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XXXIX. Memoir on the Different Species, Races, and Varieties of the Genus Brassica (Cabbage), and of the Genera Allied to It, Which Are Cultivated in Europe

XXXIX. Memoir on the Different Species, Races, and Varieties of the Genus Brassica (Cabbage), and of the Genera Allied to It, Which Are Cultivated in Europe

Philosophical Magazine Series 1

ISSN: 1941-5796 (Print) 1941-580x (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tphm12

XXXIX. Memoir on the different species, races, and varieties of the genus Brassica (Cabbage), and of the genera allied to it, which are cultivated in Europe

M. Augustine Paramus De Candolle

To cite this article: M. Augustine Paramus De Candolle (1823) XXXIX. Memoir on the different species, races, and varieties of the genus Brassica (Cabbage), and of the genera allied to it, which are cultivated in Europe , Philosophical Magazine Series 1, 61:299, 181-197, DOI: 10.1080/14786442308644297

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786442308644297

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XXXIX. Memoir on the different Species, Races, and Varieties of the Genus Brassica (Cabbage), and of the Genera allied to it, which are cultivated in Europe. By iVL Au6VSTXl~ PYRAMUS DE CAI~DOLLE,Professm" of Botan3¢ in the Aca- demj of Geneva, dyc. dyc. [Concluded fi'om p. 99.] SECOND SPECIES. BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS. NDER~ the name of Chou des champs, Field Cabbage, I U comprehend all those that have blue and glabrous leaves at an advanced period of their growth, like the Brassica oleracea, and hairy leaves in the young plants, like the Brassica Raya; they may be considered in this respect as intermediate between the former and the latter. The Brassica camTestris is indigenous to Europe, and spoken of by botanists as growing spontaneously in fields in England* and Scotland, in Goth- land, in the southern part of Lapland, in Spain near Madrid, in Transylvania, and in the Crimea; but we must observe, that where wild plants are found growing in the vicinity of the very grounds in which the same plant is cultivated, there always remains some doubt as to the origin of the wild one, it being natural to suppose that it proceeded from the cnltivated plant in its neighbourhood, and more particularly as they scarcely ever differ from each other. First Race. BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS OLEIFERA. Chou oleif~re. Colsat or Colsa~ sometimes written Colza. The plant which I here designate as bein~ the Field Cab- bage in its natural state, or very little altere~ by cultivation, has a slender root, an upright, smooth, and branching stem, about a foot and a half or two feet high, which, together with the foliage, is covered with glaucous bloom, the interior part of the leaves of the young, plants,, as well as their edges and nerves, are covered wtth bnsdes; when older, all the leaves are smooth, the lower ones are petiolated and shaped in the form of a lyre: that is~ their inferior lobes are separated as far as the mid-rib and the superior ones united; the stem leaves are bent inwards, embracing the stalk; they are scol- loped at their basis in the shape of a heart, oblong, and entire at the edges; the flowers are constantly yellow, the leaves of Downloaded by [University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 10:05 24 June 2016 the calyx are half expanded, the seed-pods are upright, round, perfectly tetragonal, swollen in a slight degree, and terminated in a point, which is nearly quadrangular at its base ; the seeds are brown, abundant, and tolerably large. This plant is cul- * Smith, Flora Britannica, vol. ii. p. 718. EnglishBotany, plate 2234. tivated 182 M. De Candolle on the Species and l/'ariclies tivated for the oil contained in its seed, and appears to be the most productive of any that are used tbr the same purpose. But such is tile confusion existing in the nomenclature of these plants, that it is difficult to know, without the minutest de- scription, which are to be referred to the same species. The one now under consideration appears to be the true Colsa, cultivated in Belgium, and in several of the eastern parts of Franee, in Germany, and in Switzerland: in other provinces the name of Colsa is given to tile Brassica Nctlms oleif~v'a, or Navette d'hiver, while the Brassica caml)estris oleifera is simply called Navette. So we must refer the Colsa of Duchesne and Lamarck to the Brassica Nap,~s, as well as the plant described in the ]71ora Britannica * under the name of Coleseed : on the other hand, in the greatest part of the Netherlands, and France, Colsa implies the Brassica cared)osiris oleiJbra, so that, to prevent any mistake, I have chosen oleifera for the me- thodical nomenclature, which is at least as comprehensible as the names of Colsa and Coleseed, both merely signit)'ing Cab- bage seed, in the German origin. It would be desirable for agriculture that in all countries, cultivators would examine whether the plant they rear is the Brassica cam]~estris oleifera, or the Brassica 2Vapus oleOS'a, which can easily be ascertained by observing whether the young plmlt is rough or smooth ; if hispid, it is the Brassica camd)estris ; if glabrous, the Brassica Napus. Experiments t made by M. Gaujac show the produce of the first, compared to flint of the secoud, as 955 to 700. The true Colsa, the plant now described, is generally sown about the middle of June, in well manured nursery ground, fi'om whence it is transplanted after harvest into fields properly prepared, and manured again in November, after which, it stands the winter tolerably well, blossoms in the spring, and soon after runs to seed. There is a variety of Colsa, called in France Colsa de" Mars, which may be sown in spring, and harvested in the same year. It is less productive, but may be employed on ground that has not been prepared soon enough in the preceding year, or to replace those plants of other kinds that have perished in winter. I have seen both these varieties, when sown in the stone ground in file month of May, wear a very difibrent aspect in September: the early or spring one, prwco.v, was in full blossom,

