, 56 July 1952 102, 100, 52 Aug 1951 55, 56 Aug 1952 102, 100, 90, 91 Oct 1983 Fenco Newfoundland Limited 1981. T CCGS Sir Jan 1980 Lake Melville/offshore Labrador winter John navigation study 1979-1980: final Franklin report. Department of Industrial Development report. Bobbit, J. and Akenhead, S. 1982. T S BB Aug 1981 7, 8, 9 Influence of Controlled Discharge from (Burin Bay) the Churchill River on the In Oct 1952 5 Oceanography of Groswater Bay, (Investiga- Labrador. tor II) Coachman, L. 1953. River Flow and T S BD Mar 1953 52 Winter Hydrologic Structure of the (Blue Hamilton Inlet-Lake Melville Estuary Dolphin) of Labrador Buchanan R.A. and Foy M.S. 1980. T S Sept 1979 GB-1 Plankton, Nutrients, Chlorophyll, Phytoplankton and Ichthyoplankton. Olabs Program Report: Offshore Labrador Biological study. Legend: T- Temperature, S- Salinity, P- Phosphorus, O- Oxygen

10 Table 8: Groswater Bay-nutrients Reference Data Expedition Month Year Station numbers DFO Canada database P BD June 1952 92, 96, 97, 99, 93 (Blue July 1950 52, 53, 54, 55, 56 Dolphin) July 1951 70, 54, 55, 56 July 1952 102, 100, 52 Aug 1951 55, 56 Aug 1952 102, 100, 90, 91 O BD June 1952 92, 96, 97, 99, 93 (Blue July 1950 52, 53, 54, 55, 56 Dolphin) July 1951 70, 54, 55, 56 July 1952 102, 100, 52 Aug 1951 55, 56 Aug 1952 102, 100, 90, 91 Oct 1983 Buchanan R.A. and Foy M.S. 1980. N Sept 1979 GB-1 Plankton, Nutrients, Chlorophyll, P Phytoplankton and Ichthyoplankton. Chlo Olabs Program Report: Offshore Si Labrador Biological study. Legend: T- Temperature, S- Salinity, P- Phosphorus, O- Oxygen, N- Nitrate, Chl- Chlorophyll, Si- Silicate

11 Table 9: Offshore-temperature and salinity Reference Data Expe- Month Year Station dition numbers DFO Canada T S Jan 1979, 1984, 1985, 1986, http://www.mar.dfo- 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, mpo.gc.ca/science/ocean 1992, 1993 /home.html Feb 1979, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993 March 1979, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993 April 1979, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993 May 1979, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993 June 1979, 1981, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 July 1979, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997 August 1979, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997 Sept 1979, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997 Oct 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1992, 1995, 1997 Nov 1978, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1992, 1995, 1997 Dec 1978, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1991, 1992,

12

Table 9: Offshore-temperature salinity (continued)

Reference Data Expe- Month Year Station dition numbers DFO Canada database T S BD June 1928 (Blue June 1952 88, 89 Dolphin) June 1963 July 1980 Oct 1983 Newfoundland Fisheries T In Sept 1953 Research Station 1952, (Investiga- 1953. Report of the tor II) Newfoundland Fisheries Research Station for 1951-1955. The Station, 1951-1955, St John’s, NF. Buchanan R.A. and Foy T S July 1979 LC-1, LC-2, M.S. 1980. Plankton, LC-3, LC-4, Nutrients, Chlorophyll, LC-5 Phytoplankton and Ichthyoplankton. Olabs Program Report: Offshore Labrador Biological study. Legend: T- Temperature, S- Salinity

13 Table 10: Offshore-nutrients Reference Data Expedition Month Year Station numbers DFO Canada database P BD June 1928 June 1952 88, 89 June 1963 August 1952 88 O BD June 1928 June 1952 88, 89 June 1963 August 1952 88 Buchanan R.A. and Foy M.S. 1980. N July 1979 LC-1, LC-2, Plankton, Nutrients, Chlorophyll, P LC-3, LC-4, Phytoplankton and Ichthyoplankton. Chl LC-5 Olabs Program Report: Offshore Si Labrador Biological study. Legend: P- Phosphorus, O- Oxygen, N- Nitrate, Chl- Chlorophyll, Si- Silicate

14 Figures A)

B)

Naskaupi River Groswater Bay

Northwest The Narrows River Lake Melville Goose River

Goose Bay Churchill River

Kenamu River

Figure 1: Location of study area, The Hamilton Inlet, Labrador. Figure B shows an enlargement of the boxed area in figure A.

