DOCSLIB.ORG

Vilhjalmur Stefansson (1879-1962)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Vilhjalmur Stefansson (1879-1962) 336 Vilhialmur Stefansson (1879-1962) Photograph of Vilhjalmur and Evelyn Stefansson by Richard S. Finnie One of the last great arctic explorers of the era of boats, fellow after two summersof field work inIceland, and left dogs, and sledges, VilhjalmurStefansson was also a highly the university in 1906 to engage in arctic exploration. His articulate and innovative spokesmanfor the North. He is not waiting to take postgraduate degrees was to militate best known for his field work in anthropology andfor his against him among certain academics, although honorary outspoken defence of the North as a rich and habitable doctorates were bestowed on him in later years by eight land. universities. On the 3rd ofNovember, 1879, Stefansson- or “Stef’ He turned towardthe Canadian Arctic andspent eighteen as he was knownto friends- was bornin Arnes, Manitoba, months with the Eskimos of the Mackenzie River delta, to Icelandicparents. They took him in early childhoodto learning their language and folkways. From 1908 to 1912, North Dakota, where he grew up. Successfully racing under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural through a four-yeararts course at the State University of History and the Canadian Government, he explored the Iowa in a singleyear, he proceededto study anthropology area from the Colville River in Alaska to Cape Parry, and theology at Harvard. There he became a teaching Coronation Gulf, and Victoria Island in Canada’s western ARCTIC PROFILES 337 Arctic, wherehe observed “blond” types among the Copperthat the highway should followthe Mackenzie River to a Eskimos. point below Norman Wells, before crossinga relativelyover His finaleas an active arctic explorer was leadership of low divide to Dawson City and downthe Yukon River. the Canadian Government expedition of 1913-18 to the Nevertheless, conflicting opinions were nothing newto Alaskan and Canadian Arctic. It was marred by eleven Stefansson, who was alwaystoo busy writing and lecturing, fatalities when icecrushed its base ship, Karluk. Stefansson promulgating hisideas, to be discouraged by skepticismor and others, who had gone ashore to hunt, were unable to hostility. Infact, he thrived on opposition.He also practiced help the twenty-five people left on board. Withsmall what he preached, whether it was supporting himself by parties of whites and Eskimos he subsequently ventured hunting amidthe ice floesof the Arctic Ocean, or being the over floating ice muchfarther than anyone before him had subject of an experiment to determine the physiological deliberately driven dog-teams without ample provisions. effects of an all-meat diet. The seeming arrogance and He supported himself and his companions by hunting and aggressiveness of which he was sometimes accused in fishing, explodingthe myth of a lifeless polarsea. Hefilled earlier years“fellow explorer Roald Amundsen denounced in coastline gaps and found and mapped the last sizable him as a charlatan, one-time friend Dr. R.M. Anderson unknown islands in the Canadian Arctic. unflatteringly referred to him as “Windjammer” - may Having completed his last arctic journey at age 39, have arisen from his beinga man witha mission, impatient Stefansson entered the second half of his life, that of a with the conservatism of politicians, administrators, and researcher and writer, preaching the gospel of the North scientists with whom he hadto deal. - its livability and potentialities. This man of imposing In 1941, at the age of 62, Stefansson married Evelyn stature and leoninehead, who had once out-travelled and Baird, a 27-year-old staff member in charge of library. his out-hunted many of hisnative companions, now turned to Over the next decade, they divided their time between the lecture-tour circuit and the writing of more than two New York and an old farm they had bought near Bethel, dozen books and innumerable pamphlets andarticles. In Vermont. In 1951 the Stefanssons moved from New York sharp contrast to the athletic life he had led in the North, with their immense polar libraryto Dartmouth College at his New York life was remarkablysedentary: short walks Hanover, New Hampshire. The explorer and anthropologist to and from taxis andsubways were the only exercise he was installed there as a living legend-in-residence, as it took. were, available to students and visitors for consultation, He became almost whollya man of ideas. He promoted with Evelynas the first librarian of what became knownas a scheme to introduce domestic reindeer to B&in Island, the Stefansson Collection. On 26 August 1962, shortly and although it failed miserably,the mismanagement that after completing the manuscript of his autobiography, Dis- brought about the failure was beyondStefansson’s control. covery, he died of a stroke. He also devised an ambitious scheme to send four white volunteers with an Eskimo cook-seamstress to Wrangel Island, off the coast of Siberia. Disregarding the sector principle of Arctic Island ownership, they were to take FURTHER READINGS possession of it for Canada. The volunteers perished. The DIUBALDO, RICHARD J. 1978. Stefansson and the Canadian Arctic. Eskimo woman was rescued, and soon the island was Montreal: McGilt-Queen’s University Press. permanently occupied theby Soviets. Along with theKarluk LEBOURDAIS,D.M. 1963.Stefansson: Ambassador of theNorth. Montreal: Harvest House. disaster, these two ill-starred venturesdamaged Stefansson’s STEFANSSON, VILHJALMUR.1913. My Life withthe Eskimos. reputation. New York: Macmillan. But that innovative mind also inspired several far more -. 