Downloaded by [University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 10:05 24 June 2016 and the late or autulnn one, autumnalis, had not the slightest appearance of a flower. Some authors speak of a variety called the white-flowered Colsa, but as I have constantly seen • See Bra,~'siea ~'oimt.~ in Smith's Flora BritannieG voI. ii. page 719, and English Botany, plate °146. t See the end of this Memoir. the ~ lhe Genus Brassica. 183 the flowers of a bright yellow, I suspect this name has arisel~ from some conthsion of nomenclature. Second Race. Bn.~ssicA CAMPESTRIS PABULARIA. This second race of Field Cabbage is designated by Com- meralt in the Memoirs of the Agricultural Society of Paris, for 1789, under the name of Chou ~.faucher. It is perfectly ~: intermediate between the Colsa and Chou..navet, and therefore to be considered an hybrid between the two races; the root is fi~si[brm, slender as in the Colsa, but much longer, tim stalk is short, like that of the Chou-navet, but not so thick, the radical leaves numerous, hispid on the edges, aml on the nerves underneath; they have a long petiole, and are lyre- shaped ; the plant bears frequent cutting as food for cattle. Third Race. BRASSICA CAlVIPESTRIS N,~Po-BRAsSlCA. Chou-Navet. Navew. The third race of Field Cabbage is that of the Napo-Bras- sica, Chou-Navet (Navew), easily distinguished fi'om the two former by its root bein~o swelled into a tuber near the origin of the stein. Duchesne an(] other authors have considered this plant as belonging to the Brassica oleracea ; it is com- monl~"r confounded with the Chou-rave, B~'assica oleracea Caulo- Rapa, but it decidedly belongs to the Brassica campcstris, its young radical leaves being." hispid in the same manner as in the Colsa: this race comprises two distinct varieties, the common Chou-navet, and the Ruta-baga ; the latter name is fre- quently given to sub-varieties of the former, which occasions some confusion both among practitioners and those who write on the subject. The re,~l Chou-navet% Brassica Na2o-Bras- sica communis, is known by its irregnl'trly shat)ed root, which is either red or white, but never yellow, thenee forming two sub-varieties: the white sub-variety, Chou-uavet blanc, alba, * Mr Morgan, in the paper before referred to (Horticultural Transac- tions, vol. ii. page 315), has described four kinds of \¥mter Greens wlthout stems, and with fusiform roots, with which M. De Cando!le does not appear to be acquainted; their dwarf habits ally them to the Brassica campestri.% while other properties show their affinity to the Brassiea oleracea ace]o]~ala or tall Cabbages ;tbe first, however, nearly approaches the character of this second race of the Brassica campest~s, whilst the three last will probablybe considered as of hybrid production between the two above-named spcems. Downloaded by [University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 10:05 24 June 2016 Their names as given by Mr. Morgan are, 1st. Egyptian Kale, or Rabi Kale: 2d. Ragged Jack ; 3d. Jerusalem Kale, and 4th. Buda Kale.--Sec. J- The Cho~*-m:vetis little known in the English gardens, though not un- common in French horticulture. When cultivated in Great Britain its proper designation is Turnip-rooted Cabbage, to distinguish it from the Turnip Cabbage, or the Chou-rave of the Freaeh.--See. (White 184 M. De Candolleon the Species and Varieties (White Navew), is sometimes mistaken for a Ruta-baga; the other is the Chou-navet d collet rouge, purpurascens (Red •avew). The Ruta-baga, 1Vapo-Brassica Rula-baga, also called Navet jaune, Nar]et de SuOde, Chou de LaTonie, and Chou de Suede*, has a root more regularly round or oval, and is yellow both on the out and the inside. It is natural to Suppose that the race of Chou-navets proceeds,from the Colsa crossed by the Brassica l~apa; its characters are intermediate between the two, and Mr. Sageret has found that among the hybrid plants he had obtained from the Colsa, many were swel/ed out at the lo{ver part of their stem. Care must be taken not to confound the Chou-navet, United by a hyphen, with file Chou navet written as two distinct words; the former is tile B.rassica campestris 3?aTo-brassica, Turnip-rooted Cabbage just mentioned ; the latter, the Brassica Napus, the fourth species of Brassica, the true Turnip, of which I shall speak hereafter. THIRD SPECIES. BRASSICA RAPA% Rave ou Navet. Turnip. Is said to be found in a wild state in various parts of Eu- rope, but the facility with which its seeds can be transported from the place where it is eultiyated must leave its native ha- bitat a matter of doubt. This species, first pointed out by Lamarck in the Encyclope'die Botanique~, and called Bras- sica asperifolia, comprehended several varieties of the Brassica carapeslris; it was afterwards describ0ti by Poiret~ in the same work If, by the name of Sinapis tuberosa, which, strictly speak- ilag, is applicable to one only of Its varieties ; for this xeas0n~ as well as to follow the older name, I have thought proper to preserve the name ofBrassica Rapa, introduced by Linnmus§. This species is distinguished from the preceding by its foliage not being glaucous but of a decided green, like the Radishes, which are called in French Petites tlaves, secondly, by the The Rutabaga is well known in Great BritoJn, in field cultivation, as the Swedish Turnip; though of modern introduction, it is extensively grown. The true and pure sort has yellow flesh and is without a stem, but it is apt to degenerate from both these important requisites to a good plant, either by the flesh becoming white, or by the crown i'hnning up into a Stem of more or less length. It is remarkable that the yellow fleshed Swedish

