1325 Women, Peace and Security Agenda Peace and Security Women, Global Network of Women Peacebuilders Costing and Financing Costing and Financing Examining the Resources Needed Security to Council Resolution 1325 Implement at the UN National Level the Gaps and Glitches on Financing as the Gains, as well

Costing and Financing 1325 Mavic Cabrera-Balleza and Nicola Popovic Global Network of Women Peacebuilders y n etwork ivil societ ctio nternational I C A N CAN I Cordaid Global Network of Women Peacebuilders

Cordaid is committed to contributing to a just and The Global Network of Women Peacebuilders sustainable world. Our role is to fight poverty and (GNWP), a program partner of the International exclusion. As one of the largest Dutch development Civil society Action Network (ICAN) is a coalition organisations, we work with almost a thousand of 52 women’s groups and other civil society Some of the recommendations of this study are now being partner organisations in Africa, Asia, the Middle organizations from Africa, Asia and the Pacific, implemented through a pilot project jointly carried out by Cordaid East and Latin America on the following fields of West Asia, Europe and Latin America that are and the Global Network of Women Peacebuilders (GNWP) in Burundi. activity: conflict transformation, emergency aid directly involved in advocacy and action for the and disaster risk reduction, health and well-being, full implementation of UNSCR 1325 and 1820 The project will include the establishment of a multi-stakeholder entrepreneurship and urban development. We on Women, Peace and Security, including the financing mechanism for the implementation of SCR 1325. believe that every person is able to induce positive supporting resolutions 1888, 1889 and 1960 at the changes for his or her community. We support local, national, regional and international levels. It organisations and individuals who are successful consolidates and strengthens efforts in bridging the In 2010, GNWP together with its members and partners from at doing so. gap between policy discussions at the international Afghanistan, Burundi, Canada, DRC, Fiji, Nepal, Netherlands, level and policy implementation and action on Philippines, Rwanda, Sierra Leone and Uganda carried out an For more information: the ground. It is a platform that enables members independent in-country and global civil society monitoring project www.cordaid.nl to share information, experiences and strategies in ways that enhance both their individual and of SCR 1325 from a unique civil society perspective. The members collective outreach and impact. collected and analyzed data to assess progress in the implementation of SCR 1325 at the country level. The country reports were compiled For more information: and collectively analyzed to create a global snapshot of the progress www.gnwp.org and gaps in implementation, and published in the report “Women Count - Security Council 1325: Civil Society Monitoring Report.” Authors: Mavic Cabrera-Balleza and Nicola Popovic Principal Researcher: Nicola Popovic In 2011 GNWP will conduct a second phase of the civil society in- Editors and Project Supervisors: Dewi Suralaga and Mavic Cabrera-Balleza country and global monitoring of SCR 1325, intended to assess Contributing Researcher and Writer on Private Sector Section: Mahima Achuthan Contributing Researchers: Alicia Brindisi, Yama Fadera, Jennifer Patello, Ana Sanchez progress from the initial phase, refine indicators where necessary Mera, Dawn Thomas and Susan Wojie, and uncover the effects of recent political developments at the Editorial Consultants and Reviewers: Marina Durano, Fernanda Hopenhaym national, regional and global levels. Copy Editor and Publication Coordinator: Helena Gronberg Cover design and layout: Aileen Familara, Siddharth Khandelwal and Swati Paranjpe The civil society in-country and global monitoring of UNSCR 1325 project built on the work of the UN Technical Working Group on Creative Commons. You are free to use the materials in this publication for research and Indicators, as well as other initiatives on policy monitoring, such educational purposes. Please credit the authors, editors and publishers. as the study “What the Women Say: SCR 1325 and Participation,” published by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and ICAN. Cabrera-Balleza, M. and Popovic, N. (2011) Costing and financing 1325: examining the resources needed to implement UN Security Council Resolution 1325 at the national level as well as the gains, gaps and glitches on financing the women, peace and security agenda. Cabrera-Balleza M. and D. Suralaga (Eds.) Cordaid, the Hague, the Netherlands and GNWP, New York, USA. Costing and Financing 1325:

Examining the Resources Needed to Implement UN Security Council Resolution 1325 at the National Level as well as the Gains, Gaps and Glitches on Financing the Women, Peace and Security Agenda

Mavic Cabrera-Balleza and Nicola Popovic Dewi Suralaga and Mavic Cabrera-Balleza, Editors Published by Cordaid and ICAN-GNWP May 2011 (Revised and updated edition) Preface however, the issue of 1325 implementation the private sector and other stakeholders. has never been just about finding more Governments from the Global North as well resources. Both organizations are convinced as the Global South need to ensure that More than ten years ago the landmark that sufficient resources to ensure 1325 there is adequate and predictable funding UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on implementation can be located provided for 1325 implementation, and guarantee the Women, Peace and Security (2000) was all stakeholders are committed to ensuring most efficient and transparent use of the adopted. In those ten years, only 25 out of proper budgeting; efficient use of resources resources. 192 member states have developed national and accountability; and synergy and action plans. Women make up less than collaboration. Cordaid and GNWP urge UN entities eight percent of participants in official to ensure synergy and efficiency in the peace negotiations. Sexual violence in The study on costing and financing 1325, allocation and usage of financial resources conflict continues. A report released by the which was revised in early 2011, analyzes for work on women and peace and security. American Journal of Public Health in May the normative framework on women Additionally, Cordaid and GNWP would like 2011 states that, “More than 1,100 women and peace and security and strategies to pose a challenge to the private sector to are raped every day in the Democratic for financing SCR 1325 implementation, do their part and provide financial, in-kind Republic of Congo (DRC), making sexual including the role of the private sector. support and expertise to promote women’s violence against women 26 times more It also examines the patterns in resource rights and ensure their full and equal common than previously thought.” allocation for 1325 implementation; the participation in all levels of decision-making. role of women’s groups and civil society Not only would such support promote a This dismal record demands a stronger and in implementation as well as in resource sound and more stable business environment more coordinated response to the issue generation; and donor priorities and how in the countries where companies operate of women and peace and security, which these affect the work of civil society on the but it would also be in line with the in turn requires efficient and coordinated ground. It seeks to put under the spotlight businesses’ corporate social responsibility. mobilization of resources. The importance of initiatives of women’s NGOs and civil society adequate funding for the implementation that need to be prioritized. In other words, We hope to continue the discussions on this of SCR 1325 were highlighted both in the one of the long-term goals of the project issue. If you have specific suggestions on indicators developed by the UN Technical is to harmonize donor priorities and the what areas of costing and financing women, Working Group on Indicators and in the funding needs of civil society organizations peace and security should be investigated, or civil society indicators developed by the engaged in advancing the women, peace any comments and questions regarding this Global Network of Women Peacebuilders and security agenda. study, we encourage you to contact us. We (GNWP) in 2010. The UN Secretary-General’s sincerely thank everyone who contributed to report to the Security Council during Some of the recommendations of the making this project possible. the 10th anniversary of 1325 further study are now being implemented through stressed: “The ultimate success of national a pilot project jointly implemented by Dewi Suralaga action plans depends on their funding Cordaid and GNWP in Burundi. The project [email protected] and the commitment to ensure their full will include the establishment of a multi- for Cordaid implementation. The availability of adequate stakeholder financing mechanism for the resources remains a great challenge.” implementation of SCR 1325. and These were some of the main reasons why Cordaid and the Global Network of Women Cordaid and GNWP strongly encourage both Mavic Cabrera-Balleza Peacebuilders (GNWP) jointly commissioned civil society and governments to identify [email protected] a study on costing and financing 1325 innovative ways of resource generation for the International Civil society Action implementation that was published in time including fund sourcing through inter- Network- for the 10th anniversary of the resolution ministerial collaboration, gender responsive Global Network of Women Peacebuilders in October 2010. For Cordaid and GNWP budgeting and exploring partnership with i ii Foreword support implementation of Resolution 1325, Foreword implementation through the prioritization helps optimize the resources more efficiently. and coordination of strategies and activities. To make our action plan work, we need to Progress is also seen in the increases in the My country, Sierra Leone is a post conflict learn more about local needs and capacities. The adoption of Security Council resolution numbers of women in national parliaments country emerging from an eleven year The engagement of local communities is thus 1325 in 2000 was celebrated as an important around the world, including some countries devastating civil war that left our country in imperative in implementing the resolution. To this milestone. For many years the specific emerging from armed conflict, which has tatters. One major casualty was the personal end, communications need to be strengthened, situations, roles, needs and rights of women led to an increased number of opportunities security and health of our women and children capacities increased and resources invested. during and after armed conflict had remained for women and women’s organizations to who bore the brunt of unspeakable brutality unaddressed. Resolution 1325 (2000) finally contribute to the prevention of conflict meted out to them. This coupled with decimated In the case of Sierra Leone, much of the resources recognized women’s rights to protection and to participate in conflict resolution, national infrastructure of course translated into emanated from external sources, such as from violence and to participation in all peacebuilding and peace negotiations. unfortunate consequences such as high maternal international donors. We are grateful and aware peace and security processes to prevent, and child mortality and low level of literacy that a close working relationship between the manage, and resolve conflict. It has opened donor and the local population is needed to Through advocacy and targeting of police and among the worst in the world. doors for women all over the world – it has military, the number of women peacekeepers evaluate the success of the investment made. shone limelight on the capabilities of women, Since the end of the war, Government has This can only happen when there is a balanced in those units has increased. Currently women their resilience and creativity in the face of constitute 9 per cent of the UN police and 4.2 made laws and Constitutional reforms aimed at and mutually respectful relationship between disruption, chaos and tragedy. addressing these urgent matters. Chief among donor and recipient. Furthermore, the effective per cent of military experts and 2.3 per cent of these are the three ‘Gender Laws’: Domestic and efficient coordination between the different troops. The United Nations Mine Action service In the past decade, there has been a stronger has been relentless in ensuring that mine Violence Act; Registration of Customary Marriage incoming resources, projects and activities are acknowledgement of the differentiated and Divorce Act; Devolution of Estates Act and key to successful implementation. In Sierra Leone action programmes have an equal impact on impact of armed conflict on women and women, men, boys and girls. the Child Rights Act. Soon to be followed by for example, we receive support from different their contribution to peace processes. Within two other ‘Gender Bills’: Matrimonial Causes Bill governments, international and civil society the Security Council itself, resolution 1325 Nevertheless, ten years after the adoption and Sexual Offences Bill. Further, Sierra Leone organizations. The harmonization of these efforts (2000) has led to the adoption of other key has ratified CEDAW and is implementing UN will contribute to more comprehensive and of resolution 1325 (2000), women and resolutions on women, peace and security, girls continue to be victims of untold Security Council Resolutions as is evident in the effective resourcing. including resolutions 1820 (2008) and 1888 development and adoption of the Sierra Leone gender-based violence, sexual violence and We need studies such as the one initiated by (2009) on sexual violence during conflict and discrimination in the context of armed conflict National Action Plan on UN Security Council 1889 (2009) which urges UN Member States Resolutions 1325 and 1820. This action plan Cordaid and the Global Network for Women and its aftermath. Impunity persists for the Peacebuilders (GNWP) to ensure that resources and other relevant actors to take further perpetrators of horrible crimes. Women has been the result of efforts from government, measures to improve women’s participation development partners and civil society, with allocated for resolution 1325 to reach the local continue to be under represented in the population in a way that is useful to them. We in all stages of peace processes. At the process of decision-making for sustainable support from international actors. New actors, international level initiatives on women and such as the private sector, are playing an active need open dialogue between donor and recipient development, humanitarian assistance and countries to empower those shattered by armed peace and security have increased, addressing maintenance and consolidation of peace. The role in implementing these resolutions in the in a more targeted way different aspects whole of West African Sub-Region. conflict, and to prevent conflict and gender-based United Nations system still lacks a strategic violence in the first place while protecting the of the resolution such as violence against and focused plan for the implementation of Now we face the challenge of implementing the most vulnerable among us. women and the need to end impunity for resolution 1325 (2000). The UN System-wide plan successfully. To achieve that, a high level perpetrators, enhancing women’s participation Action Plan has yet to enhance collaboration of commitment, political leadership, local action in decision-making, especially in efforts both in terms of resource mobilization and related to peace and security and further and independent monitoring and evaluation is Dr. Soccoh Alex Kabia planned activities. required. Local infrastructure, capacities; and clarifying and responding to the gender Minister of Social Welfare, Gender and Children’s dimensions of conflict. existing resources are often weak and need to be Affairs of Sierra Leone A lesson which emerges clearly is that women supported to put policies into practice. Assessing must be heard and their inputs harnessed what already exists and mobilizing international Written in October 2010 for first edition, during At the national level, 22 countries have Dr. Soccoh Alex Kabia’s term as Minister of Social during and in the aftermath of situations and national funding and resourcing to adopted national action plans on Security of armed conflict. They must be present Welfare, Gender and Children’s Affairs of Sierra Leone Council resolution 1325 (2000) to guide iii iv when peace is brokered and participate years. It is expected that the information and Contents in maintaining the peace. They must be examples contained in the study will support empowered through participation to resist the the proper accounting for the funds dedicated physical and mental assaults in order to secure for the Security Council resolution 1325(2000), Acknowledgements viii their rights and welfare. Adequate resources, to be implemented in a more effective, Acronyms ix protection and support mechanisms must be transparent and coherent way. provided to make this participation possible. 1. Introduction 1 2. Outlining the Normative Framework 7 The tenth anniversary of Security Council a. Women and Peace and Security (WPS) 9 resolution 1325 (2000) is an important i. Sexual Violence in Conflict 9 opportunity to renew commitments and ii. Indicators on Women and Peace and Security 10 galvanize global, regional and national Rachel Mayanja, iii. Civil Society Monitoring Initiative 12 action to support the full implementation of Assistant Secretary-General of the iv. Other International Norms 13 resolution 1325 (2000) and related Security United Nations, Special Adviser on Council resolutions. It is critical to address Gender Issues and Advancement b. Financing Development, Peace and Equality 15 the totality of challenges in implementing of Women i. Official Development Assistance (ODA) 16 resolution 1325 (2000), including the financial ii. Gender Mainstreaming 19 constraints that have hitherto hampered Written in October 2010 for first implementation. Effective planning and edition, during Ms. Mayanja’s term as 3. Implementing Resolution 1325 21 implementation requires predictable funding. the Secretary General’s Special Adviser a. At the International and Regional Levels 22 This assumes greater importance in the on Gender Issues and Advancement of b. At the National Level 26 context of the current global financial crisis. Women Peace and stability are inextricably linked to 4. Financing Women and Peace and Security 29 economic conditions. Where poverty levels a. International Development Assistance and Funding 31 are high and strife is the norm, violence and i. ODA as tool to ensure gender and security armed conflict are more likely and girls and provisions 32 women usually fall victims to the resulting ii. Support to Women’s Groups and other Civil lawlessness. Society Organizations 34 Case Study: Colombia 36 The purpose of this document is to highlight the different approaches to identify the b. National Gender Budgeting 41 funding for and the resources spent on Case Study: The Philippines 42 the implementation of Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) at the national level. c. Challenges and Opportunities 46 It provides an analysis of the current situation i. Challenges to Funding NAPs 47 of mobilizing domestic and international ii. Flow of Resources 47 financial resources for the development of the Case Study: The Netherlands 52 agenda on women and peace and security. It iii. Donor Challenges 56 also analyzes approaches to calculating the iv. Twinning 56 cost of a 1325 (2000) National Action Plan, v. NAPs – Donor Opportunities 57 and how resources of different initiatives have Case Study: Sierra Leone 59 been used to support the implementation of resolution 1325 (2000). It highlights good practices and lessons learned over the last ten v vi Acknowledgements d. Involving the Private Sector 62 i. Corporations, International Human Rights and The authors thank Cordaid and the Global Network of Women Peacebuilders, a program Development Norms 64 partner of the International Civil society Action Network for their support throughout the ii. Corporate Investment in Projects Relating to project. Special thanks goes to Dewi Suralaga for her continued support and guidance. Women and Peace and Security 66 iii. Women Entrepreneurs 68 Sincere gratitude also goes to Mahima Achuthan for the data collection and writing of the iv. Corporate Support for Women’s Empowerment 70 section on the private sector; to Alicia Brindisi, Yama Fadera, Jennifer Patello, Ana Sanchez Mera, Dawn Thomas and Susan Wojie for their research assistance; to Gwendolyn Beetham, 5. Implications of Funding National Action Plans 79 Marina Durano, Henri van Eeghen (Cordaid), Fernanda Hopenhaym (AWID), Annalise Moser, a. National Action Planning Processes 80 Alexandra Stiles and Sandra Panopio for their feedback on the structure of the paper and b. Developing a National Action Plan 87 insights on specific issues addressed in the paper. c. Division of Responsibilities and Coordination of Actors 88 Furthermore, thanks are due to all the individual experts, policy makers, governmental d. Monitoring and Evaluation 90 representatives, and practitioners who responded to the questionnaires, providing extremely Case Study: Liberia 91 valuable insights that have enriched this study, among them Zika Abzuk, Maria Ardaji, Ifat Baron, Pernille Brix, Ashley Chapman, Gregory Elphinston, Barbara D’Owyer, Marie-Claire 6. Concluding Thoughts and Recommendations 93 Faray-Kele, Jasmin Galace, Valeria Gaveau, Nancy Glaser, Isabelle Geusken, Jonas Haertle, Elina Hatakka, Euphrasie Hortense, Margreet Houdijk, Michelle Huang, Emma Jansen, Yao Kouassi, Bibliography 100 Ida Kigonya, Barbara Kuenhas, Ana Lukatela, Sara Lulo, Kate McInturff, Craig Morley, Sally Annex I: Glossary Moyle, Hital Muraj, Patty O Neil, Deirdre Ní Cheallaigh, Scholastique Ntirampeba, Dorothy 111 Onny, Nana Pratt, Nenita Quilenderino, Miia Rantanen, Tamar Sabedashvili, Annemieke de los Annex II: Draft Questions for Stakeholders on (Costs of) Santos, Elisabeth van der Steenhoven, Hanne Stevens, Kishwar Sultana, Anna Sundén, Hanne Implementing Resolution 1325 114 Stevens, Bilquis Tahira, Evelyn A. Thornton, Adam Travis, Teri Treille, Willemijn van Lelyveld. Also the following institutions have provided the author with decisive input for this study: the About the Authors and Editors 116 Norwegian NGO FOKUS, the OECD, and AWID. Last but not the least, the authors thank the Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations for co-sponsoring the initial presentation of the study during the UN Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) session in March 2010; the Permanent Mission of the Netherlands to the United Nations and UN-INSTRAW for co-sponsoring the presentation of the outcomes of the study at the 10th anniversary of SCR 1325 in October 2010 in New York.

vii viii Acronyms IOM International Organisation of Migration IRF Immediate Response Facility UN-INSTRAW United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women LGU Local Government Unit MARWOPNET Mano River Women Peace Network ADA Austrian Development Agency MARWOPNET-SL Mano River Women Peace Network- Sierra Leone AECID (Spanish) Agency for the International Development MDG Millennium Development Goal AU African Union M&E Monitoring and Evaluation AWRO African Women’s Rights Observatory MNC Multinational Cooperation AWID Association for Women’s Rights in Development MOD Ministry of Defense AusAID Australian Agency for International Development MoFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs CAFOB Collective of Women’s Associations and Non-governmental organizations MONUC United Nations Organization Mission in Democratic Republic of the of Burundi Congo CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against MSWGCA Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender and Children’s Affairs Women NAP National Action Plan CEIPAZ Center of Education and Investigation for Peace NCRFW National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women CEO Chief Executive Officer NGLS United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service COOPAC Cooperative Pour la Promotion des Activites Cafe NGO Non-governmental organization CORDAID Catholic Organization for Relief and Development – The NSCWPS National Steering Committee on Women Peace and Security Netherlands ODA Official Development Assistance CPE Center for Peace Education OECD-DAC Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development – CRS Creditor Reporting System Development Assistance Committee CSO Civil Society Organization OPAPP Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process, Philippines CSR Cooperate Social Responsibility OSAGI Office of the Special Advisor to the Secretary-General on Gender Issues CSPEC Civil Society Peacebuilding Engagement Committee and the Advancement of Women CSR Corporate Social Responsibility OSCE Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe DDR Disarmament Demoobilization and Reintegration OXFAM-GB Oxford Committee for Famine Relief- Great Britain DFAIT Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada PAPP Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process DFID Department for International Development, UK PBF Peacebuilding Fund DMFA Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs PCW Philippine Commission on Women DRC Democratic Republic of Congo PDPW Philippine Development Plan for Women DSWD Department of Social Welfare and Development PRBS Poverty Reduction Budget Support ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States PRS Poverty Reduction Strategy EU European Union PSWG Peace Support Working Group FAS Femmes Africa Solidarité RSLAF Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces FCO Foreign Common Wealth Office RWL Regional Women’s Lobby FOKUS Forum for Women and Development, Norway SCBV Sexual Gender Based Violence GAD Gender and Development SDC Swiss Development Cooperation GNI Gross National Income SDGEA Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa GNWP Global Network of Women Peacebuilders SiLNAP Sierra Leone National Action Plan ICT Industry Communication Technology SLMWA Sierra Leone Market Women’s Association ICTR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda SSR Security Sector Reform ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia THC Tommy Hilfiger Corporation IDP Internationally Displaced Persons UNDP United Nations Development Fund ix x UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNGC United Nations Global Compact UNGD United Nations Global Compact UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women UNIPSIL United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Sierra Leone UNMIL United Nations Mission to Libera UN-NGLS United Nations Non-governmental Liaison Service UNOWA United Nations Office for West Africa UNPBSO UN Peacebuilding Support Office UNSCR United Nations Security Council Resolution UN TWGI United Nations Technical Working Group on Indicators VAW Violence Against Women WANEP West African Networks for Peacebuilding 01 WANEP-SL West African Networks for Peacebuilding- Sierra Leone WILPF Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom WIPNET Women in Peacebuilding Network Introduction WO=MEN Dutch Gender Platform WONGOSOL Women’s NGO Secretariat of Liberia WOPPA Women as Partners for Peace in Africa WPS Women, Peace and Security

Public budgets are not mere financial and economic tools, but are the basic framework within which the model of socio-economic development is shaped, criteria of income re-distribution are set and political aims are prioritized. (European Parliament, 2003)

xi 1 Over the last decade the policy environment a reflective process should include an This paper is divided into five parts: the and adopted NAPs focusing on SCR 1325: on women and peace and security (WPS) has assessment of what has been invested and introduction; the normative framework Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, gained significant momentum. Following achieved, what more needs to be done, and on women and peace and security; Canada, Chile, Côte d’Ivoire, Denmark, the the adoption of the landmark United how the availability or lack of financial implementing resolution 1325; financing Democratic Republic of Congo, Estonia, Nations Security Council Resolution (SCR) resources contribute to the full and women and peace and security; and Finland, France, Iceland, Liberia, Nepal, 1325 on Women and Peace and Security in effective implementation of SCR 1325 and implications of funding nation action plans. the Netherlands, Norway, the Philippines, October 2000, SCR 1820, which responds the supporting resolutions on WPS. The section on financing women and peace Portugal, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Spain, to the issue of sexual violence in conflict, and security includes case studies on gender Sweden, Switzerland, Uganda, and the was passed in June 2008. In September SCR 1325 addresses a broad range of issues budgeting; an illustration of funding flows United Kingdom. The NAPs have diverse 2009, the Security Council adopted SCR including but not limited to women’s and channels; and the resourcing of local thematic and geographical targets and 1888, a resolution that identified specific participation in decision-making at all NGOs. involve different actors and resources. Each actions against sexual violence in conflict, levels; protection of women and girls’ country context determines priorities, the including the appointment of a Special rights; prevention, management, and The paper looks at the various sources sources and usage of funds, the staffing Representative of the Secretary General to resolution of conflict; needs of male and of funding for the implementation of requirements and other resources required lead efforts to end conflict-related sexual female ex-combatants; and training for SCR 1325 and the supporting resolutions to implement SCR 1325 and address women violence. In October 2009 SCR 1889 was military and civilian police personnel in 1820, 1888, 1889 and 1960. The sources and peace and security issues broadly. approved. SCR 1889 seeks to strengthen peacekeeping operations. The wide range can be divided into internal and external Regional organisations such as the African the UN’s commitment to engage women of issues that SCR 1325 covers involves an sources and further divided based on where Union (AU) and the European Union (EU) in peace negotiations; in governance and equally wide range of actors and requires they originate. Bilateral agencies, private also play an important role in promoting financing of post conflict recovery; and a significant investment of resources. This foundations and NGOs have financially implementation among their member in peacebuilding initiatives. The other key in turn necessitates strategic fund sourcing supported or facilitated funding for SCR countries. The AU adopted the Solemn feature of SCR 1889 is the development and prudent resource management. 1325 and other WPS initiatives. Various Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa of a set of global indicators to track the The growing scarcity of resources, and UN agencies have likewise been active (SDGEA) in July 2004 (African Union 2004). implementation of SCR 1325. On December competing global priorities make fund in facilitating funding, initiating and The SDGEA strengthens African ownership 16, 2010, the UN Security Council adopted sourcing and resource management for supporting projects and programs that of the gender equality agenda and raises SCR 1960, a resolution on sexual violence 1325 implementation a very challenging implement the resolution. There are also the profile of gender equality and women’s in conflict that would further strengthen task. Financing 1325 implementation entails indications that the private sector could empowerment issues at the highest political commitment and political will to prevent a thorough review of how much is needed; potentially contribute to generating level in Africa. Through the SDGEA, AU sexual violence, combat impunity and what funds are available; what the spending resources towards the implementation of Member States commit to ensure women’s enforce accountability. It requests the UN trends are; to whom and how funds are SCR 1325. full and effective participation in all peace Secretary General to establish monitoring, allocated. processes as stipulated in SCR 1325; as well analysis and reporting arrangements on As for actual implementation of SCR as to appoint women as AU Special Envoys conflict-related sexual violence including a In light of these challenges, this study 1325, particularly at the national level, and Special Representatives. The EU Political yearly publication of a list of armed groups aims to: the main responsibility lies in the hands of and Security Committee approved the joint that target women for sexual abuse. national governments. Per Article 25 of the document of the Council Secretariat and 1. Examine the current resources available UN Charter, UN members “agree to accept the Commission: “Comprehensive approach The four resolutions that followed the and identify the different actors and carry out the decisions of the Security to the EU implementation of the United adoption of SCR 1325 have reinforced involved in costing and financing the Council” (United Nations 1945). In the Nations Security Council Resolutions 1325 the normative standards for protection of implementation of SCR 1325 and WPS case of WPS, such decisions are reflected and 1820 on women, peace and security” women’s rights, during and after conflict programming at the national level; and in SCR 1325 and subsequent presidential (Council of the European Union 2008) on 3 and for addressing their specific needs in 2. Draw initial analysis of what financial statements (PRSTs) that have called upon December 2008. the recovery and peacebuilding period. resources have been invested. member states to prepare national action These four resolutions inspire as well as plans and other national level strategies for This paper also discusses the role of civil encourage careful planning and reflection its implementation. At the time of writing society organisations as key actors in to ensure effective implementation. Such this report, 25 countries have developed facilitating financing for the implementation 2 3 on SCR 1325. It is a well-known fact that WPS agenda broadly and in financing the The study features case studies on CSOs have been at the forefront of SCR implementation of SCR 1325 specifically. resource generation and financing 1325 1325 implementation around the world. The private sector has supported women’s implementation in Colombia, Liberia and They have continuously raised awareness issues and concerns such as health, access Sierra Leone, the Philippines, and the of the resolution; and built the capacity to education, and prevention of violence Netherlands. The country case studies of various stakeholders to understand and against women. However, the private sector were carried out to provide concrete implement it as an instrument to ensure has not been known to be involved in examples of implementation of SCR 1325 women’s full and equal participation at supporting WPS issues. in different socio-cultural and political all levels of decision-making on peace contexts. Colombia, Liberia and Sierra and security issues. Moreover, CSOs have The study behind the paper explored various Leone, the Philippines and the Netherlands initiated and worked with governments in avenues to access data on funding for were selected to illustrate the diversity of the development of national action plans. 1325 implementation. However, due to the strategies to finance 1325 implementation They have demanded greater political will varied approaches to gender equality and and related women and peace and security and accountability from governments; the peace and security programming among programs; and to draw lessons from each UN; fellow CSOs; and other stakeholders, governments and organizations involved in experience. For example, this paper presents such as the private sector. As part of their 1325 implementation, accessing comparable information about Liberia and Sierra Leone, demand for greater accountability, CSOs numerical figures on 1325 spending was two post-conflict countries that have have carried out independent monitoring very difficult. This was compounded by developed 1325 national action plans with initiatives. In addition to all of these varying internal financial policies and a local and national focus. In the case of important contributions, CSOs have also the sensitive nature of resource usage the Netherlands, the national action plan provided funding or facilitated financing for and government spending, especially on concentrates on activities outside its own 1325 implementation. security issues. Moreover, there is neither a state borders with outstanding coordination standardized tracking system nor a specific with civil society organisations. Colombia Additionally, the paper examines the role 1325 earmarking mechanism within peace has been chosen to demonstrate the of the private sector in advancing the and security programs of government engagement of different actors in WPS agencies and donor organizations. issues in the absence of a NAP on 1325. The Philippines was selected as a case study The study made use of the following research methodologies: because of its innovative approach to funding 1325 implementation.  Desk and literature review;  Interviews with individual stakeholders Additional data and feedback were gathered including but not limited to focal during the initial presentation of the study  Document analysis; persons in government, CSOs, the UN at the 2010 session of the Commission and the private sector working on WPS on the Status of Women. The paper was  Review of publicly accessible national action planning; and also reviewed by experts in financing for action plans (NAPs) and international development and researchers on financing reports;  Questionnaires and surveys sent to for women and development. stakeholders of the private sector and  Consultations with the Global Network governments of countries that have of Women Peacebuilders (GNWP) on already adopted a NAP. (Please see existing and needed resources for the Annex 2 for the sample questionnaires.) implementation of WPS initiatives at the local level;

4 5 02 Outlining the Normative Framework

The following section presents the normative framework that guides women and peace and security programming.