15 A) B)

C) D)

Figure 2: Location of temperature and salinity data collection, Goose Bay. A) temperature March, Pre 1970, B) temperature/salinity July and August, Pre 1970, C) salinity March, Pre 1970, D) temperature/salinity October, Post 1970.

16

A) Temperature (deg C) B) Salinity 0 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 0 0

-5 -5

-10 -10

-15 -15

-20 -20

-25 -25 Depth (m) Depth (m) -30 -30

March March -35 July -35 July August August Mean Mean -40 Mean -40 Mean Mean Mean -45 -45

-50 -50 Goose Bay Temperature, Pre 1970 Goose Bay Salinity, Pre:1970

Figure 3: Goose Bay temperature and salinity, pre 1970. A) all temperature data, B) all salinity data.

17 A) Temperature (deg C) B) Temperature (deg C) 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 0

-10 -10

-20 -20

-30 -30 Depth (m) Depth (m)

-40 -40

-50 -50 Goose Bay Temperature March, Pre 1970 Goose Bay Temperature July, Pre 1970

C) Temperature (deg C) D) Temperature (deg C) 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0

-10 -10

-20 -20

-30 -30 Depth (m) Depth (m)

-40 -40

-50 -50 Goose Bay Temperature August, Pre 1970 Goose Bay Temperature October, Post 1970

Figure 4: Monthly Goose Bay temperature. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. A) March pre 1970, B) July pre 1970, C) August pre 1970, D) October post 1970.

18 A) Salinity B) Salinity 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 0

-10 -10

-20 -20

-30 -30 Depth (m) Depth (m)

-40 -40

-50 -50 Goose Bay Salinity March, Pre 1970 Goose Bay Salinity July, Pre 1970

C) Salinity D) Salinity 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0

-10 -10

-20 -20

-30 -30 Depth (m) Depth (m)

-40 -40

-50 -50 Goose Bay Salinity August, Pre 1970 Goose Bay Salinity October, Post 1970

Figure 5: Monthly Goose Bay salinity. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. A) March pre 1970, B) July pre 1970, C) August pre 1970, D) October post 1970.

19 A)

Figure 6: Location of oxygen and phosphorus data collection, Goose Bay. A) phosphorus July and August, Pre 1970, B) oxygen July and August, Pre 1970, C) oxygen October, Post 1970.

B)

C)

20 A) Oxygen(uM) B) Phosphorus (uM) 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 1 2 3 4 0 0

-5 -5

-10 -10

-15 -15

-20 -20

-25 -25 JulyJuly August Depth (m) Depth (m) August Mean -30 -30 Mean MeanMean

-35 -35

-40 -40

-45 -45

-50 -50 Goose Bay Oxygen, Pre 1970 Goose Bay Phosphorus, Pre:1970

Figure 7: Goose Bay oxygen and phosphorus, pre 1970. A) all oxygen data, B) all phosphorus data.

21 A) Oxygen(uM) B) Oxygen(uM) 100 150 200 250 300 350 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 0

-10 -10

-20 -20

-30 -30 Depth (m) Depth (m)

-40 -40

-50 -50 Goose Bay Oxygen July, Pre 1970 Goose Bay Oxygen August, Pre 1970

C) Phosphorus (uM) D) Phosphorus (uM) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0

-10 -10

-20 -20

-30 -30 Depth (m) Depth (m)

-40 -40

-50 -50 Goose Bay Phosphorus July, Pre 1970 Goose Bay Phosphorus August, Pre 1970

Figure 8: Monthly Goose Bay oxygen and phosphorus, pre 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. A) oxygen July, B) oxygen August, C) phosphorus July, D) phosphorus August.

22 Oxygen(uM) 260 280 300

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25 Depth (m) -30

-35

-40

-45

-50 Goose Bay Oxygen October, Post

Figure 9: Goose Bay oxygen October, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation.

23

A) B)

C) D)

Figure 10: Location of temperature and salinity data collection, Lake Melville. A) temperature/salinity March, Pre 1970, B) temperature/salinity July, Pre 1970, C) temperature/salinity August, Pre 1970, D) temperature October, Pre 1970.