Downloaded by [University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 10:05 24 June 2016 Turnip produces whitish flowers, whilst the white fleshed bears dark yellow flowers.--See. ~- Smith's ~'lomBritannica, vol. ii. p. 719. English Botany, plate ~176. Martyn Flora Rustica, vol. ii. plates 49 and fi0. Lamarek Encyelophdie Botanique,vol. i. page 746. [l Poiret EneydopbdieBotanique, vol. iv. page 346. § [,inn. Species Plantarum,edit. B. vol. ii. page 931. inferior of the Genus Brassicg. 1$5 haferibr or radical leaves being permanently covered with stiff tmirs: in every respect ~theyoung plant bears more resem~ blanee to a, species of'2gaj0hanus, than to one of the genus Brassiea, and as it dit~rs again from Brasdca, by its spread- hag calyx, it ought, perluips, robe placed under Sinapis, as Poiret and Brotero * have proposed. •irst Race. BRASSlCARAP~. DEI'I~ESSA. Navet fond, ou Rave plate. Round Turnip. The common field and ~arden Turnip. It has a large root expanding under the orion of the stem into a thick round fleshy tub-er, flattenedat the top and lJottom, and distinctly producing, from its lower end, a small slender radicle- this l*s the race particularly called Turnip; and in French ][tares, Grosses 2~aves, or Rabioules; it is a vegetable too well known as excellent food for men and cattle, to need an}, further re- mark on its utility in a memoir essentially destined t0the Classification of varieties, of which the Turnip offers a e0flsi- derable number. In the first place, it is variable in size; some are about two inches in diameter, and others six or eight, and even more, which difference, though allowed to be somewhat hereditary, depends in a great measure on the nature of the soil, and manner of cultivation; the many intermediate de. grees, therefore, in the size of the Turnip, make it impossible to establish a character of variety upon that difference. Se- condly, the flavour of the Turnip offers little less certainty ; it is a mixture of the sweet and acrid, the latter qnality residing principally in the fibres, the former in the juice; the propor- tion of these two principles seems'to varyaccording to the nature of the soil: it isnot nnusual for Turnips to change their flavour when they are grown in a different bed, and from this circumstance, common both to the Brassica RaTa , and Brassica Napus, most countries boast of particular localities famous for their excellent Turnips. Thirdly,, the different shades in the colour of theTurnip Seem to deserve more attention than its size and flavour, and offer s0me var~tiest and sub-varieties to observation. The White Turnip, alba, is ;the most common of all ; it is entirely white~ except near the ori° gin of the stem, where the root being exposed to the light, the skin takes a reddish tint. The Yellow Turnip, jqavescens, is Downloaded by [University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 10:05 24 June 2016 ~inapls Raps. Brotero Flora Ludtanlca, vol. i: page 586. It would occupy tOO much space to give here the names and peculiar characters of the great numbers ofTurnil~ grow~ in the gardens and field~ ~afEngland and France ; whenever it is attempted, the classificationby co. lours proposed by M. De Candolle will form a good plan of arrangement. VoL 61. :No. 299. March 1823. A a of I86 M. De Candoile on the Species and I,rarieties of a pale apricot colour on file outside and inside." it is no[ so common as the white kind, neither does it ~.row to so large a size, but it deserves the preference for culilmry purposes, being much sweeter than the former. The Black Turnip, nigricans, known to most of the ancients *, I have never seen, nor am at all acquainted with. The Red Turnip, tmnicea, has the skin of the fleshy part red, and appears to be a slight degeneration of the white species. Lastly, the Green Turnip, viridis, mentioned by tl~e ancients, is more likely to prove an accidental variety than a permanent one. Second Race. BrtASSlCA RAPX OBLO~r~At, This race differs essentially fi'om the preceding in the shape of its root, which forms an obhmg tuber, growing insensibly thinner till it ends in s radicle; it is less fleshy than the flattened Turnip, but witla respect to its foliage and flavour, it bears a strong resemblance to the latter, and has not unfre- quently been confounded with it by modern botanists. The ancients, on the contrary, distinguished it perfectly well, and described it in most of their works under the name of .RaTa oblonga. It is now so little cultivated that I have not been able to collect more tlmn a few plants scattered here and there under different dertominations, in the several countries where I have studied rural productions, and i have constantly seen it of a white colour. When more particularly attended to, I shall not be surprised to find it offers the same variety of cotour, as the. flattened .Turnip" In speaking~ of it, several an- cmnt botamsts have cited examples of the enormous weight to which it arrives. Matthiolus ~ speaks of an oblong Turnip weighing thirty pounds; tllose I have seen were, on the contrary, considerably less in size and weight than the flattened Turnip; however, the ltapa oblonga i~' exactly intermediate between that and the following variety. Thh'd Race. BrtASSrCA RAPA OL~IVraan. Wild or oleiferous Turnip. This third race of Turnips appears to be the wild type of the species, or at least is very near to a wild state ; it is distinguished from the two preceding varieties by its root being