6 7 In the context of this paper it is important security work that all peace and security by men and women, by power-holders to understand what is meant by “security.” stakeholders need to be aware of. and subordinates (Cordaid and WO=MEN Security has been largely debated and 2010). interpreted in different ways. There has been The scenarios and definitions of what a shift from a state-centred understanding security means in the 21st Century require Furthermore, the “Gender Responsive SCR 1325 was the of security, where outside aggressors are collaboration between different sectors to Peace and Statebuilding” policy brief considered the major threat to the nation avoid overlap and to build a complementary suggests that gender is often considered first resolution state, to a focus on human security which response. In this new context, coordination a luxury aspect of development projects of the Security Council to stresses the importance of the individual and is essential in all areas of work as well as that is added at the last moment, when it her or his ability and freedom to decide and in the disbursement of foreign aid for is time for implementation. This blocks an address women and peace and act (UN-OCHA 2003). The Human Security this purpose. In its publication “Making effective response to the different needs and Unit of the UN Office for the Coordination the Linkages: Gender Equality, Women’s opportunities of different groups, especially security issues. of Humanitarian Affairs points out that Empowerment and the Paris Declaration in the context of armed violence. security does not only mean the protection of Aid Effectiveness” (OECD 2011), the SCR 1325 was the first resolution of the state and its institutions, but includes OECD-Development Assistance Committee the protection of individuals and groups emphasizes that development aid and from fears and threats they face in their international cooperation rely on the daily lives (UN-OCHA 2003). ownership of all actors involved and a) Women and Peace and Security (WPS) therefore requires participation by all Former Prime Minister of Japan Keizo stakeholders, including civil society, the of the Security Council to to address WPS violence” and the ”promotion of women’s Obuchi reinforces the notion of human media, communities, service providers, issues. Like most policies that promote rights,” aiming to broaden the scope of the security. In his presentation at The Asian parliament, line ministries and local level gender equality and women’s empowerment, resolution. Crisis: Meeting the Challenges to Human governance structures. it was a product of sustained advocacy Security in Tokyo in December 1998, he by different actors, especially civil society i. Sexual violence in conflict stated: There is no doubt that women’s organisations. The resolution’s pillars are participation in policy discussions and commonly described as the “three Ps:” Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) It is my deepest belief that human beings decision-making is critical. However, this committed during and post conflict is should be able to lead lives of creativity, has to be put in the proper perspective. The Participation of women in decision- addressed in SCR 1325. The resolution without having their survival threatened 2010 policy brief “Gender Responsive Peace making at all levels in conflict resolution urges all parties to armed conflict to take or their dignity impaired. While the phrase and Statebuilding,” produced by Cordaid and peace processes; special measures to protect women and “human security” is a relatively new one, and WO=MEN, explains: girls from gender-based violence, rape and I understand that it is the key which Representation of women in national, other forms of sexual abuse. It stresses comprehensively covers all the menaces Yet a single focus on increasing the regional and international institutions the responsibility of Member States to end that threaten the survival, daily life, and number of women participating or even and mechanisms for the prevention, impunity and prosecute those responsible dignity of human beings and strengthens leading in decision-making processes management, and resolution of conflict; for genocide, crimes against humanity, the efforts to confront those threats is not enough. It leaves untouched and and war crimes including those relating to (Obuchi 1998). the social-cultural ideals that inform sexual and other violence against women those decision-making processes: Protection of, and respect for human and girls, and exclude these crimes from The notion of human security necessitates cultures of violence and patriarchal rights of women and girls amnesty provisions. Prior to this, sexual a response that is not only military or political systems that reproduce or violence in conflict had been addressed by economic in nature. It requires social even strengthen existing gender power International conferences and dialogues as international human rights, humanitarian inclusion and a participatory, transparent inequalities. These social-cultural gender well as national action plans (NAPs) have and international criminal law and and inclusive process of policy making. ideals are not solely supported by men developed additional dimensions, such as prosecuted through the tribunals for the This in turn can result in overlapping of and undemocratic leaders. They are ”prosecution of sexual and gender-based former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and Rwanda (ICTR) certain areas of intervention in peace and reproduced by the society as a whole: and the International Criminal Court (ICC). 8 9 The issue of sexual violence in conflict sexual violence and end impunity. It calls implementation of SCR 1325 within the and integrated mission planning processes. situations was given more emphasis in on the UN Secretary General to put in UN system, resolution 1889 goes further Other important national-level planning SCR 1820 and the supporting resolutions. place monitoring, analysis and reporting and “Requests the Secretary-General to frameworks to consider are poverty Adopted on 19 June 2008, SCR 1820 focuses arrangements on conflict-related sexual submit to the Security Council a set of reduction strategy papers, national recovery on the protection from and response to violence including annual publication of a indicators for use at the global level to track plans, and national action plans. This sexual violence committed against not only list of armed groups that target women for implementation of SCR 1325 (2000), which indicator is responsive to paragraphs 7, 17 women but civilians in general. Its wording sexual abuse. could serve as a common basis for reporting and 18 of resolution 1325 (2000) (UNSC is more explicit and demanding than the by relevant United Nations entities, other 2010). recommending tone of SCR 1325. 1820 Recognizing their crucial role in international and regional organizations, urges and requests responses by the UN peacebuilding initiatives SCR 1889 stresses and Member States” (UNSC 2009). Indicator 23: Proportion of the allocated system, especially the Secretary-General and the importance of acknowledging women and disbursed funding to civil society Member States. not just as victims of armed conflict but Following this request, the UN Technical organizations, including women’s groups, also as agents of peace. The language Working Group on Indicators (UN TWGI) that is spent on gender issues in conflict- SCR 1888 (on 30 September) and SCR 1889 is bolder and more concrete than in was formed to develop a common set of affected countries (UNSC 2010) (on 5 October) were adopted just days apart the preceding resolutions, containing a indicators for tracking 1325 implementation in 2009. SCR 1888 reinforces the provisions component that calls for comprehensive globally. The Technical Working Group Indicator 24: Actual allocated and of SCRs 1325 and 1820, emphasizing the assessment and monitoring and evaluation as well as other concerned entities also disbursed funding in support of different roles and responsibilities of the UN; (M&E) mechanisms when it comes to the held discussions on the data collection programmes that address gender regional organizations such as the African implementation of women and peace and requirements. sensitive relief, recovery, peace and Union and European Union; and national security provisions. In addition, it: security programmes in conflict-affected governments. One of its key features is The following indicators developed by countries (UNSC 2010) the demand for high-level leadership in Requests the Secretary-General to the UN TWGI presented by the Secretary the form of a Special Representative of ensure that relevant United Nations General at the meeting of the Security Paragraph 39 in SG report: the Secretary-General on sexual violence bodies, in cooperation with Member Council in April 2010 draw attention to the Indicators 23 and 24 track the availability of in conflict. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki States and civil society, collect data budgeting and financial allocation for the funding to support gender programming in Moon responded by establishing this post on, analyze and systematically assess implementation of the resolution: conflict-affected countries. For indicator 23, and appointing Margot Wallström from particular needs of women and girls the proportion of allocated and disbursed Sweden. SCR 1960 further reinforces in post-conflict situations, including, Indicator 22: Extent to which strategic funding that civil society organizations and commitment and political will to prevent inter alia, information on their needs planning frameworks in conflict-affected women’s groups devote to gender issues for physical security and participation countries incorporate gender analysis, in conflict-affected countries would be in decision-making and post-conflict targets, indicators and budgets (UNSC disaggregated by sector of intervention planning, in order to improve system- 2010) and recipient. This indicator is responsive The issue of sexual wide response to those needs (UNSC to paragraph 8 of resolution 1325 (2000) 2009). Paragraph 38 in SG report: and paragraph 13 of resolution 1820 (2008) violence in conflict situations This indicator would track the level of (UNSC 2010). was given more emphasis in SCR 1820 inclusion of gender issues at four levels: ii. Indicators on Financing Women analysis, target-setting, indicators and Paragraph 40 in SG report: and the supporting resolutions. Adopted and Peace and Security budgets. Particular attention will be paid There is an urgent need to track how much on 19 June 2008, SCR 1820 focuses on the to national planning frameworks with is being spent on addressing gender issues While the United Nations Interagency significant participation of the United in conflict-affected countries. This indicator protection from and response to sexual Taskforce on Women, Peace and Security Nations system, such as post-conflict seeks to determine and track this — in terms under the leadership of the then Office of needs assessments, consolidated appeal of both allocations and disbursements. The violence committed against not only the Special Advisor to the Secretary-General processes, common country assessments, data would be disaggregated to reflect, women but civilians in general. on Gender Issues and the Advancement the United Nations Development Assistance among others, funding through United of Women (OSAGI) monitored the Framework, integrated strategic frameworks, Nations entities, other international 10 11 organizations, bilateral donors and national consistency between activities, outputs, The Global Monitoring Checklist on 1992). Looking at implementation strategies Governments. The data would also be outcomes and impacts; and identify Women Peace and Security, a five-country and the importance of comprehensive and disaggregated by the sector of intervention, remedial actions that need to be taken in (Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of coordinated data collection and monitoring the recipient (national Governments, civil women and peace and security policy and Congo, Nepal, Northern Ireland and Sri of implementation efforts as mentioned in society organizations, etc.) and level of decision-making and programming. Lanka) monitoring study by Gender Action SCR 1889, it becomes clear that different inclusion of gender issues. This indicator for Peace and Security UK, conducted in gender policies are most efficient when is responsive to paragraph 8 of resolution 2009, also included “National government connected to each other. This means 1325 (2000) and paragraph 13 of resolution iii. Civil society indicators and financial resources” as one of the indicators. not only connected to CEDAW and the 1820 (2008) (UNSC 2010). monitoring initiative The study’s key finding was: “Dedicated resolutions, but also connected to broader budget allocations for UNSCR 1325 across political commitments. Moreover, the following indicators bring The Global Network of Women national government departments are For instance, the United Nations Fourth attention to the resource allocation for Peacebuilders (GNWP) contributed to this very limited and funding for civil society World Conference on Women in Beijing benefits that go to individual women and effort by identifying and developing a set organizations working on gender, peace and (1995) also addressed the gender dimension girls in conflict-affected situations: of indicators to track the implementation security and women’s issues is inadequate” of security policies. Section E of the of SCR 1325 at the country level. GNWP (GAPS-UK 2009). Beijing Platform for Action is on Women Indicator 25b: Number and percentage built on the efforts of the UN TWGI through and Armed Conflict. It contains strategic of women and girls receiving benefits coordination with agencies involved in objectives and outlines the actions to be through reparation programmes, and the indicators development process such iv. Other international norms taken by governments, intergovernmental types of benefits received (UNSC 2010) as UNIFEM. While some of the indicators organizations and NGOs to promote and selected by the Technical Working Group The WPS resolutions do not stand alone protect women’s rights during conflicts. Indicator 26: Number and percentage of and GNWP are similar, GNWP members and but are rather embedded in a web of The Platform for Action also notes that female ex-combatants, women and girls partners are populating the indicators and international provisions that promote “grave violations of the human rights of associated with armed forces or groups analyzing the outcomes from a purely civil and protect women and girls’ rights. The women occur, particularly in times of that receive benefits from Disarmament, society perspective. GNWP included two Convention on the Elimination of All Forms armed conflict, and include murder, torture, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) indicators that assess funds earmarked for of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), systematic rape, forced pregnancy and programmes (UNSC 2010) WPS programs, and projects of civil society adopted in 1979, is a strong legal instrument forced abortion, in particular under policies organizations as well as of governments. for the promotion of women’s rights when There are some principles that need to be The outcomes of the GNWP monitoring in ratified by a Member State. There are several observed to ensure the effective usage Afghanistan, Burundi, Canada, DRC, Fiji, links between the Convention and the of indicators. For any group working on Nepal, Netherlands, Philippines, Rwanda, WPS resolutions. The CEDAW Committee Looking at the ground, the development and use Sierra Leone and Uganda were published in in reference to Article 6 of the Convention of the indicators should be guided by the book “Women Count – Security Council defined in its 19th general recommendation implementation strategies and applicability and acceptability at the local Resolution 1325: Civil Society Monitoring on violence against women, calling it level. The indicators should also be specific, Report” and presented during for the 10th “a form of discrimination that seriously the importance of comprehensive measurable, achievable, relevant and time- anniversary of 1325 in New York in October inhibits women’s ability to enjoy rights and and coordinated data collection and bound. 2010. It is envisioned that the outcomes freedoms on a basis of equality with men” will serve as baseline data for future (United Nations 1992). Sexual harassment, monitoring of implementation efforts as It is hoped that the use of the indicators will 1325 and WPS interventions at country exploitation and sexual, physical and mentioned in SCR 1889, it becomes clear facilitate systematic collection of baseline level. GNWP members and other WPS mental harm fall under this definition. The data and track the implementation of advocates also hope that the initiative will Committee also asserted that: “Wars, armed that different gender policies are most SCR 1325 globally. The actual use of the encourage Member States to do their own conflicts and the occupation of territories indicators will improve decision-making systematic and regular monitoring of 1325 often lead to increased prostitution, efficient when connected to each for ongoing programme and project implementation. trafficking in women and sexual assault of other. management; promote coordination and women, which require specific protective accountability of all stakeholders; ensure and punitive measures” (United Nations 12 13 of ‘ethnic cleansing.’” (United Nations 1995). b) Financing Development, Peace, and Equality It also recognized that parties to the conflict often rape women with impunity sometimes using systematic rape as a tactic of war and The UN World conferences in the 90s – A paper on the Financial Requirements of terrorism. The unequal status of women in i.e. on the environment, population and Achieving Gender Equality and Women’s society was named as one reason for sexual development, social development, human Empowerment prepared by the World violence towards women. Other strategic rights and women – and policy agendas Bank in August 2006 provides additional objectives request the response to women such as Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers explanation on the MDGs and funding for and peace and security issues to include the and the Millennium Development Goals gender equality. The paper notes that most following: (MDG) defined the priorities for resource of the time, promising policy initiatives for allocation for most donors. gender equality and women’s empowerment  Strategic objective E.1. Increase the flounder as insufficient resources are participation of women in conflict The Association for Women’s Rights allocated to implement them. This is often resolution at decision-making levels in Development (AWID) paper in 2006 due to the shift from women-specific and protect women living in situations titled “Where is the Money for women’s projects to gender mainstreaming because of armed and other conflicts or under rights? – Assessing the role of donors in mainstreaming has not been linked to flows foreign occupation. the promotion of women’s rights and the of funding across all sectors (Grown et al. support of women’s organizations” states: 2006). The routines of government resource  Strategic objective E.2. Establish action allocation have not generated information to investigate and punish members of …while gender equality is a major about financing requirements and funding the police, security and armed forces structural cause of poverty, it hardly gaps for the achievement of gender equality and others who perpetrate acts of factors in the MDG machinery. Goal and women’s empowerment. violence against women, violations of Three, which is generally known as the international humanitarian law and gender equality goal, is about closing the In some instances, the efforts to achieve violations of the human rights of women gender gap in primary and secondary the MDGs have opened new opportunities in situations of armed conflict. education. While this is an extremely to develop or strengthen gender policies important goal, it is irrelevant for the and increase funding allocation by  Strategic objective E.3. Promote non- many countries, including developing national governments. In the case of the violent forms of conflict resolution and ones, which have already achieved it. Netherlands the provision of resources for reduce the incidence of human rights As a normative framework, the MDGs MDG3 has increased support for SCR 1325 abuse in conflict situations. are a significant step backwards from implementation. already existing frameworks, such as  Strategic objective E.4. Promote the Beijing Platform for Action and The Dutch NAP for example makes the women’s contribution to fostering a Convention on the Elimination of All link clear by establishing an argument to culture of peace (United Nations 1995). Forms of Discrimination against Women implement the resolution on the basis of the (CEDAW). […] Yet women’s organizations promise to achieve the MDGs: The legal power of an international treaty feel that many of their donors are such as CEDAW, which is ratified by 185 UN pushing them in that direction. In fact As the coalition agreement of the member States and a guiding principle for some governments and global bodies Fourth Balkenende government clearly most countries around the globe, combined expect that the MDGs will continue to indicates, Dutch development policy with regional commitments to WPS policy and dictate the directions of donor money includes working actively through the WPS UN resolutions puts the protection throughout the coming years (Clark, Project 2015 to achieve the Millennium of women in armed conflict on top of the Sprenger and Veneklasen 2006). Development Goals. [Furthermore,] international agenda. Women’s political and socioeconomic

14 15 development plays a central role in i. O!cial Development Assistance The Paris Declaration, an international In her paper “Mapping Aid Effectiveness achieving these MDGs. The Minister for (ODA) agreement adopted by donors and ODA and Gender Equality in Africa – Regional Development Cooperation has also said recipients in March 2005 emphasizes the Issues and Trends” Jacinta Muteshi explains explicitly that the position of women When looking at the provisions and context alignment between donor and recipient that the Paris Declaration has significant will be one of his priorities. In the next of Official Development Assistance (ODA), countries using local structures, needs implications for the achievement of gender four years, the Dutch government will there is a difference between general and capacities. It has the following equality and women's empowerment pay more attention to implementing development aid and the assistance given principles: (Muteshi 2008). The paper calls for the resolution 1325 (Netherlands Ministry to countries in ‘fragile state’ contexts. For transformation of development assistance of Foreign Affairs 2007). example, in 2007 half of the ODA destined Ownership – developing countries from small projects by many individual for 48 fragile and conflict-affected states set their own strategies for poverty donors to joint program-based approaches Political will was not the only benefit that benefited just five countries: Iraq (23 reduction, improve their institutions that combine several donors’ funds to came from linking the Dutch NAP to the percent), Afghanistan (9.9 percent), Ethiopia, and tackle corruption. achieve a greater impact. Muteshi further MDGs framework. It also helped increase Pakistan and Sudan, and around a fifth notes that duplication of administration, its financing. As the NAP states, “Additional was in the form of debt relief (OECD 2009). Alignment – donor countries align monitoring and reporting would be reduced resources have accordingly been earmarked Fluctuations in aid are larger in fragile behind these objectives and use local by directing funding through the budget to improve the position of women, and conflict-affected states than in other systems. and public financial management systems particularly through the MDG3 Fund” developing countries. Seven countries of recipient countries. Additionally, it would (Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs experienced fluctuations of aid in excess of Harmonization – donor countries facilitate dialogue between government 2007). 5 percent of GDP over 1990-2005: Burundi, coordinate, simplify procedures and and donor partners and improve national the Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, share information to avoid duplication. budgeting systems and procedures (Muteshi Financing the implementation of SCR 1325 Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Sierra Leone and the 2008). However, Muteshi also points out and the political framework of different Palestinian Administered Areas. Results – developing countries and that while bigger integrated programmatic action planning processes are not only a donors shift their focus to development approaches may be more efficient, they may matter of internal policy but also depend This underlines the need for better results, and results get measured. also reduce the flexibility that has enabled on external funds and involve funds coordination in the distribution and gender equality advocates and civil society allocated for external WPS activities. Some usage of development aid. The Monterrey Mutual accountability – donors groups, including those working on human countries emerging from conflict, such as Consensus (2003) stated: “In the increasingly and partners are accountable for rights, to obtain small amounts of funding Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia and Uganda, have globalizing interdependent world economy, development results (OECD 2005). that have been very strategic in the past in received and hope to continue to receive a holistic approach to the interconnected enabling funding for innovative initiatives. funding for the development and most national, international and systemic The Development Assistance Committee Moreover, since the amounts were small, importantly the implementation of their challenges of financing for development of the Organisation for Economic Co- individuals within a donor organization also NAPs. However, of the 25 countries that – sustainable, gender-sensitive, people- operation and Development (OECD-DAC) had a greater degree of flexibility to support have developed NAPs and aim to implement centred development – in all parts of has stated that “Gender equality and work in unconventional areas promoting the resolution, the majority are European the globe is essential” (International women’s empowerment are fundamental new ideas such as gender mainstreaming, countries (and Canada) that are not directly Conference on Financing for Development cornerstones for achieving development violence against women, time allocation affected by conflicts. The implementation 2003). The Consensus calls for gender- results and the ultimate goals of the Paris studies, trafficking and migrant workers - of SCR 1325 in these countries falls under sensitive investment, social services, gender Declaration, namely to increase the impact areas that are now regarded as mainstream. their foreign policy. In such instances the budgeting and the empowerment of of aid on reducing poverty and inequality, Besides, many civil society groups, including importance of linking diplomacy, defence women. It further encourages governments increase growth, build capacity and women's organizations, may not have the and development policies (also known as the to “mainstream the gender perspective into accelerate achievement of the Millennium absorptive capacity to deal with big amount three D approach) is increasingly recognized development policies at all levels and in Development Goals (MDGs). Moreover, of funds (Muteshi 2008). and demanded. all sectors” (International Conference on gender inequalities are costly and undermine Financing for Development 2003). development effectiveness” (OECD-DAC Local women’s organisations utilize 2008). their knowledge of cultural patterns and gendered practices in advocacy work to 16 17 create concrete change and impact policies. The AAA highlights the following Moreover, the Accra Agenda of Action refers ii. Gender Mainstreaming It is largely due to many small women’s principles: to gender equality as a guiding principle: organisations that SCR 1325 today has the “Gender equality, respect for human Gender mainstreaming has been widely power to influence national policies and Predictability – donors will provide rights, and environmental sustainability promoted as the tool to integrate a gender mobilise funds for the most vulnerable. information on their planned aid to are cornerstones for achieving enduring perspective in policy development, research, Funding big NGOs alone reduces the partner countries 3-5 years in advance impact on the lives and potential of poor advocacy, dialogue, legislation, resource diversity of approaches and strategies to women, men, and children. It is vital that all allocation, planning, implementation and peacebuilding that many small NGOs bring. Country systems – partner country our policies address these issues in a more monitoring of programs and projects. systems will be used to deliver aid as systematic and coherent way” (Third High However, many institutions lack the The OECD underlines that “funding the work the first option, rather than donor Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness 2008). knowledge, capacity and resources to of CSOs that provide support and services to systems do this. Often the gender dimension has women affected by conflict and that promote Countries and organizations committed to suffered due to the lack of targeted action women’s voices at all levels of decision- Conditionality – donors will switch these declarations and agreements need for the most vulnerable populations. making is crucial to the promotion of SCR from reliance on prescriptive conditions to “put the money where their mouth is” Some even argue that, “because it has 1325. It is particularly important to support about how and when aid money is and invest in women’s organizations and lacked a women’s empowerment focus, the work of grassroots and community-based spent to conditions based on the policies (Riordan 2000). The principles cited mainstreaming became a depoliticized initiatives, which are often the only providers recipient country’s own development in these international instruments and the technical instrument with few returns for of services and support but which also often objectives overall normative framework are very much women on the ground” (AWID 2008). have very limited capacity and access to in line with the principles of SCR 1325. The funding” (Popovic and Barr 2009). Untying – donors will relax restrictions allocation and management of financial Gender mainstreaming is inextricably linked that prevent developing countries from resources for advocacy and programming to poverty reduction strategies. Both address Nonetheless, the Paris Declaration fails to buying the goods and services they on peacebuilding, security sector reform inequalities – including gender inequalities include gender-sensitive indicators and a need from whomever and wherever (SSR), reintegration of former combatants, - and the vulnerability of women to enable specific link to SCR 1325 or gendered security: they can get the best quality at the protection of women and girls from them to overcome their poverty and social lowest price (Third High Level Forum on sexual and gender-based violence and the marginalization. They also aim to enable In practice, national priorities may be Aid Effectiveness 2008). prevention of armed conflict need to be women to be more active participants in problematic in terms of addressing prioritized, coordinated and harmonized. community management, local governance gender concerns, as the attention to and national affairs. Consequently, this internationally recognized gender The technical assistance and financial facilitates their access and control of equality goals varies widely by national contribution of UN entities in the economic resources. government. Further, even when national It is largely due development of some of the national governments recognise gender equality action plans in less developed countries Poverty reduction support can be either goals rhetorically, these policy statements to many small women’s also need to be pointed out. Although the delivered individually or through a collective often are not backed up with sufficient organisations that SCR 1325 today has total contributions and funds available of donors: funding or allocation of responsibility for women and peace and security (OECD 2005). the power to influence national policies from multilateral organizations are not PRBS [poverty reduction budget and mobilise funds for the most vulnerable. sufficiently monitored, the contributions support] is typically provided The progress in the implementation of the Funding big NGOs alone reduces the and activities of UN agencies around the through a joint and multi donor Paris Declaration was reviewed at the Third globe are monitored through the System arrangement, normally referred to as High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness held in diversity of approaches and strategies Wide Action Plan. UNFPA, OSAGI and Partnership General Budget Support. Accra, Ghana from 2-4 September 2008. At the to peacebuilding that many small UNIFEM for example have organised a […] Furthermore, given the nature meeting government ministers and agency heads series of workshops in different countries of budget support (where funds are endorsed the Accra Agenda for Action (AAA) to NGOs bring. to support the development and use of fungible) and the emphasis given deepen implementation of the Paris Declaration indicators in the specific NAPs on SCR 1325. to partner country ownership, it is and respond to emerging aid effectiveness issues. 18 19 virtually impossible to attribute and track the particular effect and impact on gender equality and women’s empowerment of any particular donor’s budget support contributions (Jensen 2006). Especially in situations of post conflict and transition, “The climate for foreign direct investment is also threatened by continued conflict and aggression. In an atmosphere of conflict, intense competition is brought about by limited private investment; gender gaps in opportunities to engage in trade will continue to widen” (Akanji 2007). Therefore, a gender perspective needs to be included, 03 on both the donor and recipient side, when transferring funds and supporting specific Implementing programmes and organisations. Resolution 1325 The different international instruments and guidelines are to be considered when discussing the costing and financing framework for WPS. The normative framework, which guides and supports implementation of WPS initiatives, is multidimensional and complex.

Women play a significant role in addressing peace and conflict issues. They serve as negotiators and mediators between and among parties in conflict. They play roles as diverse and as broad as values formators, healers and reconcilers, evacuation center managers, and relief operations coordinators. Such roles if recognized, sustained, strengthened and expanded can make a significant impact in the building of a culture of peace in larger areas of human interaction beyond the local community (OPAPP 2010).