24 E) F)

G) H)

Figure 10: Location of temperature and salinity data collection, Lake Melville.

E) salinity October, Pre 1970, F) temperature January, Post 1970, G) temperature/salinity April, Post 1970, H) salinity January, Post 1970.

25 I) J)

K) L)

Figure 10: Location of temperature and salinity data collection, Lake Melville.

I) temperature/salinity May, Post 1970, J) temperature/salinity July, Post 1970, K) temperature September, Post 1970, L) temperature/salinity November, Post 1970.

26 M) N)

P) O)

Figure 10: Location of temperature and salinity data collection, Lake Melville.

M) temperature October, Post 1970, N) temperature December, Post 1970, O) salinity October, Post 1970, P) salinity December, Post 1970.

27 A) Temperature (deg C) B) Salinity 0 5 10 15 0 10 20 30 0 0

-20 -20

-40 -40

-60 -60

-80 -80

-100 -100 Depth (m) Depth (m) -120 -120

March -140 -140 July August October -160 -160 Mean Mean -180 -180 Mean Mean

-200 -200 Melville Temperature, Pre 1970 Melville Salinity, Pre:1970

Figure 11: Lake Melville temperature and salinity, pre 1970. A) all temperature data, B) all salinity data.

28 A) Temperature (deg C) B) Temperature (deg C) -5 0 5 10 15 -5 0 5 10 15 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100 Depth (m) Depth (m) -150 -150

-200 -200 Melville Temperature March, Pre 1970 Melville Temperature July, Pre 1970

C) Temperature (deg C) D) Temperature (deg C) -5 0 5 10 15 -5 0 5 10 15 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100 Depth (m) Depth (m) -150 -150

-200 -200 Melville Temperature August, Pre 1970 Melville Temperature October, Pre 1970

Figure 12: Monthly Lake Melville temperature, pre 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. A) March, B) July, C) August, D) October.

29 A) Salinity B) Salinity 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100 Depth (m) Depth (m) -150 -150

-200 -200 Melville Salinity March, Pre 1970 Melville Salinity July, Pre 1970

C) Salinity D) Salinity 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100 Depth (m) Depth (m) -150 -150

-200 -200 Melville Salinity August, Pre 1970 Melville Salinity October, Pre 1970

Figure 13: Monthly Lake Melville salinity, pre 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. A) March, B) July, C) August, D) October.

30 A) Temperature (deg C) B) Salinity -5 0 5 10 15 0 10 20 30 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 January -150 April

Depth (m) May Depth (m) January August April September May -200 October -200 August November October December November Mean Sept. December Mean Aug. Mean Aug. -250 Mean Oct. -250 Mean Oct. Mean Dec. Mean Dec. Mean Apr. Mean Apr. Mean May Mean May Mean Nov. Mean Nov. -300 -300 Melville Temperature, Post 1970 Melville Salinity, Post:1970

Figure 14: Lake Melville temperature and salinity, post 1970. A) all temperature data, B) all salinity data.

31 A) Temperature (deg C) B) Temperature (deg C) -5 0 5 10 15 -5 0 5 10 15 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 -150

Depth (m) -200 Depth (m) -200

-250 -250

-300 -300 Melville Temperature January, Post 1970 Melville Temperature April, Post 1970

C) Temperature (deg C) D) Temperature (deg C) -5 0 5 10 15 -5 0 5 10 15 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 -150

Depth (m) -200 Depth (m) -200

-250 -250

-300 -300 Melville Temperature May, Post 1970 Melville Temperature August, Post 1970

Figure 15: Monthly Lake Melville temperature, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. A) January, B) April, C) May, D) August.

32 A) Temperature (deg C) B) Temperature (deg C) -5 0 5 10 15 -5 0 5 10 15 0 0

-20 -50

-100 -40 -150 -60 Depth (m) Depth (m) -200

-80 -250

-100 -300 Melville Temperature September, Post 1970 Melville Temperature October, Post 1970

C) Temperature (deg C) D) Temperature (deg C) -5 0 5 10 15 -5 0 5 10 15 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 -150

Depth (m) -200 Depth (m) -200

-250 -250

-300 -300 Melville Temperature November, Post 1970 Melville Temperature December, Post 1970

Figure 16: Monthly Lake Melville temperature, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. A) September, B) October, C) November, D) December.