1921. The Friendly Arctic. New York: Macmillan. -. 1922. The Northward Course of Empire. London: Harrap. successful undertakings. Along with Richard Finnie, he -. 1938. Unsolved Mysteries of the Arctic. New York: Macmillan. was one of the first to suggest a crude-oil pipeline between -. 1940. Ultima Thule. New York: Macmillan. Norman Wells and a refinery in the Yukon, a project -. 1964. Discovery. New York: McGraw-Hill. realized years later in the construction of the CANOL pipeline. Similarly, he wasan early proponent of a road to Richard S. Finnie Alaska, an ideathat ultimately ledto the Alaska Highway 28 Eucalyptus Road of today. Significantly, Stefansson seriously disagreed with Belvedere, California 94920 the final routes chosen for both pipeline androad, arguing U.S.A. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Ice Master: the Doomed 1913 Voyage of the Karluk Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    THE ICE MASTER: THE DOOMED 1913 VOYAGE OF THE KARLUK PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Jennifer Niven | 402 pages | 10 Oct 2001 | THEIA | 9780786884469 | English | New York, NY, United States The Ice Master: The Doomed 1913 Voyage of the Karluk PDF Book Product Details About the Author. On August 11, the voluntary motion of the Karluk came to an end - the ice closed around the ship, the rain turned to snow, and the ultimate fate of the ship and crew became anyone's guess. I may re-read this one next winter. This story will haunt me for a while, though. Learn how to enable JavaScript on your browser. Other Editions Now they glowed like giant emeralds, diamonds, sapphires. The Karluk was not seaworthy. Indeed, McKinlay and the rest of the men felt themselves awaken to life when the moon and stars appeared. Open Preview See a Problem? The ice now began to crush the ship and supplies were moved on to the ice. This was much to the surprise of Bartlett because Stefansson himself had earlier told him that caribou were nearly extinct in the area of the Colville River. After almost twelve months battling the elements, twelve survivors were rescued, thanks to the heroic efforts of their captain, Bartlett, the Ice Master, who traveled by foot across the ice and through Siberia to find help. But a glory seeking explorer Named Vilhjalmur Stefansson found her to be cheap and available and thought she would do ju On Tuesday, June 17, a whaling boat named The Karluk set out on a scientific exploratory adventure that it was destined to never complete.
    [Show full text]
  • Rather Than Imposing Thematic Unity Or Predefining a Common Theoretical
    The Supernatural Arctic: An Exploration Shane McCorristine, University College Dublin Abstract The magnetic attraction of the North exposed a matrix of motivations for discovery service in nineteenth-century culture: dreams of wealth, escape, extreme tourism, geopolitics, scientific advancement, and ideological attainment were all prominent factors in the outfitting expeditions. Yet beneath this „exoteric‟ matrix lay a complex „esoteric‟ matrix of motivations which included the compelling themes of the sublime, the supernatural, and the spiritual. This essay, which pivots around the Franklin expedition of 1845-1848, is intended to be an exploration which suggests an intertextuality across Arctic time and geography that was co-ordinated by the lure of the supernatural. * * * Introduction In his classic account of Scott‟s Antarctic expedition Apsley Cherry- Garrard noted that “Polar exploration is at once the cleanest and most isolated way of having a bad time which has been devised”.1 If there is one single question that has been asked of generations upon generations of polar explorers it is, Why?: Why go through such ordeals, experience such hardship, and take such risks in order to get from one place on the map to another? From an historical point of view, with an apparent fifty per cent death rate on polar voyages in the long nineteenth century amid disaster after disaster, the weird attraction of the poles in the modern age remains a curious fact.2 It is a less curious fact that the question cui bono? also featured prominently in Western thinking about polar exploration, particularly when American expeditions entered the Arctic 1 Apsley Cherry-Garrard, The Worst Journey in the World.