Downloaded by [University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 10:05 24 June 2016 C. Bauhin's Pinax, 89-90.--Tournefort Inst. 228. ~" Oblong Turnips are well known to the English fi~rmers,by whom they are grown, under the names of Tankard Turnips and Decanter Turnips ; there are white and red varieties of these ; the roots being of looser texture, ihey are less able to support the severity of our winters, and therefore are used for autumnal feeding, before they can be injured by fi'osts.--See. ~[atthlolus Comm. p~'e 330. ~lendel3 of the Genus Brassica. 187 slender, very slightly fleshy, nearly cylindrical, and running to a .p°int at its ext'remity. It was mentioned, and tolerabl~. described, by ancient authors under the name of Wild Turnip, I recognised the same plant in Danphiny, under that of Na- vette, and I reared from its seeds several individuals resemo blin the figures given by the ancients We must not ton- g . . • found the Navette of Dauphmy with the Alsace Navette; Villars ~ has described the former under the name of Brassica Na2ella; but the variety/3, which he has subjoined, appears to me to belong to some other species, which I cannot afflrfia to be the Colsa, as he mentions that in another article, though he may probably have mistaken it for the Bra~sica Napus old- fera, which is th e true Navette. This Ravette, or Navette of Dauphiny, distinctly separated from every other kind of olei- fer0us Cabbage by its leaves, which are fi'ee from glaucous bloom, and covered with strong bristles, is preferred for cultivation in the southern valleys of the mountains of Daupniny~ in a soil unfavourable to every other oleaginous crueiferous plant; it is less productive than the Colsa, but being of a more hardy nature, is usefui notwithstanding; the seeds are sown after harvest, and ripen in the month of June following. ]FouRTH SPECIES. BRASSICA NAPUS. The species to which I give this name, in common with all botanists, though very nearly approaching the Brassica ale. racea and the Brassica campestris, deserves to be sepai'ated from each ; it differs from the Brassica oleracea by a thicker root and more slender stalk, by leaves more generally scol- loped to the mid-rib, and particularly by its expanded calyx. II:'differs from the Brassica campestris, by its glabrous leave_s, which are Smooth even in their earliest age, and is unlike botch in the size of its seeds, which iare littlemore than half thatof the others, also by its seed-pod spreading open when ripe, by which it differs equally from every other fieighbourln~ Species. It cannot be confounded with the' Brassica Rapa, 1~, leaves being both glaucous and smooth ; it is thought to be originally of Europe, but its native soil, like that of every plant that has been cultivated time out of mind, is difficult to ascertain ; we may separate it into two distinct races, on the principle of the shape of the root. Downloaded by [University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 10:05 24 June 2016 First Race. Baass~cA NAPUS OLEIFERA. Navette. Rape. The oleiferous Navette is what is teaaned in all the northern provinces of France~ Navette~ Navelte d'hiver, and Rabette; Villars t!istoiredes Plante~de Dauphin~, vol. iii. page334. A a2 in 188 M. De Candolle o~t lhe b)Jecies aml I/ariettes in Germany, Reps Riiben, or Winter Reps, and according to the ~'lora Britannica% Rape+, Navew, or Coleseed, in En- gland. This plant differs from the Navet, properly so called, by its slender root, which is scarcely thicker than the stalk ; it is sown after harvest, in summer, or at tile beginning of autumn, and the seeds are collected in the following spring; sometimes it is sown. .in spring, to be gathered in autumn ; the cultivators throw it hghtly on the ground, and raise the earth afterwards into ridges to clear it of weeds, and ptaee the plants at proper distances; it appears to be less productive than the true Colsa, but more so than the summer Navette, of which I shall speak hereafter; these differences are principally owing to the proportional size of their seeds. The continual con- fi~sion, however, arising in botany and agriculture, between the Colsa, Navette, Navette of Dauphiny, the summer Navette, and winter Navette, naturally leaves great doubts in the mind, as to their respective results. I must own that I felt for a long time much uncertainty in deciding whether the Colsa and the true Navette were two species, or only two varieties of the same species, their differences being of so doubtful a nature ; but the unanimous agreement of cultivators on this point, and my own observation on the constancy of their distinctive characters, however slight, have determined me to adopt the first opinion. We must observe, lastly, that the plant indicated by Duchesne and Lamm'ck$, appears to be our Navette, the English Coleseed. Second Race. BRASSlCA NAPUS ESCULENTA. Navet. French Turnip. The Navel, properly so called, differs from the Yavette in the same manner as the Rave from the Ravette; that is, by its fleshy root being thicker tfian the stalk, mad fornfing a nearly oval tuber; we must neither confound it with file Brassica tgapa oblonga, from which it differs by its smooth and glaucous leaves, nor with the Chou-navet, differing also from this by its spreading seed-pod and bare leaves, nor with the Chou-rave, in which the swell in the root is above instead of being below the origin of the stem. The true Navet ]l even * Smith Flora Britannica, vol. ii. p. 719. English Botany, plate ~140. Martyn Flora 22ustiea, vol. iii. plate 103. Downloaded by [University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 10:05 24 June 2016 "~ The application of the English term Navew to this plant seems inac- curate; for the Navew is properly the Chou-navet, see page 183.~3'ee. Lamarck Encgclop~die Botanique, vol. i. page 74~. ]] In the early period of the existence of the Horticultural Society (see .Transactions, vol. i. page 86), Mr. Dickson blought this excellent esculent rote the notice of' the English gardeners; it is still, however, but seldom cultivated.-- ~ec. ~urpa~se~ of lhe Genus Brassica. 189 surpasses in the sweetness of its flavour the sweet Turnip, and has not any of its acrid particles. We distinguish three varieties of Navet by their colour : the White, alba, which is the most common; the Yellow, d~va ~ of a more delicate flavour; and the Black, nigricans, the fleshy part of which is white, and the skin only of a blackish colour. FIFTH SPECIES. BRASSICA PR!ECOX. The fifth, and last species of Cabbage here mentioned, and unknown to botanists till lately, has long been cultivated by different farmers in various parts of Europe ; it is called in the Eastern provinces of France 2Vavette d'Etd, 2Vavette de Mai, Navette annuelle, and in Germany, Kohl Meps, or Summer Reps, which has the same signification as the French Navetto d'Et6; it is distinguished from the preceding by" its upright seed-pod, which does not open when mature; from the Brassica oleracea, by its expanding calyx, and from the Tur- nip, by its glabrous leaves; and, lastly, from them all, by its precocity; it is usually sown in spring, and though it blossoms later than the Winter Navette, it has time to ripen in the course of the year, and is distinctly an annual~ whereas the two preceding varieties ripen their seed only in the second year. This species was introduced into botanical gardens by Messrs. Waldstein and Kitaibel, of Hungary, under the name of Brassica praecox, a name truly expressive of its nature, and adopted by Messrs. Schultes* and Hornemannt. I have since received from M. Nestler some specimens of it. accom- panied with very interesting histories], notes and descriptions: he calls it Brassica striata, as expressive of its character: hut the prior claim of the Hungarian botanists, and the desire of eomifig as near as possible to common practice, have induced me to adopt their appellation. "This plant." says M. Nest~ ler, " is often cultivated on hilly ground, where the Winter Navette does not succeed; as the seed is much smaller, :i~ produce scarcely exceeds one half of the latter; its seed JS lightly thrown into the ground; mixed with th~ of other plants~ such as Lettuces, &c. and requirds more space thgn'the Win- ter Navette to produce a certain number of seed-~s~ for if confined for room it has scarcely any." Downloaded by [University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 10:05 24 June 2016 Near and about Strasbourg, however, it is less cultivated than the other. Its seed is equally useful in the preparation of oil, for no distinction is made 156~w'~enthe oil of the Sum; mer and the Winter Navette confounded together under the # Schultes 03,. n. 1010. t Hornemann Hort. ttafn, vol. ii. page 6gl. name I90 M. De CandoUe on the Species and Varieties name of Reps 5hl, which is particularly used for lamps, after havh~g undergone the necessary process of purification by Thefiard's method." At piesent we know of no variety of the Brassica FT~cox, having a fleshy and tuberous root, as in the preceding species; but it is probable from, analogy that it, might be susceptible of the same development. Messrs. Waldstein and Kitaibel* think that the Brassica elongata'might be cultivated with success as an oleiferous plant. This species, known by the extraordinary peduncle" of the 'seed-pod rising :above the discus, has several chances of Succeeding; in the first place, it is of a robust nature, ~and' thrives in tolerably good ground; secondly, it yields seed ab'undantly; thirdly, its s~Tpods are slow in opening, so thi/t the seeds which ripen first are not lost, while the rest al~ ripening; this species is cultivated in some parts of Hungary, and I mention !t here to attract the attention of bOtanist~and cultivators to it, as a novelty.