33 A) Salinity B) Salinity C) Salinity 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 0 0

-50 -50 -50

-100 -100 -100

-150 -150 -150 Depth (m) Depth (m) Depth (m)

-200 -200 -200

-250 -250 -250

-300 -300 -300 Melville Salinity January, Post 1970 Melville Salinity April, Post 1970 Melville Salinity May, Post 1970

Figure 17: Monthly Lake Melville salinity, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. A) January, B) April, C) May.

34 A) Salinity B) Salinity 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 -150

Depth (m) -200 Depth (m) -200

-250 -250

-300 -300 Melville Salinity August, Post 1970 Melville Salinity October, Post 1970

C) Salinity D) Salinity 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 -150

Depth (m) -200 Depth (m) -200

-250 -250

-300 -300 Melville Salinity November, Post 1970 Melville Salinity December, Post 1970

Figure 18: Monthly Lake Melville salinity, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. A) August, B) October, C) November, D) December.

35 A) B)

C)

Figure 19: Location of oxygen and phosphorus data collection, Lake Melville. A) oxygen July, Pre 1970, B) oxygen August, Pre 1970, C) phosphorus July, Pre 1970.

36

D)

E)

Figure 19: Location of oxygen and phosphorus data collection, Lake Melville.

D) phosphorus August, Pre 1970, E) oxygen October, Post 1970.

37 A) Oxygen (uM) B) Phosphorus (uM) 240 260 280 300 320 340 -1 0 1 2 3 0 0

-20 -20

-40 -40

-60 -60

-80 -80

-100 -100 Depth (m) Depth (m) -120 -120

-140 -140

July -160 -160 August Mean Mean -180 -180

-200 -200 Melville Oxygen, Pre 1970 Melville Phosphorus, Pre:1970

Figure 20: Lake Melville oxygen and phosphorus, pre 1970. A) all oxygen data, B) all phosphorus data.

38 A) Oxygen(uM) B) Oxygen(uM) 240 260 280 300 320 340 240 260 280 300 320 340 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100 Depth (m) Depth (m) -150 -150

-200 -200 Melville Oxygen July, Pre 1970 Melville Oxygen August, Pre 1970

C) Phosphorus (uM) D) Phosphorus (uM) -1 0 1 2 3 -1 0 1 2 3 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100 Depth (m) Depth (m) -150 -150

-200 -200 Melville Phosphorus, July, Pre 1970 Melville Phosphorus, August, Pre 1970

Figure 21: Monthly Lake Melville oxygen and phosphorus, pre 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. A) oxygen July, B) oxygen August, C) phosphorus July, D) phosphorus August.

39 Oxygen(uM) 250 300 350

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100

-120 Depth (m)

-140

-160

-180

-200

-220 Melville Oxygen October, Post 1970

Figure 22: Lake Melville oxygen October, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation.

40 A) B)

C) D)

E) Figure 23: Location of temperature and salinity data collection, The Narrows. A) temperature/salinity July, Pre 1970, B) temperature/salinity August, Pre 1970, C) temperature October, Post 1970, D) salinity October, Post 1970, E) temperature Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, June, July, Aug, Sept , Nov, Dec, Post 1970.

41 A) Temperature (deg C) B) Salinity 0 5 10 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100 Depth (m) Depth (m) -150 -150

-200 -200 July August

-250 -250 Narrows Temperature, Pre 1970 Narrows Salinity, Pre:1970

Figure 24: The Narrows temperature and salinity, pre 1970. A) all temperature data, B) all salinity data.

42 A) Temperature (deg C) B) Temperature (deg C) 0 5 10 0 5 10 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 -150 Depth (m) Depth (m)

-200 -200

-250 -250 Narrows Temperature July, Pre 1970 Narrows Temperature August, Pre 1970

C) Salinity D) Salinity (deg C) 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 -150 Depth (m) Depth (m)

-200 -200

-250 -250 Narrows Salinity July, Pre 1970 Salinity August, Pre 1970

Figure 25: Monthly The Narrows temperature and salinity, pre 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. A) temperature July, B) temperature August, C) salinity July, D) salinity August.