    [Show full text]
  • ARCTIC Exploration the SEARCH for FRANKLIN
    CATALOGUE THREE HUNDRED TWENTY-EIGHT ARCTIC EXPLORATION & THE SeaRCH FOR FRANKLIN WILLIAM REESE COMPANY 409 Temple Street New Haven, CT 06511 (203) 789-8081 A Note This catalogue is devoted to Arctic exploration, the search for the Northwest Passage, and the later search for Sir John Franklin. It features many volumes from a distinguished private collection recently purchased by us, and only a few of the items here have appeared in previous catalogues. Notable works are the famous Drage account of 1749, many of the works of naturalist/explorer Sir John Richardson, many of the accounts of Franklin search expeditions from the 1850s, a lovely set of Parry’s voyages, a large number of the Admiralty “Blue Books” related to the search for Franklin, and many other classic narratives. This is one of 75 copies of this catalogue specially printed in color. Available on request or via our website are our recent catalogues: 320 Manuscripts & Archives, 322 Forty Years a Bookseller, 323 For Readers of All Ages: Recent Acquisitions in Americana, 324 American Military History, 326 Travellers & the American Scene, and 327 World Travel & Voyages; Bulletins 36 American Views & Cartography, 37 Flat: Single Sig- nificant Sheets, 38 Images of the American West, and 39 Manuscripts; e-lists (only available on our website) The Annex Flat Files: An Illustrated Americana Miscellany, Here a Map, There a Map, Everywhere a Map..., and Original Works of Art, and many more topical lists. Some of our catalogues, as well as some recent topical lists, are now posted on the internet at www.reeseco.com.
    [Show full text]
  • Inventory Acc.12696 William Laird Mckinlay
    Acc.12696 December 2006 Inventory Acc.12696 William Laird McKinlay National Library of Scotland Manuscripts Division George IV Bridge Edinburgh EH1 1EW Tel: 0131-466 2812 Fax: 0131-466 2811 E-mail: [email protected] © Trustees of the National Library of Scotland Correspondence and papers of William Laird McKinlay, Glasgow. Background William McKinlay (1888-1983) was for most of his working life a teacher and headmaster in the west of Scotland; however the bulk of the papers in this collection relate to the Canadian National Arctic Expedition, 1913-18, and the part played in it by him and the expedition leader, Vilhjalmur Stefansson. McKinlay’s account of his experiences, especially those of being shipwrecked and marooned on Wrangel Island, off the coast of Siberia, were published by him in Karluk (London, 1976). For a rather more detailed list of nos.1-27, and nos.43-67 (listed as nos.28-52), see NRA(S) survey no.2546. Further items relating to McKinlay were presented in 2006: see Acc.12713. Other items, including a manuscript account of the expedition and the later activities of Stefansson – much broader in scope than Karluk – have been deposited in the National Archives of Canada, in Ottawa. A small quantity of additional documents relating to these matters can be found in NRA(S) survey no.2222, papers in the possession of Dr P D Anderson. Extent: 1.56 metres Deposited in 1983 by Mrs A.A. Baillie-Scott, the daughter of William McKinlay, and placed as Dep.357; presented by the executor of Mrs Baillie-Scott’s estate, November 2006.
