FORAMINIFERA AND ARCELLACEANS
FROM NON-MARINE ENVIRONMENTS
LN NORTHERN LAKE WINNIPEGOSIS. MANITOBA
By
Rokn E .A. Boudreau. B .Sc.. C.D.
.A thesis submitted to the Graduate Studies and Research
in partial hlfilment of
the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science
Ottawa-Carleton Geoscience Centre and Department of Earth Sceinces.
Carleton University
Ottawa Ontario
August. 1999
1 999 Robert E.A. Boudreau National Library Bibliotheque nationale ($1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington OttawaON KtAON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada
The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive pennettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prster, distribuer ou copies of hsthesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/filrn, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format electronique.
The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriete du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protege cette thbe. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenvise de celle-ci ne doivent %treimprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. GENERAL ABSTRACT
This thesis is divided into two chapters. examining the environmenral sibgnificance of
arcellacean and foraminifera in northern Lake Winnipegosis. Manitoba Canada. The
northern most occurrence of a live marine foraminifer. Cribroelphidizm gunreri (Cole.
193 1). which has survived shethe Holocene Hypsithermal in a high stress. non-marine
environment in Point River Bay is discussed in Chapter One. The environmental aspects of arcellacean assemblages is studied in Chapter Two. to more tightly constrain their
environments through the use of opportunistic species. Specific systems are studied. such as in German Lake where Lagenodiflugia vus dominates the assemblage in a low saline
(2 - 3%). high pH (8.0 - 8.3) environment. To my daughter Lindsay. who encouraged me to pursue paleontolog?.rhrough her yourhfUl enthusiasm and interest in earth science. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was partially fhded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research
Council of Canada (NSERC) Operating Grant to R. Timothy Panerson. and funding provided by W. Brian McKillop at the Manitoba Museum of History in Winnipeg,
Manitoba.
I would like to thank Tim Patterson for assisting me in my research. both in the lab and with the editing. and also Brian McKillop for his help and pidance in Northern
Manitoba. I would also like to thank my field assistant. .Andrew Dalby. and George Dix fir rhe use of his microscope and photo-gaphic equipment.
Each paper (Chapter one and two) was compiled and wrirten by R.E.A. Boudreau and submitted for comments to R.T. Panenon. The final drafts represented here. encompass style and content edits as suggested by the other contributing authors. TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION
.4CKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTEXTS
LIST OF FIGCX.ES
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF PLATES
INTRODUCTION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
Yon-Marine Occurrence of the Foraminifera Cribroelpliidiumgunteri in Lake Winnipegosis, Manitoba
.USTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODS ...... RESULTS ......
Cribroelphidiurn Assemblage
Centropyxid Assemblage
Moderate Diversity Assemblage
DISCUSSION .CKNOWLEDGEMENTS
SYNONYMY
REFERENCES
FIGURES
TABLES
PLATES
CHAPTER TWO ...... 46
The Environmental Significance of Arcelhceans and Foraminifera. at a Site Polluted by Natural Salt Springs. in Northern Lake Winnipegosis. Manitoba
Physical Setting
Environment
Chemistry
!METHODS
RESULTS
Cribroelphidium Assemblage ......
Centropyxid Assemblage
Lagenodflugia Assemblage ......
Moderate Diversity Assemblage ......
Diflzrgio Corona Assemblage
Dzflugib Assemblage
vii DISCUSSION
Steeprock Bay
Point River Bay
Salt River Bay
German Lake
Sausage Lake
Salt Spring STB-19
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
SYNONOMY REFERENCES
FIGURES
TABLES
PLATES
CONCLUSIONS
GLOSSARY
viii LIST OF FlGURES
Fig. 1-1. Location of Point River Bay
Fig 1-2. Point River Bay sample sites
Fig. 1-3. Population and Diversity Curves
Fig. 1-4. Combined Q-mode and R-mode hierarchical diagnm
Fig. 2-1. Location of Dawson Bay
Fig. 2-2. Steeprock Bay and Steeprock Lagoon sample sites
Fig. 2-3. German Lake and Sausage Lake sample sites
Fig. 24. Salt River Bay sample sites
Fig. 1-5. Point River Bay sample sites
Fig. 2-6. Combined Q-mode and R-mode hierarchical diagram for assemblage
Fig. 2-7. Combined Q-mode and R-mode hierarchical diagram for chemistry LIST OF TABLES
TA4BLE1-1. Physical Data for Point River Bay
T.4.BLE 1-2. Chemical data for Point River Bay
TABLE 1-3. Statistical Data for Point River Bay
T.4BLE 2- 1. Physical Data for Dawson Bay
TABLE 2-2. Chemical data for Dawson Bay
TABLE 2-3. Stations and Species in Dawson Bay
TAE3LE 2-4. Statistical Data for Dawson Bay
T-ABLE 2-5. Popuiation abundances and Diversity in Dawson Bay
TABLE 2-6. Assemblages in Dawson Bay
T.4BLE 2-7. Ion concentrations in Dawson Bay LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1-1. Arcellaceans and Foraminifera in Point River Bay
Plate 1-2. Cribroelphidium gunreri stained with Rose Bengd
Plate 2- 1. .+rcellaceans and Foraminifera in Dawson Bay
Plate 2-3. Arcellacems and Foraminifera in Dawson Bay
Plate 2-3. Live Arcellaceans and Foraminifera in Dawson Bay INTRODUCTION
This thesis is divided into two chapters. each of which was written as a separate journal article for publication. All data were included in the individual papers with each conraining a separae introduction and conclusion. The first chapter deals with an occurrence of the live foraminifer. Cribroelphidium ,smreri. in a non-marine setting within Lake Winnipegosis. Manitoba. while the second chapter deals with the environmental aspects of Freshwater arcellaceans in a site intluenced by salt springs in the same area. Each chapter details the specific aspects of the study as a separate entity.
Lake Winnipegosis. Manitoba is a small remnant of post-glacial Lake .4gassiz. At its maximum extent 9000 yean BP. this lake was 13 l m above the present level mielsen and others. 1987). Dawson Bay in the northern part of the lake (Fig. 1) is characterized by extremely hard waters with high concentrations of Na- (up to 1300 m@). K* (up to 48 mg~)and Cl' (up to 1063 mb@) and salinities up to 36%0 (Wadien. 1984: Nielsen and others. 1987).
The euryhdine marine foraminifera Cribroei'hidiurn gunreri (Cole), colonized Dawson
Bay during the Holocene Hypsithemal via avian transport (Patterson. 1990: Patterson and others. 1997). Mer the Hypsithennal. because conditions became too cold .it was assumed that C. gunteri died out (Patterson and 0th- 1997): but current research as ?
discussed in Chapter One. indicates that this foraminifera is alive and significant because
it is living in an inland lake as opposed to its normal marine coastal environments.
kcellaceans have been used as paleoenvironmental indicators in lacustrine senings
( Scott and Medioli. 1983 : Partenon and others. 1985: Medioli and Scon 1988: McCarthy and others. 1995: Ellison, 1995: Patterson and Kumar. 1999 in publication): as bio- environmental indicators for paleoenvironmentd reconstruction of late Quaternary-
Holocene paleoenvironments (Medioli and Scon. 1983. 1988: Scon and Medioli. 1983:
Yedioli and others. 1985. 1987. 1990: Patterson and others. 1985: Honig and Scon. 1987:
Collins and others. 1990; McCarthy and others. 1995: Asioli and others. 1996: Ellison.
1995): and as pollution level indicators (Collins and others. 1990: Reinhardt and others.
1998: Patterson and others. 19%). Chapter Two discusses The different environments.
found in northern Lake Wimipegosis, are discussed in Chapter Two with emphasis on
key assemblages and indicators in the modem setting. REFERENCES
Asioli. -4.. Medioli. F.S. and Patterson, K.T.. 1996. Thecamoebians as a tool for
reconstruction of paleoenvironments in some Italian lakes in the foothills of the
southern Alps (OnaVarese md Cmdia). Journal of Foramin~eralResearch.
26(3). pp. 248 - 263.
Collins. E.S.. McCarthy. F..M.G.. Medioli. F.S.. Scott. D.B.and Honig. C.A.. 1990.
Biogeographic distribution of modem thecanoebians in a transect dong the
eastern North American coast. in Hemleben. C.. Kaminski, M.A.. Kuhnt, W. and
Scoa. D.B.. eds.. Paleoecolog): Biosnatigmphy. Paleoceanography and
Taronomy of.dgglzcrinated Foramin[fira.NATO AS1 series. C: Mathematical and
Physical Sciences. .Amsterdam. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 783 - 792.
Honig. C.A. and SCO~.D.B.. 1987. Post-glacial stratigraphy and sea level change in
southwestern New Brunswick. Camdian Journal of Eu~hSciences. 24. pp. 354 -
364.
Ellison. R.L.. 1995. Paleolimnological analysis of Ullswater using testate amoebae.
PaZeoZimnoiog);.13. pp. 5 1 - 63.
McCanhy. F.M.G.,Collins. E.S.. Mchdrews. J.H.. Kerr. H.A., Scott. D.B. and Medioli.
F.S.. 1995. A comparison of postglacial arcellacean (2hecamoebian") and pollen
succession in Adantic Canada illustrating the pafeoclimatic reconstruction.
Journal of Paleonrologv. 69. pp. 980 - 993.
Medioli. F.S. and Scott. D.B., 1983. Holocene Arcellacea (Thecamoebians) fkom eastern 4
Canada: Cushrnan Foundution For Foraminifeerol Research Special Publicorion
21. 63p.
+ 1988. Lacustrine thecamoebians (mainly arcellaceans) as potential tools
for palaeolimno logical interpretations. P alaeogeography. Palaeoclimaiology.
Pdaeoecolo~.62. pp. 361 - 386.
Medioli. F.S.. Petrucci. F. and Scon. D.B.. 1985. Sulla preselva di Tecamebe in carnpioni
carotati sul fondo del Lago di Garda inGherii. P. R. (Ed). L bmbienie Logo:
Comunira ' del Garda. Civilfa' Gordesana. Studii ed Esperienze 3. pp. 8 3 - 1 04.
Medioli. F.S.. Scon. D.B. and Abbott. B.H.. 1987. A case study of protozoan interclonal
variability. taxonomic implications. Journal ofForuminiferol Research. 17. pp.
28 - 47.
Medioli. F.S.. Scott. D.B.. Collins. E.S. and McCarthy. F.M.G..1990. Fossil
rhecarnoebians: present status and prospects for the hture. in Hemleben. C..
Kaminski. MA.. Kuhnt W.and Scon D. B.. eds.. Pafeoecology. Biosnoiigraphy.
Paleoceanograph?, and Taonomy of Agglutinated Foraminifera. NATO AS1
series. C. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 327. pp. 81 3 - 839.
Nielsen E.. .McMeil. D. H. and McKillop. W. B.. 1987. Origin and Paieoecology of post-
Lake Agajsiz raised beaches in Manitoba Canadian Journal Of EdScience.
21. pp.1478-1485.
Patterson. R.T.. 1990. Intertidal benthic forarniniferai biofacies on the Fraser River Delta.
British Columbia: Modem distribution and paleoecological importance,
~Micropaleon~olog).36(3), pp. 229 - 244. 5
Patterson. R.T. and Kurnar. A.. (in press). Use of Arcellacea (Thecamoebians) to Gauge
Levels of Contamination and Remediation in industrially Polluted Lakes. (To be
pziblished us a chapter in a book "Em~ironmenid !\licropaleon~ology").
Patterson. R.T.. MacKinnon, K.D.. Scott. D.B.and Medioli. F.S.. 1985. .4rcelIaceans
( 'Thecamoebians"~in small lakes of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia: modem
distribution and Holocene stratigraphic changes. Joztrnal ofForaminfera1
Resemch. 15. pp. 1 14 - 1 3 7.
Patterson. R..T.. Barker. T. and Burbidge. M... 1996. .4rcellaceans (Thecarnoebians) as
proxies of Arsenic and Mercury contamination in Northeastern Ontario lakes.
Journal of Foramin~er~iResearch. 26(2). pp. 1 72 - 183.
Patterson. R. T.. McWllop. W. B.. Kroker. S.. Nielsen. E. and Reinhardt. E. G.. 1997.
Evidence for rapid avian-mediated foraminifera1 colonization of Lake
Winnipegosis. Manitoba during the Holocene H)psithermd. Journal Of
Paleolimnology. 18. pp. 13 1 - 143.
Reinhardt E.G.. Dalby. A.P.. Kumar. A. and Patterson. R.T.. 1998. Arcellacems as
Pollution Indica~orsin Mine Tailings Contaminated Near Cobalt Ontario. Canada
Micropaleonro~.14(2). pp. 13 1 - 1 48.
Scott. D.B. and Medioli. F.S.. 1983. Testate rhizopods in Lake Erie: modem distribution
and stratigraphic implications. Jountai of Paleontology. 57.809 - 820.
Wadien. R., 1984. Geochemistry and hydrogeolo~of saline spring waters of the
Winnipegosis southwenern Manitoba Bachelor Thesis. University Of
Manitoba. Winnipeg, Manitoba, 63 p. CHAPTER ONE
YON -3KQRINE OCCURRENCE
OF THE FOR4MINIFER.A CRIBROELPHIDIUM GUNTERl
IY LAKE WNTYIPEGOSIS, MANITOBA
ABSTRACT
.-indysis of sediment samples fiom the sediment-warer inrerfice of Poinr River Bay, northern Lake CVinnipegosis. a ver): large lake in centra[ Ltlaniioba.indicates ihat
Cribroelphidium gunreri. a coasral rnarinejbramznifera. is lhing and has adapted to this northern lake environment in salinities ar low us I - 2 %o. In Point River Bay. summer water temperalures reach 13.6 'C marginally above the minimum 14.5 T requiredfor reproduction by C. gunteri. Ir was known that rhis benthicforaminifera inhabiied saline purts of the Zuk during the warm Holocene ~vpsithennal(6000- 3500years BPI. but previous analysis of stratigraphic doro suggested hut C. gunteri had died out in this area os conditions became cooler and more hostiie. nis hypothesis had been corroborated by the post Hjpsiihermal retreat of the marine range of C. gunrerifiorn rhe Maritimes of dtlcmric Canada to the south of Cape Cod .M. The adaptation of the Holocene 7 popularions ojrhis species that originally colonized Lake Winnipegosis. ofien to
rxzreme2' low saliniw values and progressively colder climate in this northern lake, is
remarkuble. The greor abundance ofC. gunreri found in sediments in Lake
Winnipegosis. in some areas making up most of ihe sedimenr, also raises potenrial
concerm nbour [he inrrrprefurion of supposed marine s2ctions bused r.wlusivul~von the presence of~urarnin~fera.
INTRODUCTION
Lake Winnipegosis. Manitoba is a small remnant of post-glacial Lake Agassiz- At its
maximum extent 9000 years BP. this lake was 13 1 m above the present level (Wielsen and
others. 1987). Dawson Bay. in the northern part of the lake (Fig. I - 1). is characterized by
extremely bard waters witb high concentrations of Na- (up to 1300 mgk). K- (up to 18
mgL) and C1' (up to 2063 mgR) and salinities up to 36%0 (Wadien. 1984: Nielsen and
others. 1987). The area mounding the bay is characterized by highly saline pools and
marshes (Panerson and others. 1 997)with salinities ranging from 8.2%0 to 6 1960
(McKillop and others. 1992). These saline environments are the result of discharge of
saline waters from the groundwater system (Downey, 1984) and are hypothesized to
originate fiom either dissolution of Middle Devonian prairie evaporites (van Everdingen.