20 21 Even though the normative framework Uganda, but also provides employment for introduction of the System-wide Action Plan may be comprehensive and clear, the refugee women (UNSC 2009). had done little to improve coordination of transformation of policy into practice is long efforts on women and peace and security and complex. In many cases armed conflicts United Nations Development Programme within the United Nations system. While and violence spill over national borders (UNDP) reports that since 2008 it has been it facilitated a systematized mapping of and require not only a national response ...the use of international implementing its Global Programme on activities, thus helping to identify gaps, it but regional and international strategies as instruments such as SCR 1325 Strengthening the Rule of Law in Conflict did not facilitate strategic programming, nor well. In this regard the use of international and Post-Conflict Situations 2008-2011, was it designed to measure results” (UNSC instruments such as SCR 1325 as tools for as tools for conflict resolution which targets 20 conflict and post-conflict 2010). In certain cases, this resulted in the conflict resolution and prevention, demand countries with support in developing duplication and overlapping of activities strong collaboration and coordination and prevention, demand strong comprehensive and integrated rule of law or in fragmented efforts, the UN SG report among different actors. This section aims collaboration and coordination programs. A major component of these added. to discuss in greater detail the roles of programs is access to justice and security different actors and the strategies applied to among different actors. for women and girls, especially victims Moreover, the 2010 SG report noted implement SCR 1325. of sexual violence. To this end, UNDP has that: “Despite the re-conceptualization designed and supported multi-year rule of of the System-wide Action Plan in 2007 law programs in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as a new 2008-2009 Action Plan with a the Central African Republic, Chad, the view to ensuring better coherence and a a) At the International and Regional Levels Democratic Republic of Congo, Guinea- results-based programming, monitoring Bissau, Iraq, Kosovo, Liberia, the Occupied and reporting focus, the lack of coherence Palestinian Territory, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Following the 2004 Presidential Statement persists and has limited opportunities for adoption of resolutions 1820 (2008), 1888 Sri Lanka, the Sudan and Timor-Leste, which reaping the benefits of economies of scale from the Security Council (S/PRST/2004/40), (2009) and 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010). have a strong focus on security and access the United Nations developed a System and building upon lessons learned” (UNSC Most reports of the Secretary-General on to justice for women and girls (UNSC 2009). 2010). Wide Action Plan on SCR 1325 in order to peacekeeping missions now include data improve, programming, monitoring and and information on the impact of conflict Meanwhile, the 2010 report of the UN At the regional level, the African Union reporting on the implementation of the on women and the actions taken to address Secretary General on the implementation resolution within the UN system. The first (AU) and the European Union (EU) have this. of SCR 1325 acknowledges that, “Although adopted policies in support of SCR 1325 system-wide action plan for 2005-2007 efforts at coordination have intensified over was reviewed and a new one developed implementation. “The EU Comprehensive Under the 2008 - 2009 UN System-Wide the years and a system-wide action plan Approach to the Implementation of United for 2008-2009. Under the 2008-2009 UN Action Plan, the Office of the United has been developed to guide this effort, a System-Wide Action Plan, implementing Nations Security Council Resolutions 1325 Nations High Commissioner for Refugees well-coordinated approach to implementing and 1820 on Women, Peace and Security” agencies list their activities related to (UNHCR) reports that it has addressed resolution 1325 (2000) is yet to emerge” participation, prevention, protection, relief adopted on 3 December 2008 states the protection and support to women (UNSC 2010). EU’s commitments to promote the role of and recovery, and normative functions. and girls by ensuring the provision of The action plan is summarised each year women in peace building and to enhance sanitary materials to women and girls of The same report notes that although the the implementation of SCR 1325 in its in the UN Secretary General’s Report on reproductive age receiving humanitarian [2005-2007] System-wide Action Plan Women, Peace and Security. It is updated external actions. It sets out a common EU assistance from the organization. In 2008, was expected to result in measurable approach to the implementation of UNSC on an ongoing basis, and performance 35 operations reported the distribution of improvement in the contributions of the indicators and results-based management Resolutions 1325 and 1820; and provides sanitary materials at a cost of about US$1.5 United Nations system to the empowerment comprehensive guidance to ensure that tools were included in 2007 to make it more million. The Maka Pads project in Uganda, of women in conflict areas, its results transparent, coordinated and effective. the European Union’s external actions are which was developed to produce sanitary were disappointing. Citing a review of the shaped to protect women from violence, materials using natural and local material, performance of the System-wide Action that they contribute to increased equality At the level of the Security Council, not only meets at least half of the needs Plan, the UN SG report states: “Respondents accomplishment is most evident in the between women and men during and after of sanitary materials of refugee women in were virtually unanimous that the armed conflict and in situations of fragility 22 23 (Council of the European Union 2008). 6. Appoint a high-level representative on champion all issues raised in the SDGEA The Organisation for Security and women, peace and security both at the national and regional levels, Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Action Plan In addition, the Council of the and to regularly provide each other with for the Promotion of Gender Equality calls European Union adopted the document 7. Ensure that the European External updates on progress made during Ordinary on OSCE participating States to include “Implementation of UNSCR 1325 as Action Service contributes to further Sessions of the Assembly. However, a review gender concerns and women’s contribution reinforced by UNSCR 1820” that focuses implementation of SCR 1325 and of the African Women’s Rights Observatory in the OSCE security policies and activities specifically on EU peacekeeping missions related resolutions, and functions in (AWRO), showed that only the following and to implement SCR 1325 (OSCE 2004). It (Council of the European Union 2008). line with WPS commitments countries have provided reports: Tunisia, recommends that participating States create Building on a long series of documents prior 8. Strengthen the EU Task Force on South Africa, Rwanda, Nigeria, Namibia, rosters of potential female candidates to to these two specific policies, the EU now WPS to further coordination and Mauritius, Lesotho, Ethiopia, Côte d'Ivoire, serve in the area of conflict prevention and tries to mainstream gender in its policies implementation Cameroon, Burkina Faso and Algeria (AWRO post-conflict management posts; support and activities, as well as integrate WPS 2009). training and education focusing on the issues in its policy and political dialogues 9. Ensure implementation of WPS rights of women and girls; share experiences with partner governments. The EU also commitments in CSDP missions In September 2010, representatives of 16 and best practices to engage with women’s intends to accurately monitor resources countries in West Africa adopted the Dakar peace initiatives; and evaluate gender spent and made available on a regional 10. Prepare an annual report on European Declaration that spells out the countries’ mainstreaming efforts (OSCE 2004). level. implementation of WPS commitments commitment to better implement SCR 1325 (EPLO 2010). (ECOWAS 2010). The Dakar Declaration Among the OSCE countries, Belgium is Despite the above mentioned policies, underscored the need for the effective a strong supporter of initiatives set up gaps remain between European policy and The CSO paper further states: “True participation of women in peace processes, for and by women. It supports gender practice. The CSO position paper on Europe- implementation requires concrete, the protection of women and girls from mainstreaming in policies, recruitment, wide implementation of SCR 1325 entitled, responsive, time-bound programs, resources conflict-related sexual violence and a general activities, and emphasizes “10 Points on 10 Years UNSCR 1325 in and evaluation mechanisms. [T]he EU should reduction in conflicts through the greater strengthening local capacities and Europe” that was circulated in September “practice what it preaches” and increase the involvement of women in preventive increasing gender expertise. However, 2010 made recommendations to address number of women working within its own diplomacy (ECOWAS 2010). It also stresses the Belgian government emphasizes that some of the gaps. It called on the EU and institutions and appoint women to senior- the importance of adequate care and the OSCE Action Plan for the Promotion member states to: level positions at the national, regional and humanitarian services during the relief and of Gender Equality (2004) needs further international levels” (EPLO 2010). 1. Prioritize, enable and strengthen the recovery periods after conflicts, disasters or implementation (FPS Foreign Affairs, Foreign other crises (ECOWAS 2010). Trade and Development Cooperation 2009). participation of women in peace and In Africa, the AU Solemn Declaration on security matters Gender Equality in Africa (SDGEA), adopted Part of the commitments that governments 2. Include a set of minimum standards in in 2004, articulates the commitment of outlined in the declaration is the all WPS action plans / strategies AU Member States to ensure “the full and development of national action plans that effective participation and representation would outline the steps gender ministries 3. Engage civil society organizations in of women in peace process including the will take to implement SCR 1325 in their the development, implementation and prevention, resolution, management of countries. The governments also expressed monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of conflicts and post-conflict reconstruction that monitoring and evaluation mechanisms WPS plans in Africa as stipulated in UN Resolution will be set up to check what progress is 1325 (2000) and to also appoint women as 4. Include meaningful indicators and being made. The Economic Community Special Envoys and Special Representatives of West African States (ECOWAS) in M&E mechanisms in WPS action plans of the African Union” (African Union 2004). and strategies collaboration with the UN Office for West Africa (UNOWA) and UN Women will 5. Allocate specific WPS resources AU member states are obliged to report coordinate this process. (financial and human) annually on progress made in gender mainstreaming and to support and 24 25 b) At the National Level of the Government’s determination  Organic Law n° 17/2003 of 07/07/2003 The most effective to include the gender perspective related to presidential and legislative NAPs are those that reflect the in a cross cutting manner, in the elections, ensuring the 30 percent Indeed, there have been advancements implementation and evaluation threshold in party representation realities of the country; are co-owned of its public policies. [...] Also to in pushing for greater implementation  of SCR 1325 at the international and by the government, women’s groups, the be highlighted is the role of the Land Law n° 08/2005 of 14/07/2005, regional levels. However, the true test to National Commission for Redress giving women equal rights in the effectiveness of a policy is the level of security sector and other stakeholders in the and Reconciliation, institution that land ownership against a cultural implementation at the country level. In this country; and allow for comprehensive and was created with the purpose of background that looked down upon regard, the most important contribution of facilitating the peace process, and women who were supposed to defer to Member States has been the development systematic monitoring and evaluation of the individual or group reintegration their men on issues of land of members of illegal armed groups. of national action plans (NAPs) to guide the  Law n° 59/2008 of 10/09/2008 implementation of SCR 1325. NAPs outline activities and outcomes with respect to This Commission seeks to guarantee the rights of victims to truth, justice, providing legal sanctions against the systematic translation of 1325 and its the goals and objectives of the Gender-based violence (GNWP 2010). supporting resolutions into executable, and redress. The commission has measurable and accountable actions. The plan. included the gender perspective in its work, as well as the recommendations Even though the implementation of effective implementation of NAPs is a Resolutions 1325, 1820, 1888, 1889 and key strategy in ensuring the achievement contained in Resolution 1325 of the Security Council (Blum 2008). 1960 does not exclusively depend on the of commitments in the area of WPS. The Nepal, the Netherlands, Norway, the development of national action plans, most effective NAPs are those that reflect Philippines, Portugal, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Germany does not currently have a specific several Presidents of the Security Council the realities of the country; are co-owned Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Uganda, and have recommended that action plans on by the government, women's groups, the the United Kingdom (PeaceWomen 2011). A NAP on 1325. The federal government argues that existing action plans such as 1325 be developed (UNSC 2002, 2004, security sector and other stakeholders in the number of countries including Australia and 2005, 2006, 2007). Rachel Mayanja, country; and allow for comprehensive and Burundi have draft NAPs that are expected the NAP on conflict prevention address WPS issues and a separate plan on 1325 Special Advisor to the Secretary General systematic monitoring and evaluation of to be adopted soon. Other countries such on Women’s Empowerment and Gender activities and outcomes with respect to the as Colombia, Israel and Fiji have integrated is therefore not needed (Gunda Werner Institute 2007). Issues, underscores that it is the main goals and objectives of the plan. SCR 1325 into their national policy and responsibility of Member States to develop legislation. Justice reform and the adoption of legal national implementation strategies (OSAGI The 2010 Secretary General’s report on WPS 2008). This does not only refer to countries states that the ultimate success of national The representative of the Colombian provisions that address gender inequality in post-conflict societies are also directly linked in conflict, but to all UN Member States. A action plans depends on their funding Permanent Mission to the United Nations, NAP not only ensures adoption of the pillars and the commitment to ensure their full Claudia Blum, emphasizes various initiatives with the implementation of SCR 1325. Rwanda provides examples of some laws of SCR 1325 in ways that reflect the realities implementation (UNSC 2010). Moreover, the of the government and civil society that of women, but it also facilitates coherence same report stresses that the availability of contribute to the implementation of the relating to gender and security that have been adopted in recent years: and coordination between government adequate resources [for implementation at resolution, despite the absence of a national agencies; between government, civil society the national level] remains a great challenge action plan: and multilateral agencies; encourages (UNSC 2010).  Law n° 47/2001 of 18/12/2001 monitoring and evaluation; and promotes In Colombia, The Office of the instituting punishment for offences of accountability. At the time of printing this report, 25 Advisor for Women’s Equity has discrimination and sectarianism countries have adopted national action strengthened the incorporation of the While national governments carry the plans: Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and gender dimension in all government  Organic Law n° 16/2003 of 27/06/2003 main responsibility for the development Herzegovina, Canada, Chile, Côte d’Ivoire, instances particularly through the governing political organizations of NAPs, civil society has been the leading Denmark, Democratic Republic of Congo, policy Women Builders of Peace and and politicians (i.e., 30 percent force behind many of the existing NAPs. Estonia, Finland, France, Iceland, Liberia, Development. This policy is indicative representation) This was the case in the Philippines, Sierra 26 27 Leone and Nepal, where NGOs initiated and played a key role in ensuring that activities and collaboration mechanisms were carefully outlined to promote coordination, inclusiveness, transparency and effectiveness. UN agencies such as UNIFEM, UN INSTRAW and UNFPA have also supported efforts to develop national action plans in developing and least developed countries by providing technical assistance as well as financial resources. 04 Financing women and peace and security

Understanding how policy and public financing choices can support gender equality requires knowledge on several fronts, including: the collection and distribution of resources; financing flows and types; domestic and international contexts; the objectives of macroeconomic and social policy frameworks; and the degree of coherence between economic and social policies (UNIFEM and United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service (NGLS) 2008).

28 29 The following section aims to demonstrate The development and implementation a. International Development Assistance and Funding the complexity of the funding landscape of national action plans on SCR 1325 is and the challenges to effective usage and funded from different sources that include management of resources. The situation is official development assistance (ODA) and For many developing and less developed obligation under international human much more complex in situations of armed national budgets. It must be noted that countries, policy and programming work rights agreements such as the International conflict because of the lack of strong when funding for a NAP comes from the on 1325 and women and peace security is Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural governance structures, fragile political national budget, the funding is contingent often carried out with official development Rights to provide international cooperation. environments and huge budget deficits, on the ability of the state to mobilize assistance (ODA) funds. ODA consists mostly It is also worthy to note that the OECD- among many other factors. This section also resources domestically, which in turn is of direct funding from donor governments DAC in its 2009 Development Co-operation looks at the potential of the private sector inextricably linked with the situation or to developing country governments. Report emphasized that funding as well as to explore innovative ways to complement the relationship with external sources of According to the OECD Development any other provision of support needs to be exhausted resources. revenue. For example, if debt payments Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC), ODA reliable and predictable (OECD-DAC 2009). are high, a government’s revenue is involves loans or grants that are: “(a) At the same time, it is also important to The work of governments is usually funded significantly lowered, which in turn impacts undertaken by the official sector; (b) with ensure that the provision of funding and by two major sources: the government’s ability to make budget promotion of economic development aid lead to the autonomy and not further allocation including allocation for SCR and welfare as the main objective; (c) at dependency of a state and its people. 1. Domestic resources: 1325 implementation. Other international concessional financial terms (if a loan,  Tax revenues from income taxes, sales economic polices, such as free trade having a grant element of at least 25 According to the International Development taxes, customs revenues, property taxes, agreements, can also impact a government’s percent). In addition to financial flows, Association Resource Mobilization “About corporate taxes, etc; budget allocations. When such a trade technical co-operation is included in aid” 70 percent of ODA flows have been provided agreement, for instance, results in the (OECD 2011). OECD lists the top donors through bilateral organizations and 30  Privatization and sale of public assets loss of jobs or livelihoods, a country’s tax contributing to ODA in 2009: United States, percent through multilateral organizations” including sale or use of natural base diminishes, which in turn will affect France, Germany, the United Kingdom and (FRM 2007). While within the past five years resources; and allocations for policy implementation. Japan. Furthermore, OECD reports that, a number of development agencies – the  User fees for health and education “Five countries exceeded the United Nations Department for International Development services, highway tolls, administrative ODA target of 0.7 percent of GNI: Denmark, in the United Kingdom (DFID), the Spanish fees and other charges for public Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway and Agency for Development Cooperation (AECID), services. Sweden. The largest percentage increases in the Australian Government’s Overseas Aid net ODA in real terms were from Norway, Program and the Australian Agency for 2. External resources: France, the United Kingdom, Korea (which International Development (AusAID) and the joined the DAC with effect from 1 January  Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DMFA) – Official development assistance (ODA) 2010), Finland, Belgium and Switzerland” have reassessed their spending on gender [and other forms of development aid (OECD 2010). and increased their budgets, the funding of from multilateral institutions including local women’s organizations on the ground the UN and the EU], although not all The balance between donor objectives seems to have decreased significantly (AWID amounts go directly to public budgets; and ownership by the recipient country 2008). Financial support has shifted towards  Loans from the World Bank and is delicate. Local ownership as well as governmental programming and action regional development banks, the IMF transparent and participatory funding planning. To the extent that it strengthens the [International Monetary Fund] and approaches is needed for the recipient nation state to fulfil its duties to its citizens, commercial banks; and country to effectively develop and such a shift cannot be evaluated as exclusively  Tax revenues from trade and private implement its programs. Donors cannot negative. However, such development capital flows, including foreign direct exclusively evaluate their provision of may weaken CSOs, whose contributions in investment (FDI) (UNIFEM and NGLS support as an altruistic gift, but have a promoting the women and peace and security 2008). responsibility for collective and global agenda are irreplaceable. development. Moreover, donors have an 30 31 The Department for International i. ODA as tool to ensure gender and 4. Security system reform to improve gender issues. However, while there seem Development in the United Kingdom (DFID), security provisions democratic governance and civilian to be more funds for gender equality and for example, states that, “[R]ecent changes The OECD-DAC highlights that ODA can control. women’s empowerment work, it is unclear in the way we work, including supporting embrace WPS provisions through: 5. Civilian activities for peacebuilding, whether the money is going towards nationally-owned development strategies conflict prevention and conflict support for women’s organizations of all and delivering more of our aid through 1. Management of security resolution. types and sizes and fund gender equality government budgets, have presented new expenditure through improved and women’s rights initiative from a human challenges and potential opportunities for civilian oversight and democratic 6. Controlling, preventing and reducing rights approach. our work on gender equality” (Jensen 2006). control of budgeting, management, the proliferation of small arms and accountability and auditing. light weapons (OECD 2005). In addition to the sector specific reporting, The chart below demonstrates the flow 23 out of 24 member states of the OECD of ODA and shows the complexity of 2. Enhance civil society’s role in the security system to help ensure that The OECD-DAC collects aid flows at activity now report using the gender policy marker multilateral, regional as well as national level through the Creditor Reporting System when reporting on their spending on mechanisms and on how many different it is managed in accordance with democratic norms and principles of (CRS) and expanded CRS (CRS++), and in the development aid (OECD 2009). The Gender points those actors are interlinked. This chart form of aggregates through the annual DAC marker identifies activities that “are also illustrates why gender and security are accountability, transparency and good governance. Questionnaire. The data collection is based intended to advance gender equality and difficult to separate in these channels. on a standard methodology and definitions. women’s empowerment” (OECD-DAC 2010). 3. Supporting legislation for preventing Data can be used to analyze trends and the recruitment of child soldiers. compare the efforts of donors. To identify Data on DAC members’ aid targeting gender the gender dimension of development aid equality and women’s empowerment are Recipient Countries’ View of Aid Channels flows, OECD uses two instruments in DAC collected with the help of the gender Ad Core statistics: equality marker in the Creditor Reporting contributions budgets System (CRS). All aid activity reported to Reflows Funds the CRS must be screened and marked Debt • Sector code for Women’s equality

forgiveness Multi-purpose as either (i) targeting gender equality as International organizations and institutions Time Official Core Organizations a “principal objective” or a “significant Bllateral contributions Tag • Policy marker for gender equality Donors objective,” or (ii) not targeting the objective. Principal indicates that gender equality Reflows Public Funds Donor countries and institutions report was an explicit objective of the activity and on the different areas and sectors they fundamental in its design. Significant means Public- are investing in. Two specific sectors are Others Private Sector ot gender equality was an important, but Other (incl. Thematic important for resolution 1325: women’s admin cost and International secondary, objective of the activity. Lastly, awareness) Organizations empowerment (OECD DAC Code CRS: 15170) not targeted signifies that the activity was Private and the sector on conflict prevention and Tax screened for promoting gender equality, but deductions resolution, peace and security (OECD DAC was not be targeted to it (OECD-DAC 2010). Code CRS: 152xx). WPS issues can also, however, be coded under other sectors Debt relief & Measuring development aid flows to Programs actions on debt such as human rights, health, education, fragile states and their respective gender Emergency etc. The increase of financial resources for component within these flows can be linked Private (inclu. food aid) gender issues or the increase of reporting of Donors Technical to SCR 1325. The empowerment of women Cooperation specific funds are reflected in governmental Developing in countries emerging from or in armed Countries reports as well as statements made by civil International conflict, as well as the support of gender Bilateral ODA Multilateral ODA Organizations society organizations. In 2008, for example, equality in fragile societies, contributes to LEGEND Private Aid Multi-Bilateral ODA US$690 million was specifically dedicated the promotion of WPS issues. Source: International Development Association Resource Mobilization 2007 to civil society organizations that deal with 32 33 According to OECD: ii. Support to Women’s Groups and For its research on funding for women’s Ana Lukatela, Coordinator of the Regional Other Civil Society Organizations rights and development work, AWID Women’s Lobby (RWL) for Peace, Security Based on data collected in 2007- collected information from over 1,000 and Justice in South-East Europe reported 08, approximately US$4.4 billion In order to increase effectiveness and women’s organizations worldwide. While that, “100 percent of RWL’s budget is per year was noted in aid support benefit local communities, the inclusion these women’s organisations do not dedicated to women, peace and security of gender equality in fragile states. of local civil society organizations is necessarily all focus on the implementation issues. The main donor of RWL has thus far The majority of these programs crucial. The benefits of local ownership, of SCR 1325, over 40 percent of the been UNIFEM CEE [UNIFEM Sub-regional targeted gender equality as a participation and a strong constituency that interviewed organisations claim to focus Office for Central and Eastern Europe]. significant objective, and only can guarantee sustainability of any initiative on related issues such as violence against UNIFEM funded a 2009 Strategic Meeting, US$683 million addressed these far outweigh any risks. The perceived lack women (AWID 2008). the 2008 Regional Conference and the 2008 considerations as their main of technical expertise and capacities of Strategic Planning Conference of RWL” objective. Overall, approximately local NGOs is considered a risk by some Using data made available by the OECD on (FOKUS survey 2009). Lukatela lists Albania, one-third of DAC members’ aid donor organizations and prevents them donor reporting under the specific sector Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and Serbia in fragile states promoted gender from entrusting NGOs with funds and other for contributions to women’s organizations as places where UNIFEM CEE funds other equality. This is only a little more resources. This limitation underscores the and their publicly available databases, AWID initiatives on gender mainstreaming in the than in other contexts (the share for need to integrate project and financial stated in its report that: police and security forces. She also mentions all developing countries combined management as well as organizational the Swedish International Development is 31percent). As one can note, the capacity building in all undertakings on The largest donors to gender equality Cooperation Agency (Sida), as a core donor focus on gender equality in fragile WPS, particularly at the grassroots level. organizations and institutions in 2008 for the governments in the region on situations is implemented only to a were Spain, the Netherlands, Norway, WPS, as well as the Austrian Development limited extent (OECD 2010). Current data and research from AWID Germany and the US. Most donors Cooperation Agency (ADA), which funded demonstrates that the largest proportion presented in the table below have a large regional conference hosted by RWL of funds to non-governmental women’s made steady increases in their support entitled “Women and Peace-building in the The establishment of a global 1325 organizations are made available through to women’s equality organizations. Western Balkans” held in Skopje, Macedonia fund as well as indicators for tracking bi- or multilateral agencies such as the UN During 2007 and 2008 Canada, in June 2010. implementation can make this complex (32.5 percent), private foundations (14.9 Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and web of actors, channels and flows percent) and international NGOs (10.7 Spain showed the most prominent There is also new potential for women’s easier to track. While “about half of the percent) (AWID 2008). increases in their allocations to the organizations in the global North to support bilateral contributions channelled through sector. On the other hand, Norway organizations in the global South. “Northern multilateral channels in 2005 went through While individual donors (US$7.3million and Denmark saw a drop in their civil society organizations (CSOs) may also some degree of earmarking by sector in 2005) are the largest contributors to contributions in the same period, be encouraged to ‘align’ to development or theme” (IDA 2007), no earmarking women’s rights organizations, international although they remain as important cooperation priorities and ‘complement’ mechanisms exist for potential 1325 organizations, governments and foundations contributors to women’s organizations. bilateral funding to partner countries funding apart from national action plans. are also a major source of funding. As Notably, the US has consistently through direct support for Southern CSOs In addition, the earmarking of funds for AWID states, “The majority of organizations diminished its support to gender (including women’s organizations)” (AWID national action plans on SCR 1325 is rare. have been getting their biggest funding equality organizations and institutions 2010). Foundations or international CSOs Switzerland and the United Kingdom are since 1995 from bilateral/ multilateral since 2004. […] However, existing such as International Alert and CARE have two of the countries that have made efforts agencies, large private foundations, information for 2008 indicates that greater access to funds than local women’s to identify these funds specifically out of international NGOs, individuals, and local the top 5 donors for that year (Spain, organizations. their regular budgets recently (see section governments” (AWID 2008). AWID’s 2010 the Netherlands, Norway, Germany five). research confirms that these sectors and the US) distributed a total of [The Austrian section of CARE, for remain crucial. Close to 30 percent of total US$93 million to non-governmental example], is involved around the combined income reported from women’s organizations under this category of world in programs and projects for organizations comes from these sectors. women’s equality organizations and implementing UN SCR 1325; with institutions (AWID 2010). the focus on empowering women in 34 35 post-conflict. CARE Österreich has a programming focus on implementing Case Study: Colombia – where illegal armed groups are present Under the framework of Law 975/2005 UN SCR 1325 in Uganda, Nepal and Programming women and peace and or in areas of military confrontations. for Justice and Peace about 80,000 Burundi, as well as in the Caucasus security initiatives without a NAP Women suffer from various forms people have brought their cases before region. [The] funding is coming from of violence: displacement, social and the Office of the public prosecutor. a framework agreement with ADA Colombia has faced socio-political economic discrimination and sexual To date only about 20,000, have met (Austrian Development Agency), violence involving guerilla and violence. “For women in armed requirements. Access to justice, under where [it] co-funds 20 percent; and Colombian state actors for more conflict zones, the situation not only Law 975 remains difficult. The number the other program in the Caucasus than 50 years. During the 80s, the has to do with the conflict between of women survivors [of conflict- is EU funded, thus being part of the conflict became more complex with different actors: guerillas, military and related sexual violence] continues to Stability Pact agreement (FOKUS the presence of drug trafficking and paramilitary but also has to do with increase. Besides being submerged in survey 2009). illegal paramilitary groups in the sexual abuse, physical abuse, extortion poverty, women are also heads of the production and commercialization and pressures in which women find households with underage children In Colombia, many women’s organizations zones of poppy and cocaine. As a themselves subjected to by the nature to support and protect (Iniciativa de and civil society groups are engaged in consequence, there has been internal of the conflict. Women must bear Mujeres por la Paz 2009). activities that directly and indirectly support displacement, forced migrations of a visible and invisible consequences” the implementation of SCR 1325 and 1820 considerable number of victims of the (Corporacion Casa de la Mujer 2008). Some activities have been developed despite the absence of a national action conflict toward the borders of Ecuador, at state level to promote SCR plan on these international laws. Venezuela and Panama, persecutions In Colombia, the women’s movement 1325 on the ground, such as of human rights defenders, victims for peace has fought against the informational materials on the content of sexual violence against women effects of armed violence and of the resolution. Workshops, such and other issues have become part of particularly against gender violence as “The participation of women the daily life of the population. The through mobilization and advocating peace-builders and the maintenance Colombian armed groups since the 80s for access to justice for women of peace” and “Gender, conflict and have changed direction in their long- victims. In this context they have peace-building” organized by the term political objectives. “The objective achieved reforms in the Penal Code Presidential Department for the Equity of seizing political power has been that specifically criminalizes sexual of Women and Ministry of Foreign further clarified; their goal is to now violence and violence based on Affairs with support from UNIFEM; consolidate its political power in areas gender. The law 1257/2008 was and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with significant natural resources and passed for the prevention, attention UNIFEM, Women Waging Peace and wealth” (Richani 2003a). “In addition, and the sanction of violence against the Corporation for Analysis, Research the trading of illicit drugs has become women and is currently in the process and Education for Peace and Conflict the main fuel to the conflict” (Valencia of implementation. In addition, the Resolution, respectively, have also been 2006). The paramilitary project Constitutional Court decision under held. connected to the drug trafficking, has Order 092/2008 that recognizes the permeated Colombian politics and the disproportionate impact of conflict As can be observed from the government institutions and at the on the lives of women; requires the information reported by the same time has co-opted sectors of government to create programs to Presidential Office on Gender the population to its service, due to assist women victims; and rules against Equality, there are no programs unemployment and the lack of state cases of sexual violence committed and no systematic or widespread solutions to the structural violence. by armed actors, was created. Local action for the dissemination of [peacebuilding] initiatives have also SCR 1325 (Corporacion Casa de la Women are affected both directly increased in recent times. Mujer 2008). Neither a NAP nor and indirectly by the conflict, in areas other documents about policies that