I~ order to prevent confusion of nomenclature, I shall here mention a few species of the Neighbouring Genera that have been popularly confounded with the preceding. Of these the First is the M~utarde blanche, 8inaTis alba (White Mustard)]'; it is cultivated in.the V osges, under the name ofNavette d':Et~, hut can in nowise be confounded with the plant that more g~ acridly bears this name; the leaves are more deeply divided~ and have their lobes more indented, bug above all~ the seed- od is short, hispid, and terminated with a kind of depressed ~ 6rn~ in the shape of a dagger; it contains but a small quantity of seeds, and theseare Of a pale colour. It is gen6ral]y employed for making mustard, but, as I before observed, it is cultivated in 'some parts 'of France as an ~oleiferous plantl under "thi~ name of Navettc d'Eth, and sometimes it is called Graine de Beurre. The next is the Camelina sativa~, which is likewise designated in some provinces by the names of Navette d'Et6, and Graine de Beurre; in other places, from a curious confusion ofterms, it is called Camomille.t; the Bel~ans name it Z)oor; the Alsacians, Dotterle; the Germans, Dottert and the Ita- lians, Dorella. ~Textto the true C0tsa this is the most produe-

Downloaded by [University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 10:05 24 June 2016 Waldstein & Kitalbel Plant. rat. tt~mg, vol, i. page 26, tab. 28. Jf See De Candolle Reg. Yeg. 8ya. Nat, vol. ii. page 620. Smith Flora ~rilannica, vol.ii. page 721. EnglishBotany, plate 1677. MartynFlora lfua/ca~ vo]. ii. plate 70. Fro9 De Candol!e Reg. Veg. S~$I. 2Vat. vol. ii. page 515. Myagrum ,ativwm, Linn. Sp. Plant. ed. ~. vol. ii. page 894. Alyssum sativ~cra, ~mith Flora Britannica, vol. ii. pug6 679, and English Botany, plate 1~54. tive of the Genus Brassica. t01 five among the oleiferous cruciferous plants, and is known by tile following distinctions : its leaves are entire, and prolonged at their basis by little ear-like appendices; its seed-pods are of an oval shape, narrow at the lower part next the peduncle, mad eontaina great number of small seeds. The Third is the cultivated Radish, Raphanus sativus, which might easily be mistaken, when young, for the Brassica RaTa ~ and one of its races bears in France the name of Rave; it is distinguished by its seed-pod.being nearly acuminated, of spongy consistency, never opening spontaneously, and having compartments within to keep the seed separated. It is said to grow wild in the south of E6rope, but this seems to be little more than a conjecture. If it should be, as it is supposed, the Pa~uJ~* of Theophrastus, it would most probably be a native of Greece or the neighbouring countries g its analogy to other species of the same group, and, what we know already con- cerning one of its varieties, RaThanus Sativus oleiferus, would make me suppose it to have come from Asia. The Raphanus 8ativus, which I studied at the stone time with the Brassicw,

tivat6rs have observed several variations in them. Monsieur AudiberK for example, thinks that the colour is more permanent than the form.; others speak of several changes of coiour. The following divisions, however, appear to be constant: first, that of the common Radish, Raphanus communis; its Charac- ter, a fleshy rook neither compact nor tuberous, of a red or white colour, bnt never black ; this is divided into three races perfectly analogous to those of the Brassica Rapa. First.Race+. RAPHANUS SATIVUS RADICULA ROTUNDA. Radis. The Round or Turnip Radish. The root in this plant is swelled into a round or oval tuber prolonged at the extremity till it becomes a filif0rm radicle; this race peculiarly bears in France the name of Radis; in Italy, Radice; and in England, Turnip Radish; it h~ three varieties Of colour, viz. the while, the rose or flink, and the red Downloaded by [University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 10:05 24 June 2016 or purple, * Theoohrast.///st. lib. 7. cap. 4. t A f~ aeeomit of" all the varieties of Sprlng Radishes, both Turnip Radishes and Long Radishes, has been given by Mr. William Christie, in the third volume of the Transactions of the Hortictfltaral Soeiety, article 84, page 436.--See. Second 19~ M. De Candolle on the Species and lrarieties