1971) or from dense brine pools in the Williston Basin in Alberta (Downey. 1984). 8
The climare of Dawson Bay is continental. ~lthhot summers and cold winters in a semi- arid setting. The wind direction is generally &om the west with peak precipitation occurring during the summer months (Patterson and others. 1997). Previous research on
Lake .Agassiz raised beach deposits. adjacent to Dawson Bay. indicated that conditions in the region were warmer during the Holocene Hypsitherrnal(6000 to 3500 pars BPI. The euryhaline marine foraminifera Cribroelphidizm gunreri (Cole. 193 1 ). colonized
Dawson Ba? by 5430 years BP. early in the Hypsithennal (Patterson. 1990: Patterson and others. 1997). Colonization of C. gunreri was mediated by avian transport and occurred only after an influx of post-glacial brines raised the area salinity. .As this foraminifera was not noted strati-graphically either before or after the Hypsithermal. Patterson and others ( 1997) concluded that conditions were too cold for C. gunteri to live in the area except during this warm episode. This hypothesis was corroborated by the previously obsenredretreat of Atlantic coastal popuultions of C. grinteri to the south of Cape Cod follow-ing termination of the Hypsithermal and subsequent development of cooler coastal waters in the Maritimes (Patterson and others. 1997: Scott and others. 1987).
-4nalysis of a set of sediment-water interface samples collected during the summer of
1997 in Point River Bay (Fig. 1-2) identified large populations of pristine C. gunreri. Up to 22.9%of the specimens in these samples stained positively with rose Bengal biological stain (Goldstein and Harben. 1999, suggesting that the species had not become extinct in this area as % supposed. Further detailed sampling was camed out during the summer of 1998 to confirm the 1997 field season results and to confirm the observed distribution The purpose of this paper is to document the live occurrence of C. gzinreri and constraints on its distribution in this hostile non-marine environment.
METHODS
Twenty sediment-water interface samples were collected &om nations in Dawson Bay
(Fig. 1-2) during July 1997 and June 1998 using an Eckman Box Corer. The location of each station was determined using a Trimble Scout Global Positioning System unit and corroborated by triangulation. Water depth. pH. salinity and temperature were recorded at each station (Table. 1 - 1). To obtain a general idea of the lake conditions in the area. a complete geochemical analysis was carried out by .4reco Canada in Nepean. Ontario on one sediment sample and one water sample. acidified with ninic acid, from Station 29.
The presence of metals (Table 1-2) was determined by using Inductively Coupled Plasma
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP - AES). Chloride was analyzed using Ion
Chromatography, and arsenic and selenium levels were measured using Graphite Furnace
.Atomic Absorption (GFAAS).
The upper 2 - 3 mm of sediment from each Eckman grab were removed and treated with isopropyl alcohol and refrigerated to avoid decay. To detect specimens of foraminifera 10 and arcellaceans living at the time of collection. samples were stained in the laboratory using Rose Bengal biological stain (Goldstein and Harben 1993); and only those specimens that had one chamber hi1 of stained protoplasm were counted as alive. This was checked by crushing numerous specimens to ensure that the chamber contained a glob of protoplasm as opposed to being coaled on the inside by lightly stained organic material such as bacteria. After standing for 24 hours. the samples were rinsed to remove excess stain and then sieved using a Srnesh Tyler (500 pm) screen to retain coarse organic material and a 230-mesh Tyler (63 p)screen to retain foraminifera and arcellaceans. One cc of sample was then subdivided into aliquots for quantitative analysis using a wet splitter (Scott and Hemelin. 1993). The wet aliquots were analyzed under an Olynpus SZHIO zoom sere0 microscope. Scanning eiecnon micrographs of foraminifera and arcellaceans were obtained using a EOL 6-400 Scanning Electron
Microscope at the Carleton University Research Facility for Electron Microscopy
(CURFEM). These digital images were compiled into plates using c do be^ Photoshop
4.0 (Plate 1 - 1 ). A transmitted light photo-micrograph of a stained foraminifera was obtained using a SLR camera mounted on a Leica WED Macro420 binocular microscope
(Plate 1-2).
RESULTS
For a week prior to and during the four days of collection in June of 1998, it rained 11 almost continuously in the Dawson Bay area. The rain was also accompanied by high winds (20 - 30 knots). The high surf (3 - 4 m swells) resulted in considerable mixing of saline waters of the bay with fresh waters from areas of the lake. The resultant salinity values obtained in the bay were thus probably lower. and the oxygen content higher. than what normally prevails in this area
Samples collected at all 20 stations examined yielded populations of foraminifera and arcellaceans in statistically significant numbers (Patterson and Fishbein. 1989). Twenp- four species of arcellaceans and one of foraminifera were identified in these samples. for which the relative fractional abundance (X,) and hestandard error (S,) associated with each tavonomic unit were calculated using the following equation:
Based on the results. five statistically insignificant species were removed from the database and not included in subsequent multivariate analysis (Table 1-3) (Patterson and
Fishbein. 1989). The population diversity of each sample was calculated using the
Shannon Diversity Lndex:
where is the abundance of each taxon in a sample. N! - is the toral abundance of the sample. and S - is equal to the species richness of the sample.
High Shannon Diversity index values (2.5 - 3-5)usually indicate conditions of mvironmentd sabilit).. while lower values (-0.1 - 1.5) ofien indicate environmental stress
(Sageman and Bina. 1997'1. In these samples low diversity values were obtained when the fractional abundance of C.gunreri was high. Diversity values increased to a maximum of
2.0 with decreasing abundance of C. gmreri and increasing populations of centropyxid and difflugid arcellaceans (Fig. 1-3).
R-mode clusrer analysis was used to determine species relationships (Scott and others.
1980). On the 19 species present in staristically significant populations. Q-mode cluster analysis was carried our using Ward's Minimum Variance method in order to determine the overall statistical similarity between samples. This resulted in a reduced data set recorded as Euclidean distances and arranged in a combined R-mode and Q-mode hierarchical diagram (Fig. 14) (.see Fishbein and Patterson. 1993: and Westrop and
Cuggy. 1999). Three assemblages were recognized based on the results:
(1 ) The Cribroeiphidium Assemblage was found in Point River Bay at seven
Stations. This assemblage is dominated almost entirely by C. gunteri (Y z 0.90)
(up to 9.3% live C. gunreri) and has a very low population diversity (Shannon
Diversity Index 0.01 - 0.3). The sediment at these sites was a brown silt 13
containing a high proportion of shell hL.r2mentswith evidence of pyritization.
Water depths at these stations varied from two to four metres. with the pH ranging
from 1.9 to 8.3 and oxygen content &om 8.4 to i 1.4 mgR. Salinity readings were
low (0.0 - 1.0 4/00).
(2) The Diverse Assemblage was found in Point River Bay at only Stations 18 and
19. It is dominated by centropxid species ()[, 2 0.53) with low fractional
abundances of C. gunreri (X, < 0.15) (no live C. gunteri) and a Shannon Diversity
Index of 1.8 to 2.0. The sediment characterizing these sites was a fine sand at
water depths varying from five to six menes. The pH ranged tiom 5.8 to 5.9. and
oxygen content was high varying between 9.6 and 10.0 mp'L. No salinity
readings were available for these stations (No salinity measurements were taken
during the July 1997 field season).
(3) The Mixed Assemblage occurred in Point River Bay at ten stations. This
assemblage. though dominated by C. gcrnreri (0.45 < X, < 0.83) (2.3 - 22.9% live
C. gunreri). also contained significant populations of centropyxids (0.19 < X, <
0.67) and difflugids (0.02 c X, < 0.22). The Shannon Diversity index varied
between 0.6 to 1.7. The sediments at these sites were comprised of dark brown
gynjeawith evidence of pyritization in some shell fra@nents. Water depths varied
from 1.2 to 1.5 metres. with pH ranging ~om4.6to 7.9 and oxygen content from
9.3 to 10.1 m-e/L. Salinity reading were negligible (0 %). DISCUSSION
During the Hypsithermal. C- grrnreri ranged as far north as the Northumberland Strait in
Maritime Canada (Scott and orhen. 1987). but the eurythermal foraminifer had reneared to the south of Cape Cod during subsequent climate cooling (Patterson and others. 1997).
Patterson and others ( 1997) linked the disappearance of C. pnreri from post
Hypsitherrnal Lake Winnipegosis sediments to this cooling. The discovery of living C. pnreri during this study indicates that the species did not disappear fiom the lake. It now seems that isostatic uplift and tilting of post-glacial Lake Agassiz caused submergence of heshorelines in the south and a transition of the beaches around Dawson Bay tiom aquatic to marsh and finally to a terrestrial setting (Nielsen and others. 1987). This would account for the extinction horizon of C. gunicm' in the cores reported by Patterson and others ( 1 997).
The abilih of foraminifera to survive in a particular area is closely linked to its reproductive cycle as many species require specific ranges of temperature to survive.
Schafer (1 973) investigated a stenothermal site at Chaleur Bay in the Gulf of St.
Lawence. where a power plant outlet provided a source of heat. and found that the proportion of living elphidids decreased with distance fiom the oudall heat source.
Calcareous species. such as C. excmaum. tended to dominate the local populations near the outfall. while less heat tolerant agglutinated species, such as -4mmorium cassis
(Parker: Loeblich and Tappan. 1953). tended to become more abundant with distance 15
(Schafer. 1973). Thus the mechanism employed by temperate shallow water foraminifera to combat thermal stress seems to be avoidance (Seigle. 1975: Schafer and others. 1995). with populations quickly relocating to more ideal habitats. (K.B. The discovery of large numbers of living and dead C. gunteri in the Point River Bay. Lake Winnipegosis. modem lake bortom caused us to re-exmine the results of Patterson and orhers. 1997.)
The minimum temperatiare tolerance for C. gunteri (Cole. 193 1 ) has been determined to be 14.5 "C (Boltovskoy and Lena 1969). Mean summertime bottom water temperatures in Point River Bay. Lake Winnipegosis. average 156°C. marginally above the reproductive limits for C. gzmeri. thus permining reproduction during favorable intervals in an otherwise harsh environment (Bradshaw. 196 1 ). Such favorable intervals occur during the summer in Point River Bay. where temperatures warm just enough to promote reproduction and ensure survival of C. gunferi.
Salinity is another important control over the distribution of many foraminifera1 species.
While conditions in Point River Bay are much less saline than in most marine environments. most elphidid species are euryhaline and able to adapt to a wide array of brackish to hypersaline conditions. For example, elphidid species such as
Cribroelphidium gerthi (van Voorthuysen, 1957) are known to have adapted and su~ved in ephemeral lakes in Southern Australia, where seasonally extreme saiinity variations prevail. These lakes are fed by winter rainfall and then dry out during the summer, resulting in salinities oscillating between 10% and 180%0or more (Cann and De 16
Deckker. 198 1). Cribroelphidium exemrum lives in freshwater zones of the Quequen
Grande River. Argentina in salinities as Low as OA8Ym. These brackish conditions are derived corn the occasional high tide penetrating far upriver (Boltovskoy and
Boltovskoy. 1968; Wright. 1968: Boltovskoy and Wright. 1 976). Similarly. C. gunieri presently inhabits low salinity marsh environments of the Fraxr River Delta. British
Columbia (Jonasson and Patterson. 19%: Patterson. 1990). and shallow brackish waters
(< 10 %) on the Mississippi Delta (Poag. 1979). Cribroelphidium is extremely eurytopic as it has also been reported from lagoonal waters of coastal Brazil in salinities of up to
390%0 (Poag. 1978: Patterson and others. 1990.1997).
Centropyxid arcellaceans. particularly Cenmpyxis aculeara (Ehrenberg 1832). are capable of withstanding low salinities (< 5%: Decloitre. 1953: Scon and Medioli. 1980:
Patterson and others. 198% Honig and Scoa 1987). These taxa occur abundantly with C. pnreri in Point River Bay. indicating that the normal salinity range at sites where C. gunreri are found are never above 5960. As C.gunzeri is also found in portions of Point
River Bay with non-centropyxid arcellaceans that are intolerant of saline conditions, the presence of C. gunieri indicates that the species survives in portions of Point River Bay with barely detectable salinities.
Cribroelphidium gunreri has demonstrated a remarkable ability to adapt and survive in the hostile environments that have existed in the Point River Bay area of Lake
Winnipegosis since the Holocene Hypsithermaj. These results indicate that the species 17 has not only survived bur. based on the large numbers found. thrived in northern Lake
Winnipegosis. This occurrence has pushed the known habitat of this species much farther north than the previously accepted limits of Cape Cod and the Fraser River Delta in North
.herica in addition to placing it in a lacustrine setting. This occurrence is also significant because it indicates. as has been reported pre~iously(see Patterson 1957 for summary). that finding foraminifera in the fossil record does not necessarily indicate that true marine marsh conditions existed during deposition.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was partially funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research
Council of Canada (NSERC) Operating Grant to R. Timothy Patterson and also by the
Manitoba Museum. Manitoba Museum Foundation through W. Brian McKiIlop.
SYNONYMY
Order FORAMINIFERIDA Eichwald 1830
S upertamily ROTALIACEA Ehrenberg 1 839
Family ELPHIDIIDAE Galloway 1933
Subfamily ELPHIDIINAE Galloway 1933
Genus Cribroelphidium Cushman and Bronnimann 1948 Cribroelphidium gmteri (Cole)
Plate 1-1. fibmes 1 - 8: Plate 1-2
Cribroelphidiwn gunreri (Cole)PATTERSON 1990. pi. 2. figs. 1.2
Elphidium gnnreri (Cole)KWDSEN in Feyling-Hansseo. Jrgensen Knudsen and
Anderson (eds.) 1971. p. 277. pl. 12. fig. 9. 10: pl. 2 1. figs. 4 - 7. (not Elphidiurn gunteri
Cole 193 1)
Numerous arcellacean species have been separated and defined through the years
(Medioli and Scon. 1983. 1988). The systematic approaches utilized range fiom the opinion of Wallich ( 1864). who believed that all arcellaceans belonged to the same species. to that of some modem specialists who have described new species for almost every variety recognized ( Deflandre. 1 928). Both approaches may be partially right as several distinct morphological populations can be observed within many arcellacean species. These snains develop in response to different environmental stresses and can be considered ecomorphs. .b abbreviated taxonomy as well as photornicro_mphs of the species discriminated (based on Medioli and Scon 1983) are provided dong with diagnoses for infiasu bspeci fic strains. Parentheses have been used to demarcate strains and to emphasize their infrasubspecific designation (Reinhardt and others. 1998).
Order ARCELLIMDA Kent 1880
Superfamily ARCEL WCEA Ehrenberg 1830 Family -4RCELLIDAE Ehrenbeq 1830
Genus Arcella Ehrenberg 18 30
drcella vulgaris Ehrenberg 1830
Plate 1-1. fisve 9
.4rceNa ~ulgarisEHRENBERG 1830. p. 40, pl. 1. fig. 6
..lrcella vulgaris Ehrenberg 1 830 REINHARDT and others 1998. pl. 1. fig. 3
Diagnosis: Test without spines. hyaline and transparent. aperture sub-terminal or occasionally central. circular or oval. invaginated.