36 37 monitor the different initiatives on initiated (Hunt Alternatives Fund Organization Financing Project Purpose the ground exist. Many civil society 2011). Global Fund for US$900,000 Supported Empower marginalized women organizations and international actors Women 60 women's and girls facing the impact of receive funds and support for activities Gloria Tobón Olarte of the National groups with the internal conflict, including that fall under the umbrella of 1325. Women’s Network of Colombia says 90 grants indigenous women, rural women, These activities call for effective that the principal challenges to fully (since 1990) and Afro-Colombians, among collaboration. implement the resolutions on women others. and peace and security are political Women’s organizations and other CSOs will of the current President to expand US Congress, US$500,000 to City of Construction of homes/ housing have also implemented various women the existing national laws toward UNHCR, WFP, League of Displaced Women units for internally displaced and peace and security projects. The international standards and ensure the the Spanish Women (2003) women; empower women private US-based Hunt Alternatives necessary resources for an effective Government, the Fund, for example, supported women implementation. She emphasizes that Ford Foundation, involved in the Colombian peace some initiatives on women and peace the Global Fund process: and security are trying to move forward for Women and with talks aimed at implementing SCR others The Institute for Inclusive 1325 that incorporate comprehensive Security, the main program policies in care for the displaced Global Justice unknown Special Ensure that the Justice and Peace of Hunt Alternatives traveled population with advances such as order Center Initiative on Law (JPL), or law 975 of 2005, and to Bogotá May 25-30, 2008 092/2008 and laws like the 1257/2008 Gender, Non- other transitional justice processes to support the Colombian (G Tobón Olarte 2010, pers. comm., Impunity and in Colombia are implemented in congressional women’s caucus, September). International compliance with international seek donor commitments for Law (SIGNAL) laws on gender equality and set several projects, and document Patricia Guererro of the League of standards on gender crimes and our work in the country. Inclusive Displaced Women points to a structural inclusive participation Security met with Network problem of exclusion, discrimination CORDAID US$1,700.000 per To strengthen the women’s members Senators Marta Lucía and intrinsic historical violence as other year from the VAW movement in order to fully Ramírez and Gina Parody and challenges that should be taken into Programme practice their human rights; Senate President Nancy Patricia consideration ( P Guerrero 2011, pers. eliminate sexual violence against Gutiérrez to encourage them to comm., 4 April). US$70,000 for women; to increase security push for the institutionalization counter terrorism for women in general and of the Congressional Women’s The table below presents some CSO activities which specifically women human rights Caucus. As a result, on June 13, projects financed by different donors in address women issues defenders; and promote political President Gutiérrez announced Colombia. This is not a comprehensive participation of women in peace a bill to make the caucus one of list nor is it focused on women and processes. The common lobby the three permanent commissions peace and security projects, but merely agenda is around two national of the Colombian Congress. In a list of projects on women and girls in laws that are part of the Justice addition, Inclusive Security met a country with a high level of armed and Peace Law. with representatives of several violence. major international donors… [and] secured commitments to continue supporting activities we or our Network members

38 39 US Department US$7,000,000 to Global Child Target former child soldiers With the financial support of Finland, the developing national action plans began. FAS’ of Labor (USDOL) International Labour Soldiers and other war-affected youth, NGO Femmes Africa Solidarité (FAS) started vision regarding the process is formulated Organization- Project with a special emphasis on girls a sub-regional project that supported clearly: “That the process of conflict International (trafficking of children for the Burundi, DRC and Rwanda in developing resolutions in conflict countries requires a Programme on purposes of serving in armies and/ NAPs on 1325, which included the participatory and inclusive approach in the the Elimination of or armed groups is a crosscutting development of a WPS assessment. Local development of women-centered national Child Labour (ILO- issue) consultants were hired in each country to policies and programs, is not in question. IPEC) (among them conduct baseline studies and to initiate the Thus, there is a requirement for national Colombia) formation of national steering committees. action plans to be conceived in a consistent Through strong cooperation among civil and realistic manner relative to gender- US Department US$260,000 to Combating Improve law-enforcement efforts society organizations and supportive based concerns” (FAS 2008). of State Office International Trafficking by learning from US legislation government representatives, the process in to Monitor Organization for in Persons and law enforcement initiatives and Combat Migration (IOM): through and improving cooperation Trafficking Colombia and DR Training and between source and destination (USDOS/G/TIP) Multi-State countries for international sex b. National gender budgeting Cooperation trafficking, through a series of technical capacity-building Gender Responsive Budgeting (or Gender realities. The way public budgets are allotted workshops Budget Initiatives) refers to a systematic affects citizens in many ways, including UN Trust Fund One of the projects The Centro Create safe spaces for women to evaluation process by which government access to social services, education and to End Violence under a US$5.1 de Apoyo talk about violent experiences, budgets are broken down and their impact employment opportunities. In all these areas against Women million grant Popular develop the information collected on women and men are analyzed. Gender gender is a major factor. (CENTRAP)'s into a comprehensive mapping budget analysis has become a tool to project: of the risks women face in the measure state expenditure in accordance Analyzing the government budget from Towards a city, and persuade the municipal with its gender responsiveness, meaning its a gender perspective is known to be an Municipality government to incorporate capacity to respond to the different needs effective tool for more participatory, Free of changes in its municipal of women, men, boys and girls. Specific transparent and fair expenditure for Violence: development plan gender action plans that look at issues advancing gender equality. “Gender Soacha for such as pay gaps and violence against budget analyses examine any form of Women women and girls, have increasingly been put in place in a number of countries in the The UNIFEM- One of the projects Corporación Catalyse support for measures global South as well as the global North. As Sisma Mujer’s managed Fund under a US$9 project: to prevent further internal demonstrated in the Philippines, the process The way public for Gender million grant Political displacement and to generate of mobilizing national public funds through Equality Empowerment better provisioning for existing mechanisms such as gender budgeting can budgets are allotted affects for Women Displaced internally displaced persons identify existing resources needed for the citizens in many ways, including by War to development and implementation of a NAP Hold the on SCR 1325. access to social services, education Government Accountable Regulated by international and national and employment opportunities. In normative frameworks, public budgets all these areas gender is a major Source: PeaceWomen (no date), Global Justice Center 2007, UN Women 2007, UN PoA-ISS 2010 determine the redistribution of funds, where effect and impact highly depend on specific factor. socio-political, economic and cultural 40 41 public expenditure or method of raising revenues and link national policies and their Case Study: The Philippines – Gender Government as well coordinated: However, compliance with the GAD outcomes to the gendered distribution, budgeting as a potential source of budget policy was still low. A UNIFEM use, and generation of public resources. funding for 1325 implementation Through a preparatory committee report says: By identifying the implications on women led by the Office of the Presidential relative to men gender budget analyses Although the Philippines is not on the Advisor on the Peace Process and In 1999, the government can highlight gaps between reaching international peace and security agenda the Philippine Commission on introduced a performance based policy goals and the resources committed – primarily due to the fact that the Women different consultations budgeting policy that reduced for their implementation” (Tanzarn 2003). disputes there are regarded as localized and workshops have already been the budget of agencies not in Gender budgeting does not mean creating – there are on-going armed conflicts funded. Furthermore, 5 percent compliance by a minimum of 5 a separate budget for women but rather in different parts of the country. of the total budget of each percent. Between 1995 and 1998, mainstreaming gender in the budgeting Moreover, activities of certain non-state government agency is allocated to the number of reporting agencies process and identifying the resources armed groups have extended to the Gender and Development (GAD), rose from 19 to 69 (out of a total of contributing to gender equality in each neighbouring countries of Indonesia and which can be one of the main 349) and the allocations to women sector. Malaysia. Peace negotiations between sources for the national action tripled. Yet even with this three- the Philippine government and non- planning process on resolution 1325 fold increase, the report concluded Debbie Budlender explains further: state armed groups have been going on (Cordaid-GNWP survey 2010). that, during the same period, the for decades. gender and development budget Gender responsive budgeting Researcher Debbie Budlender concludes: was still less than 1percent; far (GRB) is about ensuring In 2010, the Philippines adopted a below the 5 percent target (Corner that government budgets, policies national action plan on SCR 1325, which The Philippines […] is probably and Repucci 2009). and programs address the needs and covers a time frame of four years. This the most institutionalized [gender interests of individuals belonging to is the fourth action plan contributing budget] initiative outside that of The Philippine 1325 Preparatory different social groups. Thus, GRB to the promotion of women’s rights Australia. Like Australia’s, [which Committee was composed of national looks at biases that can arise because in the country. The National Steering started applying gender budget NGOs, the Philippine Commission on a person is male or female, while also Committee on Women, Peace and analysis in 1984] the initiative is Women, the Office of the Presidential considering disadvantages suffered Security (NSCWPS) was created by centred inside government and Adviser on the Peace Process, the as a result of belonging to a specific Executive Order (EO) No. 865 and is led by the Philippine Commission International Women’s Tribune Centre ethnicity, caste, class or poverty status, chaired by the Presidential Adviser on on Women, formerly the National and SULONG CARHRHIL. It anticipates location and age. GRB is not about the Peace Process (PAPP) and the Chair Commission on the Role of Filipino that most of the funding for the NAP separating budgets for women or of the Philippine Commission on Women Women (NCRFW). But, unlike implementation should come from the 5 men but about determining where (PCW). Section 4 of EO 865 stipulates initiatives elsewhere, the [Gender percent GAD budget of all government the needs of men and women are the that the Committee shall partner with and Development] GAD budget as agencies. In addition, the NSCWPS shall same and where they differ to make civil society organizations, particularly introduced in 1996 is very specific be provided an initial allocation of five appropriate allocations (Budlender with women and peace groups in as to what is required – it states million pesos (roughly US$115,700) 2006). the implementation, monitoring and that every government-related to implement the provisions of the evaluation of the NAP. CSOs that were agency must allocate at least NAP to be drawn from the President’s The Philippines is an example of a country part of the formulation of the NAP five per cent of their budget for Contingency Fund. Regular funds from where the outcomes of gender budgeting recently formed their own mechanism gender and development. …The the succeeding years shall be sourced could fund 1325 NAP implementation. to help implement, monitor and GAD budget was seen as a strategic from the OPAPP budget. evaluate the NAP. Jasmin Nario-Galace, way of ensuring funding for the Associate Director of the Centre for Philippine Development Plan for Nenita Quilenderino from the Office of Peace Education (CPE) at Miriam College, Women (PDPW) (Budlender 2001). the Presidential Adviser on the Peace describes the efforts by the Philippine Process (OPAPP), adds:

42 43 Specifically for 1325-related by then Philippine president Gloria Activity Sources of funds resolutions, agencies whose Macapagal Arroyo. The Preparatory Drafting of a National Action Plan • OPAPP mandates include the concerns/ Committee conducted regional • Preparatory Committee Meetings • Philippine Commission on Women issues under said resolutions consultations in close collaboration • Series of consultations to generate (PCW) Sulong CARHRIHL, other PrepCom can mobilize part/ majority of with local civil society organizations, inputs for the NAP Members their mandatory 5 percent GAD which led to a comprehensive document • National validation workshop • NGO/CSO partners including one budget to promote and implement that includes timelines as well as • Writeshop international NGO (International provisions of said resolutions. progress indicators. According to Ms. Women’s Tribune Centre) On external sources, similarly as Quilenderino, the cost of organizing provided for in RA 7192, up to 30 various activities in relation to the 1325 Advocacy activities for the implementation • OPAPP percent of external development national action planning process was of the NAP • PCW aid is to be allocated for GAD shouldered by the different members of • National launching of NAP, including • Other government agencies purposes. Hence, where foreign aid the Preparatory Committee as indicated printing copies • Local Government Units (LGUs) is used, say for example in post- by the table on the following page. • NAP Implementation Workshop • CSO/NGO/community partners conflict communities, part of or • Regional launching/advocacy all the 30 percent is along 1325 While most of the budget is expected workshops and planning (harmonized and 1820 and related resolutions. to come from the 5 percent gender with NAP) The problem lies, however, in the and development pot, specific projects • Local advocacy workshops/planning effective implementation of such on women, peace and security with an in pilot priority areas (conflict and policy (Cordaid-GNWP survey estimated cost of up to PHP5 million conflict-prone areas) 2010). (US$115,700) will be made available for access by CSO partners to be used Actual implementation of the five-year • OPAPP Training workshops, advocacy activities directly for initiatives/ projects based on NAP • PCW and awareness-raising campaigns have Resolutions 1325 and 1820 (Cordaid- • Other government agencies/LGUs been initiated by civil society to support GNWP survey 2010). (accessed through their mandatory 5% the action planning process for which GAD budget) external resources have been used. Good Practice: The Philippines stands • CSO/NGO/community partners External actors and governments, such out as the first country in Asia to as the Spanish development agency adopt a NAP on SCR 1325. Using AECID and the government of Norway gender budgeting to identify existing have supported non-governmental resources, it was also the first country organizations in their efforts (Cordaid- to allocate money towards the NAP GNWP survey 2010). However, funding process from its own governmental is still scarce for specific activities such funds dedicated to the promotion of as the collection of sex-disaggregated gender equality. data – especially in the area of sexual and gender-based violence – as well as the gendered impact of small arms and light weapons. The action planning process started in early 2008 and was finalised with the approval of the NAP in March 2010

44 45 c. Challenges and Opportunities expenditures specifically targeted to part of the country’s foreign policy, gender equality due to inadequate data” international development cooperation (Muteshi, 2008). This is not only due to the or defence agenda. Some NAPs – such According to AWID, the drop in official and organisations need to apply improved lack of local infrastructure but also due as the one in Finland – explicitly commit development assistance is notable. In tracking and monitoring systems as well to donor agencies’ mechanisms, criteria to support the development of NAPs in February 2010, as a result of the global as a more coordinated and collaborative and requirements that seem disconnected developing countries. Others, like that of financial crisis, countries such as Ireland and approach if human security, gender equality from the local context. The need to develop the Netherlands, express commitment to the Netherlands announced a decrease in and sustainable peace are to be their priority evaluation criteria and mechanisms jointly support projects on WPS particularly in their ODA. Ireland reported a decrease of agendas. Women’s groups working on WPS and in consultation with the agencies Dutch priority regions, such as the Western €260 million and the Netherlands slashed must be involved in the development of responsible for the data collection is Balkans, Afghanistan, the Horn of Africa and their budget by €550 million. The financial gender sensitive indicators and in the actual essential. the Great Lakes region. Needless to say, the crisis prompted a reassessment of spending. monitoring and evaluation of resource funds for the implementation of NAPs in As AWID reports: “Many bilateral agencies— mobilization and management. Because of their limited access to Europe and Canada are sourced internally. from Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands, information on funding sources it is often Of the less developed or developing Norway, Sweden, among others—are As a mainstreamed and crosscutting issue very difficult for grassroots organizations countries that have NAPs, however, the currently implementing - or recently carried the “gender” dimension is extremely hard to access funds. Moreover, the complexity Philippines is so far the only country out - comprehensive evaluations or internal to measure and its funding hard to track, of the application processes including the that has identified internal resources to assessments of the implementation of their especially if the activities designated for its numerous documents required by donors implement its NAP. Nevertheless, NAPs gender equality policies or programs and implementation are not clearly marked as is often beyond the capacity of many civil from less developed and conflict-affected their gender mainstreaming strategies” such. To date no government has published society organizations. countries, contain goals, objectives and (AWID 2010). The financial and economic a report outlining the funds dedicated activities that are directed internally such crisis, which is a systemic crisis to begin to WPS activities. Most of the publicly In Canada, some of the work on trainings as “increasing women’s participation in with, has had a severe impact on not only accessible national action plans do not and awareness raising on SCR 1325 was peace negotiations” or “enhancing women’s ODA but also on many developing countries’ include budget provisions and the ones that supported by the International Development capacities to participate in decision- ability to mobilize domestic resources and have outlined budgets do not clarify where Research Centre. Kate McInturff, making.” spend domestically, including spending on the resources come from. former Coordinator of the Gender and operationalization of policies such as SCR Peacebuilding Working Group, says that 1325. In general, sex-disaggregated data is a workshop on SCR 1820 in Canada costs ii. Flow of Resources missing, as are performance and impact US$18,000 excluding cost of staff time Other challenges such as the need to indicators for projects and programmes. (FOKUS survey 2009). McInturff further A donor can be a government from a fully analyze the gender dimension of The development of such indicators, the stated that the Department of Foreign country with sufficient funds to support investments remain. Furthermore, planning collection of sex-disaggregated data and Affairs and International Trade Canada WPS issues outside its territory or scope and monitoring of the spending of public the use of gender analysis and research (DFAIT) that previously was a donor, has of responsibility; a private company or a resources and public budgets often seem to depends on the availability of resources, withdrawn specific women and peace and related foundation; or an international lack transparency and democratic oversight. capacity and political will of a country. security funds and folded these into a organization. While the European “Current accountability mechanisms in “While most donors, particularly the EC, general envelope for “human rights policy” Commission has been the most important development aid planning and management have clearly articulated gender equality (FOKUS survey 2009). channel for ODA (IDA 2007), private are blind to the goals of gender equality and policies and guidelines on programming foundations and multilateral institutions are women’s rights. Promises and targets set in for gender equality, these are often becoming increasingly important for civil the Beijing Platform for Action, for example, ignored at country level, particularly with i. Challenges to funding NAPs society and international organisation. are not being put into practice. The lack of regard to budget allocations. Moreover, sex-disaggregated data and gender-sensitive even using the OECD-DAC Gender Marker The majority of NAPs on SCR 1325 have In a 2010 report, the Association for indicators remains a major weakness” (WWG as a preliminary indicator, the mapping so far been developed and adopted by Women’s Rights in Development (AWID) on FfD 2009). Donor- and recipient countries studies found it difficult to determine developed countries (Europe and Canada). states that multilateral and international Most of these NAPS are developed as development agencies receive funding from 46 47 a variety of sources and may disburse funds of sexual violence. Furthermore, Even prior to the adoption of the NAP, to governments, CSOs, or other (Alpizar et Countries such as we support measures to prevent the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs had al. 2010). For example, to develop its NAP, sexual violence, both in the civil and made resources available for civil society Burundi has received significant support the Netherlands, Norway military sectors, and measures to have organizations working to promote gender from UNIFEM; the Africa focused NGO the perpetrators of such violence equality. In 2008, former Minister Koenders Femme Africa Solidarité (FAS); the German and the United Kingdom – and prosecuted. Since 2006, Norway has announced: development agency GTZ; and the civil more recently Spain – act as core supported the establishment of Women society organization Care International and Children Protection Units at Gender is one of my four development (Cordaid-GNWP survey 2010). donors for 1325 activities around county police stations in Liberia and in priorities. I have reserved an additional the globe. Monrovia. Norwegian police officers are €75 million for the next three years As part of its strategy to prevent relapse also working with the Liberian police to contribute to achieving MDG 3. into conflict, the Peacebuilding Fund force as instructors. This work is still in This money will be spent primarily on has, since becoming operational in 2007, progress and will continue in 2010 and combating violence against women, strengthened its efforts to support 2011. For the last two years, Norway ending impunity, striving for gender peacebuilding projects that promote gender has also supported the International equality and, of course, implementing equality. The adoption of a gender marker 1325 activities around the globe. Norway Criminal Court’s funds for victims of the NAP action points. In addition, the late 2009 has allowed the Fund to better provides financial support to WPS advocacy sexual violence (PRIO 2010). Government has launched Project 2015 track this commitment. In 2009, the Fund and programming, women’s empowerment, to make up the arrears in achieving the spent 10 percent of its annual allocation on and political participation at national and Spain interlinks the initiatives outlined eight MDGs. I have also set up a fund to projects in which almost the entire budget international levels. For example, in Sudan, in its NAP with an existing development which I have allocated extra resources consisted of activities that advanced gender women receive annual financial support strategy. The Spanish Gender Ambassador for DDR [disarmament, demobilization equality. The targeted support consisted of from Norway to advance within the area of Aurora Mejía has stated that contributions and reintegration] and SSR (UN- strengthening the capacity of the justice peace negotiations and peacebuilding. Knut to the national action plan come from INSTRAW 2008). sector to prosecute SGBV crimes through Storberget, Norway´s Minister of Justice and all participating Ministries that each specialized prosecution units; increasing the Police confirms: support specific tasks. Additionally she (For Dutch case study see page 52) access to justice for women in rural areas; noted that funding coordination prepares and strengthening women’s participation Between 2007 and 2009, Norway for cooperation among departments Canada, the coordinator of the Group of in conflict resolution processes. In 2010, provided NOK 320 million in support of the NAP. In 2008–2009 Friends of 1325/Women, Peace and Security, the Fund approved a US$2,1 million project (approximately US$50 million) to the Spanish Development Agency spent a coalition of country missions to the UN in Nepal to improve access to transitional promote women’s rights, gender nearly €17 million on supporting women’s that support the implementation of SCR justice and other peacebuilding processes balance and sexual violence organizations and governments – mainly in 1325 and the other WPS resolutions adopted for survivors of SGBV in conflict prone [prevention] in humanitarian Latin America and some parts of Asia – in its NAP in October 2010. However, it has districts. This year, the Fund intends to operations. For the last two years, developing gender-sensitive policies. been providing financial support to the intensify its efforts to implement the Norway has financed a senior gender work of civil society, governments and UN gender marker and strengthen field support adviser in MONUC in the Democratic The United Kingdom has “implemented agencies on SCR 1325 prior to the adoption to enhance gender mainstreaming in Republic of the Congo (DRC), through a program specifically designed to assist of its own NAP. peacebuilding projects (Cordaid-GNWP the UN Action Against Sexual Violence with supporting the Nepalese Government survey 2010). The Fund is supported by in Conflict. We have also made to oversee the implementation of SCR According to Kate McInturff, former donor countries, such as the Netherlands, contributions for the Comprehensive 1325 and 1820 and also held a workshop coordinator of the Gender and which contributed US$46 million in 2005 Strategy To Combat Sexual Violence to inaugurate the [development of the] Peacebuilding Working Group in Canada: (Cordaid and WO=MEN 2010). in the DRC. In Africa’s Great Lakes Nepalese National Action Plan for SCR 1325 region, Norway is supporting projects and 1820. DfID and the FCO contributed Canada’s implementation of 1325 Countries such as the Netherlands, Norway for health care and psychological help, funds totaling just under £100,000” would generally happen in conflict and the United Kingdom – and more as well as rehabilitation of victims (Cordaid-GNWP survey 2010). settings – i.e. outside of Canada. recently Spain – act as core donors for Canada’s foreign policy priorities 48 49 include Afghanistan, Sudan and Haiti. Australia’s spending on women and peace and security in the Pacific region (2007-2009) There is also increasing pressure to include DRC in that list. Afghanistan is far and away the most significant Project Name Recipient Funds recipient of Canadian military, humanitarian and development Inventory of Responses UN Action Against Sexual Violence in AU$200,000 resources. […] My impression is that by Peacekeeping Conflict (2008–09) the Government of Canada is moving Personnel to War-related (US$180,000) increasingly to commit funds via multi- Violence against Women lateral and international organizations Addressing Sexual United Nations High Commissioner AU$2 million – the vast majority of funds committed Violence in the for Refugees (UNHCR) to implement a (2008–09) to Afghanistan, for example, are Democratic Republic of comprehensive strategy on addressing (US$1.7 million) committed through the World Bank Congo (DRC) sexual violence for internally and UN organizations. Although this displaced communities in the DRC practice increases harmonization and decreases transactional costs, it also Research project – UNIFEM Pacific and the UNDP Pacific AU$200,000 leaves very little venue for Canadian Sexual and Gender- Centre on Sexual and Gender-based (2007–08) civil society to influence policy and based Violence in Papua Violence in PNG and Solomon Islands (US$180,000) programming priorities (FOKUS survey New Guinea (PNG) and 2009). Solomon Islands Australia, through the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID), allocated approximately AU$2.5 million (US$2.2 million) in 2007–2009 to supporting WPS initiatives outside its national state borders, as shown in the table (FOKUS survey 2009). In response to a survey undertaken for though the Finish NAP, including “financing this study, Miia Rantanen, First Secretary a gender adviser for the UN Department of the Afghanistan Crisis Management for Peacekeeping Operations for 2 years, team of the Political Department of the co-financing the Monrovia Women’s Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland Colloquium [held in March] 2009, an states: “In Kosovo we have supported evaluation by an international research ”women, peace and security” projects group on how 1325 is applied in the Finnish led by UNDP with €150,000. We also development policies and doing preparation supported the organization of the work to start the twinning process including leadership of women conference in collaborating for the writing of the Kenyan Liberia in 2009 with €170,000. We also NAP” (FOKUS survey 2009). support Femmes Africa Solidarité (with US$1,267,580), which supports African countries to prepare national action plans for the implementation of resolution 1325” (Cordaid-GNWP survey 2010). Elina Hatakka from the 1325 Network Finland highlights different activities supported 50 51 Case Study: The Netherlands - the ground and the expertise to make the 2011” (Cordaid-GNWP survey 2010). women, peace and security in the Government and CSO partnership as programmes successful (Dutch Ministry of Netherlands; a means to coordinate UNSCR 1325 Foreign Affairs 2007). The Dutch Gender The NAP is primarily a framework for ř
Strengthening coordination of the implementation globally Platform WO=MEN, reports that the CSOs cooperation, and sets out steps to be Dutch NAP network of signatories. involved in the NAP process, led by the taken in five focus areas, namely: (Cordaid-GNWP survey 2010) The Netherlands adopted its national Dutch Gender Platform WO=MEN formed 1. International legal framework action plan on resolution 1325 in 2007 a Dutch NGO Working Group 1325 (WG Since the Dutch NAP is developed (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1325). There was no input from Southern 2. Conflict prevention, mediation and with the intention to also allow the 2007). The Dutch NAP aims to be “both partners. Diaspora groups, individuals reconstruction Netherlands to support implementation a joint approach to women, peace and and peace organizations consisting of of SCR 1325 in conflict affected security by the Dutch government, civil volunteers were and are represented 3. International cooperation countries, members of the Dutch NGO society and knowledge institutions, and in the Platform Women & Sustainable Working Group on 1325 have strongly a framework, as concrete as possible, Peace (VDV) and WO=MEN, as part of the 4. Peace missions encouraged the Dutch Embassies to within which these partners can Dutch Working Group 1325 (WO=MEN 5. Harmonization and coordination support local governments as well as coordinate their work better and more 2011, pers. comm., 18 April). “The group women and peace NGOs/networks effectively” (Dutch Ministry of Foreign met regularly in order to formulate for effective implementation of the Affairs 2007). recommendations and feedback on the The Dutch National Action Plan consists of 19 goals and 72 activities, NAP 1325 in their respective countries draft. The working group provided an (WO=MEN 2011, pers. comm., 18 April). The Dutch National Action Plan is inventory of its activities and issued an which should be accomplished by 2011. different from action plans in most initial set of recommendations to be Following the weak and non-binding language of SCR 1325 with regards other countries as it was not drawn considered in the formulation of a Dutch Financing the NAP up by government officials alone, but National Action Plan” (Popovic and Barr, to monitoring and accountability was developed and signed together 2009). mechanisms, no reporting and accountability system was set up Most of the funding for the by the government and civil society development and implementation of the representatives. In 2010, the Dutch NAP signatories - originally for the Dutch National Action Plan. Therefore, the NAP signatories took Dutch NAP came from a fund dedicated the government as well as the NGOs - to achieving the third Millennium The collaboration between the various agreed to intensify their partnership to on a pragmatic approach to develop a monitoring system along the way. Development Goal (Promoting gender government agencies and CSOs was promote women’s leadership and political equality and empowering women). announced in the Schokland Accord participation in fragile states. Five pilot From sharing experiences in 2008, joint targets were set for 2009. That same According to AWID the MDG3 Fund was on Women, Peace and Security, signed countries were chosen as part of this the largest fund ever created with the in June 2007, in which all involved partnership: Afghanistan, Burundi, DRC, year, an M&E Task Force was set up, which developed a monitoring tool goal of advancing women’s rights and emphasized their intentions to ensure Colombia and Sudan. allocating resources through civil society that a national action plan on SCR 1325 for reporting on results in 2009 and planning for 2010. The outcomes of organizations working to advance would be developed. The government women’s rights (particularly women agencies involved – among them The National Action Plan (NAP) this exercise fed into the NAP Mid Term Review, which took place in April 2010. organizations) (Alpizar et al., 2010). Civil Ministries of Defence, Foreign Affairs, society organizations and knowledge and the Interior and Kingdom Relations Annemieke de los Santos the coordinator This has resulted in more focus of the NAP in three areas: institutions co-signing the NAP also – made an effort to consult with civil for the Dutch National Action Plan on allocate funding to implement the society and assess existing initiatives prior 1325 for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs CSO’s activities of the NAP. The Cordaid to starting the action planning process. explains: “The overall time frame is four ř
Promoting and supporting female and WO=MEN policy brief “Gender The Ministries emphasized cooperation years, from 2008 up to 2011, although leadership in a number of fragile Responsive Peace and State-Building with NGOs as essential to these efforts, as the plan explicitly states that our efforts states; Changing the Culture of Power in Fragile it is the NGOs that have the contacts on on these action points will not end in ř
Increasing support base for States” explains that the MDG3 Fund 52 53 was established by the former Dutch and improve human security and the Dutch NAP, the financial and Members of WO=MEN welcome Minister of Development Cooperation organizations that support female institutional capacity of national the cooperation with the MoFA. Bert Koenders in 2007, to catalyze human rights defenders and seek NGOs such as Cordaid has significantly Nevertheless, they are aware that and support civil society in advancing to end the impunity surrounding changed, making it possible for the government and NGOs may have gender equality, focusing specifically on violence against women. The the organization to support the conflicting views on the political MDG 3 (Cordaid and WO=MEN 2010). investment of €14 million is development of NAPs in other countries, analysis of fragile states. This The Fund was launched with an initial spread out over a span of three such as Sierra Leone. Cordaid has been acknowledgement from both sides €50 million, but in response to the years (2008-2011). The remaining an important donor to WPS. Its budget leads to a plea for complementarity and enormous demand – 454 organizations funding from the MoFA stems from for WPS issues is distributed as follows: mutual strengthening wherever possible applied requesting a total of €700 regular central peace and stability “via Women and Violence Programme (WO=MEN 2011, pers. comm., 18 April). million - €20 million was added. Non- instruments, which are used for in Colombia, DRC, Guatemala, Ghana, governmental organizations were the quick and flexible funding of Indonesia, Sierra Leone and international A good practice example: The only organizations eligible for funding. projects in (post) conflict situations. partners: €6.2 million; via Reconciliation Netherlands’ experience demonstrates The funding period runs from 1 January Furthermore, some initiatives and Reconstruction Programme in that partnership between civil society 2008 to 30 June 2011. to further the 1325 agenda are Afghanistan, Burundi, DRC, Rwanda, and governments can reinforce supported through decentralized Sudan and International Partners: €1 the funding commitments of both; The Netherlands stands out with an funding at the Embassy level million; via Minorities Programme in stimulate mutual accountability; extraordinary investment. Annemieke (Cordaid-GNWP survey 2010). India, Philippines and Sri Lanka: €1.5 and facilitate funding for 1325 de los Santos, Coordinator for the Dutch million” (Cordaid-GNWP survey 2010). implementation and other gender National Action Plan on 1325 for the Notwithstanding the considerable Co-signing both the Dutch NAP and equality projects globally. Ministry of Foreign Affairs reports: funds allocated by its signatories for the Schokland Accord has increased the implementation of the Dutch NAP, Cordaid’s commitment to WPS through The Dutch National Action Plan the NAP itself “does not, as of yet, the allocation of more financial and (NAP) 2008 – 2011 on Resolution include a time frame for activities and human resources for these issues. 1325 was adopted in December no specific budget has been allocated” 2007. Joint NAP investments by (Cordaid-GNWP survey 2010). As Other large NGOs, such as Oxfam government and civil society WO=MEN points out, this means that Novib and ICCO, as well as medium- amounted to €23 million (including the financing of 1325 is rather ad hoc as sized organizations like IFOR have been €15 million by the Ministry of opposed to a planned approach, which very active too. Various individuals, Foreign Affairs, coordinator of the also makes it challenging to trace 1325 Diaspora organizations and peace NAP) in 2009. Part of the funding investments as these are seldom “stand- organizations have also demonstrated of the MoFA stems from the MDG3 alone investments” but rather linked to their commitment to WPS. fund. Of a total budget of €75 a funding package covering multiple million (which supports projects aspects” (WO=MEN 2011, pers. comm., One of the key challenges in implementing that promote women’s rights and 18 April). the Dutch NAP is the availability of funds gender equality) €14 million of for smaller Dutch NGOs active on SCR the MDG3 Fund is earmarked to The Netherlands’ experience 1325. For smaller women’s organizations support organizations active in the demonstrates that partnership in the Netherlands, the financial situation field of women, peace and security. between civil society and governments has not changed with adoption of the NAP. In this way, the Ministry of Foreign could facilitate funding for 1325 This is a challenge also seen in the Global Affairs supports organizations implementation and other projects South where women’s organizations and and individuals who are working that promote gender equality globally. peace activists are still struggling to attract to strengthen female leadership For example, since the adoption of funding.