43

Temperature (deg C) A) Temperature (deg C) -2 0 2 4 6 -2 0 2 4 6

-20

-40 -50

-60 -100 -80 Depth (m) -150 -100

-120 -200 Depth (m)

-140 Narrows Temperature October, Post 1970 B) -160 Salinity

-180 15 20 25 30

-200 -50 -220 January Febuary Narrows Temperature, Post 1970 March -100 April May Depth (m) June -150 July August -200 September October November Narrows Salinity October, Post 1970 December

Figure 26: The Narrows temperature, post Figure 27: The Narrows temperature and 1970. salinity, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. A) temperature October, B) salinity October.

44

A) B)

C) D)

Figure 28: Location of oxygen and phosphorus data collection, The Narrows.

A) phosphorus August, Pre 1970, B) oxygen July, Pre 1970, C) oxygen August, Pre 1970, D) oxygen October, Post 1970.

45 Oxygen (uM) Phosphorus (uM) 300 310 320 330 340 -1 0 1 2 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100 Depth (m) Depth (m) -150 -150

-200 -200

July August -250 -250 Narrows Oxygen, Pre 1970 Narrows Phosphorus, August Pre:1970

Figure 29: The Narrows oxygen, pre 1970. Figure 30: The Narrows phosphorus August, pre 1970.

46

A) B) Oxygen (uM) Oxygen (uM) 300 310 320 330 340 300 310 320 330 340 0 0

-50

-50 -100

-150 Depth (m)

-100 -200

-250 Narrows Oxygen August, Pre 1970 Depth (m) -150 C) Oxygen (uM) 330 340 350

-200 -50

-100 -250 Narrows Oxygen July, Pre 1970 -150 Depth (m)

-200

-250 Narrows Oxygen October, Post 1970

Figure 31: Monthly The Narrows oxygen. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. A) July pre 1970, B) August pre 1970, C) October post 1970.

47 B) A)

D) C)

Figure 32: Location of temperature and salinity data collection, Groswater Bay. A) temperature/salinity March, Pre 1970, B) temperature/salinity July, Pre 1970, C) temperature/salinity August, Pre 1970, D) temperature/salinity October, Pre 1970.

48 E) F)

G) H)

I) Figure 32: Location of temperature and salinity data collection, Groswater Bay. E) temperature/salinity June, Pre 1970, F) temperature January, Post 1970, G) temperature/salinity August, Post 1970, H) temperature/salinity September, Post 1970, I) temperature/salinity October, Post 1970.

49 A) B) Temperature (deg C) Salinity -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 0

-50 -50 Depth (m) Depth (m)

-100 -100

March June July August October Mean June Mean July Mean August -150 -150 Groswater Bay Temperature, Pre 1970 Groswater Bay Salinity, Pre 1970

Figure 33: Groswater Bay temperature and salinity, pre 1970. A) all temperature data, B) all salinity data.

50 A) Temperature (deg C) B) Temperature (deg C) -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 0

-50 -50

Depth (m) -100 Depth (m) -100

-150 -150 Groswater Bay Temperature June, Pre 1970 Groswater Bay Temperature July, Pre 1970

C) Temperature (deg C) -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 0

-50

Depth (m) -100

-150 Groswater Bay Temperature August, Pre 1970

Figure 34: Monthly Groswater Bay temperature, pre 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. A) June, B) July, C) August.

51 A) Salinity B) Salinity 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 0 0

-50 -50

Depth (m) -100 Depth (m) -100

-150 -150 Groswater Bay Salinity June, Pre 1970 Groswater Bay Salinity July, Pre 1970

C) Salinity (deg C) 10 20 30 40 0

-50

Depth (m) -100

-150 Groswater Bay Salinity August, Pre 1970

Figure 35: Monthly Groswater Bay salinity, pre 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. A) June, B) July, C) August.

52 A) Temperature (deg C) B) Salinity -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0

-20 -20

-40 -40

-60 -60 Depth (m) Depth (m)

-80 -80

August January September -100 March -100 October August Mean October September Mean August October Mean October -120 -120 Mean August

Groswater Bay Temperature, Post 1970 Groswater Bay Salinity, Post:1970

Figure 36: Groswater Bay temperature and salinity, post 1970. A) all temperature data, B) all salinity data.