Family CENTROPYXlDlDAE Deflandre 1953
Genus Cennopyxis Stein 1 859
Cennopyris aculeata (Ehrenberg 1 83 1)strain "aculeata"
Plate 1 - I. figure 10
.4rceZla adeatu EHRENBERG 1832. p.9 1
Cennoplxs aculeaia "aculeata" REINHARDT and others 1998. pl. 1. fig. 1
Diagnosis: Test depressed circular with I - 8 spines in postero-lateral margin.
Cennopyxis uaculeata (Ehrenberg 18 32) strain "discoides7' Plate 1 - I. figure 1 1
Arcella discoides EHRENBERG 1 813. p. 1 3 9
.-trcelZa discoides Ehrenberg, EHRENBERG 1872. p.259. pl. 3. fig. I
-4rcefiadiscoides Ehrenberg. LEIDY 1879. p. 173. pl. 28 . figs. 14 - 38
Cennop-yxiso~lrleata var. discoides PENARD 1 890. p. 15 1. pl. 5. figs. 3 8 - I 1
Cennoppis discoides Penard [sic], OGDEN and HEDLEY 1980. p.54. pi. 16. figs. A - e
Cen~opyxisaczrleata "discoides" REINtWRDT and others 1998. pl. I. fig. 2
Diagnosis: Test depressed. circular almost "doughnut shaped" without spines.
Cennopyxis consnicra (Ehrenberg 1843) strain "aerophila"
Plate I - 1. fibwe 12
Centrop~xisaerophila DEFLANDRE 1 929
Cen~opyxisaerophila Deflandre OGDEN and HEDLEY 1980. p. -18 - 49
CucurbiteNa [sic.] consnicm REMHARDT and others 1998. pl. I. fig. 6
CrntropPwisconsmictu "uerophifa" KUMAR and D.4LBY 1998. pl. fig.
Diagnosis: Test varies from spherical. subspherical to elongated with thick aperural lip at an angle of 45 ' to 60" with respect to the test. Spines absent.
Cen~op)msconrnicra (Ehrenberg 1843) strain "constricts "
Plate 1- 1. figure 13 -4rcellu Consmicra EHRENBERG 1843. pA 10. pi. 4. fig. 35: pl. 5. fig. 1
Centrop)~iscons~icta "comiricta " REINHARDT and others 1998. pl. 1. fig. 1
Diagnosis: Test tlattened with three or less spines on the fundus.
Cennopyis consn-icta (Ehrenberg 1843) stnin "spinosa "
Plate 1-1. figure 14
Crn~opycisspimsa CASH in CASH and HOPKMSON 1905. p. 62. pl. 20. figs. a - d
Cennopyris spinosa Cash. OGDEN and HEDLEY 1980. p. 62. pi. 20. figs. a - d
Cmnop~xisconsnicm "spinosa" RENHARDT and others 1998. pl. 1. fig. 5
Diagnosis: Test more flattened than strain "constricts" with three or more spines on the fundus
Family DIFFLUGIDAE Stein 1859
Genus Diflugia Leclerc in Lamarck 1 8 16
Diflugia bidens Penard 1902
Plate 1-1. figure 16
Dzflugia bidens PENARD 1902, p. 264. figs. 1 - 8
Diflugia bidem Penard MEDIOLI and SCOTT 1983. p. 21 - 22. pi. 1. figs. t - 5
Diugnosis: Test laterally compressed with two to three short spines. Aperture round and simple.
D@7ugia corona Wallich 1864
(sic)Ehrenberg subsp. D. globzdaris (Dujardin) var. D.corona
WULICH 1864. p. 244. pl. 15. fig. 4a - c: pl. 16. figs. 19.20
Difjugia corona (Wallich 1861) ARCHER 1866. p. 186
D@?ugia corona Wallich REINHARDT and others 1998. pl. 2. fig. 1
Diagnosis: Fundus with one to ten shon spines. aperture circular. crenulated by six to 20 indentations forming a thin collar.
Ditflugia oblonga Ehrenbeq 1832 main "bryophila "
Plate 1-1. figure 18
Diflugia pyr&nnis var. bqaphilu PENARD 1902. p. 22 1. text fig. 7
Diflugia byphilo Penard [sic], OGDEN aud ELLISON 1988. p. 234, pl. 1. figs. 1 - 3
Diflugib obionga "bryophifa" REMHARDT and others 1998. pl. 2. fig. 9
Diagnosis: Test flask shaped. elongated. pyriform. neck long but sometimes obscure due to coarse agglutination. aperture mow. circuiar and without lips. Test is make of conspicuousiy large sand gains. Dlfj'rugiao blongo Penard 1 902 strain "glans "
Plate 1-1. fi-we 19
Dlflugia oblonga "glans " PEN-ARD 1907
Dflugia oblonga "'glans" REMHARDT and others 1998. pl. 2. fig. 7
Diagnosis: Test oval to ovoid. slightly elongated. Fundus rounded. neck absent. aperture circular with smooth lip. test made of fine sand particles.
Di'ugia oblonga Ehrenberg 1 832 main "oblonp"
Plate i - I. figure 20
Dlflugia oblonga EHRENBERG 1 832. p. 90
Dflugia oblonga Ehrenberg 1832. OGDEN and HEDLEY 1980. p. 118. pl. 63. figs. a - c
D(j7ugin oblonga Ehrenberg 1832. HAMAN 1982. p. 367. pl. 3. figs. 19 - 25
Diflugia oblongu Ehrenberg 1832. SCOTT and MEDIOLI 1983. p. 8 18. figs. 9a - b
Drfflugia oblonga "oblonga" REINHARDT and others 1 998. pl. 2. fig. 1 0
Diagnosis: Test, pyriform, elongated to oblong, fundus rounded, neck long, aperture circular without lip, test made of general1y fine sand grains
Difjlugia oblongrr Ehrenberg 1 832 strain "spinosa "
Plate 1-1. figure 2 1 23
Diflugia oblongo vat. spinosa REWWT1998. p. 140. pl. 2. figs. 1 la - b
Diagnosis: Test pynfom. elongated. hdus large and with a distinct spine. neck short and constricrrd. aperture narrow. circular without lip. test made of fine sand grains
D@ugia oblongu Ehrenbeg 1831 "tenuis "
Plate 1 - 1. figure 22
D~rjlua~iap~vr~0nni.svar. renuis PEN-W 1890. p. 138. pl. 3. figs. 47 - 19
D Diagnosis: Test elongated. ovoid almost bean shaped. fundus subrounded to subacute. neck indistinct or absent. aperture narrow and circular with crenulated lip, test made of generally medium to fine sand grains. Diflugia protueaeiformis Lamarck 1 8 16 strain "acuminata " Plate 1- 1. fi_gne 23 Diflugra protaeifomis LAMARCK 1 8 16. p. 95 (with reference to material in a manuscript by Leclerc) D@gia acuminaia EHRENBERG 1830. p. 95 Diflugiu ucumimta Ehrenberg 1830. OGDEN and HEDLEY 1980. p. 118. pl. 4. figs. a-c Dzflugia acuminclta Ehrenberg 1830. SCOTT and MEDIOLI 1983. p. 8 18. fig. 9d Diflugiapromeifomis "acuminara " REINH4RDT and others 1998. pl. 2. fig. 5 Diagnosis: Distinguished from D%flugiaprotueiformis "clavifomis " by having a thinner wall which appears transparent under a light microscope. DVJugia protaeiformis Larnark 1 8 16 snain "claviformis " Plate 1- 1. figure 21 Difllugia prorae[fbrmis LW1 8 16. p. 95 (with reference to material in a manuscript by Leclerc) Diflugia pyifbrmis var. clmlformis PEN.ARD 1899. p. 25. pl. 2. figs. 12 - 14 D~flugiuclav[formis OGDEN and HEDLEY 1980. p. 126. pl. 52. figs. a - d D@zcgia protaeiformis strain "profaeiformis"ASIOLI and others. 1996. p. 250. pl. 2. fig. 1.a-b Difflugia protaeiformis "claviformis" RETNHARDT and others 1998. pl. 2. fig. 3 Diagnosis: This strain is similar to "acuminard' except that it has a coarser test made up of medium to coarse -grained sand. Dlflugia urceolala Carter 1 864 strain "elongata" Plate 1- I. fi_we 225 Diflugia wceolara CARTER 1864. p. 27. pl. 1. fig. 7 Diflugra urceolaru Carter 1864 REINHARDT and others 1998. pl. 2. fig. 2a Diagnosis: Test elongate: aperture a distinct hanging collar. Dlflugia zcrceolara Carter 1861 snain "utceolata" Plate 1 - 1. fi-me 26 Dlflzigiu urceohra CARTER 186-1. p. 27. pl. 1. fig. 7 Dzlfigia iirceolafu Carter 1864 RENK4RDT and others 1998. pl. 1. fig. 2b Diagnosis: Test spheroidal to ovoidal: aperture a distinct hanging collar. Family WALOSPHENIIDAE Schultze 1877 Genus Cua&rbire/iaPenard 1902 CucurbiteIIa tricuspis (Carter 1856) Plate 1-1. figure 15 Diflugia niqisCARER 1856. p. 22 1. fig. 80 CucurbiteZZu iricuspis (Carter 1856) EDIOLI. SCOTT. and ABBOTT. 1987. p. 41. pls. 1 - 1. text figs. 1 - 1 Cucurbitela nicuspis (Carter 1856) REINHARDT and others 1998. pl. 1. fig. 7 Diagnosis: Test varies from spherical. subspherical to elongated. It is characterized by a thick apedlip. REFERENCES Archer. W.. 1866. Quarterly Journul of Microscopical Science. new series. 6. 1 85 - 1 8 8. .Asioli. -4.. Medioli, F.S. and Patterson. R-T.. 1996. Thecamoebians as a tool for reconstruction of paleoenvironrnents in some Italian iakes in the foothills of the southern Alps (Orta Varese and Candia), Journal of Foraminiferal Research. 26(3). 248 - 163. Boltovskoy. E. and Boltovskoy. A. 1968. Foraminiferos y Tecamebas de la pane inferior del Rio Quequen Grande. Prov. De Buenos Aires. Argentina: Mus. Arg. Cienc. Nat.. Rev.. Hidrobiol.. 2(1). pp. 136 - 164. Boltovskoy. E. and Lena H.. 1969. Seasonal occurrences. standing crop and production in benthic Foraminifera of Pueno Desado. Cushman Foundofionjor Foraminiferal Research Contributions. 20(3). pp. 87 - 95. Boltovskoy. E. and Wright. R.. 1976. Recent Foraminifem Dr. K Junk 6.v. - Publishers - 77ze Hague. 515 p. Bradshaw. J-S.. 196 1. Laboratory experiments on the ecology of foraminifera. Cowibutions to rhe Cushman Foundmion-forForomin$imd Research. 12. pp. 87 - 106. Cann J. H. and De Deckker. P.. 1981. 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FeyIing-Hanssen. R.W.. Jorgensen, LA., Knudsen, K.L. and Andersen. A*-L.L., (eds), 1971. Late Quaternar); Foramidera fiom Vendyssel, Denmark and Sandnes. Kumar. A. and Dalby. A.P.. 1998. Identification Key for Holocene Lacustrine .kcellacean (Thecamoebian) Tau Palaeontologica Elecrronica. 1. Issue I Lamarck. J.B., 1 8 16. Histoire naturelle des anima~usans vertebres, P'erdi2re. Paris. 2, 1 - 568. Loeblich Jr.. -4.R. and Tappan. H.. 1953. Studies of Arctic foraminifera Smithsonim .\lisceiZmeorrs Collections. 121. pp. 1 - 50. Leidy. J.. 1879. Fresh water rhizopods of North America L'nired Slates Geological Swwy sj'rhe Territories. Report 12. 1 - 324. McKillop. W.B.. Patterson. R.T.. Delorme. L.D.and Nopdy. T.. 1992. The Origin. Physico-chemistry and Biotics of Sodium Chloride Dominated Saline Waters on the Western Shore of Lake Winnipegosis. Manitoba The Conadion Feild- .VaturaIist. 106. pp. 454 - 473. Medioli. F.S. and Scott, D.B.. 1983. Holocene Arcelfacea (Thecamoebians) fiom eastern Canada: Cushmun Foundation For Foraminiferol Research Special Publicorion 21.63~. 1 98 8. Lacustrine thecamoe bians (mainly arcel laceans) as potential tools for palaeol imno lo gical interpretations. Palaeogeograph-v, PalaeocIima~oZogy. Palaeoecology. 62, pp. 56 1 - 386. Medioli. F.S.. Scott. D.B.and Abbott, B.H.. 1987. A case study of protozoan interclonal variability. tixxonomic implications. JoumZ of Foruminiferol Research. 1 7, pp. 28 - 37. Medioli, F.S.. Scott. D.B.. Collins. E.S. and McCarthy. F.M.G.. 1990. Fossil 32 thecamoebians: present status and prospects for the future. in Hemleben C.. Kaminski. MA.. Kuhnt. W.and Scott. D .B.. eds.. Paleoecolog);. Biosrrutigraphy. Paleoceanography and Taronomy ofAgghtinatrd Foraminifra. NATO AS1 series. C. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 327. pp. 8 13 - 839. Nielsen. E.. McNeil. D. H. and hlcKillop. W. B.. 1957. Origin and Paleoecology of post- Lake Agassiz raised beaches in Manitoba. Canadian Journal Of Enrth Science. 24. pp. 1178 - 1485. Ogden. C.G. and Ellison. R.L.. 1988. The value of the organic cement matrix in the identification of heshells of fossil testate amoeba Journal of .bficropolrreontoIogc..7(2). 23 3 - 210. Ogden. C.G. and Hedley. R.L.. 1980. An Atlas of Freshwater Testate hoeba British .Ifuseurn (Norural Histov). Oxford University Press. 222 p. Patterson. R. T.. 1 987. Arcellaceans and foraminifera fiom Pleistocene Lake Tecopa California Journal ofForaminiferal Research. 15. pp. 333 - 343. 1990. Intertidal benthic foraminifera1 biofacies on the Fraser River Delta. British Columbia: Modem distribution and paleoecological importance. micro pale onto lo^. 36(3). pp. 229 - 244. Patterson. R.T. and Fishbein. E.. 1989. Re-Examination of the Statistical Methods used to Determine the Number of Point Counts Needed for Micropaleontological Quantitative Research Journal of PaZeontolog);. 63(2), pp. 245 - 248. Patterson, R.T.. MacKinnon. K.D.?Scott. DB. and Medioli, F.S., 1985. Arcellaceam ("Thecamoebians") in small lakes of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia: modern 33 distribution and Holocene strati-mphic changes. Journal of Foraminifera1 Research. 15. pp. 114 - 137. Patterson. R.T.. Scott. D.B. and McKillop. W.B..1 990. Recent Marsh-Type Agglutinated Foraminifera From Lake Winnipegosis. Manitoba In C. Hedeben. MA. Kaminski. W. Kuhnt % D. B. Scott (eds). Proceedings of the rhird Inremarional .Advanced Course on Paleoecolog. Biosnati-graphy. Paleoceanography. and Taxonomy of Agglutinated Foraminifera :Kf TO Advanced Sudy lnsriiures Progomme. Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences 327. 765 - 78 1. Patterson R. T.. h.lcKillop. W. B.. Kroker. S.. Nielsen. E. and Reinhardt E. G.. 1997. Evidence for rapid avian-mediated foraminifera1 colonization of Lake Winnipegosis. Manitoba. during the Holocene Hypsithermal. Journal Of Paleolimnology. 18. pp. 13 1 - 143. Penard. E.. 1890. ~tudessur les Rhizopodes d'cau douce. Wmoires de la Sociere' de Physique er d'Hisroire Xmrelle de GenPve. 31(2). I - 730. .1899. Les Rhizopodes de faune profonde dans le lac du Leman. Rewe Suisse de Zoologie. 7. 1 - 142. 1902. Fame rhizopodique du Bassin du LCman. Hen? Kundig. Geneve. 714 p. Poq. C.W.. 1978. Paired foraminifera1 ecophenotypes in Gulf Coast estuaries: ecological and paleoecological implications. GulfCoasr Association of Geo[ogicaI Societies, Transactions. 28. pp. 181 - 196. Reinhardt. E.G.. Dalby. A.P.. Kumar. A. and Patterson, RT.. 1998, Arcellacems as 34 Pollurion Indicators in Mine Tailings Contaminated Near Cobalt Ontario. Canada .Lficropaleontologv. M(2). pp. 13 1 - 148. Sageman. B.B. and Bina C.R.. 1997. Diversity and Species Abundance Patterns in Late Cenomanian Black Shale Biofacies. Western Interior. U.S.. Pulaios. 12. pp. 449 - 466. Schafer. C.T.. 1973. Distribution of tbrarninifera near pollution sources in Chaleur Bay. Rirrer. -4ir and Soil Pollution. 2. pp. 2 1 9 - 23 3. Schafer. C.T.. Winters. G.V.. Scott. D.B.. Pocklington. P.. Cole. F.E. and Honig. C.. 1995. Survey of living foraminifera and polychaete populations at some Canadian aquaculture sites: potential for impact mapping and monitoring. Journal of Foraminferal Research. 25. pp. 236 - 259. Schultze. F.E.. 1 877. Rhizopodenstudien V I. Archivfuer Mikroscopzsvhe Anuiornie. 