54 55 iii. Donor Challenges size-fits-all solution. Some groups feel to twinning with [another] country in countries in the global South as well as that they not only result in complicated providing financial and technical support between countries in the global North. Donors face certain challenges in the entire budgetary management, they can also for a period of five years in developing cycle of their work – from deciding which potentially ignore the necessities on the and implementing a national action plan programs or projects to fund to monitoring ground (IDA 2007). The International for implementing UNSCR 1325” (CSAG v. NAPs – Donor Opportunities the impact of the funds they distribute. Women Leaders Global Security Initiative 2010). While there is no ready-made format All throughout the project cycle, donors and the International Crisis Group even for such a twinning process, some basic Prior to the 10th Anniversary of SCR 1325 need to ensure their funds are utilized recommended donors stop earmarking principles have been developed by Dutch in 2010, several (post) conflict countries efficiently and effectively and prove to their systems on SCR 1325 altogether civil society, emphasizing, among other were in the process of developing their own constituencies – board of directors, (International Women Leaders Global things, a consultative and participatory national action plans on 1325. Many of contributors, government agencies and Security Initiative and International Crisis approach between the partnering countries; these countries garnered financial support parliaments – that they are supporting the Group 2008). full participation of civil society in the all from internal as well as external sources for “right” kind of organizations and the “right” stages of the partnership; and that the the development of their respective NAPs. A kind of projects. With the general scarcity of The lack of sex-disaggregated data, process go beyond the drafting of the action bigger challenge was ensuring the financing funds for peace, development, human rights social-impact analysis, and tracking plan, as challenges often become evident at for the actual implementation of NAPs. and humanitarian work, representatives of mechanisms are additional obstacles to the time of implementation (Barry A, et al. donor organizations are under increasing gender budgeting. Additionally, as Rao 2009). The political will of the national government, pressure to demonstrate that they and Kelleher state, there is “the problem of such as in Liberia and Chile, and the are supporting quick win projects and measuring the intangibles that are at the As part of the commitment to implement continuous contributions from civil society organizations; and to discontinue support to root of social change of any sort” (Rao and the Dutch NAP, the spirit of twinning in the organisations, are key to a successful action those that do not have the capacity to show Kelleher 2005). It is difficult, therefore, to Netherlands has been further developed into planning process. Most societies affected tangible results and impact. differentiate which peacebuilding initiatives a concept of “intensified partnership” which by armed conflict struggle with limited are specifically focused on 1325 when much is manifested through an effort to forge infrastructure, torn institutions and a Earmarking funds allocated to WPS of the general budget items affect women intensified partnerships between the Dutch traumatised population. The efforts to plan advocacy and programming in a and peace and security. government and CSOs to promote women’s and monitor joint action towards sustainable specific country and using appropriate leadership and political participation in five peace, human development and gender monitoring and evaluation mechanisms pilot countries. equality are often burdened with a variety would significantly help address the iv. Twinning strategy of challenges. Therefore, external support challenges faced by donors. However, such This innovative strategy was also discussed towards set goals need to recognise the local marking and monitoring and evaluation The advocacy for the full implementation at the conference “Putting policy into context and efforts made. mechanisms cannot be considered a one- of SCR 1325 has also resulted in identifying practice: Monitoring the implementation of country-to-country partnership such as UN Security Council Resolutions on Women, Supporting 1325 implementation in (post) the twinning strategy between Liberia, Peace and Security” held in Oslo in November conflict countries often attracts contributions Timor Leste and Ireland; and more recently 2009. The participants emphasized that a from outside sources. These funds are then between Kenya and Finland. This strategy twinning exercise should not take the form of transferred through bilateral agreements but The lack of entails exchange of experiences, lessons a donor country leading and guiding the NAP also channelled through local civil society or sex-disaggregated data, learned and strategies during the action development and the actual implementation international organizations. The Liberian NAP, planning processes in the partnering process, but should rather be a mutually for example, has been financially supported social-impact analysis, and countries. The recommendations from the beneficial partnership where the practice in by the Italian Government, but supporting tracking mechanisms are Civil Society Advisory Group on Women, the country in the global South also helps initiatives implemented by the United Nations Peace and Security on Events and Action to feed into the plan and process in the and international NGOs such as International additional obstacles to to Commemorate the 10th Anniversary of global North. Catherine Mabobori from the Alert were funded by the Governments of SCR 1325, revised and updated on June 21, Collectif des Associations et ONGs Feminines Austria, Denmark and Norway, countries that gender budgeting. 2010 elaborates on the financing aspect of du Burundi (CAFOB) suggested that twinning have NAPs. twinning: “[a certain] country will commit or partnerships could take place between 56 57 Development assistance or other forms for the local population and those most The main challenge here is the tracking of external support to implement SCR vulnerable. Marina Durano emphasizes that, of resources and funds across the Case Study: Sierra Leone: External 1325 has made it possible for a number “while positive conditionalities on gender sectors annually to ensure mutual Funding Sources in Support of 1325 of countries including Liberia and Sierra might provide a move in the right direction, accountability for results and due National Action Planning Process Leone to develop their national action it is important for these “powerful” diligence (Cordaid-GNWP survey 2010). plans. However, while funding from external institutions and governments not to take About a decade of civil war (1991- partners can facilitate development at over or replace or overshadow the political In Ghana, Dorothy Onny, Deputy Director 2002) led to the intervention of UN country level, it can also be limiting. To be organizing that women in fragile states are and the Head of the Gender Unit at the peacekeepers in Sierra Leone. Sexual able to receive funds, government agencies undertaking” (M Durano 2010, pers. comm., Ministry of Women and Children’s Affairs, and gender-based violence as well as a as well as civil society organizations must May). describes the funding situation in her highly traumatized population left the satisfy requirements that can only be Ministry regarding the implementation country struggling to reconstruct and met with a level of capacity that often is As mentioned, continuous communication of the resolution: “US$6.6 million has rebuild peace. difficult to find in a post-conflict setting. between recipient and donor, alongside been allocated for training; advocacy and To manage donor requirements for proposal mutual accountability, is essential for a awareness creation on the protection of SCR 1325 is recognized by the submissions, such as logical frameworks; successful action planning process. Ida women and children’s rights; peace and government of Sierra Leone and is indicators; and baseline data, technical Kigonya, Principal Women in Development security; enforcement of the domestic also included in the United Nations expertise, time, and financial resources are Officer for the Ministry of Gender, Labour violence act (Act 732); and the economic Mission’s (UNIPSIL) mandate. SCR 1886 needed. Additionally, when funds are tied and Social Development of Uganda, stated and political empowerment of women” (2009) emphasizes in its paragraph 7: to stringent requirements related to project that the financial support for their NAP was (FOKUS survey 2009). The development of “The important role of women in the and fund management, monitoring and “jointly determined between the Ministry a NAP on Resolution 1325 has also been prevention and resolution of conflicts evaluation become yet another challenge [of Gender, Labour and Social Development] supported by the United Nations in Ghana. and in peacebuilding, as recognized that recipients must contend with. and the donor” (FOKUS survey 2009). in resolutions 1325 (2000) and 1820 Sometimes hiring expensive external staff Furthermore, she mentioned the activities Continuous support for the implementation (2008), underlines that a gender from the donor country is the only way to of UNIFEM in the country supporting of the NAP is as essential as the action perspective should be taken into fulfil the requirements for the intervention, the Uganda Action Plan on UN Security planning process. An action plan that account in implementing all aspects of which in turn creates further dependencies Council Resolution 1325 & 1820 and the loses the attention and political will of the the mandate of UNIPSIL, and encourages and can lead to misunderstanding the Goma Declaration, which was launched parties involved is in danger of becoming a UNIPSIL to work with the Government local culture. A constant dialogue between in December 2008. In Uganda, some policy document that remains on the shelf. of Sierra Leone in this regard” (UNSC donor and recipient is crucial in order to external funds were received that were Countries such as Liberia and neighbouring 2009). avoid that the proposals, the reporting outlined in a project format. Nonetheless, Sierra Leone depend on further external and the evaluation of specific projects the government also mobilized its own funding to implement their action plans and International as well as local actors become disconnected and ineffective. resources through different government to monitor and evaluate their impact. coordinate their interventions to While intended to contribute to local sectors. Mubarak Mabuya, Principal Gender promote gendered security and the empowerment, conditions of funding can Officer of the Ministry of Gender, Labour implementation of the resolution. Nana also create dependencies and “multiple aid and Social Development explains: Pratt from the National Organization of channels impose an additional strain on Women and the Mano River Women’s already weak implementation capacities in The Uganda National Action Plan on Peace Network reports: low-income countries” (IDA 2007). UN Security Council Resolution 1325, 1820 and the Goma declaration is Recent activity [such as] gender Donor entities and governments have great financed and implemented through training [in] compliance [with] power in determining what wheels will the sector wide approach. This was a Resolution 1325 within the Sierra be moved on the ground as well as which deliberate strategy to ensure flexibility Leone Police and Republic of groups and activities will be supported and of resourcing for the priorities in line Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF) which will not. This responsibility has to be with the overall government budget [have been carried out] by the taken on with great respect and thought policy and financing arrangements. 58 59 government particularly through different projects whose thematic focus Headquarters” in March 2009. and in situations of emergency we do the Ministry of Social Welfare, range from “Youth Empowerment and From the total of US$35 million meet every forth night. The meetings Gender and Children’s Affairs Employment;” “Justice and Security;” allocated to Sierra Leone by the UN are coordinated by the Ministry in – MSWGCA, and Civil Society and “Democracy and Good Governance” Peacebuilding Fund, only a little over partnership with WANEP-SL and Task Force in formulating the to issues related to “Capacity Building of US$1 million went specifically towards MARWOPNET-SL. It comprises of Sierra Leone National Action Plan Public Administration.” projects dealing with women and peace government line ministries, CSOs, (SiLNAP) to provide a systematic and security issues (UNPBF 2010). UN entities, security agencies and and coherent framework for The Ministry of Social Welfare Gender Willemijn van Lelyveld from the United traditional leaders. At the moment the full implementation of and Children’s Affairs received Nations Peacebuilding Support Office there is no indicative budget that is Resolution 1325. Prior to 2008, US$800,000 through UNICEF and shares: holistic for the implementation of main actors have been civil society UNIFEM for a project called “Supporting 1325 and 1820. When the plan is organizations with peacebuilding, Gender Capacity, Women’s Rights In addition to our Immediate finalized, it will be incorporated in human rights mandate especially Protection and Child Protection in Response Facility (IRF), which the government budget and resource women’s organizations, the Gender Recovery and Peacebuilding” in July works through a specific funding mobilization can be done as well section in the United Nations 2008. mechanism (PRF) that involves (FOKUS survey 2009). Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL), the setting up of an in-country UNIFEM, UNFPA, UNICEF, the The International Organization of steering committee in which Good Practice: The case of Sierra Family Support Unit of the Sierra Migration (IOM) supported two different the government, UN and other Leone illustrates how strong civil Leone Police (Cordaid-GNWP projects. One of them aimed to support relevant stakeholders are society partnerships can facilitate survey 2010). the Ministry of Social Welfare through represented (civil society, other financing for the development “People-Centered Security Governance: donors of peacebuilding). This of a national action plan and the Sierra Leone had been in the process Special Initiative to Promote Community is the case in Sierra Leone. The overall implementation of SCR 1325. of developing its national action plan Women’s Participation in the Security steering committee receives a Moreover, it highlights the need for on SCR 1325 for two years. The work Sector Reform (SSR) Process in Sierra funding envelope upon approval continued collaboration between the on the NAP and women and peace Leone” in June 2009. The project of a Priority Plan by PBSO and government and CSOs in generating and security issues depended largely has received US$45,000. Another decides on the allocation of money funds as well as other forms of on outside funding. Cordaid, a Dutch project supported by the IOM was on to individual projects” (Cordaid- resources to fully and effectively development organization was the “Strengthening the capacity of civil GNWP survey 2010). implement the NAP. main donor to support the development society organizations through the Civil of the NAP. Cordaid’s support to the Society Peacebuilding Engagement A four-year national action plan has national action planning process was Committee (CSPEC) of Sierra Leone been developed and was showcased facilitated by WANEP and MARWOPNET (CSPEC), which includes women’s internationally in March 2010. The main - Sierra Leone; their NGO partners who organizations to effectively engage and implementing agency is the Ministry of work very closely with The Ministry of contribute to the peace consolidation Social Welfare, Gender and Children’s Social Welfare, Gender and Children’s process. It received US$140,000. Affairs (MSWGCA) in collaboration with Affairs; UN agencies; and other NGOs. CSOs and UN agencies. Charles Bockarie UNDP received from the UN Vandi, Programme Officer of the The United Nations Peacebuilding Peacebuilding Fund US$29,000 for Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender and Fund is another major donor in Sierra “Supporting the Implementation Children’s Affairs of Sierra Leone states: Leone. Its support has been a total of the Joint Communiqué through amount of US$35 million, mostly an Independent Investigation into A National and Regional Task allocated to specific projects in 2008- Allegations of Rape and Sexual Force on 1325 and 1820 has been 09. These funds have been granted to Violence against Women at the SLPP established and meets every month