    [Show full text]
  • Robert Bartlett (1875-1946)
    188 ARCTIC PROFILES Robert Bartlett (1875- 1946) Although he was indisputably one of the world’s greatest The Karluk, under Bartlett’s captaincy, was to be the main arctic mariners, Captain Robert A. Bartlett’s name and accom- vessel in the Canadian Arctic Expedition of 1913. The expedi- plishments are relatively obscure. As a sealer, arctic explorer, tion to the Western Arcticis famous for the anthropological and ice captain, and scientist, Bartlett madeover 40 voyages in more geographical work conducted by Vilhjalmur Stefansson and than half a century at sea. He was decorated by the American Diamond Jenness; however, the real hero of the venture has Congress, the Explorers’ Club, and geographical societies on surely to be Robert Bartlett. When Stefansson left theKarluk in two continents. He survived two shipwrecks and, thanks to his September 1913, ostensibly for a brief hunting foray on the skill and perseverance, prevented a number of others, and he mainland, she had been held fast in the ice for a number of saved thelives of many shipmates. Aneccentric who could play weeks northeast of Point Barrow. But soon after Stefansson’s Chopin records as his ship was about tosink below the arcticice, departure, a gale carried the Karluk far to the west, still fiiy a manfrequently inconsistent in accounts of his own voyages,a fixed in the ice, and upon returning, Stefansson gavethe ship man blessed with incredible good luck when at sea, a known and crewup for lost. Eventually, in Januaryof the nextyear, the drinker who professedto be ateetotaler, Bartlett was, neverthe- ship succumbed to ice pressure and sank about400 km from the less, an exceptional leader of men.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arctic Life and Times of Captain Robert Abram Bartlett (By Maura Hanrahan) Burke, Danita Catherine
    University of Southern Denmark Unchained Man The Arctic Life and Times of Captain Robert Abram Bartlett (by Maura Hanrahan) Burke, Danita Catherine Published in: The Northern Review DOI: 10.22584/nr49.2019.011 Publication date: 2019 Document version: Final published version Document license: CC BY Citation for pulished version (APA): Burke, D. C. (2019). Unchained Man: The Arctic Life and Times of Captain Robert Abram Bartlett (by Maura Hanrahan). The Northern Review, (49), 293-296. https://doi.org/10.22584/nr49.2019.011 Go to publication entry in University of Southern Denmark's Research Portal Terms of use This work is brought to you by the University of Southern Denmark. Unless otherwise specified it has been shared according to the terms for self-archiving. If no other license is stated, these terms apply: • You may download this work for personal use only. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying this open access version If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details and we will investigate your claim. Please direct all enquiries to [email protected] Download date: 24. Sep. 2021 https://doi.org/10.22584/nr49.2019.011 Unchained Man: The Arctic Life and Times of Captain Robert Abram Bartlett. By Maura Hanrahan. Portugal Cove–St. Philip’s, Newfoundland: Boulder Books, 2018. Reviewed by Danita Catherine Burke Th e book Unchained Man: Th e Arctic Life and Times of Captain Robert Abram Bartlett, by Maura Hanrahan, attempts to “respond to Laura Nader’s call to study the colonizer” and the author hopes to add to this call through a deconstruction of Bartlett’s life and legacy (p.
    [Show full text]
  • Vilhjalmur Stefansson, Robert Bartlett, and the Karluk Disaster: a Reassessment
    The Journal of the Hakluyt Society January 2017 (revised April 2018) Vilhjalmur Stefansson, Robert Bartlett, and the Karluk Disaster: A Reassessment by Janice Cavell* Introduction The sinking of the Canadian Arctic Expedition (CAE) ship Karluk near Wrangel Island, Siberia, in January 1914 has long been the subject of controversy. The ship’s commander, Robert Bartlett, was initially hailed as a hero for his journey over the ice from Wrangel Island to the mainland. Bartlett was able to bring help that saved most of the crew, but eight men had been lost on the way from the wreck site to the island, and three more died before the rescuers arrived. The expedition leader, Vilhjalmur Stefansson, did not share the prevailing favourable view. Instead, he severely criticized Bartlett in several private letters. After the CAE ended in 1918, Stefansson insinuated in his publications that Bartlett was to blame for the tragedy, while continuing to discuss Bartlett’s alleged responsibility in private. Decades later the CAE’s meteorologist, William Laird McKinlay, responded to these insinuations in his book Karluk: A Great Untold Story of Arctic Exploration (1976). In McKinlay’s view, Stefansson alone was responsible. Historians have been divided on the subject; Stefansson’s biographer William R. Hunt was the most negative about Bartlett, while more recently Jennifer Niven has written scathingly about Stefansson while extolling Bartlett as a great Arctic hero. Much of the difficulty in evaluating this episode stems from the very complicated circumstances leading up to the Karluk’s unplanned drift from the north coast of Alaska to Siberia, and from the almost equally complicated circumstances that prevented Bartlett from responding publicly to Stefansson’s innuendoes.