Second Race. RAPHANUSSATIVUS RADICULA OBLONGA. Rave. Long Radish. The root is long, nearly cylindrical, diminishing insensibly to a point at the extremity; in French it is generally called Raviole, or Rave; in Italian, Ramolaccio, and Itavanello; in English, the common garden Radish; it offers the same varieties of colour as the preceding race, and has besides a sub- variet3~ of form, which might be more properly termed a varia- tion or accident in the species, as it seldom continues the same when the plant is taken from its native soil. I speak of the French Rave tortillde du Mans, Rat~hanus radiculd tortili, (Crooked Radish,) in which the root is so crooked as to re- selnble a cork-screw. Tkird Race. RAPHANUS SATIVUS RADICULA OLEIFERA. Oleiferous Radish. The root of this Radish is slender, and so thin as to be scarcely fleshy, but the plant is abundantly productive of seed, and well worth cultivating on that account as an oleiferous plant. It was introduced in the time of 1Viiller under the name of ]~aphanus Chinensis. The Chinese Radish appears to be tbe type of the cultivated species; its root, according to M. Vihnorin, is in different varieties, graz/, while, or red, a circumstance that would tend to unite all the varieties mentioned in this article, and noticed a few years since at Placen- tia, in Italy, as belonging to the Raphano oleifero Cinese, at which place M. Grandi* published instructions on die manner of cultivating it. The second division of' cultivated l{adishes t is that of the Black Radish, Raphanus niger, considered by die ancients, mid by some few of our moderns, as a distinct species. The root of the first variety of this race is always thick, and black on the outside, compact, and nearly tuberous; it is known in France under the name of Radis noir, gros _Raifort noir, Rai- fort des Parisieus, and presents two varieties of shape, the Oblong, v~lb,~aris, and the Round, rolumlus. Morison:~ and Weimnann ~ have attempted to distinguish the latter, but there does not appear any important dift~renee. Another variety is known by-the nmne of Raifort gris (Gray Radish) ; this is sometimes extremely pale, or nearly white. The RalJhanua Downloaded by [University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 10:05 24 June 2016 allms orbicularis of`Miller, gros Raifort blanc, or Radis d'.dugs- De (]randi Ist. Cull. Piaeenza. edit. 6, ] 807. J- Mr. William Christie has given a detailed account or" these Radishes, under the names of Autumn and Winter Radishes, in the fourth volume o£ the Transactions of the Hortictfltural Society, re'title 4, page lO.--See. :~ Mor. tlist, i. pa~e~, o,, ~. , 1% ~ ~Vcinmalm Phyt. 860. bou~g, ~ [he Gem,s Brassica. 193 bou~g, called in England White Spanish Radish, is a variety less known. Observations on the Cross-bred Kegetables found among the preceding Plants. There is no doubt that many of the plants which I have enumerated are the results of different eross-breeds, obtained by mere chance in various gardens, and preserved by the care of agriculturists. Having ne~'er found an opportunity of making such experiments methodically, I shall content myself with relating a fhw facts communicated to me by M. Sa- geret, who, being an excellent and zealous cultivator, has de- voted several years to the trial of cross-breeds. The results he has obtained on cultivated Cabbages appear to me worthy the attention of the curious. The euhivated Cabbage, Bras- sica oleracea, according to M. Sageret, presents a singular ph0enomenon, that of being ineapable ofreeeiving fecundation fi'om any but its own spee~-es; he tried in vain the pollen of the Brassiea camjoestris oleifera, or Colsa, as well as that of every other species of 13rassiea ; he then found out that it had a natural tendency to fecundate several other species of Cab- bages, and even (he cultivated 13lack Radish, but it could not be impregnated by any except its own varieties : the Brassica oleraeea botrytis has not, however, undergone a trial with it. It appears that the eross-breeds known are produced in gardens without any interfhrenee. The Colsa, the Chou-navet, and the R.uta-baga, appear from these experinaents to be hybrid products of the Cabbage, and Turnip, taken in different degrees of culture, and domes- tieation; they are none of them capable of crossing the true Cabbage, but may all become fi'uitful by its means; they can produce amongst themselves other eross-raees which bring their own seeds to perfection; the Colsa in particular cannot be considered as the type of the cultivated Cabbage, as Messrs. Duehesne and Lamarek supposed; but its manner of mixing in artificial breeds, shows, as I have already observed, that it forms a type sui generis. One might suppose that the Colsa was originally produced from the Cabbage and the Navette; the Brassica eam29estris ioabularia by the Cabbage and the oblong Turnip; the Napo-Brassica by the Cabbage

Downloaded by [University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 10:05 24 June 2016 and the white Turnip, and the t~uta-baga by the Cabbage and the yellow Turnip. General Observations. The several plants which I have offered to notice, and classed according to nay own observations, are, as every body Vol. 6]. No. ~99. 3larch 1823. 13 b know~, 194 M. De Candolle on the Species and Varieties knows, disseminated throughout Europe; but from the con* fusion reigning in their popular and unscientific nomenclature, it was impossible to know which of these species and varieties were spol~en of on different occasions, so that the experiments of one country were useless for another, and it was impossible to deduce any general considerations on the nature of these vegetables. In order to apply the classification proposed I shall add two short remarks. The distinction of the several varieties once established, we Shall find it possible to use terms of comparison for the different experiments made by cultivators, and more especially for those of Mons. Gaujac*. The medium produet of a heetar t of ground cultivated in oleiferous erueiferous plants appears to be, Brassica eampestris oleifera. Kiliogramme~t 955 of oil Brassica Napns oleifera . . . 700 Brassica oleraeea acephala £1mbriata 700 Brassica campe§tris Napo-brassica communis 650 Brassica campestris Napo-brassica Rutabaga 650 Camelina sativa 595 Brassiea pr~ecox . . 450 Hesperis matronalis . . 350