13.9 - 30. Scott. D.B. and Medioli. F.S.. 1980. Quantitative studies of marsh foraminifera1 distributions in Nova Scotia: their implications for the study of sea level changes. Cushman Foundafionfor Foraminifrd Research Spciul Publicarion. 17,S p. 1983, Testate rhizopods in Lake Erie: modem distribution and strati-gaphic implications. Jodof Paleontology. 57. 809 - 820. Scott. D.B..Medioli. F.S. and MiIler. A.A.L.. 1987, HoIocene sea levels. paleoceanography, and late glacial ice configuration near the Northumberland Strait. Maritime Provinces, Cmadiion Journal ofEarth Science, 21: 668 - 675. Scott. D.B. and Hemelin J.O.R, 1 993, A device for precision splitting of 35 micropaleontological samples in liquid suspension. Journal OfPuleonrolo~.67. pp. 151 - 154. Scott. D.B.. Schafer. C.T. and bledioti. F.S.. 1980. Eastern Canadian estuarine foraminifera: a framework for comparison. Jolund oj.Fomminifl.rrrfResearch. 10. pp. 205 - 234. Seigle. G.H.. 1975. Foraminifers of Guayamilla Bay and their use as environmental indices. Revisra Espanola de .I.licropaleontulogio. 7.pp. 453 - 487. S trin. S.F.N.. 1 859. ~berdie ihm aus eigmrr Untersuchung bekmnt pwordmm S usswbser-Rhizo podrn, .-Ibhundhngen der iCornigiichen Bovhmischrn Gesellschujirn der R'issmschrrfien. 5(lO). 1 1 - 43. van Everdingen. R.O.. 1971. Surface-water composition in southern Manitoba reflecting discharge of saline subsurface waters and subsurface solution of rvaporites. Geuiugictri .-!usociationOf'C'unuciu Special Puper 9. pp. 343 - 352. van Voonhuysen. J.H.. 1957. Foraminiferen aus dem Ermien ( Riss-Wiirm-Intergiacial) in drr bohrung Amersfoon I (locus typicus). .CledeJelingen vun de Geologische Sfichting, .Vieztwe Srrir (LVerherl~mntls).11. pp. 27 - 39. Wallich. g-c.. 1864. On the extent. and some of the principal causes. of structural variation among the difflugian rhizopods. rlnnals und bfuguzinc of'iVufurri1 Hisfory. series 3. 13.215 - 245. Wadien. R.. 1984. Geochemistry and hydrogeology of saline spring waters of the Winnipegosis area. southwestern Manitoba. Bachelor Thesis. Univrrsiiy Of .Wmifoba. Winnipeg. Manitoba. 63 p. 36 :Maniroba. Winnipeg Manitoba 63 p. Wesaop. S.R. and Cugu. M.B.. 1999. Comparative paleoecolog of Cambrian trilobite extinctions. Journal of Puleontology. 73(2). pp. 337 - 35-1. Wright R.C.. 1968. Miliolidae (Foraminieros) recientes dei estuario del Rio Quequen Grande (Prov. De Bs. As.): Rev. Mus. Argmtino Cienc. Nat.. Hidrobiol.. 2(7). pp. 233 - 256. Figure 1-1. Map showing location of Point River Bay in northern Lake Winnipeposis. Manitoba. Figure 1-2. Map showing locations of sample stations in Point River Bay. Figure 13. Shannon Diveairy Index vs. abundance of arcellaceans and the foraminifera Cribroelphidiurngnnreri (Cole) in Point River Bay. Figure 14. R-mode vs. Q-mode cluster dia-gram showing abundances of arcellaceans and the foraminifera Cn'broelphidium gunteri (Cole). and their assemblage relationships in Point River Bay (after Westrop and Cuggy. 1999). Table 1-1. Physical data at sample srations in Point River Bay indicating water depth. pH. oxygen content salinity and temperature (readings indicated by a "-" were from the July 1997 field season. and the ~alueswere not available). Station Depth PH Oxygen Salinity Tempemure (metres) OWL) (W ("C) - Table 1-2. Chemical data from one acidified bonom water sample. and one sediment sample From the sediment-water interface (top 2 - 3 mm). at Station 29 in Point River Bay. Bunom water mean detection Sediment mean detection Chemical Species mgm timi (~@l@ linu'r Aluminum Ammonia fN) Arsenic Barium Boron Calcium Chloride Chromium Copper lroo .Manganese .Magnesium Pbospborous Potassium Sodium Strontium Sulpbate Zinc Table 1-3. Taxonomic unit counts. Shannon Diversity. Abundances and Standard Error for sample stations in Point River Bay. Station Taxonamic Counts Diversity 0.001 0 002 a 000 0.MJ 0 004 am 0 005 0 123 0 022 0.025 0 029 001 1 0 033 0 065 0009 cj.uI5 d GX 0 007 0 OK! 0 OJo 0 OM) 0 019 0 01s 0000 0 03? 0 030 001 0010 11010 a.003 0 O0-I 0 001 0 005 0004 0 000 0 591 0.495 0.961 0 013 ow 0 014 0 006 0 001 OQOO 0 007 0 00.4 0.000 0 000 0 000 0.000 0000 0 000 0.000 O Olf 004 0.003 0011 o 0i7 0.m om 0 000 0.000 0.000 0 000 0.000 om a OM om 1) 000 0 OO? 0 000 0.079 0 085 0 000 0,023 0 024 0 000 9 01 0 ow 0 000 0.008 0 006 0000 0.002 0000 0 000 0 004 0 000 0000 0.006 0 012 0000 0.007 0 01 0000 0.002 3012 0000 G 004 001 0.000 0.017 (1.022 0.wI 0011 0.013 0 005 0 006 0 008 0.000 0 00" 0 008 0.000 13rtJ7ugtu pmructprmu ';rmpeorufrs " 0000 0.002 0.m sClndyd crmr t 0 000 0004 0.000 0 01 0018 0.000 0.008 0012 0.00 0.002 0 000 0.0(10 0.004 0 000 0.000 0.027 0 014 0.m 0 01.1 0.0 1 0.000 0.002 0 002 0.000 0.004 000% Station T~xononicCounts Diversity .-I~d/ff:'t&/g~cs stmdml error = Plate 1-1. 1 - 8 Cribroelphidium gunreri (Cole. 193 1). 1. Side view ofan eight chambered specimen showing sutures: x 1 14. 2. Apedview: x85. 3. -4 large convoluted nine chambered specimen: x60. 4. Side view of a ten chambered specimen: x88. 5. Side view of a slightly corroded specimen: x95. 6. Dorsal view: x9 1. 7. Side view of a seven chambered specimen: xl12. 8. Specimen with exploded chamber: xl11. 9. drcefla vulgaris Ehrenberg. 1 830: x 13 1. 10. Cen~opyrisoculeata (Ehrenberg. 1832) strain "aculeata'*: x 1 86. 11. Centrop~xisaculeara (Ehrenberg, 1 832) strain "discoides": s 1 5 3 - 12. Cmnop~misconsrricta (Ehrenberg. 1833) strain "aerophiia": x 1 56. 13. Cmrropjxis constricts (Ehrenberg. 1813) strain "constrictd': s 1 62. 14. Centropyrzs cons~icta( Ehrenberg. 1843) strain "spinosa": x 158. 15. Cucurbirella nimpis (Carter. 1856); x103. 16. Dijfrugia bidens Penard. 1902: ~166.17. Diflugia corona Wallich. 1864: 900. 18. Dzflzigia oblonga (Ehrenberg. 1832) strai~~bryophila":x97. 19. Dlflugia oblonga (Penard. 1902) main "glans": s 154. 20. Diflugia oblonga (Ehrenberg, 1832) strain *'oblongs": x 1 14. 21. Diflugia obblnga (Ehrenberg. 1832) strain "spinosa": ~90.22. Diflugia oblonga (Ehrenbeq, 1 832) strain "tenuis": x93. 23. Dzflugia proraeij3rmi.s (Larnarck. 1 8 16) strain "acuminata": x 1 1 7. 24. Dz%/Iugiuprotaeijbrmis (Lamarck 1 8 16) strain "ciaviformis": x 1 46. 25. Diflugia urceolata (Carter. 1864) strain "dongata0-:x92. 26. Dzflugia urceolura (Carter. 1864) strain *~~ceolata~~;x 1 1 4. Plate 1-2. Cribroelphidilrm ,ounteri (Cole. 193 1) specimen stained with Rose Bengal biological stain. -4rrow indicates glob of stained protoplasm. THE ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ARCELLACEANS AND FOWINIFER4, AT -4 SITE fOLLuTED BY NATURAL SALT SPRINGS, IN YORTHERN LAKE WINNIPEGOSIS, MANITOBA ABSTRACT .-l nalysisis qf sedimenr-wafer inievuce sedimenr samples collecred in June ZgP8fiom northern Lake Finnipegosis. a ve? large lake in ceniral Mani!obo. indicate ihui urcellaceans and marine firaminifera are living in this norrhern lake environment in proximir), to soif springs which inject waters wirh saliniries np ro 60%0 and whose sediments conrain chemicals which in some cases exceed the Canadian Guidelines uoxicin; tolerances for n qua tic life:@om Moore. 1 99 1) mch as for .-irsenic 166. T pg@. chioride 1605.1 pg~gl.copper (15 pg/gl. phosphorus (1815 pgi&), manganese (129 pg/@ and snonrium 1403 pgtg). When mired with the fiesh waters ofthe lake salinities of 1.0 to 7.0%. and p H ranging from 4.9 to 8.3 have been noted with high amounts of chloride (-7063mgl). iron (0.j9 mgiLj. manganese (0.09 mg'L). sodium (1 3 00 mg/L) ond su&iate (1 6 I mgd). In his narw~122ystressed environment. the eeMyaZine foramin$iera Cribroelphidiumgmeri and rhe opportunistic arceZZaceans Centropwis acdeafa, Diflu~iacorona and Lonenodiflueia vas are thriving in low diversity populations. INTRODUCTION .kcellaceans have been used as paleoenvironmental indicators in lacustrine settings (Scon and Medioli. 1983: Patterson and othen. 1985: hledioli and Scott. 1988: McCarthy and othen. 1995: Ellison. 1995: Patterson and Kumar. 1999 in press). as bio- environmental indicators for paleoenvironmental reconstruction of late Quaternary- Holocene paleoenvironrnenrs (MedioIi and Scon. 1983. 1988: Scott and Medioli. 1983: Medioli and others. 1985. 1987. 1990: Patterson and others. 1985: Honig and Scon. 1987: Collins and others. 1990: McCanhy and othen. 1 995: Asioli and others. 1996; Ellison 1995). and as pollution level indicators (Collins and others. 1990: Reinhardt and others. 1998; Patterson and others. 1996). Numerous papers have also been wivrinen discussing the salinity tolerance of arcellaceans and foraminifera. Some arcellaceans can live in brackish waters (Todd and Bronniman. 1957: Haman. 1982: Hayward and others. 1996). and foraminifera have been used as salinity indicators in combined estuarine and river systems (Dyer. 1973: Scon and others. 1980). and as environmental classification tools in estuaries (Nichols. 1974: Scon and others. 1980). For example. in the Upper Estuarine Zone in Miramichi Bay. New Brunswick it was noted in the area where river and marine processes met that salinities were less than 20 %O ( Scott and others. 1980). Here, populations of foraminifem such as Cribroelphidilrm emarum incerrum were found living in close proximity to arcellacean populations that included Centropjxis oculeata (Ehrenberg, 1 832), Cennopyris 48 constrirra (Ehrenberg, 1843 1. Diflugia oblonga (Penard. 1902) and Difflugia urceolatu (.Carter. 1864); (Scott and others. 1980). Previous research in Dawson Bay. Lake Winnipegosis. Manitoba indicated that four foraminifera and nine arcellacean tava were found living in close proximity to inland salt springs in marshy areits (Patterson and others. 1990). Physical Setting Lake Winnipegosis is a small remnant of post-glacial Lake Agassiz. which at its maximum extent 9000 years BP was 13 1 m above the present level of the lake (Nielsen and others. 1987). Dawson Bay in northern Lake Winnipegosis. Manitoba (Fig. 2- 1) is characterized by extremely hard waters with high concentrations of Na' (up to 1300 mgL).C K- (up to 48 mgiL) and CT (up to 2063 mgR) and salinities up to 36% (Wadien. 1984: Nielsen and others. 1987). The area surrounding the bay is characterized by highly saline pools and marshes (Patterson and others. 1997) with salinities ranging From 8.3% to 6 1%0 (McKillop and others. 1992). These saline environments are the result of discharge of saline waters fiom the groundwater system (Downey. 1984) and are hypothesized to originate fiom either dissolution of Middle Devonian halites fiom prairie evaporites (van Everdingen. 1971), or fiom dense pools of brine in the Williston Basin in Alberta (Downey. 1984). The climate of Dawson Bay is continental with hot summers and cold winters, in a semi- arid setting. The wind direction is generally from the west with peak precipitation 19 occurring during the summer months (Patterson and others. 1997). Previous research on Lake .-\gassiz raised beach deposits. adjacent to Dawson Bay. indicated thar conditions in the region were warmer during the Holocene Hysithermal (6000 to 3500 years BP). Early in the Hypsirhermal (by 5430 years BP). the euryhaline marine foraminifera. ciibroelphidiurn gunteri (Cole. 193 1 ) colonized Dawson Bay (Patterson 1990: Patterson and others. 1997'). and has recently been found alive in great abundance in Dawson Bay (see Chapter I). Another live foraminifera1 species. dnnecfina viriosa P.4TTERSON and MCKILLOP. 199 I. and the arcellacean C. aculeara were noted in salt marshes in southern Lake Winnipegosis. while other arcellacean species have been found in freshwater parts of rhe lake (McKiIIop and orhen. 1992). Due to their high abundance and resistance to dissolution in low pH environments ( Thibaudeau and others. 1 987: McCarthy and others. 1 995). and because of agglutination ( Scott and Medioli. 1983). arcellaceans make excellent paleoenvironrnental indicators ( Scott and Medioli. 1983. Medioli and Scott. 1988: Patterson and others. 1985: McCanhy and others. 1995: Ellison. 1995). Research in Canada and Italy has demonstrated the use of arcellaceans as pollution indicators (Asioli and others. 1996; Reinhardt and others. 1 998: Patterson and others. 1996). Agglutinated arcellaceans are primarily benthic and reflect bottom conditions (SchOnbom. 1962; Scott and Medioli, 1983). have a generation time of only a few days. and ultimately develop distinct morphologies in response to environmental stress 50 (Patterson and Kurnar. in press). Most of these lacumine taxa prefer oligotrophic lakes wirh mildly acidic waters and are found in reduced numbers in eutrophic lakes (Medioli and orhers. 1990). Large populations of arcellaceans are present in a wide variety of tieshwarer habitats including moss. soil. peat. standing waters and sewage treatment systems and are seen in settings from tropical to polar regions (Ogden and Hedley. 1980). -4 healthy assemblage will be characterized by a Shannon Diversity Index greater than 2.5 with abundances greater than 500 specimens per cc and is usually characterized by various strains of D. oblonga (Scott and others. 1998). Immediately following he retrear of the ice sheets of the Wisconsinan glaciation. the Centrop!xid arcellaceans C. aculeafaand C. consnicta. and the Difflugid arcellaceans D. oblonga. D. urceolara and Diflugia corona (Wallic h. 1 86.1) were found to be common in lakes in Canada (McCarthy and others. 