60 61 d. Involving the Private Sector corporate social responsibility (CSR) as “the varied definitions. For instance, Klaus commitment of business to contribute Schwab, the CEO of the World Economic to sustainable economic development Forum, defines it as “the principle that When addressing women and peace and For the purposes of this section, working with employees, their families, the companies must not only be engaged with security issues, it is important to look not local community, and society at large to stakeholders but be stakeholders themselves only at public budgets but also at the  improve their quality of life, in ways that alongside governments and civil society” Domestic and small businesses (Schwab 2008). Thus he contends that since private sector, as private investment can will refer to companies that are are both good for business and good for provide new opportunities to promote development” (The World Bank 2003). The “companies depend on global development, incorporated and headquartered in which in turn relies on stability and gender equality. New investments in the the area of conflict; World Business Council for Sustainable markets of post-crisis and post-conflict Development, however, defines CSR as increased prosperity, it is in their direct countries can provide new options in  International companies and “the continuing commitment by business interest to help improve the state of the financing the empowerment of women and Multinational Cooperation (MNCs) to contribute to economic development world” (Schwab 2008). other vulnerable groups. The potential for are going to include for profit while improving the quality of life of the the private sector to make a difference in companies that are established in workforce and their families as well as Human development, which includes the area of women and peace and security more than one country and co- of the community and society at large” improving the lives of people around the and in the lives of the most vulnerable ordinate their operations in various (WBCSD 2011). world in terms of improving their standard people in situations of crisis remains largely ways (OECD 2008); and of living, health and education, requires that untapped. This section of the paper will  Foundations of corporations are There is no clear definition on where and a community remain stable and peaceful. focus on the private sector’s past and going to include those that are how issues relating to women and peace Companies need stable and sustainable current involvement in programs and created and funded by for- profit and security fall within the definition development in order to ensure that their initiatives related to women and peace and companies who are specifically and scope of CSR activities. A number of investments in countries in conflict, post security, and women’s empowerment. tasked with the mandate to focus on companies focus on activities that would fall conflict or near conflict are not threatened. corporate social responsibility (CSR) within the paradigm of development goals, They also need consumers with the capacity For the purposes of this paper, the private and/or philanthropic endeavors. such as women’s economic empowerment, to buy and enjoy the products companies sector is defined as that part of the health and education. However, most of provide. Contributing to the increase of economy which is run by private individuals While there are a number of important these initiatives are in countries that are life quality, political stability, access to or enterprises, usually as a means of private actors who are stakeholders, such not necessarily in conflict or emerging information and education, access to health making profit, and is not controlled by as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, from conflict. Furthermore, those that do and justice contributes to a prosperous the state (Businessdirectory.com 2011) Bloomberg Philanthropies, the Clinton have initiatives covering women’s rights in market and a flourishing economy. In contrast, the public sector involves Foundation or the Novo Foundation, they conflict areas do not necessarily take into Therefore, by contributing to the very enterprises that are controlled by the will not be included in this section, since account the impact of conflict on women efforts that can increase stability, continued state (Businessdirectory.com 2011), and they are either funded by trusts set up by in the structure and execution of their development and growth in a community, the voluntary sector is comprised of Non individuals, philanthropic and charitable programs. companies ensure that their investments are Governmental Organizations (NGOs) as well donations of individuals, or receive funding secure and profits are attainable. “Interest as other private non-profit organizations. through solicitation, gifts or bequests of Nonetheless, corporations are aligning in human development is not new in This section of the paper will therefore focus money. their practices with such principles as economics. Indeed, this motivating concern on the following private sector actors: the Global Corporate Citizenship, which is explicitly present in the writings of the With rising consumer awareness, some encourages Chief Executive Officers early founders of quantitative economics (such as William Petty, Gregory King, a. For profit companies including studies have suggested that consumers are (CEOs) and Boards of major international likely to patronize companies or switch and domestic companies to “develop a Francois Quesnay Antoine Lavoisier, and domestic companies and small Joseph Lagrange) as well as the pioneers businesses; and brands or products to those that have a strategy for managing their company’s more socially responsive model towards impact on society and its relationships of political economy (such as Adam Smith, b. International and multi-national charitable giving (Mohr, et al. 2001). with stakeholders” (World Economic Forum David Ricardo, Robert Malthus, Karl Marx, companies (MNCs), and their Along these lines, the World Bank defines 2002). The principle of the Global Corporate and John Stuart Mill)” (Sen 2000). It has foundations. Citizenship or Corporate citizenship has also been used and promoted in the Human 62 63 Development Reports by UNDP for over which it derives its ten principles. However partnerships with community leaders to 20 years and has penetrated the economic the Global Compact fails to include such address “issues of common interest and The World discourse of the private sector. international norms and standards as the concern” (World Economic Forum 2002), Convention on the Elimination of All Forms such as gender equality, security and Economic Forum calls upon of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), stability. i. Corporations, International the Beijing Platform for Action (BPFA) or CEOs to prioritize operating Human Rights and Development Resolutions 1325, 1820, 1888 and 1889. Cordaid reports an initiative in the their business in a way that reflects Norms Netherlands: If companies commit to international international standards and values The World Economic Forum calls upon CEOs standards and values, the inclusion of a The Dutch have made a good start by in areas such as the environment, to prioritize operating their business in a gender perspective as well as the respect being the first to establish a Private way that reflects international standards and recognition of international provisions Sector Investment Program (PSI+ ethics, labor and human and values in areas such as the environment, on women’s rights and gendered security, Program) that specifically focuses on ethics, labor and human rights. The notion should be reflected in their policies. subsidizing Dutch and international rights. of the responsible global citizen also inspires CSR mandates should include a gender companies who wish to start a CEOs to identify and work with component, deriving their values for gender business with a local partner in fragile stakeholders such as local NGOs and equity from these international norms and states: [Afghanistan, Burundi, DR community leaders and to participate in standards. Furthermore, CSR initiatives that Congo, Pakistan, Palestine, Southern of work, applicants do regularly include public policy dialogue (World Economic focus on women and operate in countries Sudan, Sierra Leone] (Ministry of quota and if that benchmark is not Forum 2002). Apart from Global Corporate in conflict or emerging from conflict should Finance of the Netherlands 2010). achieved, the subsidy is not allocated. Responsibility, other documents such as the also obtain their fundamental objectives The PSI+ Program is managed by NL In most cases however, a project officer John Ruggie framework on business and from the WPS resolutions, in particular SCR EVD International, an agency of the said, more women were eventually human rights, highlight the importance of 1325. Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, employed than initially intended. The human rights where the company has an launched in 2009. The program is EVD does apply the minimal gender impact on the local population, through Therefore, while continuing CSR work in already a success in that there are in criteria that projects should at least its business activities (Ruggie 2008). These thematic areas, such as the environment, fact more requests from the private not have a negative impact on gender frameworks, approaches and the long-term ethics, labor and human rights, companies sector than available PSI funds. In equality, for example by giving very low impact of private actors on gender issues, should also add a gender component, while 2009, €10 million was budgeted but or lower wages to women. Additionally, especially in situations of armed violence, at the same time being cognizant of the €11 million was finally allocated due they look at the recruitment policy and still need to be evaluated. special needs of women in conflict and post to high interests from private sector to check if women also have positions in conflict areas. For instance, in the area of participate in this program. (middle) management. There are several The United Nations Global Compact, “a labor: Companies can actively contribute examples of businessmen or women strategic policy initiative for businesses that towards increasing women’s participation in The PSI+ supports small to medium becoming creative in seeking solutions are committed to aligning their operations their communities by structuring initiatives business plans with a total of 60 to enhance the employment of women, and strategies around the ten universal with the knowledge that improving the percent subsidy over the total budget, such as providing a health insurance principles” (UN Global Compact 2010), number of women in the work force will to a maximum of €1.5 million per to the whole family, or providing focuses on environment; anti-corruption; decrease gender disparity and lead to applicant. In cooperation with the transport. human rights and labor; and refers to the women’s economic empowerment. With Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, a Universal Declaration of Human Rights; increased economic power and participation, number of benchmarks are established The success elements of the PSI+ are the International Labour Organization’s women can increase their political for the project, and the subsidy is only that it concerns small scale projects, Declaration of Fundamental Principles negotiating power in reconstruction and allocated after those benchmarks have with close monitoring provided by and Rights at Work; the Rio Declaration peacebuliding efforts. Being cognizant been achieved. Though the Ministry the NL EVD. This seems to facilitate on Environment and Development; and of the impact of CSR practices on host does not impose any quota for women local revenues and will improve the the United Nations Convention Against communities, CEOs and boards of companies employees because they believe it likelihood of the company being Corruption as the standard of values from should strive to communicate and foster depends on the local context and type embedded in the community. In line 64 65 with the business mentality, the build their own business and economic that employees have a vested interest in which has improved the standard of living approach is not too much top-down, activity through the NGO Medica Zenica working towards the social and economic for families (UN Global UN Compact 2010). but as gender equality is one of the (Medica Zenica 2010). Among the donors empowerment of the disenfranchised. Since high levels of disease and poverty can funding criteria, it seems to provide an supporting this project are the Ministry lead to conflict, the Director and Senior incentive needed to stimulate creativity of Foreign Affairs of Norway, Save the In practice, though not a traditional aspect Managing Executive Officer of Sumitomo amongst business women in enhancing Children Norway, Medica Mondiale (the of corporate global citizenship, some contends that businesses can play a role in the employment of women (Cordaid umbrella organization), UNIFEM and a companies are forging initiatives and public reducing disease and removing sources of and WO=MEN 2010). number of faith-based and national and policy dialogues at the local, national and conflict (UN Global Compact 2010). With local organizations and public institutions. international levels, including issues related improved public health, poverty is reduced, Domestic and international companies Funding for such initiatives can also come to women and, peace and security, as in the and the community is stronger and has alike require stability in their place of from the private sector. For example in Côte case of Nike Inc., which had been previously fewer reasons for disenfranchised elements operations to get the optimal returns on D’Ivoire, Rachel Gogoua, President of the criticized for not fully respecting human to create conflict. Furthermore, reducing their investments. Ensuring that women National Organization for Women, Children rights (UN Global Compact 2010). disease and promoting good public health and their needs are addressed in the efforts and the Family shared that they have been builds communities, where invariably, poor to bring and retain stability is essential able to mobilize funds for WPS work from Proponents of the principles of the global health and disease can accompany, be a given that women are an integral part the private sector (UN-INSTRAW and FOKUS corporate citizen, assert that fostering good consequence of or fuel conflict. of the workplace, marketplace and the 2010). public policy is an area where the “private communities in which they operate. For sector can have an important impact and Through the Global Compact, businesses domestic companies and small businesses Companies can contribute to a healthy where transparency and alignment with have strived to create partnerships with UN the stakes are higher, since they are recovery by integrating women into their other corporate activities is increasingly agencies and or entities on corporate social incorporated in the region and their labor force through economic empowerment important” (World Economic Forum 2002). responsibility endeavors. Unfortunately, investments are primarily in that area. There programs in conflict areas, which in turn For example, high ranking executives from there is a lacuna in the UN’s approach to should be an incentive for international and create a ready, able and skilled work force such companies as Sumitomo Chemical Co., private sector involvement. While it strives multinational companies to invest in both that contributes to stable and good business. Ltd. (Sumitomo) and the China National to involve the private sector in promoting production and consumption. Investing in Similarly, by campaigning on ending Offshore Oil Corporation (China National) women related MDGs as well as certain WPS stability, especially in women’s economic violence against women, international have been promoting social investment in issues as combating SGBV, it fails to take empowerment in ending violence against companies can ensure that women are conflict areas (UN Global Compact 2010), specific note of how these issues should be women, contributes towards profitable autonomous to enjoy economic freedom though not specifically advocating for addressed in places of conflict. For instance, and sustainable business. For instance, in and empowerment. CEOs such as Tommy women and peace and security issues. For the partnership opportunities created by situations of conflict, the trauma that a Hilfiger of the Tommy Hilfiger Corporation instance, Mr. Jian of China National said the Global Compact include projects on community faces is pervasive and long (THC) have recognized that employees that since globalization is bound to drive maternal health, reducing SGBV, economic lasting. Specific reintegration programs would rather have their corporate employer more investment into conflict and other empowerment and investing in the girl child, for survivors are necessary for the recovery invest in socially responsible initiatives than high-risk areas, investors would invariably but fail to highlight how these programs and rebuilding of a community, which in pool their resources towards employee be confronted with serious challenges. Given are and should be contextually linked to turn will be able to take part in the normal benefits (UN Global Compact 2010). THC has these challenges, it is in companies’ own peacebuilding in conflict areas (UN Global economic life of the nation. therefore pledged US$2 million (Millennium interest to implement the human-rights- Compact 2010). The lack of specific focus Promise 2010) to the Millennium Villages, based principles of the Global Compact on women and peace and security and the a project established to reduce “poverty at with “on-the-ground involvement with role of women in peacebuilding as a way to ii. Corporate Investment in Projects the village level through community-led local communities” (United Nations 2010), achieve the MDGs was also painstakingly Relating to Women and Peace and development in rural Africa to achieve the to train and sensitize the company’s staff obvious in the Leader’s Summit of the Security Millennium Development Goals” (Millennium to ensure that “sustainable and responsible Global Compact, where participants spoke of Villages 2009). Though the focus has been practices were carried out in high-risk areas” peacebuilding and women’s empowerment, In Bosnia-Herzegovina reintegration on poverty reduction and has not exclusively (United Nations 2010). Programmatically, but failed to conceptually link the two. programmes for survivors of sexual and targeted women and peace and security, Sumitomo has provided bed nets to reduce gender-based violence assist women to the growing social awareness demonstrates and control the malaria outbreaks in Africa, 66 67 iii. Women Entrepreneurs Awareness-raising Strategies Good Practice: Nokia – combining from maternal health programs Women entrepreneurs are increasingly on the Impact of Armed Conflict economic interest with addressing root despite the fact that they are often causes of inequality the ones making decisions about recognizing gender inequalities within women’s reproductive health. Thus, a business environments, which are Public awareness and capacity building project can be directed at men for the aggravated in situations affected by The mobile phone company, Nokia sees activities on peace and security issues itself as more than a donor providing benefit of women (Cordaid-GNWP conflicts. For instance, in the local markets survey 2010). in Sierra Leone, male stallholders only paid can increase the opportunities to cash to development projects. In a recover from armed conflict and to questionnaire for this study, Gregory a fixed tax rate of 1 percent, while women Elphinston of Nokia explained: “We Nonetheless, the manufacturer sees the had to pay dues every day, amounting contribute to sustainable development. are looking at how we can fulfill the interaction of the private sector with to up to 5 percent of their income. This In Sri Lanka, a group of business potential of mobile technology to improve development and security projects and was either by practice and/or custom policies as critical. Loyal to its company’s leaders headed by a female president society, whether that relates to achieving (International Alert 2006). Frustrated by education for all, improving access to principles and staff, Nokia states that this discriminatory practice within the Petty used their marketing, advertising and affordable health care or environmental intervening in a policy sector would Traders’ Association, a faction of the women public relations expertise to create conservation. [...] We also provide tools only be interesting for Nokia under separated and created the Sierra Leone that help to promote transparency (for very specific conditions (which does awareness on the economic impact example, by providing real-time election not include a sole charity function) and Market Women’s Association (SLMWA) in elaborates: 1996, and have has assisted their members of the war. Neela Marikkar, CEO of monitoring) and freedom of expression” through micro-finance and other economic Grant McCann Erickson created a 21 (G Elphinston 2010 pers. comm., 7 September). The question is what role initiatives (International Alert 2006). episode television series that educated organizations would allocate to Nokia Sri Lankans on the causes and impact Nokia takes gender differences into if they wanted to improve peace, Though not specifically targeting women, security and the situation of women. of conflict, and efforts it would take to consideration and has designed specific Merck & Co. Inc., the pharmaceutical education programs that try to respond If the only answer to that question is company, has created a program to train broker sustainable peace (International to such differences. “In the area of “donor,” then it suggests that Nokia physicians in providing adequate HIV/ Alert 2006). Recognizing that the education, our agenda is aligned with is not the right organization to be approaching in this area. There are AIDS care to patients in such countries as business community had been badly hit the UN. ...equality between boys and girls Rwanda, Guinea, Central African Republic, is one of the areas we are addressing many social causes where mobile Burundi and the Democratic Republic of by the conflict, especially the tourism within those six goals. In health, we are communication can play a clear role and hospitality industry, Marikkar especially interested in the potential to in social development, especially in Congo (Merck 2007). Furthermore, the education. It makes sense for Nokia company has joined hands with the French influence and improve maternal health, organized business leaders to create an another of the Millennium Development to focus its efforts in these areas, Avicenne Hospital/Medical University awareness campaign to highlight how Goals” (G Elphinston 2010 pers. comm., where its competence and personnel of Bobigny in France and the Kamenge the conflict had damaged the country 7 September). The Finnish company can make a significant impact. It Hospital/Medical University of Bujumbura addresses reproductive health issues by would not make sense to branch out in Burundi to create the HIV/AIDS University both economically and psychologically trying to overcome traditional gender to subject matter where Nokia is not Degree for French-Speaking Countries in (International Alert 2006). The aim of roles that can have a negative impact on seen playing a relevant role. the African Great Lakes Region, which was the campaign was to promote dialogue people’s lives: launched in 2006 (Merck 2007). Simply acting as a donor does not and negotiation through peaceful It is worth noting that our goal fulfill our potential, nor would it meet In Rwanda, Cooperative pour la Promotion means in order to end violence. is not to promote women or men the expectations of our employees specifically, but rather look at the or stakeholders. […] We need to des Activities Café (COOPAC) initiated ask ourselves how we can have the psycho-social programs for survivors of root causes of issues affecting them and how they can be addressed. For biggest impact in the world. That the genocide in collaboration with small example, in the area of maternal is, in which policy areas can our businesses in the United States, such as health, men are frequently excluded products, services and personnel have the Dean Bean’s company operating out of a significant and sustained positive Massachusetts (Cooperative Coffees 2010). 68 69 iv. Corporate Support for Women’s Most of these principles are applicable  Encourage philanthropic foundations impact. We know that we have the Empowerment to achieving gender equality within the associated with the entity to adhere competence and scale to achieve a corporate ranks. However, promoting to these Principles through their vast positive impact in policy areas The UN is looking for corporate involvement equality through community initiatives donations, grant-making, programmatic like health, education and agriculture in technical assistance and training; and we are mindful of the positive and advocacy can create opportunities initiatives, and investments. advocacy; marketing and communications; for companies to engage in dialogue with implications for women in many of  those endeavors. However, actions production management; computer and community stakeholders, government Encourage women and girls to enter around peace and security can digital literacy; business and organizational officials and others to help eliminate non-traditional fields by providing be extremely polarizing and it is development and capacity building; exploitation and open opportunities accessible career information and highly unlikely that multinational and provision of funding, services and/ for women; to lead by example in the training programs designed specifically corporations (especially consumer or equipment. However, as Jeffery Sachs communities they operate in by achieving for them. brands) would be viewed by pointed out at the UN Global Compact gender equality from within; promote and  governments, NGOs or the public as Leader’s Summit, the business community recognize the leadership skills of women Respect female employees’ rights legitimate actors. can strive to find entry points to work within the community; and support to participate in legal, civic, and on conflict avoidance and peace building political affairs —including time off to Ultimately, it makes sense to engage initiatives that improve the rights of women either through community development, in the community through philanthropy and vote — without interference or fear a company like Nokia if it is seen technological assistance, or influencing of repercussion or retaliation in the offering technology or ideas that grants. workplace. can address the root problems of public policy both at the national and global conflict. However, it would be scale (UN Global Compact 2010). Companies can also look at the Calvert  Respect employees’ voluntary freedom short-sighted to engage companies Women’s Principles (Calvert Investments of association, including the voluntary if their only value is the contribution The United Nations Global Compact (UNGC) 2010), the first Global Code of Corporate freedom of association of female of cash, especially in policy areas promotes the women’s empowerment Conduct focused exclusively on empowering, employees. where they lack legitimacy. Doing so principles amongst corporations and calls advancing, and investing in women not only threatens the sustainability upon them to: worldwide, which was created by Calvert  Work with governments and of the company but influences the Investment, an investment management communities where the company does perception of the other participants and the success of the overall effort.  Establish high-level corporate leadership company, in partnership with UNIFEM in business to eliminate gender-based for gender equality; 2004. The principles provide a set of goals discrimination and improve educational Maybe collaboration based on shared companies can aspire to and measure and other opportunities for women and  Treat all women and men fairly at work their progress against. A precursor to the girls in those communities, including information services and databases – respect and support human rights and on health and violence prevention UNGC’s Women’s Empowerment Principles, support for women’s non-governmental mechanisms could be envisioned nondiscrimination; the Calvert Principles provide a concrete organizations and other community by the company as it states that  Ensure the health, safety and well-being set of indicators for tracking the progress groups working for the advancement of “the use of mobile phones for of all women and men workers; of gender equity within the internal women. data collection offers significantly management of corporations as well as greater security than loose pieces of  Promote education, training and  Exercise proactive leadership in its professional development for women; in their CSR initiatives. Principle number paper, since these tend to be easy six on civil and community engagement sphere of influence to protect women damaged or lost. The use of a phone  Implement enterprise development, is of particular importance since it calls from sexual harassment, violence, allows the data to be sent as it is supply chain and marketing practices mutilation, intimidation, retaliation, collected, which mitigates the risk of upon corporations to “take concrete steps that empower women; to attain gender equality by adopting and or other denial of their basic human catastrophic loss” (Cordaid-GNWP rights by host governments or non- survey 2010).  Promote equality through community implementing policies to promote equitable initiatives and advocacy; and participation in civic life and eliminate all governmental actors and refuse to tolerate situations where cultural  forms of discrimination and exploitation” Measure and publicly report on progress (Calvert Investments 2010). Below are the differences or customs are used to deny to achieve gender equality (UN Global key elements of principle six: the basic human rights of women and Compact 2004). girls. 70 71 The involvement of MNCs in the field of women and peace and security is in Good Practice: Avon as a global actor U.S. State Department (Avon Foundation Avon is attempting to leverage local its infancy. Our research suggests, that on fighting violence against women for Women 2010). The foundation expertise, and defer to local experts though companies have fully operational donated US$1.2 million to Vital Voices to for guidance in combating VAW (Avon foundations specifically dedicated to Avon is one of the largest companies bring together 15 country delegations, Foundation for Women 2010). corporate social responsibility endeavors, employing women in the world; it comprised of leaders with local expertise social investment and philanthropy, most currently boasts a network of six in the fields of business, government, Strengthening the rule of law is a do not have a WPS focus. In terms of million women (N Glaser 2010, pers. law enforcement, civil society, academia critical requirement in peacebuilding initiatives that include WPS, companies and reconstruction. Rampant SGBV that tend to focus on these if they either comm., 11 Aug). Founded in 1955 and others to discuss the challenges of have a presence in or are near a conflict with the goal of improving women’s combating VAW. invariably accompanies conflict and area. Furthermore, a review of companies lives, the foundation claims to be often continues post conflict, due to working on programs that include or the “largest corporate philanthropy Representatives from countries in a culture of impunity, threatens every can include WPS issues thus far, includes dedicated to women’s causes globally conflict, emerging from conflict or effort to sustain the rule of law. To companies involved in data collection (Avon Foundation for Women 2010). facing armed violence, such as Liberia, ensure that their corporate enterprise, and management programs; initiatives to According to Nancy Glaser, Senior VP, the Democratic Republic of Congo investments and profits are secure and combat sexual and gender based violence Global Communications, Avon Products and Colombia were also included. The not threatened by a lack of law and (SGBV); women’s economic empowerment; Inc., Avon’s business model is about foundation has also created a VAW order, business companies have a vested skills training; and women’s health, as empowering women economically to campaign toolkit that provides strategies interest in ensuring that rule of law is described below. improve their lives, including the lives to develop awareness and advocacy efficient in the communities in which they operate. Stymieing corruption is Combating violence against women (VAW), of their families and the communities campaigns to reduce violence against specifically sexual- and gender-based they live in (N Glaser 2010, pers. comm., women (Avon Foundation for Women not the only interest companies do and violence (SGBV), is a thematic initiative 11 Aug). Because the company operates 2010). The toolkit for NGOs working on should have in rule of law initiatives. that companies such as Avon, a producer as a micro-lender to women, Ms. Glaser the ground specifically mentions rape Combating SGBV through rule of law of cosmetics, and Yves Saint Laurent, a believes that its involvement in this as a tool of war, and conflict related initiatives is just as important, because fashion house, have incorporated in their activity gives Avon Foundation firsthand sexual violence. The Foundation has violence of any kind is a disruptive corporate social responsibility agenda. knowledge about the power of economic also donated US$500,000 to the U.S. element to the regular operations of a Some have chosen to collaborate with opportunity. The management at the State Department Secretary’s Fund for corporation. UN agencies, as Yves Saint Laurent has company realized that such a business Global Women’s Leadership to provide with UNIFEM to launch petition on VAW model provides social advantages for grants to NGOs globally working on Consequently, CSR initiatives on the (Yves Saint Laurent 2009). Others, such women. By recognizing that combating violence against women, including to rule of law and the building of justice as the communication and marketing sector institutions “must be gender company Grupo ABC, a conglomerate VAW goes hand in hand with economic NGOs in the 15 countries that attended headquartered in Brazil, have created empowerment, the company, through the conference (Avon Foundation for sensitive and women must be included their own awareness raising programming. its foundation, felt the need to put a Women 2010). and empowered by the reform of the Grupo ABC has provided pro bono services stake on the ground in terms of women’s sector” (United Nations 2004). A great to develop media content through public empowerment, (N Glaser 2010, pers. Focusing on building partnerships opportunity for corporations to find an service announcements and soap operas comm., 11 Aug). around the world, Avon hopes to build entry point into justice sector reform, in collaboration with local media in Africa an umbrella network that will involve reconstruction and sustained legal to disseminate information on behavioral As part of the Avon Foundation, Avon both the private and public sector, development that addresses SGBV is changes in order to reduce SGBV against established the “Ending Violence Against including NGOs and local community through legal education and training for girls (UNICEF 2009). The Avon foundation, Women” initiative about four years leaders. Through delegations in India the legal community in conflict and post however, has made the most strides in ago. Named “Global Partnerships to and Argentina, it has thus far planned conflict situations. The Avon Foundation, involving itself in reducing VAW around as such, has taken on this task by funding the world including in countries that are in End Violence Against Women,” Avon to initiate regional networks in Asia and conflict or emerging from conflict. launched the initiative in March 2010 in South America. It also hopes to start a the Avon Global Center for Women & collaboration with Vital Voices and the regional delegation in Africa. Ultimately, Justice at Cornell Law School, which

72 73 was launched in March 2008. Amongst of the most effective ways of ensuring Good Practice: Cisco Systems, Inc. and participants can choose from a its tasks, the center held a conference human security. Providing psychological empowering women in areas of armed diverse curriculum, including computer in Washington D.C. on “Gender-Based and medical care for survivors, creating conflict training; network management training; Violence and Justice in Conflict and community sensitization programs and web support; technology sales and Post-Conflict Areas,” which included collecting data in a safe and ethical Cisco Systems, Inc. (Cisco), the electronic marketing; personal development; 175 participants from over a dozen manner on SGBV, as done by this project, networking company, advocates that and professional leadership training countries, including more than 30 judges are activities that lead to the decrease skills training provides a common (Z Abzuk 2010, pers. comm., 25 Aug). (Cornell University Law School 2011). in incidences of SGBV (UBS 2011). In ground for economic development in The program was launched in Israel Furthermore, the center has compiled particular, community sensitization and developing countries and territories to train Arab and Jewish women and and analyzed gender jurisprudence from psychosocial healing of the community including those that are in conflict will soon be extended to Palestine (Z war crimes tribunal at the request of can alter the culture of violence and or emerging from conflict, such as Abzuk 2010, pers. comm., 25 Aug). an international war crimes tribunal impunity. With increased human security, Palestine and Rwanda. Zika Abzuk from Upon graduation, most women are justice (N Glaser 2010, pers. comm., 22 women become empowered and are able Cisco explains that since corporations able to secure employment. Cisco has Aug), and facilitates judges’ access to to obtain more prominent positions in ultimately are for-profit businesses, launched a similar program in Africa, in research and information relating to their communities. creating opportunities for a skilled particularly Rwanda, with services and SGBV and gender justice. It also provides workforce is prioritized in the company’s training programs delivered through legal research assistance to judges as While some companies are working corporate social responsibility mandates community centers. Cisco is also working well as technical legal assistance on towards empowering women by (Z Abzuk 2010, pers. comm., 18 Aug). By with a school with orphans from the projects and initiatives to policymakers ensuring their human security, others implementing economic empowerment genocide, called Agaso Shalom Youth and organizations (Cornell University Law are prioritizing women’s economic projects, Cisco believes it can create Village, providing computers, education, School 2011). Additionally, it provides empowerment in their corporate social long-term processes that help change and connectivity. The company plans free access to a legal resources database responsibility initiatives. mindsets and reduce conflict (Z to establish a community center solely on SGBV-related international, regional Abzuk pers. comm., 18 Aug 2010). By dedicated to women, in collaboration and domestic case law. facilitating the creation of business with Rwandan First Lady’s Imbuto relationships, Cisco is attempting to Foundation (Z Abzuk 2010, pers. comm., Similarly, the UBS Optimus Foundation, achieve positive change (Z Abzuk 2010, 25 Aug). set up by the financial service firm, pers. comm., 18 Aug). UBS, is financing a project, through the Cisco also delivers Cisco Networking NGO Africa Humanitarian Action, on In support of this goal, Cisco has Academy courses throughout Sub- SGBV prevention in Rwanda. Working initiated a program that teaches Saharan Africa, in partnership with with refugees and internally displaced information and communications NGOs and public institutions, to people, the program provides clinical care technology (ICT) skills to women support the development of ICT skills. and treatment to survivors and raises and helps them prepare for industry To help ensure that women from low awareness on SGBV, in order to address certifications. Skills training can vary socioeconomic backgrounds are included the problem at its root cause and reduce from computer diagnostics to network in the classroom, Cisco and partners stigma (UBS 2011). The project has been management and design. Besides fund scholarships (Z Abzuk 2010, pers. implemented in the Kiziba Refugee Camp, training in technology skills, Cisco’s comm., 23 Aug). Cisco is also working the surrounding Rwankuba locality, and Women’s Empowerment Program with partners to deliver IT education to among urban refugees spread out in provides training in soft skills such as women in rural communities in Uganda. Kigali. Implementing programs that aim effectively interviewing for jobs and to reduce the incidence of SGBV and learning how to dress in the workplace Besides creating partnerships with ensure the wellbeing of survivors in crisis (Z Abzuk 2010, pers. comm., 18 Aug). academic or nonprofit organizations and conflict-affected settings, is one The program lasts eight months, on the ground, collaborating with

74 75 governments is essential in ensuring able to successfully enter the local CSR initiatives, such as Cisco’s and that long term goals for peacebuilding economy post conflict. The 10,000 Goldman Sachs’, contribute towards and conflict recovery are met. Most Women Initiative, created by Goldman the security of women and human CSR initiatives tend to be short term, Sachs, the investment banking and security. Economic empowerment and but Nike Inc., the sports apparel securities firm, targets underserved education improve women’s visibility and company, through Nike Foundation, in women and provides them with lead to improved political standing. As partnership with the World Bank and education in business and management. emancipated actors, women have more the Liberian and Danish Governments Implementing the project through a opportunities to participate in political has contributed US$20 million to network of 70 academic and non-profit processes and social development. develop the “adolescent girls initiative” partners, the program tailors locally Similarly, providing women with or the “girl effect” as an investment to relevant courses in business in such access to basic information on health, promote growth and stability in a post areas as marketing, accounting, market education and jobs empowers them with conflict country (UN Global Compact research, etc. (Goldman Sachs 2011). knowledge and enables them to become 2010). A “model that links skills training Through short term programs, students productive and informed decision for girls to the demands of Liberia’s are also able to receive mentoring from makers. For instance, as part of its four- marketplace and that can be used in a local businesses and other partner year and US$10 million commitment to variety of country contexts,” the goal of institutions post graduation (Goldman the Clinton Global Initiative to alleviate the program is to Sachs 2011). Operating around the poverty in five Sub-Saharan African world, including in countries emerging countries, namely Cameroon; Ethiopia;  Increase employment for girls; from conflict, such as Rwanda, educating Kenya; Nigeria; and Rwanda, Cisco has women in business skills has led to the produced the Beehive portal “to provide  Increase income for girls; creation of economic opportunities for low-income people with accessible  Improve their social standing; and other women and social investment in and easy-to-understand tools and  Increase household prosperity the community. In Kigali, Rwanda, for information on a wide variety of topics, (including investments in health, instance, a graduate of the program, including money; health; education; home and education) (UN Global who runs a brick manufacturing jobs and careers; family; and starting Compact 2010). company, primarily hires local women a business” (Cisco 2008). Local NGOs and has invested in a water pump for her have ownership of the portal and a lot The ultimate goal of the entire project community (Goldman Sachs 2011). of the content includes information for however, is to enable young girls women and women’s empowerment (Z and women to contribute to their Abzuk 2010, pers. comm., 18 Aug). As of communities “through infrastructure now, the Beehive Portals exist in Nigeria, development and return investment.” Consequently, CSR Rwanda, Ethiopia, South Africa and Once they have gained that level of Kenya. autonomy they can become involved in initiatives on the rule of law the governance of their communities and the building of justice sector (UNDP-USA 2008). The project aims to expand to include other post conflict institutions “must be gender sensitive areas as Afghanistan, Nepal, Rwanda, and women must be included and Sudan and Togo. empowered by the reform of Providing locally relevant skills training is essential to ensure that women are the sector” (United Nations 2004). 76 77 05 Implications of Funding National Action Plans

This section provides examples of activities, projects, programs and national implementation strategies for the implementation of SCR 1325, and that contribute to the advancement of the women and peace and security agenda. It also looks at the implications of assessing funding for 1325 at a national level and how different countries approach this.