53

A) B) Temperature (deg C) Salinity -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0

-20 -20

-40 -40

-60 -60

-80 -80 Depth (m) Depth (m)

-100 -100

-120 -120

Groswater Bay Temperature August, Post 1970 Groswater Bay Salinity August, Post 1970

C) Temperature (deg C) D) Salinity -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0

-20 -20

-40 -40

-60 -60

-80 -80 Depth (m) Depth (m)

-100 -100

-120 -120

Groswater Bay Temperature October, Post 1970 Groswater Bay Salinity October, Post 1970

Figure 37: Monthly Groswater Bay temperature and salinity, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. A) temperature August, B) salinity August, C) temperature October, D) salinity October.

54 A) B)

D) C)

E)

Figure 38: Location of phosphorus and oxygen data collection, Groswater Bay. A) phosphorus/oxygen June, Pre 1970, B) oxygen July, Pre 1970, C) phosphorus/oxygen August, Pre 1970, D) phosphorus July, Pre 1970, E) oxygen October, Post 1970.

55

Figure 39: Location of nitrogen, silicate, and chlorophyll data collection, October, Post 1970, Groswater Bay.

56 A) Oxygen (uM) B) Phosphorus (uM) 300 320 340 360 380 400 0 0.5 1 1.5 0 0

-50 -50 Depth (m) Depth (m)

-100 -100

June July August Mean Mean Mean -150 -150 Groswater Bay Oxygen, Pre 1970 Groswater Bay Phosphorus, Pre:1970

Figure 40: Groswater Bay oxygen and phosphorus, pre 1970. A) all oxygen data,

B) all phosphorus data.

57 A) Oxygen (uM) B) Oxygen (uM) 300 320 340 360 380 400 300 320 340 360 380 400 0 0

-50 -50

Depth (m) -100 Depth (m) -100

-150 -150 Groswater Bay Oxygen June, Pre 1970 Groswater Bay Oxygen July, Pre 1970

Oxygen (uM) C) 300 320 340 360 380 400 0

-50 Depth (m) -100

-150 Groswater Bay Oxygen August, Pre 1970

Figure 41: Monthly Groswater Bay oxygen, pre 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation.

A) June, B) July C) August.

58 A) Phosphorus (uM) B) Phosphorus (uM) 0 0.5 1 1.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 0 0

-50 -50

Depth (m) -100 Depth (m) -100

-150 -150 Groswater Bay Phosphorus June, Pre 1970 Groswater Bay Phosphorus July, Pre 1970

C) Phosphorus (uM) 0 0.5 1 1.5 0

-50 Depth (m) -100

-150 Groswater Bay Phosphorus August, Pre 1970

Figure 42: Monthly Groswater Bay phosphorus, pre 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation.

A) June, B) July C) August.

59 Phosphorus (uM) Oxygen (uM) 0 0.5 1 1.5 335 340 345 0 0

-10 -20

-20 -40

-60 -30 Depth (m) Depth (m)

-80 -40

-100 -50

-120 -60 Groswater Bay Phosphorus, September Post:1970 Groswater Bay Oxygen October, Post 1970

Figure 43: Groswater Bay Figure 44: Groswater Bay oxygen phosphorus September, post 1970. October, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation.

60 Nitrate (uM) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

Depth (m) -30

-35

-40

-45

-50 Groswater Bay Nitrate September, Post:1970

Figure 45: Groswater Bay nitrate September, post 1970.

61 Chlorophyll (mg/m3) Silicate (uM) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 5 10 15 0 0

-5 -5

-10 -10

-15 -15

-20 -20

-25 -25 Depth (m) Depth (m) -30 -30

-35 -35

-40 -40

-45 -45

-50 -50 Groswater Bay Chlorophyll September Post:1970 Groswater Bay Silicate , Post:1970

Figure 46: Groswater Bay chlorophyll Figure 47: Groswater Bay silicate September, post 1970. September, post 1970.

62 A) B)

D) C)

Figure 48: Location of temperature and salinity data collection, offshore. A) temperature/salinity June, Pre 1970, B) temperature/salinity August, Pre 1970, C) temperature September, Pre 1970, D) temperature Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Post 1970.

63 E) F)

G) H)

Figure 48: Location of temperature and salinity data collection, offshore. E) temperature June, Post 1970, F) temperature July, Post 1970, G) temperature August, Post 1970, H) temperature September, Post 1970.