1995). During the late PPleistocene to early Holocene cold water conditions were recorded by low diversity assemblages dominated by D. oblonga with common C; acltleafiz.which is similar to assemblages seen today in Arctic lakes. As lake assemblages matured during the Holocene. they became more diverse (Collins and others. 1990) as is seen today within parts of Dawson Bay. More recendy. when the environment stabilized. biological relationships such as preditor-prey. competition or clumping became more important with increasing variability scot^ and Medio li. 198 0). Io a modem high diversity assemblage can also be found Lesquereusia spiralis (Ehrenberg. 1 840). CucurbiieIZa trimpis (Carter. 1 856): Lagenodifltgia vas (Leidy, 1874) and Nebella collars (Ehrenberg, 1848) which could reflect conditions of paludification and eutrophication (Scon and others. 1998). Environment In a marine setting, foraminifera will secrete a CaCO, test depending on whether the emironrnent is conducive to carbonate preservation (McCrone and Schafer. 1966: Greiner. 1970). Environmenrs where carbonate preservation does nor occur tend to happen in areas with low salinity or colder waters. either of which make precipitation of carbonate difficult. Carbonate presemation can also be resnicted when the pH is lowered. by the occurrence of high organic carbon or when low oxygen conditions are present in some pollured environments (Schafer. 1973: Schafer arid others. 1975: Vilks and others. 19751. .4rcrllaceans. like foraminifera. can secrete an autogenous test or form a xenogenous test. For example. Dfllcpia spp. use senogenous material like silt -gains and tend to dominate lacusnine environments where a sediment supply is readily available (Scott and others. 1998). Thecamoebans on the whole eat mostly diatoms and bacteria or in some cases can be cannibalistic (Medioli and Scott. 1983). Some like C. picuspis feed on algal mats during the summer and form autogenous tests. while in the fall they become benthic and form a xenogenous test (Schdnborn. 1962: Medioli and others. 1987). C. nicurpis which has been associated with eutrophic conditions is often seen in conjunction with the floating algae spyogyru (Medioli and Scott. 1988): and probably reflects nutrient loading associated with human occupation. Although organic loading is not usually toxic. it can 52 often create low oxygen conditions which are toxic to many organisms (Schafer and Cole. 1974). If an environment is stressed. then the assemblage tends to have low diversity and can be dominated by an "opportunistic species" (Schder and others. 199 1), such as the infnsubspecies Diflzcgia proraeformis (Lamarc k. 18 16) strain "claviformis" which can survive in areas where hi$ levels of pollutants such as As, Cd. Cr and Cu would prevent most species tiom living (.4sioli and others. 1996). These infrasubspecies have discriminated their environment better than individual species would (Patterson and others. 1996: Reinhardt and others. 1998). In German Lake. L. ws discriminates the environment occurring in a low diversity assemblage within a high pH setting (pH 8.0 - 8.3). Increasing marine influence. such as that which occurs near the upper limit of ridal activiry. decreases species diversity as shown when the only survivors are Cmtrop~xis spp. (Scott and others. 1998). Marshes can represent the extreme of the marine environment with large variations of temperature. salinity and pH (Phleger and Bradshaw. 1966). and these marginal marine environments are characterized by assemblages conraining relatively euryhaline foraminifera and arcellaceans in a low diversity setting. In a coastal environmenr. such as estuaries. these assemblages tend to be dominated by foraminifera such as Elphidium ematurn that is restricted to shallow waters with low salinities (L.oeblich and Tappan 1953). and can be found with species of the arcellacean genus Cenrropyxis (Decloitre. 1953 ; Scon and others. 1977. 1980: Collins, 1996). This type of assemblage was noted in Point River Bay and in Salt River Bay where C. pteri 53 and A-viriosa are seen with species of Cennopyxids and Difflugids in low diversity settings. A high percentage of C. oczrleafa suggests brackish condirions. while D. oblongu dominated assemblages can indicate a freshwater setting (Scon. 1977: Scott and others. 1980b: Collins. 1996). Live C. gunreri was found in abundance in the presence of D. oblonga and C. uculeata. indicating that it can survive in waters of little or no salinity. Chemistry Dawson Bay in northern Lake Winnipegosis is a unique environment that is naturally polluted via salt springs that penetrate Devonian dolomites in the area of Dawson Bay. Water flow through the substrate leaches sulfates tiom the sulfide minerals in the country rock. causing an interaction between the sulfate ions in the leachate and the hydrogen ions in the water. forming sulfuric acid and lowering the pH of the water (Gale. 1990). When these acidic. metal Iaden waters mix with neutral lake waters the result can be the precipitation of Fe. Mn and A1 in the form of hydroxides (Fohn and others. 1995: Tessier and others. 1996). The result ofthis oxidation is seen in the vicinity of the salt springs where red limonite-stained bgavelly sinter was reported by McKillop and others (1 992). In waters contaminated with Fe and Al, where the pH ranges from 2.0 to 5.5, the Shannon Diversity Index tends to be less than 1.0 with less than six species per sample. In this setting, A1 can mobilize into biologically useable fonns (Burmws. 1977): such as gibbsite. and Fe" can form oxyhydroxides such as goethite (Morel and others, 1993). In environments where the pH ranges &om 6.5 to 7.5 and the Shannon Diversity Index 54 ranges fiom 1.5 to 2.5. iU complexes into relatively stable compounds (Plankey and Patterson. 1987. 1988). Fe" is prevalent in solution when in the presence of sulfides and carbonates. Fez- oxidizes to Fe" (Morel and others. 1993). Due to a lower AG' of reaction. oxidizes at a higher pH c~Hs 7 - 8) than does Fe2-. not concentrating as much as does Fez*. allowing more advective mixing before and during formation of particulate material. As the pH becomes more alkaline (pH > 7.0) in the presence of carbonates. more WCO, will precipitate out (Tipping and others. 1984). Indications are that Arcella wlgaris (Ehrenberg. 1830) can dominate with abundances in excess of 90% in polluted waters where the pH is less than 5.5 and forms iess than 5% of the assemblage when the pH increases to 7.5. This means thar -4. wdgaris can act as an indicator for a low pH chemically contaminated environment (Patterson and Kumar. in press). C. aculeo~utends to dominate environments when pH ranges tiom 5.5 to 7.5 as in the vicinity of Cobalt Ontario (Pattenon and others. 1996: Reinhardt and others. 1998). In general. in a lacustrine environment. as the pH rises D. oblonga dominates with 25 to 50% of the species in an assemblage and D.corona. L. spiralis. D. urceoZatu and Dlflugia prorae~mis(Lamarck. 18 16) can occur in significant numbers (Scott and others, 1998). This paper will investigate assemblages of arcellaceans and foraminifera in order to constrain the various environments in Dawson Bay. METHODS Analysis of sediment-water interface samples was carried out on samples collected during July 1997 and June 1998 from the following sites within Dawson Bay: - Steeprock Bay. Steeprock Lagoon (Fig. 2-2). German Lake and Sausage Lake (Fig. 2-3). - Salt River Bay (Fig. 2-4, and - Point River Ba>*(Fig. 2-51. The week previous and during the four days of collection in June of 1998. it was raining in Dawson Bay accompanied by high winds (20 - 30 knots). This resulted in a high surf (2 - 4 m swells) and ultimately a high level of mixing within the waters of the bay giving salinity readings lower than expected for this area. At some of these sites. large populations of pristine C. gunteri were found in proximity to large populations of arcellaceans. Fifty-two sediment-water interface samples were collected from various bays and lakes in the vicinity of Dawson Bay were obtained using an Eckman BOXCorer. and the exact location of each station was determined using a Trirnble Scout Global Positioning System unit. and corroborated by triangulation. Water depth. pH, salinity and temperature were recorded at 52 stations in Dawson Bay (Table 2-1). 56 A complere geochemical analysis was carried out by keco Canada in Ncpean. Ontario. on five sediment-water interface sediment samples: and. five bortom-water samples. acidified with nitric acid from one station in each of German Lake (GL23). Sausage Lake (SL25). Steeprock Lagoon (STL27). Point River Bay (PRB79) and Salt hver Bay iSRB37). In addition. one sediment sample was analyzed fiom within a salt spring located on Salt Point iSTR49). Placed in acid washed jars. the samples were refrigerated for transportation. and and>zed immediately upon return. A variety of metals (Table 2-2) were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP - .CSL chloride was analyzed using Ion Chromatography. and arsenic and selenium levels were measured using Graphite Furnace Atomic .Absorption (GFAAS). The upper 2 - 3 rnm of sediment from each Eckman grab was removed and treated with isopropyl alcohol and refrigerated to avoid decay. To detect specimens of arcellaceans and foraminifera living at the time of collection. samples were stained in the laboratory using Rose Bengal biological stain (Goldstein and Harkn. 1993). After standing over &@t. the samples were rinsed to remove excess stain. and then sieved using a 35-mesh Tyler (500 pm) screen to retain coarse organic material and a 230-mesh Tyler (63 pm) screen to retain foraminifera and arcellaceans. One cc of sample was then subdivided into diquots for quantitative analysis using a w7etsplitter (Scott and Hermelin. 1993). The wet aliquots were analyzed under an Ol~mpusS W 10 zoom stereo microscope. Only those specimens that had one chamber M of stained protoplasm were counted as dive. Numerous stained specimens were also crushed to ensure that chamber contained 57 protoplasm. as opposed to being coated on the inside by lightly smined organic material. such as bacteria. Scanning electron micrographs of picked foraminifera and arcellaceans were obtained using a JEOL 6300 Scanning Electron kIicroscope at the Carleton University Research Facility for Electron Microscopy (CURFEM). These digital images were compiled into plates using Adobe" Photoshop 1.0 (Plates 7-1 & 2-2). Transmitted Light photo-micrographs of stained foraminifera and arcellaceans were obtained using a SLR camera mounted on a Leica WILD Macro420 binocular microscope (Plate 2-3). RESULTS One cc samples collected from the sediment-water interface at 52 stations examined yielded 50 stations with populations of foraminifera and arcellaceans large enough for statistical analysis (Table 24: Patterson and Fishbein. 1989). .4rcellaceans were not counted with respect to living populations. because with their rapid regeneration time of only a few days. total populations provide better estimates of standing crops (Scott and Medioli. 1980a). living species were noted throughout the Bay. Twenty-seven species of arcellaceans and two of foraminifera were identified in these samples. fiom which the relative hctional abundance (XJ and the ~darderror (S,) associated with each taxonomic unit were calculated using the following equation: Based on rhe results. three statistically insignificant species. Diflugia globulus (Ehrenberg. 1818). Diflugiu obionga (Leidy. 1 879) strain 'manplularis". and .V. coNuris: and Stations SRB43 and SRB49. were removed from the database and not included in subsequent multivariate analysis (Table 24: Patterson and Fishbein. 1989). The population diversity of each sample was calculated using the Shannon Diversity Index: where X, - is the abundance of each tmon in a sample. is the total abundance of the sample. and N : - S - is equal to the species richness of the sample. High Shannon Diversity index values (2.5 - 3.5) usually indicates conditions of environmental sta bilitv. while lower values (0.1 - 1.5) often indicate environmental stress (Sageman and Bioa 1997). In Point River Bay. low diversity values were obtained when the fractional abundance of C. gunteri was hi:&. and likewise in German Lake where the riactional abundance of L vpr was high. Diversity increased to a maximum of 2.4 (moderate diversity 1.6 - 2.4) with decreasing abundance of C. gunfen' or L. vas. and increasing populations of Centropyxid and Difflugid arcellaceam (Table 2-5). 59 R-mode and Q-mode clusrer analysis were carried out on the 29 species present. R-mode analysis was used to determine which species best characterized an assemblage (Scott and others. 1980a). and Q-mode cluster analysis was carried out to determine the statistically significant populations using Ward's Minimum Variance method. This resulted in a reduced data set recorded as Euclidean distances and arranged in a combined R-mode and Q-mode hierarchical diagram (Fig. 2-6). Also. the six sediment and five water samples analyzed geochrrnically were clustered using R-mode and Q-mode multivariate analysis and their results arranged in a combined hierarchical diagram (Fig. 2-7: see Fishbein and Patterson. 