78 79 a. National Action Planning Processes should be divided into two phases: empowering women will help build countries 1. development of NAP; and that are more peaceful and prosperous. Chile is one of the countries where funding The specific thematic areas of SCR 1325 as  Capacity building among key 2. implementation of NAP. SCR 1325 implementation comes from the mentioned in previous sections are: stakeholders towards better national budget. understanding of the national peace Pamela Villalobos from the Ministry of Defense of Chile provided critical insight on Most NAPs do not specify the budget  Participation of women in decision- and security context and how SCR 1325 may be applied; funding vis-à-vis government commitment dedicated for development and making at all levels in conflict to implement the resolution: “[...] rather implementation, and Nordic countries resolution and peace processes;  Consultations with other civil society than focusing on the provision of funding, in particular do not publicly reveal their  Protection of women and girls’ rights: actors and communities affected by the we should be focusing on building the budget lines. Below is a list of some budget particularly protection from sexual and conflicts; political will of governments to undertake lines that provide numeric examples of gender-based violence; women, peace and security initiatives, the resources that were made available  Identification of tasks and division [as] this will translate into a budget for for the development of the NAPs; for  Prevention, management, and of responsibilities and development these activities” (UN-INSTRAW and FOKUS resolution of conflict; implementation per year; and for projects of coordination mechanisms among 2010). Such political will can be achieved outside their own state borders (funds  Needs of male and female ex- the implementing agencies or key by demonstrating that WPS activities and dedicated externally). combatants; stakeholders;  Training for military and civilian police  Budgeting and identification of fund Country Funds for Funds for SCR 1325 Source of funds personnel in peacekeeping operations. sources; and development implementation of the NAP domestically and outside These areas can include issues such as  Development of indicators and state borders per year human trafficking, sexual exploitation monitoring and evaluation systems to and abuse by humanitarian personnel, as track progress in implementation. Côte d’Ivoire Not specified Around US$3 million Not specified well as equal rights to property in a post Denmark Not specified Not specified Government conflict society (Liberian Ministry of Gender However, it must be noted that while the and Development 2009). They can either above steps have become more common in Liberia US$2 million US$5.4 million Bilateral funds from Italy, Denmark, be addressed individually by different recent national action planning processes, Norway etc. Support from international organisations intervening in a country, not all NAP development processes have organizations and civil society groups as demonstrated in the Colombian case included all the components. For example, Norway Not specified US$19 million (2007) Government study (see page 36), or can be reflected in budgeting and the development of a comprehensive national strategy through indicators and monitoring and evaluation Philippines Not specified US$440,000 Potentially part of this funds will come from national action plans. systems have been excluded in a number of the government’s gender and development NAPs. budget National action plans (NAPs) on SCR The US$23 million Not specified Ministry of Foreign Affairs; MDG3 Fund 1325 vary in terms of scope and may Estimating the cost of the development Netherlands have different programme components. of a national action plan or rather the However, there are common steps taken in full implementation of SCR 1325 at Sierra Leone Not specified Around US$7 million International CSOs, Finland the development and adoption of national the national level highly depends on Sweden Not specified Around US$32 million Regular government budget action plans: the local infrastructure, socio-political process and the content and ambition Switzerland US$49,000 US$970,000 Swiss State Budget  Awareness raising and advocacy of the stakeholders who develop the to generate interest among key United Not specified US$21 million direct Government: Foreign and Commonwealth plan. The budgetary allocations for 1325 Kingdom expenditure Office, Department for International stakeholders in government, civil society implementation must be very clear and Development, Ministry of Defense, and tri- and multilateral institutions; departmental Conflict Pool 80 81 As demonstrated above, there is a large development cooperation. The actions A specific earmarking system has not been SCR 1325 activities: “Expenditure for difference among the countries that have mentioned in the plan are to be put in place. implementing activities on UNSCR 1325 national action plans with regards to the financed within existing [national] is drawn from a variety of budgets across amount of money invested in women and budget lines. (FOKUS survey 2009). In Ireland, calculations for WPS funds are three government departments – the peace and security issues. The majority of neither exact nor earmarked. Deirdre Ní Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the the countries that have NAPs are in Europe Anna Sundén, Coordinator of Operation Cheallaigh, HIV and Gender Policy Officer at Department for International Development and have a larger amount of resources and 1325 in Sweden, confirms: the Irish NGO Trócaire, states: and the Ministry of Defence (for example). infra-structure than countries emerging It is not specifically marked and therefore from armed conflict or those in a state of The actions mentioned in the plan are to As we do not have a baseline in terms it is difficult to gain a full picture of development. Most European countries also be financed within existing budget lines. of what exactly is being done to exact expenditure on this issue” (Cordaid- support initiatives on gender and security Operation 1325 has received financial implement UNSCR 1325, it is not clear GNWP survey 2010). Nonetheless, the issues in countries or regions of political support from the Foreign Ministry, what resources (financial and human) UK government has made an effort to interest to them. Sida, Folke Bernadotte Academy and are currently being made available to identify sources related to resolution 1325 the Swedish National Board for Youth support the implementation of UNSCR implementation. A more recent advancement has been the Affairs for our projects aiming at the 1325. Anecdotally, as it is felt that development of national action plans in implementation of 1325 nationally, more could be done to systematically In order to provide a snapshot of UK the global South with more independent regionally and internationally. These implement UNSCR 1325 (through expenditure on SCR 1325, the FCO surveyed resources. Examples such as the Philippines funds are, however, not specified within the development and comprehensive expenditure in nine countries (Afghanistan, and Chile demonstrate that there are the budget line since it is absent in the implementation of an Irish NAP on Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iraq, countries in different regions in the world NAP (FOKUS survey 2009). Women, Peace and Security), it can Lebanon, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Sudan that develop their NAPs on SCR 1325 also be assumed that more human and Yemen), selected due to their high independently from external support. The Danish NAP was developed with funds and financial resources are needed to profile work on this agenda within the However, African countries have relied on from the current budget of different systematize implementation (Cordaid- FCO, and identified four different funding the support of international organizations, government agencies. Pernille Brix, head GNWP survey 2010). streams from each government department: civil society and bilateral donors. of section on Global Cooperation and Economy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Neither the Norwegian, Finnish, Portuguese, confirms:  Country-specific programs, directly These differences in access to resources nor Spanish NAPs, have specific budgets related to the implementation of UNSCR should not lead to the conclusion that the dedicated to the activities outlined. The 1325 implementation of SCR 1325 in a country There is no separate budget for the Belgian NAP has partly identified funds like Sweden, that reports to spend around implementation of the Danish National exclusively dedicated to 1325 (EPLO  Country-specific programs, indirectly US$32 million per year on women and Action Plan, but it is a basic condition 2010). “At this stage the NAP remains related to the implementation of UNSCR peace and security issues, is more effective of the NAP that multiple, relevant very theoretical; it does not include many 1325 (i.e. where UNSCR 1325 forms an than in the Philippines, which dedicates less budget lines can be used to ensure concrete actions for implementation, nor element of the programme or is taken than US$500,000 per year on implementing realization of UNSCR 1325. This is does it comprise indicators or a specific into account) their NAP. true both for the Foreign Ministry and budget – though Belgium has a specific  Non-country-specific programs, directly the Ministry of Defense. The Danish gender budget law and the Ministry of related to the implementation of UNSCR Petra Toetterman Andorff, Secretary General National Action Plan was developed Defense has earmarked a specific budget for 1325 of WILPF Sweden, reports: by an inter-ministerial working implementation of its commitments under  group. In terms of funds, the process NAP 1325” (EPLO 2010). Non-country-specific programs, The [Swedish] NAP does not outline any only required the dedication of the indirectly related to the implementation specific budget for the implementation participating civil servants’ working Craig Morley, from the Peacekeeping of UNSCR 1325 (Cordaid-GNWP survey of UNSCR 1325. Women’s security hours and money for printing and Team, Conflict Group, Foreign & 2010) and equal participation in peace- dissemination of the plan (Cordaid- Commonwealth Office shares that the building are given priority in Swedish GNWP survey 2010). UK has tried for the first time to get a It is clear that the survey and its results policies for security and international snapshot of their total expenditures on are not exhaustive. Morley confirms that, 82 83 “In some cases, work the UK supports expenditure of which UNSCR 1325 forms transport etc.). Periodical development ongoing and planned projects that fit in contributes to the implementation of an element” (Cordaid-GNWP survey 2010). of country specific gender fact sheets the 1325 category and evaluate if the total UNSCR 1325 without UNSCR 1325 being The figures stated do not include the UK for internal use and context specific number is in accordance with the Finnish the core objective” (Cordaid-GNWP Government’s contribution to the UN pre-deployment training is separately NAP” (FOKUS survey 2009). survey 2010). He adds that it is difficult to Peacekeeping (estimated at approximately budgeted. For dissemination activities extrapolate specific percentages of 1325 US$603 million for UN FY 2010/11), UN of the new NAP 2010 separate funds A comprehensive WPS needs assessment, related expenditure from the total figures Regular Budget, or FCO, DfID and MoD are available (around 50,000 CHF) inventory of available resources as well as and that “the figures stated for indirect staffing/administrative costs” (Cordaid- […] As part of its commitment to the internal analysis of the budget lines and yet related expenditure are total program GNWP survey 2010). implementation of UNSCR 1325, the spending, will provide governments, civil Political Division IV – Human Security society, donors, and other stakeholders with – of the DFAE does not only contribute an overview of what resources are needed to the implementation of UNSCR 1325 to fully and effectively implement SCR 1325. Department Direct Indirect Total % of by means of earmarked funds for Specific objectives, indicators, benchmarks Expenditure Total activities under the label of 1325, but and timelines that show where the action also follows the principles of gender plan is headed will indicate where funds Foreign & £3,302,036 £4,958,133 £8,260,169 4.90% and other resources will be used and when. Commonwealth Office mainstreaming in all its programs. As a means to implement gender-responsive In the case of the Côte d’Ivoire national Department for £7,538,882 £121,954,201 £129,493,083 76.84% budgeting the PD IV has integrated a action plan, a concrete list with determined International gender marker into project documents, budget lines and responsibilities contributed Development which indicates the relevance of a to an effective planning process. The overall project to gender issues. As a controlling budget for the action plan is 3,700,000,000 Ministry of Defence £0 £16,098,111 £16,098,111 8.70% tool, the gender marker measures CFA (US$8.8 million), for the three years of implementation. The general coordination Conflict Pool* £2,832,314 £11,837,174 £13,307,949 9.55% the percentage of gender-sensitive expenditures. In 2009, 67 percent of all of these funds is the responsibility of the TOTAL £13,673,232 £154,847,619 £168,520,851 100.00% PD IV project funding was substantially Ministry of Family, Women and Social (55 percent) or distinctively (12 percent) Affairs (FOKUS survey 2009). The Ministry gender-sensitive. The Programs of the of Administrative Affairs and Finance has * The Conflict Pool is funded tri-departmentally, drawing from the FCO, DfID, and MoD Swiss Development Cooperation (also the authority of approval and conducts an part of the DFAE) may also in part relate annual auditing process. to UNSCR 1325. Given the only indirect relevance to the implementation of 1325 “The total figure for directly related The Swiss confederation and the federal there are no estimates for this part of expenditure on UNSCR 1325 activities in Department of Foreign Affairs reports to the State budget. SDC programs are also the nine countries during this period, along have earmarked specific 1325 funds for applying a gender marker in their project with non-country-specific directly related 2009 and 2010, which were around 1 cycles (Cordaid-GNWP survey 2010). expenditure, was £13.7 million. However million CHF (US$980,000). In addition: an additional £154.8 million was identified Elina Hatakka, Coordinator of the 1325 as expenditure indirectly related to UNSCR The development of the NAP is done Network in Finland acknowledges the 1325 (i.e. expenditure on programs where by an inter-ministerial working group complexity of tracking funds on women and UNSCR 1325 either forms an element or is (with the consultation of the Swiss NGO peace and security issues. She states: “All taken into account)” (Cordaid-GNWP survey Platform for 1325). All costs of this the responsible ministries should earmark in 2010). activity are covered from the regular their budgets specific 1325 money and list budgets of the concerned ministries projects achieved by it. Especially the MoFA (i.e. human resource costs and material/ [Ministry of Foreign Affairs] should list the 84 85 Côte d’Ivoire budget for the implementation of NAP on UNSCR 1325 per annum: b. Developing a National Action Plan The box below presents useful questions to ask when developing a NAP on resolution 1325. Area of action Annual Responsible actor It includes specific questions on the budget for implementation. Budget Protection of women US$520,000 Ministry of Justice and Human Rights in and girls from sexual collaboration with Ministries of Interior, Defense violence and Security, Health and Public Hygiene and Questions to Ask When Developing a National Action Plan on Resolution 1325 Ministry of Family, Women and Social Affairs Inclusion of the gender US$200,000 Ministry of Family, Women and Social Affairs  Why is a national action plan  How will the different actors question in political and in collaboration with units from Ministry of necessary given the past and and ministries coordinate development programs Development and Planning and Ministry of present peace and security context throughout the NAP process? Economics and Finance in the country? What mechanism needs to Participation of US$440,000 Ministry of Education in collaboration with be established – e.g. working  What specific WPS issues need to groups, task forces, coordinating women and men in Ministry of Security, Health and Public Hygiene, be addressed? reconstruction and Ministry of Solidarity of War Victims, Ministry of committees and what are the reintegration processes National Reconstruction and Reintegration and  Are there policies and initiatives mandates of such mechanisms? National Agency to Support Rural Development related to peace and security and  What role could the private sec- gender equality that a national tor take in the NAP process? Reinforcement of the US$97,000 Coordination of Women for the Election Process action plan could build upon participation of women and Post-conflict Reconstruction (COFEMCI or strengthen? – e.g. CEDAW  What resources exist to support in decision-making REPC) in collaboration with Ministry of Family, compliance, PRS, MDGs)? the work of such mechanism? positions Women and Social Affairs E.g. Are there funds available  Which actors and ministries/ Putting in place a US$53,000 Ministry of Family, Women and Social Affairs from certain government agen- government entities need to be cies? Are there CSOs and mul- monitoring system in collaboration with the monitoring and involved in the national action evaluation committee tilateral institutions that would planning process? be able to contribute financial Management of the US$250,000 Ministry of Family, Women and Social Affairs in  What is the level of awareness on resources or technical expertise? implementation of the collaboration with other institutions SCR 1325 and the WPS situation  Who will be responsible for plan (staff, vehicles and among these actors? functioning) monitoring and evaluating the  What kind of awareness raising and action plan? What M & E mech- Other costs (5%) US$78,000 Ministry of Family, Women and Social Affairs capacity-building activities need to anism will be put in place as part be carried out prior to the action of the NAP process? planning process?

86 87 c) Division of Responsibilities and Coordination of Actors IDPs [internally displaced person] and conflict-affected women’s rights. The programme also aims to support The need to define the roles of different Effective collaboration and coordination integration of the National Action Plan agencies and organizations involved in the among different actors working on similar and Implementation Strategy on SCR implementation as well as clear allocations issues or common geographic areas is 1325 and 1820 into the relevant national and management of resources at the onset key to successful policy implementation. policies and laws (FOKUS survey 2009). cannot be overemphasized. Senior Gender Adviser of the United Nations Mission in the Congo (MONUC), In Nepal, different UN entities and bilateral Because work on 1325 in most developed Elsie Effange-Mbella, highlights: agencies have united to form the Peace countries is integrated into the country’s Support Working Group. One of the current foreign policy – sometimes specifically in We know that there are several actors priorities of this group is to support the international development cooperation - on the ground - both national and development of Nepal’s NAP. Each member the lead agencies are the foreign ministries. international stakeholders - and of the PSWG contributed financial as well In Africa, the lead agencies have mostly therefore there is need for there as in kind (printing, use of meeting facilities) been gender ministries. Concern has been to be a centralized coordinating resources to make the development of the expressed regarding minimal resources and mechanism to streamline NAP possible. UNFPA Nepal reports: low political clout among some of these implementation of activities, ministries – Liberia and Sierra Leone being monitoring and evaluation of The PSWG [Peace Support Working exceptions. progress based on existing capacities. Group] on UNSCR1325 is a UN and A good coordinating mechanism donor coordination and cooperation In Belgium, the Federal Public Service will aim at an integrated approach, forum. The primary objective is to for Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and which seeks to draw on existing enhance cooperation and coordination Development Cooperation has integrated strengths in resolving issues based among UN agencies and donors. I/ the NAP into the Belgian development on complementing capacities (FOKUS NGOs are invited to present their work strategy. The Spanish NAP combines survey 2009). to allow for discussion on what are women and peace and security with the local initiatives and how can UN foreign policy aspects. Manuela Mesa from UNIFEM Georgia counts on US$140,000 and donors assist in that. The regular CEIPAZ reports: over a three-year period, which is given meetings, which UNFPA chairs and by Norway, for its Women for Equality, the Norwegian Embassy co-chairs, and Spain’s national action plan (NAP) for Peace and Development project. The for which UNFPA provides secretariat the implementation of United Nations implementation and link with already services, has allowed for joint efforts to Effective collaboration and Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) existing policies is essential. The gender bridge programming and advocacy gaps 1325 was approved by the Council advisor for Georgia, Tamar Sabedashvili, in an efficient manner as a result of coordination among different actors of Ministers on 31 November 2007. reports: pooled resources (UNFPA-Nepal 2008). Under the plan, the State Secretariat working on similar issues or common for International Co-operation in the The project implementation will start Since 2008, the Peace Support Working geographic areas is key to successful Ministry of Foreign Affairs adopted in November 2009 and among other Group has been chaired by the Royal a specific action plan on gender and activities it foresees bringing national Norwegian Embassy and co-chaired by policy implementation. peacebuilding within the framework policies and laws in compliance with UNFPA. of development co-operation. […] UNSCR 1325 and 1820, through It highlights the European Common provision of support for the elaboration Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) and approval of a National Action Plan and development co-operation (EPLO and Implementation Strategy on SCR 2010). 1325 and 1820 to protect and promote 88 89 d) Monitoring and Evaluation Case Study: Liberia – Interagency (MARWOPNET), International Rescue collaboration and complementary Committee, International Republican Adequate indicators as well as practical data collection Institute, International Federation for However, a larger more expansive Election Studies, International Centre monitoring tools are essential for successful action plan that calls for specific oversight. The indicators developed by the After 15 years of armed conflict for Transitional Justice, Foundation indicators in development, diplomatic, (1989–2003) and widespread sexual for International Dignity, Community UN Technical Working group on Indicators as well a defense sectors, may be more (TWGI) draw attention to the budgeting and and gender-based violence, Liberia Empowerment Programme, Carter costly, but will be more effective long- has undergone a process of recovery, Centre, American Bar Association, financial allocation for the implementation term as it would include performance of the resolution. On the part of civil reform and conflict resolution. The Association of Female Lawyers of Liberia, monitoring and evaluation procedures implementation of a NAP on SCR 1325 American Refugee Committee, Action society, the indicators identified by the (Cordaid-GNWP survey 2010). Global Network of Women Peacebuilders reflects the government’s effort to Aid and the Danish Refugee Council (GNWP) assess progress on the allocated systematically respond to the gendered were funded by various donors to Donors often require performance, security concerns still emerging from support the development of the NAP and disbursed funding to governments output and/or outcome indicators to and civil society organizations marked for the times of violence. and overall implementation of the assess effectiveness and impact of their resolution. women and peace and security projects and investment. “While donor countries in programs. Under the presidency of the first female the global North often set standards African President, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, The Austrian Government supported and indicators for the implementation Although almost all NAPs recognize the the Ministry of Gender and Development the UN-INSTRAW’s project on Building of women, peace and security issues, initiated the action planning for a Capacity for the Implementation of need for adequate M&E mechanisms, only a local organizations and governmental few include specific indicators on financing. NAP with the support of International 1325 in Liberia with US$150,000. entities find themselves responsible for Alert and the United Nations Mission The United Nations Population Fund Some of the countries that include the implementation of outlined activities budgeting or financing indicators in their to Liberia (UNMIL) in August 2007. In (UNFPA) and UNDP were also active and for the data collection to feed these August 2008, UN-INSTRAW and the supporters during the process. UNIFEM NAPs are Austria, Canada, France, Liberia, indicators. The expectation of what data is Philippines, Sierra Leone, Switzerland, Office of the Gender Advisor of UNMIL contributed through a workshop that needed often conflicts with the realities on established an inter-agency team reviewed the indicators, which in turn Uganda and the UK. Rwanda has included an the ground and most importantly with the indicator on general gender budgeting and to support the Liberian Ministry of resulted in prioritizing the indicators availability of such data” (UN-INSTRAW and Gender and Development in leading the and identifying data sources to populate also has a budget for the NAP itself. Estonia FOKUS 2010). has an indicator saying it will contribute process of developing a NAP. A Steering them. Additional sources must still be to multilateral funds towards women’s Committee composed of representatives secured to meet the objectives outlined empowerment. Côte d’Ivoire has a budget from other government institutions, UN in the Liberian NAP. within the NAP and a general indicator on agencies and CSOs was established in financing. order to guide the drafting of the plan. Liberia’s national action plan was Community chiefs and organizations launched during the International Evelyn Thornton, Deputy Director of the working outside Monrovia were also Colloquium on Women’s Empowerment, Institute of Inclusive Security states: involved (Popovic 2009). Leadership Development, International Peace and Security that was held In the US we are trying to determine A wide range of CSOs including in March 2009 in Monrovia. The how extensive and ambitious of an Women’s NGOs of Liberia (WONGOSOL), colloquium convened a large number of action plan to create. Something Women in Peace Network (WIPNET), international donors but unfortunately based on guidelines already developed Society of Women in AIDS Awareness, the potential to generate more funds for by entities such as the Millennium Save the Children (UK), OXFAM the NAP’s implementation was not fully Challenge Corporation could be GB, National Democratic Institute, explored. effective and still cost efficient. Mano River Women’s Peace Network 90 91 Nevertheless, Liberia is confident about its capacity to implement the NAP. The Minister of Gender and Development, Vabbah Gayflor believes it is important to build on existing policies and structures including local infrastructure: “At our own level, we will see how we can make it a working tool. We already have a National Women’s Conference Action Plan, we already have the Poverty Reduction Strategy, and the implementation of 1325 is part of all that. It is about taking up those issues 06 and just prioritizing them and then we can see how we can move forward, but Concluding Thoughts I think that we are well situated for the implementation of 1325” (UN-INSTRAW and Recommendations 2008).

Existing national action plan Yes, since 2009 (implementation frame 2009 – 2013) Implementing bodies Ministry of Gender and Development as well as all members of the Working Group, including other governmental agencies, international organizations and civil society Resources (financial, human, Financial support through Italy; technical assistance through UN capacities...) agencies, international NGOs and other donors such as Norway, Finland, Denmark Estimate of implementation cost per US$5.4 million (estimate as of 2008, from working draft) year

