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1986 Illustrated key to families in Louisiana sugarcane A D. Ali

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Recommended Citation Ali, A D., "Illustrated key to spider families in Louisiana sugarcane" (1986). LSU Agricultural Experiment Station Reports. 856. http://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/agexp/856

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the LSU AgCenter at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Agricultural Experiment Station Reports by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Illustrated KctrY SPIDER FAM In Louisiana A. D. ALI and T. E. REAGAN

Bullet in No. 773 June 1986

~\J LOUISIANA • AGRICULTURAL ~. EXPERIMENT STATION LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL CENTER Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by a grant from the College of Ag­ riculture. The authors are grateful to Dr. G. B. Edwards of the Florida State Collection of , Gainesville, and Dr. H. W. Levi and Mr. John Hunter of the Harvard University Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, for the opportunity to study with them parts of their collection. Special thanks are given to Mr. Gerald Lenhard of the Louisiana State University Department of Entomology for photographing the specimens.

Cover picture: : Misumenoides formocipes.

Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, C. Oran Little, Director Loui iana State University Agricultural Center, H. Rouse Caffey, Chancellor The Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station follows a nondiscriminatory policy in programs and employment. Illustrated Key to Spider Families in Louisiana Sugarcane

A. D. Au' AND T. E. REAGAN2

Spiders play an important role as predators of numerous insect pests of crops (Ali and Reagan 1985; Negm and Hensley 1967, 1969; Whitcomb et al. 1963). The life history of is generally the same. Females lay 20 to 100 or more eggs in masses protected with a silken covering. Spiderlings hatch and disperse through -the spiderling climbs to an elevated portion of a plant, produces a silk thread which, when sufficiently long, is caught in a wind current carrying the owner with it. In some families, for example Lycosidae (wolf spiders), the female carries the egg sac, and when the spiderlings hatch, they climb on her back and stay with her for a period of time. Spiders capture their prey in two general fashions: by constructing .a web and trapping prey in it or by actively hunting prey on the ground or on vegetation. The prey is poisoned by a bite with the , and the inner tissues are dissolved and sucked out, leaving the dried external skeleton. This key is intended for use by persons interested in identification of spiders to the family level. Although most of these spiders were collected from sugarcane, families included here may also be found in other crops in Louisiana. A list of species by family of spiders from Louisiana sugarcane fields was first presented by Negm et al. ( 1969). Ali and Reagan (1985) pre­ sented a more recent list in which they confirmed the occurrence of 67 species in Louisiana sugarcane. These lists can be used to verify the identity of specimens collected in sugarcane fields in Louisiana. Specimens illustrated in the color photographs are representative of their corresponding families. In as much as within a family one finds a tremendous range of morphological and ethological variability, it is nec­ essary to use more comprehensive keys when a specimen does not fit the descriptions given here, or when identification to the generic or specific level is desired. For example, within the family Salticidae Uumping spi­ ders) members of the genera Peckhamia, Sarinda, and Synemosyna differ •Former graduate assistant, Department of Entomology, Agricultural Experiment Sta­ tion , LSU Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, La. 70803; currently Extension Speciali st, Department of Entomology, Univeristy of California, Riverside, Ca. 92521 . 2Professor, Department of Entomology, Agricultural Experiment Station, LSU Agri­ cultural Center, Baton Rouge, La. 70803 . 3 from the typical salticid form by their ant mimicry (resembling members of the insect family Formicidae). Additionally, within the family Lycos­ idae, members of the genu Geolycosa inhabit burrows constructed in the ground, while those in Pardosa and most of Lycosa wander about on the surface. More detailed keys are available for identification to the family (Kaston 1982, and Roth 1982), as well as generic and specific (Kaston 1948) levels. Reviews of genera also can be found in various bulletins of the American Museum Novitates and other publications such as Journal of , Journal of the New York Entomological Society, Annals of the Entomological Society of America, and Florida Entomologist. The overall morphological features of spiders with their corresponding nomenclature are shown in Figure I through 33 . Additional illustrations are provided to point out major morphological and ethological familial characteristics.