1993: and Westrop and Cugg~.1 999). Six assemblages were recognized based on the results (Table 2-6): ( 1 ) The Cribroelphidium Assemblage was found in Point River Bay at eleven Stations and in Salt River Bay at two Stations. This assemblage is dominated almost entirely by C. snreri (0.73 r X, r 0.99) and has a very low population diversity (Shannon Diversity Index 0.01 - 1.0). Live C. gunteri. A. viriosa and C.consnicto were found in a brown silt containing a high proportion of shell h-ments with evidence of pyitization. Water depths at these stations varied tiom two to four metres. with the pH ranC@ngfrom 1.9 to 8.3. and oxygen content from 8.4 to 1 1.4 mgL Salinity readings were low (0.0 - 1-0 %o). Chemical analysis of the sediments at Station SRB37 indicated moderate levels of Ba (0.04 rngg), ~h4.n(0.46 m&). Sr (0.33 rng/g) and Cl(0.19 rngg), while analysis of the bottom waters indicated 0.04 mgL of Ba In addition, the Canadian Guidelines 60 with respect to toxic levels (toxicity tolerances for aquatic life: from Moore, 199 1) were exceeded with 0.04 mg/L Zn in the bottom waters (mauimum 0.03 mzJ) (Moore, 199 1). (2) The Centropy-xid Assemblage occurred in Steeprock Bay at two Stations. Salt River Bay at one Station and in Point River Bay at six stations. This assemblage was dominated by C. gunreri (0.35 < Y < 0.53). bur also contained si~ificant populations of Centropyxids (0.32 < XI < 0.12) and Difflugids (0.00 5 X, < 0.46). The Shannon Diversity Index varied between 0.9 to 1.7. Here. C. gunteri. D. corona. C. aculeatu. and Diflugza oblonga (Penard. 1 902) snain "bryophilag' were found living in sediments comprised of dark brown &~jawith evidence of pyritization in some shell hpents. Water depths varied fiom 1.Z to 4.5 metres. with pH ranging from 4.6 to 7.9. and oxygen content fiom 9.3 - 10.1 mgL Salinity readings were negiigible (0 %). (3) The Lagenodifflugia Assemblage occurred in German Lake at two Stations. This assemblage is dominated by L. vas (0.69 < X, < 0.76) and has a low Shannon Diversity Index between 0.6 and 1.0. L. va~and D. corona were found living in a sediment that consisted of a brown gyttja and occurred in 1.8 metres of water. The pH in this lake was high and ranged between 8.3 and 8.6, and the oxygen content was steady at 8.6 mgiL. The salinity was 3%. Chemical analysis of the sediments at Station SB23 in German Lake indicated levels of A1 (9.93 m&), Cr 61 (0.02 mgk). Fe ( 17.2 rngg). V (0.04 mi&). Cu (0.02 mgg) and Zn (0.05 mgQ. while anaiysis of the boaom waters indicated amounts of Ba (0.04 m~a)and Zn (0.04 rngL). (4) The Moderate Diversity Assemblage was found in Steeprock Bay at six Stations. Steeprock Lagoon at two Stations. Salt River Bay at five Stations. German Lake at one Station and in Point River Bay at one Station. It is dominated by Centropyxids (0.17 r X, I 0.67) and Difflugids (0.00 5 Y 5 0.49). with low tiactionai abundances of C. ginteri (X, c 0.16), and a Shannon Diversity Index of 0.18 to 2.3. In this assemblage. live D. corona. C. aculeclra L. vas. and A. vdgarzs were found living in a fine sand at water depths varying fiom five to six metres. The pH ranged from 5.8 to 5.9. and oxygen content was high varying between 9.6 and 10.0 mgL. Yo salinity readings were available for these stations. Chemical analysis of the sediments at Station SB27 in Steeprock Lagoon indicated levels of A1 (9.93 mgg). Cr (0.02 mg'g). Fe (17.2 mg/g). V (0.04 mg/g). Cu (0.02 m&) and Zn (0.05 mdg). while analysis of the bottom waters indicated amounts of A1 (0.6 mg/L). Fe (0.59 mzJ) and Mn (0.097 m@). (5) The Difllugb corona Assemblage occurred in Sausage Lake at three Stations and in Steeprock Bay at one Station. This assemblage was dominated by D. corona (0.43 < X, < 0.79) and has a low Shannon Diversity Index between 0.09 and 1-7. Live D. oblonga were found in a brown gpja in water depths that varied 62 between 0.2 and 1.5 metres. The pH ranged between 7.2 and 8.0. the oxygen content varied between 5.9 and 9.0 mgL and the salinity varied from 1.0 to 7.0%0. Chemical analj-sis of the sediments at Station SL25 in Sausage Lake indicated moderate levels of Ba (0.04 mg'g). Mn (0.46 mgg). Sr (0.33 m&) and C1 (0.19 mu.)-z- while analysis of the bottom waters indicated amounts of Cl(1063 m@). Na (1300 m@). B (0.3.) mg'L). K (18 mg~l).Sr (1 -02 mG). NTf; - N (0.3 1 m@). SO, ( 16 1 mgL) and Mg (53.1 mgiL). (6) The Difflugia Assemblage occurred in Steeprock Bay at three Stations. Point River Bay at one and Salt River Bay at one Station. This assemblage is dominated by populations of Difflugids ( 0.32 < X, < 0.60) and Centropyxids (0.25 < X; c 0.52). The Shannon Diversity Index varied between 1.2 and 2.4. C. aculeata strain "aculeatd' and D.protaeiformis strain "claviformis" were found living in sediments comprised of a brown gyttja and occurred in water depths that varied between 3 $7to 6.0 metres deep. pH varied from 5.8 to 7.0, while salinity was negligible (0.00%0). The oxygen content varied from 9.6 m?L at station PRB 19 to 3.0 m_@ at station SRE348. The salt spring at SRBJ9 on Salt Point near Steeprock Bay indicated high levels of B (0.0047 mg/g): P (11.82 ma)and As (0.067 mgg) and a salinity of 54 %a. The sediments in the vicinity of the spring were heavily coated with limonite as reported earlier by McKillop and others (1992). Mer mixing with the waters of the lake. the 63 major ion concentrations fall between what is observed for aquatic freshwater and marine systems (Table 2-7: Morel and others. 1993). DISCUSSION The arcellacean and foraminifera1 assemblages found in Dawson Bay cover a rang of environments that could be found from marine settings to inland lakes polluted by mine tailings. The Cribroelphidium Assemblage is dominated by C. gunreri (0.73 - 0.99) and is similar to the type of assemblage that could be found in an cswin a coastal marine intertidal sening (Nichols. 1971: Scott and others. 1980). The Centropyxid Assemblage is also dominated by C.gunterz (0.35 - 0.59). but contains abundant C. caculema (0.21 - 0.421 and can contain significant Difflugids (0.00 - 0.42). and is similar to the type of assemblage that could be found in an upper estuary where river and marine processes meet (Scott and othen. 1980). The Lagenodifnugia .4ssemblage is dominated by L. vm (0.69 - 0.76) and is found in a high pH (8.3 - 8.6) chemically polluted. brackish (3%) lake. The Moderate Diversity Assemblage (Shannon Diversity Index 1.7 - 2.3) is dominated by C. aczdeata strain "aculeata" (0.38 - 0.76) with abundant D. corona (0.20 - 0.43) and is similar to the more diverse assemblages that manued after the Holocene Hypsi thermal (Collins and others. 1990). The Di/fjugiacorona Assemblage is dominated by D. corona (0.43 - 0.79) and occurs in a low- diversity sening (Shannon Diversity Index 0.07 - 1.7) as an oppommistic species in the salt spring polluted Sausage 64 Lake. D.corona discriminates its environment similar to what has been reported for polluted lakes elsewhere (-4sioli and others. 1996: Patterson and others, 1996: Reinhardt and others. 1998). The Difflugia Assemblage is the most diverse assemblage in the area of Dawson Bay (Shannon Diversity Index 2.1 - 2.4) with many Centropyxid and Difflugid species represented. This assemblage is similar to modem mature assemblages which can be found in many Canadian lakes consisting of C. aculeara. C. consrricta. D. obZonga. D. urceolara and D. corona (McCarthy and others. 1995j. No assemblage was found in the samples obtained from the salt spring. These springs. however. bring a marine component into the surrounding bays and lakes. by injecting brines and metals into the waters. This has made the area a good natural laboratory within which to study the range of conditions trom marine to marsh to freshwater. polluted or non-polluted. The environments in Steeprock Bay. Point River Bay. Salt River Bay. German Lake and Sausage Lake 1~111be discussed with respect to the assemblages found in Dawson Bay. Steeprock Bay Previous research in Dawson Bay indicated that Steeprock Bay has numerous salt springs in and around (McKillop and others. 1992) it that provide brines (up to 60% at STRSJ) to the keshwater mix. Within this system. a range of environments exist that indicate Shannon Diversity indices from zero to 2.4. Not counting the toxic waters found at the salt springs, four assemblages were found in this bay, the Centropyxid, -Moderate Diversity, Difflugia Corona and Difflugia assemblages. Salinities in the bay were close to zero except with the Moderate Diversity Assemblage in Steeprock Lagoon where it 65 ranged up to 4960. pH ranged fiom 6.8 at STRS4 to 7.8 in Steeprock Lagoon and the oxygen content within the bay ranged fiom 4.5 in Steeprock Lagoon to 8.6 at STRSJ. ail within the Moderate Diversity Assemblage which encompassed the greatest pan of Sreeprock Bay. Here. C. aculeara and D.corona were abundant with common C. conmicra. C. nimpis and D. oblonga. High levels of Fe and Mn are present. and high abundances of Centropyxids suggest conditions ranging fiom brackish (Scott. 1977: Scon and others. 1980b: Collins. 1996) to those chemicaily stressed (Patterson and others. 1996: Reinhardt and others. 1998). The Centropyxid domination of the Moderate Diversity Assemblage ties into what is expected with respect to pH ranges fiom 5.5 to 7.5. Point River Bay The environment in Point River Bay is similar to what can be found in estuaries (Scon and others. 1980) in a coastal or marine setting and is almost entirely dominated by the Cribroelphidium and Centropyxid Assemblages which show low diversity (0.01 - 1.75) and high abundances of C. gunteri. Live C. gunreri and d. viriosu were found with live Centroppids in both assemblages. and also with live D. oblongs within the Cennopyxid Assemblage. Here is a low salinity- environment (0 - 2%) with a large range of pH (5.1 - 8.3) and a wide range of oxygen (5.6 - 1 1.5 mg/L). Salt River Bay Salt River Bay indicates low populations of arcellacems and foraminifera in a low diversity setting (0.07 - 1.83). The bay is dominated by the Moderate Diversity .\ssemblage with stable pH (6.9 - 7.0). low salinity (0.0 - 1.0%) and variable oxysen content (2.7 to 9.6 mg/L). Under near anaerobic conditions. assemblages tended to be small with low diversity such as at SRBM and SW7and were dominated by C. aculeara. .%lthoughthe populations of Centropyxids. Difflugids and foraminifera are variable. the only live occurrence in Salt River Bay was C. gunreri. German Lake The major assemblage in German Lake. the Lagenod[@ugia .i\ssemblage. is dominated almost entirely by the oppormnistic species L. VQS (0.69 - 0.76) in a low diversity high pH environment (8.3 - 8.6). Found in waters 1.8 m deep. with a constant salinity of 3%. this shallow lake. found among salt pans. showed higher temperatures (1 7.0°C) which combined with the high pH to create a unique niche. L. vas has monopolized this environmenr similar to the way .4. vulgaris has dominated and indicates a low pH environment (Panenon and Kumar. in press). Sausage Lake Sausage Lake is a chemical mix consisting of abundant amounts of dissolved C1. Na B. K. SO,. Sr. NO; - N and Mg in solution. and is dominated by D. corona (0.43 - 0.79) in a low diversity setting (0.09 - 0.80). No live arcellaceam were found within the D. corona Assemblage. and counts of Centropyxids were low (0.00 - 0.15). Environmental stress caused by pollutants in lacustrine ecosystems can cause eutrophication and acidification 67 of lake waters and sediments as wi.s observed in Peterson and Crosswise lakes in northern Ontario (Patterson and others. 1996). As opposed to this. in Sausage Lake where the low diversity D. corona Assemblage exists in high pH. brackish waters. with low oxygen conditions. Salt Spring STB19 C. aculenra. can withstand a variety of hostile conditions such as salinities up to 5% (Decloitre. 1953; Scott and Medioli. 1980b: Patterson and others. 1985: Honig and Scott. 1987). cold temperatures (Decioitre. 1956). low nutrient levels and oligotrophic conditions (Sch6nborn. 1984) and sites heavily contaminated with metals such as As (Patterson and others. 1996). In polluted oxic waters. arsenate is most common. while under anoxic conditions arsenite is common. Arsenic is often adsorbed onto iron and manganese oxyhydroxides present in oxic sediments (Cullen and Reimrr. 19891. Most arcellaceans are benthic organisms which live at the sediment-water interface and tend to be good indicators of arsenic contamination (Patterson and others. 1996: Reinhardt and others. 1998). This is seen in the sediments of the salt spring located within Salt Point at Station 49. where As is in excess of current guidelines as indicated in Table 2-2. but unlike what was noted in the above studies. the environment at this site is hostile to benthic organisms. and the samples investigated were barren. The overall aquatic environment at the sediment-water interface in Dawson Bay ranges from quite stressed showing no live arcellaceans in the vicinity of the salt springs. to 68 chemically stressed sites where few species are living, such as in Sausage Lake. to less stressed sites like German Lake. which has assemblages dominated by the opportunistic species L. vas. to brackish sites in Salt River Bay and Point River Bay which are dominated by the foraminifera C. gunteri and finally afier mixing. ro moderate diversity sites in Steeprock Bay which are dominated by Cennopyxids and Dimugids. This research was partially fimded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Operating Grant to R. Timothy Patterson. and also by the Manitoba Museum. Manitoba Museum Foundation through W. Brian McKillop. Yurnerous arcellacean species have been separated and defined through the years (Medioli and Scott. 