64 I) J)

K) L)

Figure 48: Location of temperature and salinity data collection, offshore.

I) temperature October, Post 1970, J) temperature November, Post 1970, K) temperature December, Post 1970, L) salinity Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Post 1970.

65

M) N)

O) P)

Figure 48: Location of temperature and salinity data collection, offshore.

M) salinity June, Post 1970, N) salinity July, Post 1970, O) salinity August, Post 1970, P) salinity September, Post 1970.

66 Q) R)

S)

Figure 48: Location of temperature and salinity data collection, offshore.

Q) salinity October, Post 1970, R) salinity November, Post 1970, S) salinity December, Post 1970.

67 A) Temperature (deg C) B) Salinity -4 -2 0 2 4 6 20 25 30 35 0 0

-50 -50 June August September Mean Sept. -100 Mean June -100

-150 -150 Depth (m) Depth (m)

-200 -200

June August -250 -250 Mean June

Off Shore Temperature, Pre 1970 Off Shore Salinity, Pre:1970

Figure 49: Offshore temperature and salinity, pre 1970. A) all temperature data,

B) all salinity data.

68

A) Temperature (deg C) B) Temperature (deg C) -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 -150 Depth (m) Depth (m) -200 -200

-250 -250

Off Shore Temperature June, Pre 1970 Off Shore Temperature August, Pre 1970 D) C) Temperature (deg C) Salinity -4 -2 0 2 4 6 20 25 30 35 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 -150 Depth (m) Depth (m) -200 -200

-250 -250

Off Shore Temperature September, Pre 1970 Off Shore Salinity June, Pre 1970

Figure 50: Monthly offshore temperature and salinity, pre 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. A) temperature June, B) temperature August, C) temperature September, D) salinity June.

69 A) Temperature (deg C) B) Salinity -5 0 5 10 15 28 30 32 34 36 0 0

-20 -20

-40 -40

-60 -60

-80 -80 January February -100 March -100 April

Depth (m) May Depth (m) -120 June -120 July August -140 September -140 October November -160 December -160

-180 -180

-200 -200 Off Shore Temperature, Post 1970 Off Shore Salinity, Post:1970

Figure 51: Offshore temperature and salinity, post 1970. A) all temperature data, B) all salinity data.

70 A) Temperature (deg C) B) Temperature (deg C) -5 0 5 10 15 20 -5 0 5 10 15 20 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 -150 Depth (m) Depth (m) -200 -200

-250 -250

Offshore Temperature, January, Post 1970 Offshore Temperature, February, Post 1970

C) Temperature (deg C) D) Temperature (deg C) -5 0 5 10 15 20 -5 0 5 10 15 20 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 -150 Depth (m) Depth (m) -200 -200

-250 -250

Offshore Temperature, March, Post 1970 Offshore Temperature, April, Post 1970

Figure 52: Monthly offshore temperature, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. A) January, B) February, C) March, D) April.

71 E) Temperature (deg C) F) Temperature (deg C) -5 0 5 10 15 20 -5 0 5 10 15 20 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 -150 Depth (m) Depth (m) -200 -200

-250 -250

Offshore Temperature, May, Post 1970 Offshore Temperature, June, Post 1970

G) Temperature (deg C) H) Temperature (deg C) -5 0 5 10 15 20 -5 0 5 10 15 20 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 -150 Depth (m) Depth (m) -200 -200

-250 -250

Offshore Temperature, July, Post 1970 Offshore Temperature, August, Post 1970

Figure 52: Monthly offshore temperature, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. E) May, F) June, G) July, H) August.

72

I) J) Temperature (deg C) Temperature (deg C) -5 0 5 10 15 20 -5 0 5 10 15 20 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 -150 Depth (m) Depth (m) -200 -200

-250 -250

Offshore September, Temperature, Post 1970 Offshore Temperature, October, Post 1970 K) L) Temperature (deg C) Temperature (deg C) -5 0 5 10 15 20 -5 0 5 10 15 20 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 -150 Depth (m) Depth (m) -200 -200

-250 -250

Offshore Temperature, November, Post 1970 Offshore Temperature, December, Post 1970

Figure 52: Monthly offshore temperature, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. I) September, J) October, K) November, L) December.