Brassica Rapa oleifera . . • (undetermined.) Raphanus sativus Radieula oleifera ditto Brassica elongata ..... ditto If we now compare the eruciferous plants together, in a different point of view, we shall obtain some curmus results un their organization. Most of them, and.perhaps the whole mma- bet, are susceptible of two different variations, the one having a thin, slender, slightly fleshy root, the other a thick and fleshy root: in general, those of the first kind bear a consider* able quantity of seeds, and are cultivated throughout .Europe as oleiferous vegetables; the others, on the contrary, bring few seeds to perfection, and are cultivated in general for their roots, as excellent for field or garden vegeta'61es. So in ~he Brassica oleracea, the varieties that have a thin stalkare cultivated for their seeds, and those that have swelled radicles are reserved for food. Among the .varieties of/he ~Brassica cam.. pestris; which, by reason of its large seeds, :appears to be emil nently oleiferous, the Colsa is the most productive, :and has the thinnest root; for the produce of Oil, the Ruta-baga and Downloaded by [University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 10:05 24 June 2016 common lqapo-brassica are much less useful. In the Brassiea Rapa, the Navette with a thin root is cultivated for its oily seeds, whilst the Turnip, or llrassica RaTa de2ressa, is used i Bull. Soc..Erwourag. Indu~. Paris, pp. 67 & 69. The Hectar is equal to 2 acres, 1 rood, 35-4 perches English. The Kiliogrammeis equal to 2lb. 8oz. 1~-146grains troy. for of the Genus Brassica. 195 for food. In the Brassica Napus, the Navette with a thin root is ctfltivated for its oil, and the Navet for the sake of its root. Lastly, in the Itaphanus sativus, the same circumstance again ~/ppears; the thin roots constantly belong to the many-seeded varieties, whilst the thick., fleshy roots are employed, for culinary purposes only. A similar law may be observed m other crueiferous plants. The Cochlearia Armoracia (Horse-radish), which has a very large thick root, rarely brings any seeds to perfection, whilst every other species of Cochlearia produces them freely; this observation may be useful to guide cultivators in the choice of the varieties proper to try as oleiferous plants. If taken in a more extensive sense, it may serve to throw some light on the laws of vegetation in general, for we know it is not confined to crucifer0us plants alone; and I should be tempted to elucidate this idea, were it not a digression iIr a memoir of this nature. There is no doubt that much remains to be done to make the history of Cabbages and Radishes clear and satisfactory. For this purpose it will be necessary to assemble the different varieties cultivated in those countries where I have had few correspondents on the subject. The nomenclature of the divers European languages ought to be ascertained and compared with precision; cross fecundation tried in order to obtain the existing varieties, or produce new ones, all of which will no doubt be undertaken, and executed one day or other. I shall therefore content myself with pre- senting this memoir, as a specimen of the method of classification, and nomenclature, which appears to me useful to ad- mit among cultivated, vegetables.... in general, and conclude by daiming indu!gence for the inaccuracies of detad that, m spite of every endeavour, may have escaped my notice.

Note.--Perhaps the following glossarial notices, the colIec- tion of which from Nemnich and other sources has been sug- gested by the perusal of the above excellent Memoir, may be acceptable to some of our readers. The universality of the popular names of the varieties of the genus Brassica and its allies, in the European dialects, is proportioned to their extensive usefulness to mankind, and their great antiquity as ob- jects of culture. The origin of their names may perhaps furnish hints as to the countries from which some of the varieties have Downloaded by [University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 10:05 24 June 2016 been derived. The Roman name BRASSICA. still survives in some Critic dialects : as in the Welsh and Bretagne Bresich; and perhaps in the Spanish and Portuguese Berza, the Italian Verzi, Ver- zotto, the Brescian Verz, and the Slavonic Verza, Verzina, from which may perhaps be derived the German Wirzing, unless these latter are rather to be traced to Wurze a plant or wort. B b 2 The 196 Note on the common Names The appeIlation of the genus which obtains most extensively is that which is referred-with most probability to the Greek KauX0~, Latin Caulis*, and which is fonnd in the following forms : TEUToNIC DIALE. CTS. ROMANCE- DIALZCTS. German. Kohl; anc. Kol. T I Ital. Cavo/s. Dutch. Kool, Kaal, I Span. Col. English. Cole. Scotch. Cale, ,Portug. Couve. A~Sax. Caul~ C,qwl.++ French, Chou: anciently Danish. Kaal. ] Chauls, Caulet, CauL S~edish. K.gzl; anc. KdL H ! Langued. Caoule, Caon. Combinations of this name with various others furnish ap- ellations for most of the varieties : as Kohlrabi, Cauliflower', orecole, Boerenkool, &c. Thus from the Coleseed, Koglsaat, Koolzaad, Kaalsmd, Kolsa, of the English, German, and other Teutonie dialects, the French, Italians, Spanish and Pbrtu' guese have adopted their name Colsa. The English names for M. De Candolle's 6th race, Cauli- flower and Broccoli, are derived from the South of Europe. The names for the Cauliflower in the South are: Italian Carol-fore. Venetian Caolo-dfor. Spanish Colidqor. Pot: Caulis herba, eEmilius Maeer. -~ " KOL, thyrsus vel scapus plantve. Grmcis ~.~v~$¢, Latinis eaulis, Franc. eltol, Camb. eawl, et inde cawl gwyllt eaUlis agrestis, apud Boxhorn. "in Lexieo et Botanologio Antiquo-Britannieo. Ot0s.~.Pez. eautis.eh0ta. '~ " KoL, brassiea, et omnis herba qt~e non immediatb e terra ~ed e seapo supra terrain ~ssurgit. Gloss. Pez. eaulis eholaatoch, i.e. seapu~ br~ssicm. Slmfliter""" et Cambris" atque Anglo-Saxonib~s.. ,, cawl non solum caulem, sed etmm brasslcam, et olus in eaule s~gmficat. --WAcHTER. Hence CapeI-j~f/~V, Colewort : Capel-y~jam, gurgu//o. I1 " KRL, olus, brassiea. Bi~ax. R. e. ~. //war ~nm stjeg k~/i anmes man~ kalgar]~, ' Quieunque brassieam furatur in alterius horto:' ubi tamen per/cM forte non tam brassicam, quam omne oleris ho~.nsis genus iatelli- gere debemus. Ita enim pox h~ee apud veteres aeeipitur. [nterpres Islandus Maac. iv. 3~. de grano sinapi: vex thad ul~ og verdr ~llum kaalgr6sum meira: ' surgit et fit mnjus omnibus.' oleribus? Isl. ka/. SNORRO STURL.ZES. tom. i. p. 613. Mun hart eirn tetla, at eta kal alta Bin- glande: ' ille solus sibi proposuit, omnia, qum Anglia left, olera con- sumere,' quod proverbiale genus est loquendi de immoderata inglnvie, auodque simul innuere videtur, brassicam veteres non domi pl~intasse, sed a~b Anglja petiisse. C.B. can]. v. Pezronii Hist. des Celt: ~. 337. ~ A.S. eawl, c.awlwurt. Angl. cole, colewort. Al. ehol. Germ. koM. Gall. ehoux. Hisp. col. It. eavoli, coll. Derivant ab olus alii, alii a ~.~z0~, quod apnd