1983. 1988). The systematic approaches utilized rang from the opinion of Wallich (1 864) who believed that all arcellaceans belonged to the same species to that of some modem specialists who have described new species for aimost every variety recognized (Deflandre. 1928). Both approaches may be partially right as several distinct morphological populations can be observed within many arcellacean species. These strains develop in response to different environmental stresses. and can be considered ecomorphs. An abbreviated taxonomy as well as photomicrographs of the species discriminated (based on Medioli and Scott 1983) is provided along with diagnoses for infrasubspecific strains. Parentheses have been used to demarcate strains and to emphasize their infrasubspecific designation (Reinhardt and others. 1998). Order ARCELLNIDA Kent 1880 Superfamily ARCELLACEA Ehrenberg 1830 Family ARCELLIDAE Ehrenberg 1830 Genus Arcella Ehrenberg 1830 Arcella n&ris Ehrenberg 1830 Plate 2- 1. fi,gure I : Plate 2-3. figure 3 .-hefluwIgaris EHRENBERG 1830. p. 40. pl. l. fig. 6 Arcella ndgurzs Ehrenberg 1830 REINHARDT and others 1998. pl. 1. fig. 5 Diagnosis: Test without spines. hyaiine and nansparent. aperture sub-terminal or occasionally central. circular or oval. in~a~ginated. Family CENTROPYXXDID AE Drflandre 1953 Genus Cennop+yrisStein 1859 Cennop~misaculeata (Ehrenberg 1832) main '-aculeata" Plate 2- I. figures 2 - 3 .4rcelIo uculeara EHREh'BERG 183 2. p.9 1 Cennopyris ucukata "aculeata" REIMIARDT and others 1998. pl. 1. fig. 1 Diagnosis: Test depressed. circular with 1 - 8 spines in postero-lateral margin. Centropyxis aculeatiz (Ehrenberg 183 2) strain "discoides'" Plate 1-1. figure 4 Arcella discoides EHRENBERG 1 843. p. 13 9 .Ircella discoides Ehrenberg, EHRENBERG 1872, p.259, pl. 3. fig. I .4rcella discoides Ehrenberg. LEIDY 1879. p.173. pl. 28 .figs. 14 - 38 Cmnop-wis ac2deata var. discoides PENARD 1890. p. 15 1. pl. 5. figs. 38 - 41 Cennoppis discoides Penard [sic], OGDEN and HEDLEY 1980. p.54. pl. 16. figs. -4 - r Cennopyxis ocuIeara "discoides" REINHARDT and OTHERS 1998. pl. 1. fig. 2 Diagnosis: Test depressed. circular almost ,st"doughnutshaped without spines. Cenfropyiscomnicta (Ehrenberg 1843) strain "aerophila" Plate 2- 1. figures 5 - 7 Cennop-xis aerophila DEFLANDRE 1 929 Cennopyris aerophila Deflandre OGDEN and HEDLEY 1980. p. 48 - 19 Cumrbirella [sic.] consnicra REMHARDT and others 1998. pi. 1. fig. 6 Cennopyris consnicra "aerophila" KUMAR and DALBY 1998. Issue 1. fig. 5-1 Diagnosis: Test varies from spherical. subspherical to elongated with thick aperural lip at an angle of 45' to 60" with respect to the test. Spines absent. Centrop)ris constricta (Ehrenberg 1843) strain "constricta" Plate 2- 1. figure 8 .Ircelh Cons~icraEHRENBERG 1843. p.410, pl. 1. fig. 35; pl. 5, fig. 1 Cen~op~wiscomtricta "consnicta" REINHARDT and others 1998, pl. I, fig. 4 Diagnosis: Ten flattened with three or less spines on the fimdus. Centropyis consrricra (Ehrenberg 1813) strain "spinosa ?' Plate 2-1. fibwe 9 Cenrrop~xisspinosa CASH in CASH and HOPKINSON 1905. p. 62. pi. 20. figs. a - d Cen~opyrisspinosa Cash. OGDEN and HEDLEY 1980. p. 62. pl. 20. figs. a - d Cemop~sconsnicra "spinosa" REINHPLRDT and others 1998. pl. 1. fig. 5 Diagnosis: Test more flattened than strain .'constricra" with three or more spines on the hdus Family DIFFLUGIDAE Stein 1859 Genus Diflugio Leclerc in Larnarck 1 8 16 D$flugia bidens Penard 1902 Plate 2- 1. fibme 10 Dzflugia bidens PENARD 1902. p. 264. figs. 1 - 8 Diflugiu bidens Penard MEDIOLI and SCOTT' 1983. p. 21 - 22, pl. I. figs. 1 - 5 Diagnosis: Test laterally compressed with two to three short spines. Aperture round and simple. Diflugiicr corona Wailich 1864 Plate 2- 1. fi-pres 1 1 - 12 73 D[ffrugza protaeiformis (sic) Ehren berg subsp. D. glo bularis (Dujardin) var. D. corona WALLICH 1864. p. 244. pl. 15. fig. 4a - c: pl. 16. fig. 19.20 Diflugia corona (Wallich 1864) .ARCHER 1866. p. 186 Diflugiiz corona Wallich REIPUmT and others 1998. pl. 2. fig. I Diagnosis: Fundus with one ro ten short spines. apermre circular. crenulated by six to 20 indentations forming a thin collar. D@gia fiagosa HEMPEL 1 898 PIate 2- 1. figure 13 Diflugiafragosn HEWEL 1898. p. 320. text-figs. 1-2 Diflugiafragosa Penard 1902. p. 573. fig. 2 Dzfflugiafiagosa Averintsev 1906. p. 2 16 Diflrigiufiagrosa Schoutenden 1906. p. 344 Drfflgiafragosa Harnisch 1958. p. 40. pl. 8. fig. 21 (after Penard 1902) Difj2ugiafiagosa Scott and Medioli. 1983. p. 8 18. fig. 90 D@?zigia oblonga Ehrenberg 1832 dn"bryophila " Plate 2-1. fi-wes 14 - 15 Diflugia pyrifonnis var. bryophila PENARD 1902, p. 22 1, text fig. 7 Dzflugia bryophiu Penard [sic], OGDEN and ELLISON 1988, p. U4!p 1. 1, figs. 1 - 3 Diffrugia oblonga "bryoophila" REINIWRDT and others 1998. pi. 2, fig. 9 Diagnosis: Test flask shaped elongated. pyriform. neck long but sometimes obscure due to coarse agglutination. aperture narrow. circular and without lips. Test is make of conspicuously large sand grains. Dflugia oblonga Penard 1902 strain "glans" Plate 2- 1. figures 16 - 18 D[fjlugio oblonga "glans " PENMD 1902 Di$f7ugiu oblonga "g2an.s" REINWTand others 1998. pl. 2. fig. 7 Diagnosis: Test oval to ovoid. slightly elongated. Fundus rounded. neck absent. aperture circular with smooth lip. test made of fine sand panicles. D@?ugiu oblonga Penard 1 890 strain "lanceolata" Plate 2- l . fibwe 19 Diflugiu Ianceolata PENARD 1890. p. 145. pi. 4. figs 59 - 60 Diffugiia Zanceolafa Penard - OGDEN and HEDLEY 1980. p. 140. pi. 59. figs. A - d Dflugia oblongu "lanceolata*' RElNHARDT and others 1998. pl. 2. fig 6 Diagnosis: Test elongate. pyriform and smooth. fundus rounded. neck long. aperture circular without lip. Dzflugia oblonga Ehrenberg 1 832 main "oblonga " Plate 3- 1. fikgures 20 - 2 1 Diflugia oblonga EHRENBERG 1832. p. 90 Diflugia oblonga Ehrenberg 1832. OGDEN and HEDLEY 1980. p. 1-18. pi. 63. figs. a - c Difflugia obfonga Ehrenberg 1833. HAMhN 1982. p. 367. pl. 3. figs. 19 - 25 Diflugia oblongu Ehrenberg 1832. SCOTT and MEDIOLI 1983. p. 8 18. figs. 9a - b Difluggia oblonga "oblonga'* RELhlK4RDT and others 1998. pl. 2. fig. 10 Diagnosis: Test. pyiform. elongated to oblong. fundus rounded. neck long. apeme circular without lip. test made of generally fine sand -gains D@?ugia oblonga Ehrenberg 1 832 strain "spinosa " Plate 2- 1. fi-mes 32 - 23 Dzflugia oblonga var. spinosa REINFIARDT 1998. p. 140. pi. 2. figs. 1 1 a - b Diagnosis: Test pyriform. elongated, hdus Large and with a distinct spine. neck short and constricted. aperture nmow. circular without lip. test made of fine sand grains Diflrugia oblonga Ehrenberg 1 832 "tenuis" Plate 2- 1. figures 24 - 25 Diflugia oblongu "renuis" REMHARDT and others 1998. pl. 2. fig. 12 Diagnosis: Test elongated. ovoid airnost bean shaped. hdus subrounded to subacute. neck indistinct or absent aperture narrow and circular with crenulated lip, tea made of generaily medium to fine sand -gains. Diflugia proroe firmis Lamarck 18 16 snain "acuminata" Plate 2- 1. figure 26 DiffIugia protaeiformis LAMMCK 18 16. p. 95 (with reference to material in a manuscript by Leclerc) Diflugia ucuminafa EHRENBERG 1 830. p. 95 Diflugia acuminnm Ehrenberg 1830. OGDEN and HEDLEY 1980. p. 118. pi. 1. figs. a - c Diflugiu acuminara Ehrenberg 1830. SCOTT and MEDIOLI 1983. p. 8 18. fig. 9d Diflugia protaeiformis "uarninuta" RETNHARDT and others 1998. pl. 2. fig. 5 Diagnosis: Distinguished fiom Diflugia protaeiformzs "claviformis " by having a thinner wall which appears transparent under a light microscope. Diflzigiio protaeijbrmis REINHARDT and others 1998 strain "amphoralis" Plate 2- 1. figure 27 D@'h.@ Pmphorafis HOPKINSON in CASH and HOPKINSON 1909. p. 43. pl. 21, fig. 77 13 Diagnosis: Test almost biconicai. elongated. fundus subangular rapering to form a spine. neck absent. aperture circular. narrow without lip. rest smooth almost hyaline and small. Dzflirgia protaevbrmis Lamark 1 8 16 strain "claviformis " Plate 2-1. fi+wes 28 - 39 Dmugia protaeiformis LAW4RK 18 16. p. 95 (withreference to material in a manuscript by Lrclerc) Diflugia pyr@mis var. clmfomis PENARD 1899. p. 25. pl. 2. figs. 12 - I4 Diflligiu clm~formisOGDEN and HEDLEY 1980. p. 126. pi. 52. figs. a - d Diflzigia protueijbrmis main ~prorarijiomis''.4SIOLI and others. 1996. p. 250. pl. 2. fig. 1.a-b Dlflugia protae~formis"clavi,forrnis " REMHARDT and others 1998. pl. 2. fig. 3 Dingnosis: This strain is similar to '-acurninati*except that it has a coarser test made up of medium to coarse pined sand. Diflugia urceol~~uCarter 1 864 strain "elongata " Plate 2-2. figure 1 Dzflugia urceoiata C.4RTER 1864, p. 27. pl. 1, fig. 7 D~flugiuurceoiutu Carter 1864 REINHARDT and others 1998. pl. 2- fig. 2a Diagnosis: Tea elongate: apeme a distinct hanging collar. Dtflugia urceolara Carter 1864 swain "urceolata " Plate 2-2. ti-wes 2 - 3 Diflugia urceolata C-MTER 1864. p. 27. pl. 1. fig. 7 Dtflugia urceolara Caner 1864 RELNHARDT and others 1998. pi. 2. fig. 2b Diagnosis: Test spheroidal to ovoidal; aperture a distinct hanging collar. Genus Lagenodiflugia MEDIOLI and SCOTT 1983 Lagenodifjgia vas (Lridy 1 874) Plate 2-2. fi-wes 4 - 7 Lagenodiflugia vm MEDIOLI and SCOTT 1983. p. 33. pl. 2. figs. 18 - 23.27.28 Family HYALOSPHEMIDAE Schultze 1 877 Genus Cucurbitella Penard 1902 Cucurbitello tricuspk (Carter 1 856) Plate 2-2. figures 8 - 10 Dzflugia tricuspis CARTER 1856. p. 221, fig. 80 Cucurbitelku ninrspis (Carter 1856) MEDIOLL SCOTT. and ABBOTT. 198% p. 12. pls. I - 1. text figs. 1 - 1 Cucurbitella nicuspis (Caner 1856) REINK4RDT and others 1998. pl. 1. fig. 7 Diagnosis: Ten varies from spherical. subspherical to elongated. It is characterized by a thick apedlip. Order FORAMINIFERIDA Eichwald 1830 Superfamily ROTALIACEA E hrenberg 1 83 9 Family ELPHIDIlDAE Galloway 1933 Subfamily ELPHIDIINAE Galloway 1933 Genus Cribroelphidium Cushrnan and Bronnimann 1948 Cribroelphidium ,ounreri (Cole. 193 1 ) Plate 2-2. figures I 1 - 15: Plate 2-3. figure 1 Cribroelphidium gmnteri (Cole) PATTERSON 1990. pl. 2. figs. 1.2 Elphidium gunieri (Cole) KNLiDSEN in Feyling-Hanssen. Jrgensen Knudsen and Anderson (eds.) 1971. p. 277. pl. 12. figs, 9. 10; pl. 21- figs. 4 - 7. (not EIphidium gzinteri Cole. 1931) Family .4MMODISCIDAE Reuss, 1862 Subfamily .4MMOVERTELLMNAE Saidova 198 1 Genus dnnectina Suleymanov. 1963 .innectina viriosa PATTERSON and MCKILLOP. 199 1 Plate 2-2. fi-rmes 16 - 17: Plate 2-3. fibme 2 dnnecrina viriosa PATTERSON and MCIULLOP. 199 1. p. 36. fig. 3. 1 - 7 REFERENCES Archer. W.. 1866. @arrer[v Journal of Microscopical Science. new series. 6. pp. 185 - 188. Xsioli. X.. Illedioii. F.S. and Patterson. R.T.. 1996. 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M... 1996. .kcellaceam (Thecamoebians) as proxies of ..Arsenic and Mercury contamination in Northeastern Ontario lakes. JordofForminifera1 Research. 26(2). pp. 1 72 - 1 83. Patterson. R. Timothy. McKillop. W. Brian. Kroker. Sid. Nielsen. Erik and Reinhardt. Eduard G.. 1997. Evidence for rapid avian-mediated foraminifera1 colonization of Lake Winnipepsis. Manitoba during the Holocene Hypsithermal. Journal Of Paleolimnology. 18. pp. 13 1 - 143. Panenon R.T., Scott. D.B.and McKillop. W.B.. 1990. Recent Marsh-Type Aggiutinated Foraminifera From Lake Winni pegosis. Manitoba, In C. Hernleben, M.A. Kaminski. W. Kuhnt & D. B. Scott (eds), Proceedings of the third International Advanced Course on Paleoecology, Biostratipphy. Paleoceanography, and Taxonomy of Agglutinated Foraminifera, NA TO Advanced Study Imtitutes 90 Programme. Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences 327. pp. 765 - 781. Penard. E.. 1890. ~tudessur les Rhizopodes d'eau douce. Mrnoires de la SociAP de Physique er d 'Hisroire Xaturelle de Geneve. 31(2). pp. 1 - 230. . 1899. Les Rhizopodes de fame profonde dans le lac du Leman. Rewe Suisse de Zoologe. 7. pp. 1 - 142. . 1902. Fame rhizopodique du Bassin du Leman. Hen~findig, Geneve. 714 p. PNepr. F.B. and Bradshaw. J.S.. 1966. Sedimentary environments in a marine marsh Science. 154. pp. 151 - 153. Plankey. B.J. and Patterson. H.H.. 1987. Kinetics of duminum fulvic acid cornpiexation in acidic waters. Environmental Science and Technoiogy. 21. pp. 595 - 60 1. . 1988. Effect of Mvic acid on the kinetics of aluminum fluoride complexation in acidic waters. Environmental Science md Technology. 22. pp. 1454 - 1456. Reinhardt. E.G.. Dalby, A.P.. Kurnar. A. and Patterson. KT.. 1998. Arceliaceans as Pollution Indicators in Mine Tailings Contaminated Near Cobalt Ontario. Canada ~Mic~opaieontology.44(2), pp. 13 1 - 118. Reuss. ae.. 1862. Entwurfeiner systematischen Zusammensteilung der Foraminiferen. Sit-wngsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademze der Wissenschajten in Wien. .bfathematisch-N~~umissemc~~iicheCloss. 41. pp. 355 - 396. Sageman, B.B. and Bina C.R, 1997. Diversity and Species Abundance Patterns ia Late Cmomanian Black Shale Biofacies Western interior, U.S., Palaim, 12, pp. 449 - 466. Saidova Kh-M.. 198 1.0 sovremennom sostayanii sistemy nadvidowkh taksonov Kaynozoyskiikh bentosnykh foraminifer (On an up-to-date system of supraspecific taxonomy of Cenozoic benthonic foraminifera). Insritur Okeanologii P. P. Shirrsltov~,.ilkademi' Abuk SSSR. -Mososcow. 73 p. Schafer. C.T.. 1973. distribution of foraminifera near pollution sources in Chaleur Bay. Water. Air and Soil Polhiion. 