    [Show full text]
  • Search for HM Ships Erebus and Terror (PDF)
    The Search for H M Ships “Erebus” and “Terror” Edited version of the presentation by Joe O’Farrell to the McClintock Winter School, Dundalk, Co Louth, Ireland. Friday, January 18th 2008 ***************************************************************************************** When starting my work on this paper, I casually put the rhetorical question to my wife as to how can it be explained that a search of almost 160 years duration, in the decreed place for the missing items, has produced no positive result? In rather quick time, she replied, helpfully, that this very point has been covered in one of Anthony de Mello’s fables. Now some, indeed many, of you may have heard of this 20th century Jesuit philosopher and may be familiar with his device of using fables to get us to broaden our thinking. “A man was on his knees on the pavement, under the street light, obviously looking for something. A passer-by, having ascertained that the man was looking for a lost key, stopped to help him. After some time, and without any success in finding the missing key, the passer-by asked the man if he had actually lost it there. “No” replied the man, “I lost it in the house.” “But why, then, are you looking here?” “Because this is where the light is.” That succinct little fable was the very grist which my mill needed, for it supported the slightly uncomfortable feeling I‟ve had about aspects of the “search for the Franklin ships” since I first became interested in polar matters over 30 years ago. Over much of that period, I became increasingly concerned at the “establishment” acceptance of the story as it is now honoured, oftimes with uncorroborated and questionable evidence, while conflicting opinion and testament has, largely, been dismissed with disdain.
    [Show full text]
  • Newsletter Issue 5 Spring 2017
    Page 1 Page 1 Page 2 Aglooka Advisor Autumn/Winter 2017 Issue No. 6 In this issue A Word from our President Page: 4 John Rae’s Birthday Celebrations, 29th September to 1st October 2017 Page: 5 Geordie McIntyre, Hudson Bay Man Page: 7 Visit of HRH The Duke of Gloucester to the Hall of Clestrain 24th October 2017 Page: 8 Dr Astrid E.J. Ogilvie, John Rae, Vilhjálmur Stefansson and the Friendly Arctic Page: 9 Martin Atherton, The Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge Page: 12 Michael Crabbe, John Rae, National Maritime Museum, British Library and Orkney Holiday Page: 12 Bernie Bell, The Two Johns – A personal perspective Page: 13 Short Passages Page: 17 Page 2 Page 3 Patrons Dr Peter St John, The Earl of Orkney Ken McGoogan, Author Ray Mears, Author & TV Presenter Bill Spence, Lord Lieutenant of Orkney Michael Palin Magnus Linklater Board of Trustees (in alphabetical order by surname) Andrew Appleby - Rachel Boak - Jim Chalmers - Helen Cowing - Anna Elmy - Neil Kermode - Fiona Lettice - Mark Newton - Alexandra Shearer - Norman Shearer Committee President - Andrew Appleby Chairman - Norman Shearer Honorary Secretary - Anna Elmy Honorary Treasurer - Fiona Lettice Webmaster and Social Media - Mark Newton Administrative and Membership Secretary - Rachel Boak Registered Office The John Rae Society 7 Church Road Stromness Orkney KW16 3BA T: 01856 851414 E: [email protected] Newsletter Editor - Rachel Boak The views expressed in this newsletter are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Editor or the Board of Trustees of the John Rae Society. Page 3 Page 4 Clestrain that he did much photography A Word from our President there.