Downloaded by [University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 10:05 24 June 2016 Athenveum exponitur ~rf0~), cibus. Sed verius est, terminatione tantum differre hanc nostram vocem a Latino caulis et Gr. ~,6~,' quod in oler~bus idem est, ae eaudex in arboribus, eeterum pro brassica etiam ob notabilem ejus eaulem aecipitur. I~t~. Hist. ~7"at. lib. xvii. e. ~4. Odit tritk ¢t caulem et omne olus, Pro caule veteres etiam colis usurpasse, ex melioribus Horatii editmmbus"" " probat Voss~trs, in gtym... II[o•.vero,, Sat. lib..... ii. 4. ea~it Cole suburbano, qui sicei~ crewt m hort~s. IHIIE. (?/" the t'arielies o./' Brassi¢'a. 197 tuguese Couve-flor. French Chou-/qeur; with which may be elassed the Polish KalaDqory, Swabian Kau7ol, and Swiss Kardiviol; while the Germans, Dutch, Danes and Swedes have the equivalent names Blumenkohl, Bloemkool, Blomkaal. Broccoli is an Italian name signifying sprouts, and derived fi-om Brocco, a stem or sprout (derived by Menage from ver- rucum Lat.): it is also called Cavolo broccoluto, Span. Broculi, Port. Couve dos Broecos. This Italian word Broccoli appears to prevail through all the countries of Europe, while in the northern nations the Teutonic appellation Sprouts, Sprossen- kohl, Spraten, Syruitkool, is also given to them. The Anglo- Saxons had the word Sp/ao~e ti'om Spjaauvan or Spp~va% to shoot forth, and they named the month February Sproutkele, says VerstSgan, as it was "the first hearbe that in this moneth began to yield out wholesome young sprouts." This author adds that February is yet in the Netherlands called Spruckel% Our English name Cabbage most properly belongs to M. Deeandotle's 3rd and ¢th Races, which are capitate or headed ; and the word is probably from the Italian name Ca- pucciaf. Allied to the Italian Cavolo capuccio, are also the French Chou cabu (anciently Capu, Cabuls), Dutch Kabuyskool, Danish Cabudzkaal, Breseian Gabuz, and Kalmsta in several Slavonic dialects. The Teutonie dialects have also names of the same signification for the headed race, as Koflfkohl, Hauytkraut, Hovedk aal, HufvudkaaL With RAPA (P~o~) are to be classed: Ital. Rapa, Raviz- zone, Cavolo-rapa. Span. ttaba, Colinaba. S]avon. ]le]oa. French Rave, Chou-rave. Germ. Riibe, t{6ve, Rabe, lteps, Re- pich, tlepskohl, Kohl-rabi, Riibesaat. Dutch l~aa}~, l~aaj~kool, Stekraapen. Swed. Rofva, Stickrave. Dan. Ral~sat, Roe, Kaalrabi : And with Naevs: Ital. Nape, Navone; Span. and Portug. Nabo ; French, Navette, Chou-navet ; Engl. Navew, Turnep ; Ang. Sax. N~epe; Norw. Ncepe; Island. Nwpur, Ncepukal; W-allach. Nap ; Lapl. Nii2)o. EDIT. Sprock-kelle, Spor-kelle; Februarius. Ki[iani Etymologicon ed. 1787. JF Caboche, a head, in old French, and Cabe#'a, Spanish, are from Cabo the Ronmnce derivative from Caput.

Downloaded by [University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)] at 10:05 24 June 2016 XL. True apparent Right Ascensio~ of Dr. MASKELYNE'S 36 Stars jbr eveT:y Day in the Year 1823, at the ~Tme Tassin£" the 2]leridian of Greenwich. [Continued fi'om page 57.] N.B. On those days where an Asterisk is prefixed the Star passes twice; the .,R given i¢ that at the first passage. 1522.