2. pp. 2 19 - 233. Schafer. C.T. and Cole. F.E.. 1974. Distribution of benthonic foraminifera: their use in delimiting local nearshore environments. Geological Surve-v ofCanada Paper 74- 30. I. pp. lo; - 108. Schafer. C.T.. Collins. E.S. and Smith. IN.. 1991. Relationships of Foraminifera and thecamoebian distributions to sediments contaminated by pulp mill effluent: Saguenay Fyord. Quebec. Canada Marine Micropaleontology. 17, pp. 255 - 283. Schafer. C.T.. Wagner. F.J.E. and Ferguson. C.. 1975. Occurrence of foraminifera molluscs and ostracods adjacent to the industrialized shoreline of Canso Strait. Nova Scotia Wafer.Air and Soil Polluriun. 5. pp. 79 - 96. Schonbom. W.. 1962. Uber Planktismus und Zyklomorpose bei Difflugia limnetica (Lavender) Penard. Limnologiccl, M. pp. 21 - 34. . 1981. Studies on remains of Testacea in cores of the Great WowLake (IG-Poland). Linmologica, (Berlin), 16. pp. 1 85 - 190. Schouteden. H.. 1906. Les Rhizopodes testaces d'eau douce d'apres la Monographic du Prof. A. Awerintzew. Andes de BioZogie Iacustre. 1(3), pp. 327 - 382. 92 Schultze. F .E .. 18 77. Rhizopodenstudien VI. Archiv fw~Mikroocopisvhe dnarornie. 13. pp. 9 - 30. Scott. D.B.. 1977. Distributions and population dynamics of marsh-esruarine Foraminifera with applications to relocation Holocene sea-level: Dalhousie University Huiifar. Xova Scoria. Ph.D. rhesis. 252 p. Scott. D.B.and Medioli. F.S.. 1980a Quantitative studies of marsh foraminiferal distributions in Nova Scotia: their implications for the study of sea level changes. Cushrnan Foundation for Foraminijeral Resrwch. Specid Publication 17. 5 8 p. . 1980b. Living vs. total foraminifera1 populations: their relative usefulness in paleoecolo~.Journal of'Paleonmlog);.51. pp. 8 14 - 834. . 1983. Testate rhizopods in Lake Erie: modem distribution and stratigraphic implications. Journal ofPaleonroiogy. 57. pp. 809 - 830. Scott. D.B..Medioli. F.S. and Miller. ,4.,4.L.,1987, Holocene sea levels. paleoceano_graphy. and late glacial ice codiguration near the Northumberland Strait Maritime Provinces. Canadian Journai of Earrh Science. 24: pp. 668 - 675. Scott. D.B..Medioli. F.S.. and Schafer, C.T.. 1977. Temporal changes in foraminifera1 distributions in Miramichi River estuary. New Bmswick. Canadicm Journal of Earth Sciences. 14. pp. 1566 - 1587. Scott. D.B.and Hermelin J.O.R.. 1993, A device for precision splitting of micropaleontological samples in liquid suspension. Journal Of Paleontology. 67. pp. 151 - 154. Sco~D.B.. Reinhardt, E.G.. McCarihy. F.M.G. and Patterson, R.T., eds.. 1998. with 93 contributions from Medioli. F.S.- Schafer, C.T.. Collins. E.S., Tobin. R and .-\sioli. A.. Detecting Environmental Effects Using Benthic Foraminifera and Thecarnoebians. GSI Short Course. Toronto. 1 I8 p. Scott, D.B-. Schafer, C.T. and Medioii. F.S.. 2980. Eastern Canadian estuarine foraminifera: a framework for comparison. Journal of Foraminifera Research. 10. pp. 205 - 234. Stein. S.F.N.. 1859. C%er die ihrn aus eigener Lintersuchung bekannt pwordenen Susswihser-Rhizopoden.dbhandlungen der Koeniglichen Boehmischen Gesellschqfien der Wissenschaien. 5(10). pp. 4 1 - 43. Suleymanov. I.S.. 1963. NOWJ rod I dva nowkh vida iz semeystva Ammodiscidae (A new genus and two new species of the family .hnmodiscidae). Dokladari L'rbekisron SSR. Fanlar rlknderniyasining, Tmhkent. I I. pp. 4 1 - 43. Tessier. A. Fortin. D.. Belzile. N.. DeVitre. R.R. and Leppard. G.G.. 1996. Metal sorption to diapnetic iron and manganese oxyhydroxides and associated organic maner: Narrowing the gap between field and Laboratory measurements. Geochimica er Cosmochirnica Ma.60(3). pp. 387 - 404. Thibaudeau. S.A.. Medioli. F.S. and Scott. D.B.. 1987. Carboniferous marginal-marine Rhizopods: a morphological comparison with recent correspondents. Abs~acts with Programs, Geologicd Society of .America. Annual Meeting Phoenix, 866 p. Tipping, E., Thompson. D.W. and Davidson. W.. 1984. Oxidation products of Mn(II) in lake waters. Chemical Geology, 44,359 - 383- Todd. R, and BrGnnimann, P., 1957. Recent Foraminifera and Thecarnoebina fiom the 94 eastern Gulf of Paria Cushman Foundorion for Foramin@eral Research. Special Pttblicarion 3. pp. 1 - 43. van Everdingen. R.O.. 1 97 1. Surface-water composition in southern Manitoba reflecting discharge of saline subsurface waters and subsurface solution of evaporites. Gedogicczl dssociarion QfCnnadn Special Paper 9. pp. 343 - 3 5 2. Vilks. G.. Schafer, C.T. and Walker, D.A.. 1975. Muence of a causeway on Oceanography and foraminifera in the Strait of Canso. Nova Scotia Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 12. pp. 7086 - 2 102. Wallich. gc.. 1864. On the extent. and some of the principal causes. of structural variation among the di fflugian rhizo pods. .hzals and ?Magcineof Xarural Histon. series 3, 13. pp. 2 15 - 215. Wadien. R.. 198% Geochemistry and hydrogeology of saline spring waters of the Winnipegosis area southwestern Manitoba Bachelor nesis. Lniversiry Of Maniroba. Winnipeg. Manitoba 63 p. Westrop. S.R. and Cuggy, M.B.. 1999. Comparative paleoecology of Cambrian trilobite extinctions. Journal ofPdeoniology. 73(2). pp. 337 - 354. Figure 2-1. Map showing the location of Dawson Bay in northern Lake Viinnipegosis. Manitoba. Figure 2-2. Map showing the locations of sample Stations in Steeprock Bay and Steeprock Lagoon. Figure 2-3. Map showing the locations of sample Stations in German Lake and Sausage Lake. Figure 24. Yap showing the locarions of sample Stations in Salt River Bay. Salt River Bay Figure 2-5. Map showing the locations of sample Stations in Point River Bay. Figure 2-6. R-mode vs. Q-mode cluster diagram showing abundances for arcellaceans and foraminifera with assemblage relationships in Dawson Bay. Red circle indicates live arcellaceans or foraminifera within the population abundance (after Westrop and Cuggy. 1999). Figure 2-7. Combined Q-mode and R-mode hierarchical diagram for chemical species in Dawson Bay. for both bottom waren and sediment at the sediment-water interface (after Westrop and Cugg. 1999). om: :I .-- a J Table 2-1. Physical data at sample Stations in Dawson Bay including depth. pH. oxygen content. salinity and temperature. No data was available for variables indicated by **-.'. Station Depth Oxvgen Salinity Temperature Table 2-2. Chemical analysis of sediment and water samples from selected Stations in Dawson Bay (after Moore. 199 1 ) Table 2-3. Total Stations and Species investigated in Dawson Bay. Table 2-1. Taxonomic unit counts. Shannon Diversity. Abundances and Standard Error for sample stations in Dawson Bay. Station T~xonomicCouats Diversity 0 0-12 0 01: 0116 0 035 0.031 0 01s 0 053 0 019 3 090 0 025 0 ow 0 005 0 000 1) 000 0 105 0 026 0 000 0000 0000 0 000 0 101 0 OM (1 DO' om 0000 0000 0000 0000 0 002 0.m 0.ooo 0.000 0.000 0000 0.023 0.015 0.023 0.0 13 0.023 0.013 0.000 0.000 0.03 0.013 0.034 0.0 16 0.045 0.018 0000 0.000 0.020 0.019 0.000 0.000 om 0.m O.m 0.33 0.058 0.101 0.040 I). Ibl 0.049 0041 O.02f 0.014 0 016 0 023 0 020 0000 0000 0 000 0000 0009 0 013 0 20; 0 055 0 005 0009 0000 OauO 0 000 0000 0 018 0018 0000 (3.000 0000 0000 0.000 0.000 0000 0.000 0.000 0.000 O.m 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.m 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.166 0.049 0.000 0.000 OOOJ 0.0; 1 0.IS1 0 02 0 034 0 00- 0 046 0 01 0.02 0 01 0.087 0.0I2 0 020 O.m 0 01s 0.m 0.01; 0.003 0 005 c).OOt 0 000 0.916 0.45': 0 OX! 0 0.17 0 000 0 Ole 0 000 0012 0000 0 00' 0.m 0.061 0.031 0 205 0.0' 0 03s 0 000 0000 0000 0.000 0 000 0.000 0 000 0000 0.000 0000 0 000 0000 0 Oao 0.000 0000 0.000 0000 0.002 0000 0.004 om 0 002 0000 Il.OOJ 0000 0.000 0000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0000 0.000 0000 0.000 om 0.000 0000 0.002 0.000 0.004 0.m 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 o.oo0 0 004 0.000 0.002 0.023 0.120 0.070 0.0-18 0.04b 0.060 0.051 0000 0.000 0000 0.000 0.735 0.095 0012 0.013 0.000 0.000 0.011 0 ox 0 000 0.mo om 0 000 0 000 0 000 o aoo 0 000 0 000 0 000 0000 0000 0000 om 0000 om 0000 0000 0000 om 0.000 0.000 0.m 0.000 om OOUO 0.000 Q.000 Table 2-5. Population abundances of arcellacems and foraminifera with respect to diversity in Dawson Bay. Table 2-6. Assemblages in Dawson Bay. based on the results of multivariate analysis. Table 2-7. Major ion concentrations in Dawson Bay compared to tieshwa~erand seawater (after Morel and others. 1993: * McKillop and others. 1992). Freshwater (mg/L) Dawsoo Bay (mg/L) Marine (mg/L) HC0,- so,:. C1- ca2- big* Na' K- Plate 2-1. 1. Arcella vulgaris Ehrenberg, 1830; ~136.2 - 3. Centropyxis aculeara (Ehrenberg, 1832) strain "aculeata": 2. Apertural view with few spines; x172. 3. Apedview with six spines: ~221.4. Cennopyxis uculeata (Ehrenberg. 1832) main '-discoides":x 164. 5 - 7. Centampyxis constricts (Ehrenberg. 1843) strain "aerophila"; 5. Apemual view: xi%. 6. 3/4 view: x174: 7. Side view: d43. 8. Cen~opyxisconstricts (Ehrenberg. 1813) strain "constrictd': x 158. 9. Cen~oppisconrnicra (Ehrenberg, 1843) strain "spinosa": x 182. 10. Diflugia bidens Penard. 1 902: x 112. 11 - 12. Diflugiin corona Wailich 1864: 1 1. Specimen showing spines; x 187. 12. Close up of crenuiared aperture: ~436.13. Diflugiafiagosa Hempel. 1898: ~162.14 - IS. Diflugia oblonga (Ehrenberg 1832) strain "bryophila": 14. Side view: x 101. 13. Side view; x 1 10. 16 - 18. Diflugia oblongu (Penard 1902) strain "glans": 1 6. Side view; x 12 4. 17. Side view: x 169. 18. Apedview: x 1 59. 19. Diflugia oblonga (Penard. 1890) strain "lanceolatd'; ~264.20 - 21. Diflugia oblonga (Ehrenberg, 1832) strain "oblonga": 20. Apedview; ~135.21. Side view: x79. 22 - 23. Diflugiu oblongrr (Ehrenberg, 1832) main "spinosat; 22. Side view: x9 1.23. Apern~alview: x 1 19. 24 - 25. Difflugia oblonga (Ehrenberg, 1832) strain '-tenuis"; 24. Side view: x96.25. Side view; x101. 26. Difnugiu proraefonnis (Lamarck 1 8 16) strain "acuminata": x 1 22. 27 - 29. Difflugia proiaeifrrnis (Lamarck. 1816) strain Waviformis": 27. Side view; ~93.28.Side view, ~104.29.Side view: x94. .Plate 2-2. 1. Dlfltgia urceolara (Carter. 1861) strain '*elongata";x99. 2 - 3. Drflugiu urceokm (Carter. 1 864) strain 'mceolata": 3 I. Side view: x 122. 32. Side view: x I 0 1 . 4 - 7. Lagenodiflugia vas Leidy. 1874: 33. Side view: x 12 1.34 Side view: .u 130. 35. Side view: x 1 15.36. Aperturai view: x 139. 8 - 10. Cucurbirek nicuspis (Carter. 1856); 37. Side viea: ~146.38.Attached to a branch: x 150.39.Aperturai view: dOO. 11 - 15. Cribroel'hidium gunten' (Cole. 1 93 1 ). 40. Side view of a convoluted specimen: x 14 1. J1.Side view: ~121.42.Side view: x92.43. Side view: ~113.44.Side view: x73. 16 - 17. -4nnecrina virioscl Patterson and McKillop. 1991: 45. Corroded specimen: ~82.46. Side view: XI 34. Plate 2-3. Specimens stained with Rose Bengal biological stain showing globs of protoplasm. 1. Cribroelphidium gunteri (Cole. 1 93 1 ). 2. Annectina viriosu Patterson and CONCLUSION This research has placed a live foraminifera. Cribroelphidiurn gzmreri (Cole. 193 1) into a non-marine. inland setting where previous research had concluded that is was present in the fossil record. but, had not survived the cooler temperatures since the Holocene Hypsitherrnal warm interval. This is si-gificant because it indicates that this foraminifera is not be restricted to marine environments. or that salt marsh conditions existed when C. gunreri was deposited in Point River Bay. This hi?@& adaptable foram is able to adapt to low salt conditions. while being dependant upon a specific range of temperature to reproduce. This research has placed Cribroelphiditrrn gunieri Cole. 193 1 funher north than any other known occurrence of this species in the world. The range of environments presented in this natural laboratory set in northern Lake Winnipegosis. Manitoba have given us an opportunity to invenigate assemblages found elsewhere in a variety of environments. Moderately diverse freshwater assemblages. such as the Moderate Diversity and DvJugia Assemblages. were dominated by centropyxids and difflugids in Steeprock Bay: while brackish environments showed estuarine assemblages, such as Cribruelphidium and Centropyxid Assemblages, and were dominated by Cribroel'idium gunferi in Point River Bay and Salt River Bay. h addition. some stressed environments had assemblages dominated by opportunistic species. Lagenodiflugiirr vas Leidy. 1874. a high pH indicator represented the L-ugenodif/giu Assemblage in German Lake. The Di#Zugiiz Corona Assemblage in 113 Sausage Lake. dominated by Dzflugia corona Wallich. 1864. lives in a low diversity. chemically stressed environment. This research has shown that Dawson Bay includes a variety of environments. found usually in sepmte ge~~graphicalsettings. that indicate diverse assemblages. Using this study as a baseline. a time line should be investigated in order to determine what assemblages and corresponding environments existed back to the Wisconsinan Glaciation. Hostile High stressed environment with small numben of species of arcellaceans and or foraminifen due ro any number of chemical or physical parameters mentioned in this repon Lake Northern Lake Winnipegosis in the vicinity of Dawson Bay. including the bays and smaller lakes in this report. unless specified otherwise Polluted .by physical or chemical parameter that puts stress on an assemblage and restricts the number of species or taxa within that assemblage Population Number of taxa within an assemblage Taxon Number of species within an assemblage