73 A) Salnity (deg C) B) Salnity (deg C) 28 30 32 34 36 28 30 32 34 36 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 -150 Depth (m) Depth (m) -200 -200

-250 -250

Offshore Salnity, January, Post 1970 Offshore Salnity, February, Post 1970

C) Salnity (deg C) D) Salnity (deg C) 28 30 32 34 36 28 30 32 34 36 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 -150 Depth (m) Depth (m) -200 -200

-250 -250

Offshore Salnity, March, Post 1970 Offshore Salnity, April, Post 1970

Figure 53: Monthly offshore salinity, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. A) January, B) February, C) March, D) April.

74 E) Salnity (deg C) F) Salnity (deg C) 28 30 32 34 36 28 30 32 34 36 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 -150 Depth (m) Depth (m) -200 -200

-250 -250

Offshore Salnity, May, Post 1970 Offshore Salnity, June, Post 1970

G) Salnity (deg C) H) Salnity (deg C) 28 30 32 34 36 28 30 32 34 36 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 -150 Depth (m) Depth (m) -200 -200

-250 -250

Offshore Salnity, July, Post 1970 Offshore Salnity, August, Post 1970

Figure 53: Monthly offshore salinity, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. E) May, F) June, G) July, H) August.

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I) Salnity (deg C) J) Salnity (deg C) 28 30 32 34 36 28 30 32 34 36 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 -150 Depth (m) Depth (m) -200 -200

-250 -250

Offshore September, Salnity, Post 1970 Offshore Salnity, October, Post 1970

Salnity (deg C) L) Salnity (deg C) K) 28 30 32 34 36 28 30 32 34 36 0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 -150 Depth (m) Depth (m) -200 -200

-250 -250

Offshore Salnity, November, Post 1970 Offshore Salnity, December, Post 1970

Figure 54: Monthly offshore salinity, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. I) September, J) October, K) November, L) December.

76 A) B)

C) D)

Figure 55: Location of phosphorus, oxygen data collection, offshore. A) oxygen June, Pre 1970, B) phosphorus June, Pre 1970, C) phosphorus/oxygen August, Pre 1970, D) phosphorus July, Post 1970.

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Figure 56: Location of nitrogen, silicate, and chlorophyll data collection, July, Post 1970, offshore.

78 A) Oxygen (uM) B) Phosphorus (uM) 350 400 450 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0

-20 -10

-40 -20

-60 -30

-80 -40 Depth (m) Depth (m) -100 -50

-120 June -60 June August August Mean June -140 Mean June -70

-160

-80 Offshore Oxygen, Pre 1970 Offshore Phosphorus, Pre:1970

Figure 57: Offshore oxygen and phosphorus, pre 1970. A) all oxygen data, B) all phosphorus data .

79 A) Oxygen (uM) B) Phosphorus (uM) C) Phosphorus (uM) 350 400 450 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0 0

-20 -10 -10

-40 -20 -20

-60 -30 -30

-80 -40 -40 Depth (m) Depth (m) Depth (m) -100 -50 -50

-120

-60 -60

-140

-70 -70

-160

-80 -80 Offshore Oxygen June, Pre 1970 Offshore Phosphorus, June, Pre 1970 Offshore Phosphorus, July, Post 1970

Figure 58: Monthly offshore oxygen and phosphorus. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation. A) oxygen June pre 1970, B) phosphorus July pre 1970, C) phosphorus July post 1970.

80 Nitrate (uM) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25 Depth (m) -30

-35

-40

-45

-50 Offshore Nitrate July, Post 1970

Figure 59: Offshore nitrate July, post 1970. The circles represent each data point, the solid line is the mean and the horizontal bars are the standard deviation.

81 Silicate (uM) Chlorophyll (mg/m3) 0 2 4 6 8 0 0.5 1 1.5 0 0

-5 -5

-10 -10

-15 -15

-20 -20

-25 -25 Depth (m) Depth (m) -30 -30

-35 -35

-40 -40

-45 -45

-50 -50 Offshore Silicate July, Post 1970 Offshore Chlorophyll July, Post 1970

Figure 60: Offshore silicate July, Figure 61: Offshore chlorophyll post 1970. The circles represent July, post 1970. The circles each data point, the solid line is the represent each data point, the solid mean and the horizontal bars are the line is the mean and the horizontal standard deviation. bars are the standard deviation.

82