    [Show full text]
  • THE FAT of the LAND by Vilhjalmur Stefansson
    THE FAT OF THE LAND by Vilhjalmur Stefansson Etdarged Edition of Not by Bread With Comment by Fredrick J. Stare, M.D., and Paul Dudley White, M.D. ffew York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY I960 THE FAT © 1956 BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF THE LAND An enlarged edition of UDT BY BREAD ALONE, copyright. 1946. by The Maonillan Company All rights reserved—no part of this book may be re- produced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in magazine or newspaper. Third Printing 1961 miNTED IN THE UNITED STATF.1 OF AMFKICA © 1956 BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Contents Comment: By Fredrick J. Stare, M.D. .... IX By Paul Dudley White, M.D. xiii An enlarged edition of I40T BY BREAD ALONE, copyright, 1946. by The Maonillan Company By the Author ....... xv Introductions: The Physiological Side, by Eugene F. Du Bois, M.D. xxxv The Anthropological Side, by Earnest A. Hooton, Ph.D., ScD. xli i. Preliminaries and Speculation ........ i All rights reserved—no part of this book may be re- 8. The Home Life of Stone-Age Man ...... 15 produced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brie] passages in connection with a review 3. The Field Experience .......... 40 written for inclusion in magazine or newspaper. 4. The Laboratory Check .......... 60 Third Printing. 1961 5. And Visit Your Dentist Twice a Year ...... 90 6. Living on the Fat of the Land .
    [Show full text]
  • Tucker Scully and John Gulland, Will Be Familiar to Readers of Polar Record, Who Will Welcome Attempts to Provide Global Perspec
    REVIEWS 471 Tucker Scully and John Gulland, will be familiar to readers of Polar Record, who will welcome attempts to provide global perspectives on the Antarctic scene, including those of Consultative Parties, non-Consultative Parties, new Treaty powers and outsiders. Perhaps the most interesting contributions emerge as part of the seven panel/floor discussions reprinted on various themes, as evidenced by the supportive and critical viewpoints revealed during the session on the Antarctic Treaty System (pp 413-35). The general effect is to provide a relatively full, informed and supportive view of the Antarctic Treaty System, although Zain Azraai, the Malaysian representative at the UN, offered a critical and alternative viewpoint (pp 305-13,433-35). Other speakers identified various weakness in the system, such as in the issue of environmental protection, and one would have liked more effective inputs from both non-Treaty governments and informed academics. From this point of view the workshop and the book might be dismissed as part of the public relations effort, now being conducted by the Treaty powers, to establish that the Antarctic Treaty System is working well and that Antarctica is neither a problem nor a candidate for UN action. But this book is far more than a mere public relations exercise. It illustrates key aspects of the Antarctic scene today, and enhances the quality of current international dialogue on the future of Antarctica; discussion chapters display evidence of genuine debate, in contrasting to post-1983 UN discussions which tended only to state opinions. This dialogue will no doubt produce further compilation volumes, punctuated occasionally, one hopes, by single-author books offering more comprehensive, balanced and even syntheses.
    [Show full text]
  • Placing Vilhjalmur Stefansson This Article First Appeared in the Winter 2013 Issue by Mike Jacobs of North Dakota Horizons Magazine
    100 years after the beginning of his historic Canadian Arctic Expedition Placing Vilhjalmur Stefansson This article first appeared in the Winter 2013 issue By Mike Jacobs of North Dakota Horizons magazine. It is reprinted with permission. www.ndhorizons.com. ilhjalmur Stefansson is a hard man to place. V He was born in Canada to immigrant Icelanders. The year was 1879. Stefansson came to the United States as an infant in arms. He was raised in an Icelandic community, Mountain, North Dakota. He attended the University of North Dakota, first as a preparatory student and then as an enrolled freshman. His hijinks remain legendary on campus. He didn’t graduate. Instead, Stefansson enrolled at the University of Iowa, then at Harvard. Stefansson gained great fame as an explorer of the Canadian Arctic. He was the last person to find new land on Planet Earth. This was Meighan Island at the far north edge of the Arctic Archipelago. In all, Stefansson made three trips to the Arctic, spend- ing a total of about 10 years. Perhaps for a change of climate, he undertook a survey of Central Australia, one of the hottest and driest places on Earth. When he gave up exploration, he settled in New York’s Greenwich Village, where he was a habitué of Romany Marie’s, a famous meeting place for the city’s Bohemian population and Stefansson in a center of intellectual ferment, much of it involving leftist politics. He also owned a country his Arctic parka in this undated place in Vermont. He prepared a manual on living and working in the Arctic for the U.S.
    [Show full text]