· chelleera tan1 · -.W. ot maldDa -1-. ·. _..:&· · ...t,e .·

raclialfu.rrow eo... ~ollie•

cardiac - ~ -~..,... . ~ .. •'6IYl'Ula area .·· ...... ~ \

e~funow · · \ I

wnt.er

donum B A .• aa&erior •rlll' _..rreeu .

...... ·-"' ·· ···~...... anal tuberc&e •··· . ::::~·- ·_ .... .-Urior .... MU . •...•.. ::.:

Fig. 1.-Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) view of spider external anatomy. 3Figures from Ka ton, B. J., How to Know the Spiders, 3d ed. (c) 1972, 1978 Wm C. Brown Publi her , Dubuque, Iowa. All Rights Re erved. Reproduced by special permission. 4 posterior lateral eye - __

clypeus

/ . / an t er1or / median eye A

• promarginal teeth '. • -- _ - of chelicerae ,_i...- Fig. 2.-Anterior view of a spider face.

tibia patella

femur claw Fig. 3.-Lateral view of a generalized spider leg.

crib~llum

calamistrum ~> Fig. 4a.-Posterior ventral view of Fig. 4b.-Metatarsus IV with a row the silk-producing . of bristles forming the calamistrum.

claws

claw~~ tuft --- scopuJa.------/ '

Fig. 5.-Lateral view of a tarsus with two claws and claw tuft. 5 ..

Fig. 6a.-Posterior ventral view of Fig. 6b.-Posterior ventral view of the cylindrical anterior . the conical anterior spinnerets.

,"}(": (, _(t:·@....r '1 . ·a. \ b

ustentaculum Fig. 7 .-Ventral view of Anyphaeni­ Fig. 8.-Lateral view of a tarsus with dae gaster. (a) Epigastric furrow; (b) three claws. tracheal spiracle.

MIMETIDAE

Fig. 9.-Anterior view of metatarsus I with the spination characteristic of Mimetidae.

Fig. 10.-Ventral view of Hahniidae arrangement. 6 0 0

Fig. 11.-Hexagonal eye arrangement characteristic of Oxyopidae.

Fig. 12--Typical orb web. Pi, I

Fig. 13.-Ventral view of curved epi­ gastric furrow of Tetragnathidae. 7 Fig. 14.-Funnel web characteristic of most .

__ -.:::: - ~- - - -~- ...... - -:: ~ -.... - ...... - ~ .... -· -- ' . .- .- ~ - .-- -· / / . -.- . . / / ff..J.. -;::;-. - · --: - . · -- . .. -::_.._ - ,..-.:..- : ;...::.-::,,....,_,, -::...c--~ ...... - - co mb ·-·· ----- Fig. 15--Dorsal view of notched Io­ Fig. 16.-Lateral view of tarsus IV i rum of Pisauridae. with a row of serrated bristles form­ ing a comb. J

Fig. 17 .-Ventral view of labium with a rebordered anterior edge. Agelenidae: naevia Clubionidae: Castianeira descripta

Anyphaenidae: Aysha velox Dictynidae: sublata

Araneidae: Neoscona arabesca Gnaphosidae: Drassyllus depressus Plate I

9 Hahniidae: Neoa111isrea agilis Mimetidae: Mimetus hesperus

Linyphiidac: Eperigo 11 e ba 11 k.1i . esti cidae: Eid111w1ella pa/Iida

Lycosidae: Schiwcosa avida Oxyopidae: Oxyopes salricus Plate II : latithorax Tetragnathidae: Tetragnatha sp.

Pisauridae: Dolomedes scriptus : Latrodectus mactans

Salticidae: Phidippus audax : U/oborus glomosus Plate III

11 Key to Spider Families in Louisiana Sugarcane

Cribellum/Calamistrum (Figs. 4a, b)

Present Absent

Poison glands absent, geometric Poison glands present, irregular orb-webs or sections of webs, webs, with 6 or 8 eyes ( ome with a etal bru h on tibia I), with 8 eye Dictynidae

Uloboridae

N Two tar al claws (claw tuft Three tar al claws without claw occa ionally pre ent, Fig. 5) tufts (Fig. 8) t Anterior median eye largest All eyes subequal Salticidae Anterior 2 pairs of legs All legs laterigrade (Jumping spiders) prograde, resembling a crab 1 l Legs I and It enlarged and Legs II usualiy the largest subequal Thomisidae Philodromidae (Crab spiders) All legs laterigrade

Anterior spinnerets cylindrical, Anterior spinnerets conical heavily sclerotized and larger (Fig. 6b) I than the others (Fig. 6a) I I to Trachael spiracle \13 ·or more Goaphosidae Trachael spiracle contiguous spinnerets closer to epigastric furrow (Fig. 7) Clubionidae (Sac spiders) Anyphaeoidae

Three tarsal claws without claw tufts (Fig. 8) I I Primarily wanderers (though Primarily Ib-builders they may construct a nocturnal retreat) I I· Tibia and metatarus I and II with Without such spines a row of long spines interspersed with short ones (Fig. 9) Spinnerets almost Spinnerets in 3 rows in a tranverse Mimetidae row (Fig. lO) Eyes arranged in a hexagonal Eyes not arranged (Pirate spiders) pattern (Fig. 11) as such Hahoiidae Oxyopidae Lycosidae (Lynx spiders) (Wolf spiders) Primarily web-builders

Webs aerial, orb-shaped (Fig. Webs not rb-shaped 12)

Femora usually without long Femora with long setae, etae, epigastric furrow straight, epigastric furrow curved (Fig. chelicerae not enlarged 13), chelicerae enlarged Araneidae Tetragnathidae (Typical orb weaver ) (Long-jawed orb weaver )

Webs funnel- haped, clo e to the Webs variable in shape ground (Fig. 14) Egg sac usually Egg sac held under Agelenidae protected in the cephalothorax, posterior lorum cob or sheet web section fits into a notch in the (Gras or funnel web spiders) I anterior section (Fig. 15) I I Tarsu IV without a ventral row Tarsus IV with such a row (Fig. Pisauridae of bristles forming a comb 16) (Nursery web spiders) Comb bristles longer than the Comb bristles not longer than the (Sheet weaving spiders) dorsal tarsal bristles, labium not dorsal tarsal bristles, front edge rebordered of labium rebordered (Fig. 17) Theridiidae Nesticidae (Comb-footed spiders or black widow spiders) Glossary Selected taxonomic terms used in key: Calamistrum: a single or double row of bristles on the dorsal side of metatarsus IV . Cephalothorax: anterior portion of the body formed by the fusion of head and thorax. Chelicerae: enlarged mouth appendages with a fang on their distal end. Equivalent to insect mandibles. Cribellum: a plate-like silk-excreting structure on the ventral side of abdomen, anterior to the spinnerets. Epigastric furrow : horizontal groove on the ventral side of abdomen, has a sexual function . Labium: lower appendage in the mouth area, fused to the ventral plate of the cephalothorax. Laterigrade: lying in a plane perpendicular to the main axis of the body. Lorum: connecting structure between cephalothorax and abdomen. Prograde: facing the anterior end of the body. Rebordered: with a thickened edge. Sclerotized: hardened with a solid protein (sclerotin). Serrated: saw-like. Setae: hair-like spines found on the outer body surface. Trachael spiracle: external opening of the internal tracheae (breathing apparati) , located on ventral side of abdomen.

15 References Cited

Ali, A. D. and T. E. Reagan. 1985. Spider inhabitants of sugarcane ecosystems in Louisiana: an update. Proc. Louisiana Acad. Sci. 48: 18-22. Kaston, B . J. 1948. Spiders of Connecticut. Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 70, 874 pp. , / . / ". . Kaston, B. J: 1982. How t~ ·.kno th'e pider . 3rd ed. Wm. C. Brown Co. Pub!., Dubuque , J ~,.~~p. Negm, A. A. and S. D . Hens)ey. 1967. The relationship of predators to crop damage inflicted by the sugarcane borer. J. Econ. Entomol. 60: 1503-1506... ·. Negm, A. A. and · s·~"D. HensJey . .,J 9Q9 . Evaluation of certain biological control agents of the sug;

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