92 93 Looking back at the ten years since the however, is that the work of civil society, Because of well-defined social hierarchies 3. Improve coordination and promote adoption of SCR 1325, civil society; particularly women’s organizations, has and well-established elites with specific collaboration among different actors international and regional organizations; been a major driving force in keeping the political and economic interests even at involved in women and peace and governments and the UN have made 1325 alive in the last decade. the grassroots level, it must be clear which security advocacy and programming various contributions to implement this local actors should be involved. Based on foundational legal mechanism. Strategies The data and information collected in their social location, local actors may have There are different actors and funding range from the integration of SCR 1325 this research and the insights gathered competing priorities and visions that could structures involved in financing SCR into existing policies, to the development lead to the following conclusions and become a hindrance to achieving sustainable 1325 and women and peace and security of national action plans (NAPs). Some recommendations: peace and development. advocacy and programming. The actors progress has been made, as demonstrated range from governments in the global North by the 25 countries that have actually Ownership by and buy-in of key government to governments in the global South; from adopted NAPs, including countries in post- 1. Encourage and support local actors, such as ministries for peace and civil society organizations to multilateral conflict contexts, such as Côte d’Ivoire, the ownership of national action plans reconstruction; defense; foreign affairs; institutions; and from the private sector to Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia and and alternative mechanisms for and women’s affairs, is critical. If national academic and research institutions. They Sierra Leone. Burundi currently has a draft implementation of SCR 1325 governments in global South countries fully have varying interests and visions that may NAP and other countries, including Australia support the implementation process, they or may not be aligned with each other. They and Serbia, are in the process of developing SCR 1325 implementation requires strong will be encouraged to allocate resources for also have different funding mechanisms their NAPs. political leadership and involves a number implementation, monitoring and evaluation that could further complicate efforts of international and local actors. However, in their national budgets. around multi-stakeholder partnerships. UN agencies, the Security Council and to ensure ownership, participation and Efforts at coordination among these the office of the Secretary General have sustainability of implementation, local actors are often random, poorly executed also made important strides. A welcomed actors, particularly women’s groups working 2. Establish a transparent and inclusive and seldom assessed. Any initiative to development was the adoption of SCR on women and peace and security issues financial management platform for promote and sustain coordination and 1889 in October 2009, which aimed to must be at the forefront. Engagement 1325 implementation composed of collaboration among various stakeholders strengthen the commitment of the UN of local actors and local ownership must donors, governments, civil society, should carefully examine the factors to engage women in peace negotiations; be guaranteed at the onset of policy private sector and multi-lateral that may hinder coordination. However, in governance and financing of post discussions and sustained through the organizations including the UN the differences in interest, visions and conflict recovery; and in peace building adoption and implementation phases. In the funding mechanisms could also be explored initiatives. The resolution also called for the Philippines and the Netherlands, civil society A multi-stakeholder platform or forum at and built upon as diverse factors and development of a set of global indicators groups continue to push the envelope to the national, regional and international level unique contributions that could facilitate to track the implementation of SCR 1325. ensure effective implementation. The Dutch (depending on the level of implementation) cooperation and coordination. Mechanisms However, the indicators have yet to be NGO Working Group on 1325 conducted an dedicated to enhancing harmonization for collaboration, such as the “twinning endorsed and used by Member States. evaluation of the implementation of their and ensuring transparency in financial strategy” or intergovernmental partnership national action plan, which highlighted management is necessary for effective in development of national action plans, The financial resources to fund NAPs and the necessity of government-civil society resource generation, utilization and should also be explored. alternative implementation mechanisms partnership in implementation in the management. Such a forum can serve at the national level is still difficult to Netherlands as well as in conflict-affected as an important venue for sharing aid track and generally inadequate. Lack countries. In the Philippines, the 1325 information, identifying best practices, 4. Conduct a comprehensive and of coordination and reliable data and Preparatory Committee, composed mostly scaling-up cooperation, facilitating local accurate assessment of needs, information regarding planning and of NGOs, led the regional and provincial contributions and promoting accountability. resources and capacities; plan and implementation, as well as insufficient consultations during the drafting of the mobilize resources accordingly monitoring and evaluation, are major NAP. GNWP is currently working with hindering factors in determining the extent its Philippine members to engage local The amount of money invested in the and impact of investments on women government units to adopt local legislation development and implementation of NAPs and peace and security. What is evident in support of the NAP. varies significantly. There is no “one-size-fits 94 95 -all” solution to how much money makes for on the role of the private sector would allow Countries need to earmark funds for 1325 supporting women and peace and security a good NAP on SCR 1325. All investments for better discussion on ways in which the implementation in their national and resolutions and the normative standards on in women and peace and security have private sector can be an important partner ministerial budgets. Earmarking allows for gender equality and women’s empowerment, to be evaluated within the given national in advancing the women and peace and easier assessment of the amount actually but international policies and agreements context. Nonetheless, there are overarching/ security agenda. allocated; it also makes it easier to do a cost- on financing for development as well. It general activity components that are benefit analysis or social return assessment is of utmost importance that funding for important to the success of any national By generating decent employment and of investments in women and peace and 1325 and women and peace and security action plan: wide reaching awareness- empowering local populations to contribute security advocacy and programming. Gender programming is executed and delivered in raising; capacity-building; constituency in rebuilding their communities the private budgeting could also be explored for this a manner that supports gender equality building; creating political will at national sector can play a significant role in societies purpose. The Philippines demonstrated that and human rights, and does not include and local levels; promoting and facilitating emerging from armed conflict. It can also a gender budgeting strategy can potentially conditionalities that undermine local visions coordination between the different actors support peace processes and contribute contribute to the successful financing of a of sustainable peace and development. This involved; and monitoring and evaluation. to building capacities of women to enable NAP on resolution SCR 1325 without having entails, among other requirements, the These components require adequate them to better participate in decision- to completely rely on external resources. removal of all policy conditions and the resources, including sufficient funding. making at community and country levels. In Budgets may also come from different discontinuation of tied aid. For example, Côte d’Ivoire’s detailed order to realize this potential contribution, departments including the Foreign Affairs financial commitments are divided by the governments, civil society and multilateral Office, the Ministry of Gender and the While we work to raise full awareness thematic sectors and activities that the institutions should reach out and engage Department of Defense. Military spending of SCR 1325 and the supporting women country chooses as priorities. A realistic and the private sector in constructive dialogues. and the shifting of security paradigms can and peace and security resolutions transparent assessment of existing resources Civil society organizations should seek out and should be discussed in order to promote among our constituencies, we need to and capacities as well as needs is one of companies whose business principles and rethinking of security budget allocations. do the same on the issue of financing the important components of effective practices support human rights principles Countries implementing the 3D approach for peace and development. This will planning and implementation of SCR 1325. and respect the rights of indigenous (Development, Defense, Diplomacy) should promote understanding of the relationship The planning and mobilization of resources populations and local communities. They proportionally allocate funds for the between gender issues and financing should be based on this assessment. should also approach corporate foundations development aspect that will contribute to for peacebuilding and post-conflict that are created in support of a company’s the achievement of the objectives outlined reconstruction vis-a-vis the entire funding corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the resolutions on women and peace and landscape. Such understanding should result 5. Explore partnerships with the private principles. For its part, the private sector security. in an explicit commitment to recognize and sector should be open and receptive to such enhance women’s capacity to participate outreach from various stakeholders. In their in decision-making on the generation, Most existing literature about the presence efforts to secure investments through CSR 7. Recognize and enhance civil society’s allocation and management of financial of the private sector in conflict-affected initiatives that address peace and security capacity to generate and manage resources for peace processes, peacebuilding countries describes its role in illicit issues and by ensuring that they operate financial resources dedicated to 1325 and post-conflict reconstruction. exploitation of resources and involvement in stable communities, the private sector implementation in trade activities that perpetuate violence, should recognize that the autonomy and Private foundations, bilateral funding or how profit-oriented operations reinforce participation of women in peace-building SCR 1325 is thematically embedded in agencies and other donors should recognize inequalities that become the root cause contributes to ensuring lasting peace and a number of international instruments the capacity of civil society to facilitate and of armed violence. However, what is often security, which in turn promotes a sound and policies. When analyzing the cost manage funds for implementation of SCR ignored is that there are different types business environment. and financing aspect of the resolution, 1325 at different levels. In Sierra Leone, of private sector actors and that business documents such as the Paris Declaration for example, the Mano River Women’s conduct often varies according to the size, and the Accra Agenda for Action, which Peace Network (MARWOPNET) and the nature, vision and principles upon which 6. Earmark 1325 Funds, review military donor countries are using to guide their West Africa Network for Peacebuilding the particular private sector business was and other government budgets and Official Development Assistance policies, (WANEP) approached the government and established. Adequately examining these identify windows upon which 1325 should be noted. This requires a thorough jointly developed the national action plan factors and further nuancing the discussion implementation could be funded understanding of not just SCR 1325, the on SCR 1325. MARWOPNET and WANEP 96 97 received funds from Cordaid in support Most of the earlier national action plans The UN Secretary-General calls on Member of the national action planning process. on SCR 1325 (those developed within States to make substantial, long-term Cordaid agreed to support the project not the first six years of the adoption of the investments in women’s security and only because it was a worthy undertaking resolution) did not have indicators. This productive potential, which act as “force but also because it was aware of the local has made it difficult if not impossible to multipliers” for sustainable peace (UNSC organizations’ capacity to manage funds. track progress and concretely identify gaps 2010). However, women’s organizations, This suggests that non-governmental in implementation. The 1325 indicators regardless of size and location, must benefit organisations working on SCR 1325 in the developed by the UN in response to SCR from such investments. Their perceived lack Global North can increasingly align their 1889 are still undergoing further review. of technical capacity to manage projects priorities with partner organizations in the There is no guarantee as to when they and programs cannot be a justification to Global South. Special attention should be actually will be used by Member States. deny them much needed resources for their paid to grassroots organizations as they Meanwhile, some civil society organizations, work in peacebuilding and reconstruction. often have the least access to resources. such as the Global Network of Women Peacebuilders and Gender Action for Peace Finally, the importance of coherent and Security – UK, have developed and action and coordination among civil 8. Allocate adequate resources for used indicators to monitor progress of 1325 society; governments; the UN; regional independent monitoring and implementation in a number of countries. intergovernmental bodies; and the private evaluation of 1325 implementation sector in the implementation of SCR and other women and peace and Both civil society indicators and those 1325, 1820, all the women and peace and security initiatives developed by the UN include indicators that security resolutions, as well as other related assess availability and usage of funds for legal mechanisms that promote women’s Monitoring and evaluation of 1325 NAPs as 1325 implementation. empowerment and gender equality, cannot well as alternative mechanisms are critical be overemphasized. to enable 1325 actors to assess if their The 10th anniversary of SCR 1325 created a efforts are making a difference. By using momentum for civil society, governments, appropriate indicators and benchmarks the UN and intergovernmental regional 1325 actors will be able to measure progress bodies to increase their commitment and and achievements; identify problems in work towards greater accountability to planning and/or implementation; and the resolution. It also presented a great make adjustments in order for 1325 opportunity to review and reflect on what implementation to be more likely to make has been achieved so far; what has made a difference. It is important that the those achievements possible; what are indicators are applicable to the national the persistent gaps in implementation and local context and are accepted by those and what are the causes of such gaps. who are involved in actual implementation. One persistent gap is the funding for SCR Indicators inform the implementors and 1325 implementation, particularly at the relevant stakeholders about what they national level. The data collected in this want to know and provide the kind of research and the UN Secretary-General’s information that will be useful to collect. report to the Security Council during the Needless to say, women’s organizations 10th anniversary of the resolution attest to working on women and peace and security this. UN Security Council Resolution 1889 issues should be actively involved in underscores the need to develop effective developing indicators and benchmarks, and financial and institutional arrangements in in the entire monitoring and evaluation order to guarantee women’s full and equal scheme. participation in peace-building processes. 98 99 Bibliography Bastick M & de Torres D, 2010, Indicators, Canadian International “Implementing the Women, Peace and Development Agency (CIDA), Quebec, viewed Security Resolutions in Security Sector March 2011, http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/ Reform,” Gender and Security Sector inet/images.nsf/vLUImages/Policy/$file/WID- African Women’s Rights Observatory (AWRO) eng/About-AWID/AWID-News/Where-is- Reform Toolkit, Eds. Megan Bastick and GUID-E.pdf. 2009, Country Reports, African Center for the-Money-for-Women-s-Rights-Factsheets. Kristin Valasek, DCAF, OSCE/ODIHR, UN- Gender and Social Development, viewed INSTRAW, Geneva, viewed May 2011, http:// Calvert Investments 2010, Special Report: March 2011, http://awro.uneca.org/ AWID 2008, “Money watch for women’s www.dcaf.ch/Publications/Publication- Calvert’s Women’s Principles, Calvert country%20Reports.aspx. rights movements and organizations,” Detail?lng=en&id=121108. Investments, viewed March 2011, http:// FundHer Brief, Mexico, viewed March www.calvert.com/womensPrinciples.html. African Union, Solemn Declaration on 2011, http://www.awid.org/eng/ Benjamin, JA, & Murchison L, 2004, Gender- Gender Equality in Africa (SDGEA) 2004, About-AWID/AWID-Initiatives/Where- based Violence: Care & Protection of Cisco 2008, Cisco’s Clinton Global Initiative Third Ordinary Session of the African is-the-Money-for-Women-s-Rights/ Children in Emergencies, Save the Children for Sub-Saharan Africa Commitment, Cisco, Union (AU) Assembly of Heads of State and What-s-new-from-this-initiative/FundHer- Federation, viewed May 2011, http://www. viewed March 2011, http://www.cisco. Government Addis Ababa, viewed February Brief-2008-Money-Watch-for-Women-s- rwamrec.org/essay7.pdf. com/web/about/ac227/csr2008/cisco-and- 2011, http://www.africa-union.org/root/ Rights-Movements-and-Organizations. society/human-needs/sub-saharan-africa- au/conferences/past/2006/October/WG/ Blum, C 2008, Statement to the Security commitment.html. SOLEMN_DECLARATION_ON_GENDER_ Avon Foundation for Women 2010, About Council – Open debate on Women, EQUALITY_IN_AFRICA.doc. Us, Avon Foundation for Women, viewed Peace, and Security, United Nations, New Civil Society Advisory Group to the UN on March 2011, http://www.avonfoundation. York, 19 June 2008. Women, Peace, and Security (CSAG) 2010, Akanji, B 2007, Gender Equity Issues in org/about-us.html. Recommendations from the Civil Society African Trade and Investment Creating Budlender, D 2001, Review of Gender Advisory Group on Women, Peace Gender Equity in Growth areas of African Avon Foundation for Women 2010, Avon Budget Initiatives, Community Agency for and Security on Events and Action to Development: Trade and Investment: Some Foundation for Women Launches Innovative Social Enquiry. Capetown, viewed March Commemorate the 10th Anniversary of Lead Issues, Discussion paper at an Expert Partnership To End Violence Against 2011, http://www.fafia-afai.org/files/ SCR 1325, Global Network of Women Group Meeting of the Africa Partnership Women Worldwide and Donates Funds to GenderBudget[1].pdf. Peacebuilders, viewed March 2011, Forum-Support Unit and NEPAD Secretariat, the U.S. Department of State Secretary’s http://www.gnwp.org/wp-content/ in Cooperation with the OECD, Berlin. Fund for Global Women’s Leadership, Avon BusinessDictionary.com 2011, Private uploads/2010/04/PDF_CSAG-Updated- Foundation for Women, viewed March Enterprise – Definition, WebFinance, Recommendations-on-10th-Anniversary-of- Alpizar, L, Clark, C, Pittman, A, Rosenhek, S, 2011, http://www.avonfoundation.org/ Inc., viewed March 2011, http://www. SCR1325-June-21-2010.pdf. & Vidal, V 2010, 2009-2010 FundHer DomesticViolence/partnership-to-end- businessdictionary.com/definition/private- Research Update. Brief 1: Trends in Bilateral violence-against-women.html. enterprise.html. Clark, C, Sprenger, E & Veneklasen, L 2006, and Multilateral Funding, Association Where is the money for women’s rights? for Women’s Rights in Development, Barry, A, Khan, Z, Suralga, D, van Looreken BusinessDictionary.com 2011, Private Sector Assessing resources and the role of donors viewed March 2011, http://www.bridge. Campagne A & Verbaken, K 2009, – Definition, WebFinance, Inc., viewed in the promotion of women’s rights and ids.ac.uk/go/global-resources-database/ “Partnership on UNSCR 1325’ paper March 2011, http://www.businessdictionary. the support of women’s organizations, browse-by-theme/aid/funding-for-gender- presented at the meeting of the Dutch com/definition/private-sector.html. Association for Women’s Rights in equality&id=55774&type=Document. Working Group on 1325 July 23 and August Development (AWID) 2006, Available at: 27 2009. BusinessDictionary.com 2011, Public Sector http://www.awid.org/eng/Issues-and- Association for Women’s Rights in – Definition, WebFinance, Inc., viewed Analysis/Library/2006-First-Fundher-report. Development (AWID) (2008). “The State of Bassiouni, MC & Mc Cormick M,1996, Sexual March 2011, http://www.businessdictionary. Women’s Organizations: Where is the Money violence: an invisible weapon of war com/definition/public-sector.html. Commission on Human Security 2003, for Women Rights,” FundHer Factsheet #1, in the former Yugoslavia, International Human Security Now, New York, viewed viewed March 2011, http://www.awid.org/ Human Rights Law Institute, DePaul Canadian International Development Agency May 2001, University, Chicago. (CIDA), 1997, Guide to Gender Sensitive http://www.humansecurity-chs.org/ 100 101 finalreport/English/FinalReport.pdf. Council Resolutions 1325 and 1820 in West viewed March 2011, http://www.fasngo.org/ ElsonFinancialRequirements.pdf. Africa, UN office for West Africa, viewed UNSCR-1325.html. Cooperative Coffees 2010, Dean in Rwanda, March 2011, http://www.peacewomen. Gunda Werner Institute 2007, Shadow Cooperative Coffees, viewed March 2011, org/assets/file/Resources/Academic/dakar_ Gender Action for Peace and Security Report of the German Women’s http://www.coopcoffees.com/what/travel/ declaration.pdf. (GAPS-UK) 2009, Global Monitoring Security Council on the report of the dean-in-rwanda. Checklist on Women, Peace and Security, Federal Government “of measures for European Peacebuilding Liaison Office viewed March 2011, http://www. implementation of Security Council Cordaid and WO=MEN 2010, Final Policy (EPLO) Working Group on Gender Peace and international-alert.org/pdf/Global_ Resolution 1325(Peace, women, security),” Brief Gender Responsive Peace and Security 2010, 10 Points on 10 Years UNSCR Monitoring_Checklist_on_Women_Peace_ Heinrich Böll Foundation, viewed Statebuilding -Transforming the Culture 1325 in Europe (NGO), CSO position paper, and_Security.pdf. March 2011, http://un1325.de/data/ of Power in Fragile States, Cordaid and viewed March 2011, http://www.eplo.org/ schattenbericht-08.html. WO=MEN, viewed January 2011, http:// assets/files/2.%20Activities/Working%20 Gender Statistics Programme (GSP) n.d., www.cordaidpartners.com/address/women- Groups/GPS/CSO_Position_Paper_10_ Glossary: Gender Equality, UN-ESCWA, Human Security Unit of the Office for and-violence/blog/4203. Points_on_10_Years_UNSCR_1325_in_ viewed May 2011, http://www.escwa.un.org/ the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Europe_1008.pdf. gsp/glossary/g.html. (OCHA) in New York 2003, Human Security Cornell University Law School 2011, Avon Now (2003), Commission on Human Center for Women and Justice, Cornell European Peacebuilding Liaison Office Global Justice Center 2007, Our Projects: Security, viewed January 2011, http://www. University, viewed March 2011, http://www. (EPLO) 2010, UNSCR 1325 in Europe – 21 Colombia, Global Justice Center, viewed May humansecurity-chs.org/finalreport/index. lawschool.cornell.edu/womenandjustice/. case studies of implementation, viewed 2011, http://www.globaljusticecenter.net/ html. March 2011, http://www.eplo.org/assets/ projects/colombia/. Corner, L Repucci, S 2009, A User’s Guide to files/2.%20Activities/Working%20Groups/ Hunt Alternatives Fund 2011, Conflict Measuring Gender-Sensitive Basic GPS/EPLO_GPS_WG_Case_Studies_ Global Network of Women Peacebuilders Regions-Colombia, Synthenet Corporation, Service Delivery, UNDP - Norway, viewed UNSCR_1325_in_Europe.pdf. (GNWP) 2010, In-country Monitoring Report viewed March 2011, http://www. March 2011, http://www.undp.org/ – The Netherlands, WO=MEN, viewed April huntalternatives.org/pages/7653_colombia. governance/docs/users_guide_measuring_ European Union 1998, One hundred words 2011, http://www.wo-men.nl/wp-content/ cfm. gender.pdf. for equality: a glossary of terms for equality uploads/Monitoring-report-UNSCR-1325- between women and men, European Union, for-GNWP-the-Netherlands.doc. Ingrid Jensen, R 2006, Evaluation of DFID’s Corporacion Casa de la Mujer (in European Commission, Director-General for Policy and Practice in Support of Gender collaboration with Cordaid) 2008, Evaluation Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Global Network of Women Peacebuilders Equality and Women’s Empowerment, of Resolution 1325/2000 Application in Affairs, viewed May 2011, http://www.idrc. (GNWP) 2010, Security Council Resolution Department for International Development Colombia, Corporacion Casa de la Mujer, ca/en/ev-78634-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html. 1325: Civil Society Monitoring Report (DFID), viewed March 2011, http://www.dfid. Colombia, November 2008, p. 14. - Rwanda, Global Network of Women gov.uk/Documents/publications/evaluation/ Federal Public Services Foreign Affairs, Peacebuilders, New York. ev669-summary-report.pdf. Council of the European Union 2008, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation Implementation of UNSCR 1325 as 2009, Women, Peace and Security - Belgian Goldman Sachs 2011, 10,000 Women, Iniciativa de Mujeres por la Paz 2009, Justicia reinforced by UNSCR 1820 in the context National Action Plan on the Implementation Goldman Sachs, viewed March 2011, Y Seguridad Para Las Víctimas Del of ESDP, report of the Secretariat, viewed of UN Security Council Resolution http://www2.goldmansachs.com/ Conflicto Armadoanálisis Con Perspectiva De March 2011, http://register.consilium. 1325, Federal Public Services Foreign citizenship/10000women/index.html. Género, Documento Público No. 4. Bogotá. europa.eu/pdf/en/08/st15/st15782-re03. Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development en08.pdf. Cooperation, Brussels. Grown, C., Bahadur, C., Handbury, J, & Elson, International Alert 2006, Local Business, Local D., 2006, The Financial Requirements of Peace: The Peacebuilding Potential of Economic Community of West African States Femmes Africa Solidarité (FAS) 2008, UN Achieving Gender Equality and Women’s the Domestic Private Sector, International (ECOWAS) 2010, The Dakar Declaration Security Council Resolution 1325: Launch of Empowerment, Viewed April 2011, http:// Alert, viewed March 2011, http://www. & ECOWAS Plan of Action for the UNSCR 1325 National Action Plan project siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGENDER/ international-alert.org/peace_and_economy/ Implementation of United Nations Security Bujumburu, Burundi and Kinshasa, DRC, FAS, Resources/nBahadurHandbury peace_and_economy_projects.php?t=3#. 102 103 International Conference on Financing for Bosnia and Herzegovina, viewed March Development in Partnership, Netherlands OECD 2009. Ensuring Fragile States are Not Development 2003, Monterrey Consensus on 2011, http://medicazenica.org/uk/ Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Defence, Left Behind, OECD-Development Financing for Development, final text of index.php?option=com_content&view= The Hague. Assistance Committee International agreements and commitments adopted at article&id=46&Itemid=28. Network on Conflict and Fragility, viewed the International Conference on Financing Netherlands Ministry of Economic Affairs, March 2011, http://www.oecd.org/ for Development, Monterrey, Mexico, Merck 2007, Merck’s Commitment to HIV/ Agriculture and Innovation 2011, Focus on dataoecd/50/30/42463929.pdf. 18-22 March 2002, viewed March 2011, AIDS, Merck, viewed March 2011, sustainability, innovation and international, http://www.un.org/esa/ffd/monterrey/ http://www.merck.com/cr/docs/hiv_ Netherlands Ministry of Economic Affairs, OECD 2010, Development Aid Rose in 2009 MonterreyConsensus.pdf. brochure.pdf. Agriculture and Innovation, viewed May and Most Donors Will Meet 2010 Aid 2011, http://www.agentschapnl.nl// Targets, OECD, viewed March 2011, http:// International Development Association (IDA) Millennium Promise 2010, Tommy Hilfiger organisatie/divisies/divisie/NL%20EVD%20 www.oecd.org/document/11/0,3343,en_264 2007, Aid Architecture: An Overview of the Named Millennium Promise’s First MDG Internationaal. 9_34487_44981579_1_1_1_1,00.html. Main Trends in official Development Global Leader, Millennium Promise, viewed Assistance Flows, The World Bank, viewed March 2011, http://www.millenniumpromise. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and OECD-Development Assistance Committee March 2011, http://web.worldbank.org/ org/pressrelease.php?id=22. Development (OECD) 2005, Conflict 2008, Making the Linkages: Gender WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/IDA/0,,cont Prevention and Peacebuilding: What Counts Equality, Women’s Empowerment and the entMDK:21351637~pagePK:51236175~piPK Millennium Villages 2009, About Us, as ODA?, OECD, viewed March 2011, http:// Paris Declaration of Aid Effectiveness: Issue :437394~theSitePK:73154,00.html. Millennium Villages, viewed March 2011, www.oecd.org/dataoecd/32/32/34535173. Brief 1, DAC Network on Gender Equality, http://www.millenniumvillages.org/aboutmv/ pdf. viewed January 2011, www.oecd.org/ International Development Research Center index.htm. dataoecd/52/27/40941110.pdf. (IDRC) 2002, Glossary: Capacity building, OECD 2003, Glossary of Statistical Terms International Development Research Center, Mohr, L, Webb, D, & Harris, K 2001, ‘Do – Official Development Assistance (ODA), OECD-Development Assistance Committee viewed May 2011, http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev- Consumers Expect Companies to be socially viewed May 2011, http://stats.oecd.org/ 2011, Glossary of Key Terms and 73755-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html. Responsible? The Impact of Corporate Social glossary/detail.asp?ID=6043. Concepts, Official Development Assistance Responsibility on Buying Behavior,’ The (ODA), OECD, viewed March 2011, http:// International Women Leaders Global Journal of Consumer Affairs, vol. 35, no. 1, OECD 2005, Paris Declaration and Accra www.oecd.org/document/32/0,3343,en Security Initiative and International Crisis pp. 170-195. Agenda for Action, OECD, viewed March _2649_33721_42632800_1_1_1_1,00. Group 2008, Making the Case for Security 2011,http://www.oecd.org/document/19/0,3 html#ODA. Council Resolution 1325: Catalyzing Support Muteshi, J 2008, Mapping Aid Effectiveness 746,en_2649_3236398_43554003_1_1_1_ for Full -Implementation through Research and Gender Equality in Africa: Regional 1,00.html. OECD-DAC 2010, Aid in Support of Gender and Advocacy, meeting summary, New York, Issues and Trends, UNIFEM, Equality in Fragile States and Situations, 5 June 2008. viewed March 2011, http://www. OECD 2006, Glossary of Statistical Terms OECD-DAC, viewed March 2011, http:// unifem.org/attachments/products/ – Evaluation (of a Development Activity), www.oecd.org/dataoecd/7/11/46954513.pdf. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/ MappingAidEffectivenessAndGenderEquality viewed May 2011, http://stats.oecd.org/ AIDS (UN AIDS) 2003, Fact Sheet – HIV/AIDS _Africa.pdf. glossary/detail.asp?ID=7097. OECD-DAC 2010, Aid in Support of Gender and Conflict, United Nations, viewed March Equality and Women’s Empowerment, 2011, http://data.unaids.org/Topics/Security/ Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs OECD 2007, OECD DAC Handbook on OECD, viewed April 2011, http://www.oecd. fs_conflict_en.pdf. 2007, Dutch National Action Plan on Security Reform (SSR)- Supporting Security org/dataoecd/40/7/42759705.pdf Resolution and Justice, OECD, Paris. Liberian Ministry of Gender and 1325, Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Development 2009, The Liberia National Affairs, The Hague. OECD 2008, OECD Guidelines for Peace Process (OPAPP) 2010, The Philippine Action Plan for the Implementation of Multinational Enterprises, Organisation for National Action Plan on Women, Peace and United Nations Resolution 1325, Ministry of Netherlands Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Economic Co-operation and Development, Security: Implementing the UNSCRs 1325 and Gender and Development, Monrovia. Defence 2010, The Dutch Do’s on Women, viewed March 2011, http://www.oecd.org/ 1820, OPAPP, Pasig City, Philippines. Medica Zenica 2010, About Us, Zenica, Peace and Security: Diplomacy, Defence and dataoecd/56/36/1922428.pdf. Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues 104 105 and Advancement of Women (OSAGI), Richani, N 2003, ‘Conflictos Intricados: php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1 United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF) Department of Economic and Social Affairs Economías poíticas de los sistemas de Guerra 9&Itemid=36. 2009, New initiative to address sexual (DESA), and Economic Commission for Africa en Líbano y Colombia’, Universidad Nacional violence against girls launched at Clinton (ECA) 2008, High-Level Policy Dialogue (HLPD) de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia. UBS 2011, Fact Sheets – Education and Global Initiative Annual Meeting in New on National Implementation of Security Child Protection, UBS, viewed March 2011, York, United Nations Children Fund, viewed Council Resolution 1325 (2000) in Africa, Riordan, S 2000, “Put the Money Where http://www.ubs.com/1/e/ March 2011, http://www.unicef.org/media/ Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues Your Mouth Is!’ The Need for Public wealthmanagement/optimusfoundation/ media_51217.html. and Advancement of Women, New York. Investment in Women’s Organizations,” commitment/education_child/factsheets. Gender and Development, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. html. United Nations Development Programme- Organisation for Security and Cooperation in 63-70. USA (UNDP-USA) 2008, The Adolescent Girls Europe (OSCE) 2004, OSCE Action Plan UNESCO 2003, UNESCO’S Gender Initiative, United Nations, viewed for the Promotion of Gender Equality, Ruggie, J 2008, Protect, Respect and Mainstreaming Implementation Framework March 2011, http://undp-usa.blogspot. Organisation for the Security and Remedy: a Framework for Business and (GMIF) for 2002-2007, The Section for com/2008/10/adolescent-girls-initiative. Cooperation in Europe, viewed March 2011, Human Rights, United Nations Human Women and Gender Equality of the html. http://www.osce.org/gender/41497. Rights Council, viewed March 2011, http:// Bureau of Strategic Planning, Paris, viewed www.reports-and-materials.org/Ruggie- May 2011, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ United Nations Development Fund for PeaceWomen 2011, National Action Plans, report-7-Apr-2008.pdf. images/0013/001318/131854e.pdf. Women (UNIFEM), Andean Region 2008, PeaceWomen, viewed March 2011, Regional Programme of Gender http://www.peacewomen.org/pages/about- Schwab, K 2008, ‘Global Corporate United Nations 2010, World’s Business Responsive Budgeting – Good Practice 1325/national-action-plans-naps. Citizenship – Working with Governments Leaders Coming to Understand ‘Principles Systematisation, United Nations and Civil Society,’ Foreign Affairs, January/ and Profits Two Sides of Same Coin,’ Says Development Fund for Women, viewed PeaceWomen, n.d., Resources - PeaceWomen February 2008, viewed March 2011, http:// Secretary-General, as Global Compact May 2011, http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/go/ Portal: Colombia, PeaceWomen, viewed www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/63051/ Summit Opens, United Nations Department home&id=56712&type=Document. May 2011, http://www.peacewomen.org/ klaus-schwab/global-corporate-citizenship. of Public Information, viewed March 2011, portal_resources.php. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/ United Nations Entity for Gender Equality Sen, A and Anand, S 2000, ‘Human eco178.doc.htm. and the Empowerment of Women (UN Popovic, N, Lyytikainen, M, and Barr C 2009, Development and Economic Sustainability,’ Women) 2007, Grantees- Trust Find in Planning for Action on Women, Peace and World Development, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. United Nations 1992, Committee on the Support of Actions to Eliminate Violence Security - A review of the national-level 2029-2049. Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, United Nations Entity for implementation of Resolutions 1325 and 1820, Against Women: “Violence Against Women,” Gender Equality and the Empowerment report to UN-INSTRAW, New York. Tanzarn, N 2003, National Gender Budget United Nations, viewed March 2011,http:// of Women, viewed May 2011, http:// Project- Evaluation Report, Forum for www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/ www.unifem.org/gender_issues/violence_ Popovic, N 2009, Women, peace and Security Women in Democracy (FOWODE), Kampala, recommendations/recomm.htm. against_women/trust_fund_grantees. in Liberia: Supporting the Implementation Uganda. php?year=2007. of Resolution 1325 in Liberia, report to UN- United Nations 1995, Beijing Declaration INSTRAW, New York. Third High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness and Platform of action, United Nations United Nations Entity for Gender Equality 2008. Accra Agenda of Action. Accra Department for Policy Coordination and and the Empowerment of Women (UN PRIO 2010, ‘Men Must Get Involved in Fighting High Level Forum (HLF03), September2-4, Sustainable Development (DPCSD), viewed WOMEN) 2010, Gender Responsive Violence Against Women,’ PRIO viewed March 2011, http://www.undp.org/ March 2011, http://www.un.org/esa/gopher- Budgeting, United Nations Development Gender, Peace and Security Update, April mdtf/docs/Accra-Agenda-for-Action.pdf. data/conf/fwcw/off/a--20.en. Fund for Women, viewed May 2011, http:// 2010. www.gender-budgets.org/. Twinning Programme Administration Office United Nations 1945, United Nations Rao, A and Kelleher, D 2005, ‘Is there life in the Ukraine (PAO) 2010, Definition of Charter, United Nations, viewed April 2011, UN-EU Partnership for a Better World 2011, after gender mainstreaming?,’ Gender and Twinning, European Union, viewed March http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/ Comprehensive approach to the EU Development, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 57-69). 2011, http://twinning.com.ua/index. chapter5.shtml. implementation of UNSC Res 1325 and 106 107 1820 (2008), Council of the European UNIFEM and United Nations Non- United Nations Peacebuilding Fund (UNPBF) un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_pres_statements05. Union, viewed January 2011, http://www. Governmental Liaison Service (NGLS) 2008, 2010, Sierra Leone Peacebuilding Fund htm. un-eu.org/international-womens-day/211- Financing for Gender Equality, UNIFEM and Approved Projects and Progress Updates, eu-comprehensive-approach-to-the-eu- UN-NGLS, New York. United Nations Peacebuilding Fund, viewed United Nations Security Council 2006, implementation-of-unsc-res-1325-and- March 2011, http://www.unpbf.org/ Statement by the President of the Security 1820.html. United Nations Inter-Agency Standing sierraleone/sierraleone-projects.shtml. Council 26 October, United Nations Security Committee Task Force on Protection from Council, viewed March 2011, http://www. United Nations Global Compact 2004, Sexual Exploitation and Abuse n.d., Special United Nations Population Fund Nepal un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_pres_statements06. Women’s Empowerment Principles: Equality Measures For Protection From Sexual (UNFPA-Nepal) 2008, UNSCR 1325, United htm. Means Business, UN Global Compact, viewed Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, viewed May Nations Population Fund Nepal, viewed March 2011, http://www.unglobalcompact. 2011, http://www.un.org/en/pseataskforce/ March 2011, http://nepal.unfpa.org/en/ United Nations Security Council 2007, org/docs/issues_doc/human_rights/ docs/model_information_sheet_for_local_ unscr1325/. Statement by the President of the Security Resources/WEP_EMB_Booklet.pdf. communities_en.pdf. Council 23 October, United Nations Security United Nations Programme of Action Council, viewed March 2011, http://www. United Nations Global Compact 2010, United Nations International Research and Implementation Support System (UN un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_pres_statements07. Partnership Opportunities for Business, Training Institute for the Advancement of PoA-ISS) 2010, Country Profiles: Sweden, htm. report from Leaders Summit 2010: Building Women (UN-INSTRAW) 2008, Interview United Nations Programme of Action a New Era of Sustainability, New York, 24- On the National Action Planning Process Implementation Support System, viewed United Nations Security Council (UNSC) 25 June 2010. on Women, Peace and Security in the May 2011, http://www.poa-iss.org/ 2009, SCR 1889 – The Situation in Sierra Netherlands With Bert Koenders, the Dutch CountryProfiles/CountryProfileInfo. Leone, United Nations Security Council, New United Nations Global Compact 2010, About Minister for Development Cooperation, UN- aspx?Acc=M&CoI=186. York. Us, UN Global Compact, viewed March INSTRAW, viewed March 2011, http://www. 2011, http://www.unglobalcompact.org/ un-instraw.org/data/media/documents/files/ United Nations Security Council 2002, United Nations Security Council (UNSC) AboutTheGC/index.html. Interview%20Netherlands%20UNSCR%20 Statement by the President of the Security 2009, SCR 1886 - Women and peace and 1325%20NAP.pdf. Council 31 October, United Nations Security security, United Nations Security Council, United Nations Global Compact 2010, UN Council, viewed March 2011, http://www. New York. Global Compact Leaders Summit 2010 United Nations International Research and un.org/Docs/sc/statements/2002/prst2002. Webcast, UN Global Compact, viewed Training Institute for the Advancement of htm. United Nations Security Council (UNSC) May 2011, http://www.un.org/webcast/ Women (UN-INSTRAW) 2008, Interview 2009, Women and peace and security, globalcompact/leaderssummit2010/?mediaI on the National Action Planning Process United Nations Security Council 2004, Report of the Secretary-General, New York. D=pl100625am-eng. on Women, Peace and Security in Liberia Statement by the President of the Security with Vabbah Gayflor, Liberian Minister of Council 28 October, United Nations Security United Nations Security Council (UNSC) United Nations Global Compact 2010, Gender and Development, UN-INSTRAW, Council, viewed March 2011, 2010, Women and peace and security, Promoting the Economic Prosperity of Girls, pdf received May 2011 (website no longer http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_pres_ Report of the Secretary-General, New York. Human Rights and Business Dilemmas functioning). statements04.html. Forum, viewed March 2011, http://human- United Nations Truce Supervision rights.unglobalcompact.org/case_studies/ United Nations International Research and United Nations Security Council 2004, Organization (UNTSO), UNTSO Mandate, Gender/gender/promoting_the_economic_ Training Institute for the Advancement of The rule of law and transitional justice in United Nations Truce Supervision prosperity_of_girls.html. Women (UN-INSTRAW) 2010, Putting conflict and post-conflict societies, United Organization, viewed February 2011, http:// UN HABITAT 2003, Monitoring and policy into practice: Monitoring the Nations Security Council, New York. www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/ Evaluation Guide, viewed May 2011, implementation of UN Security Council on untso/mandate.shtml. http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/ Resolutions on Women, Peace and Security, United Nations Security Council 2005, docs/5437_48529_1204_Evaluation_Guide. report from the International Conference Statement by the President of the Security van Reisen, M, 2005, Accountability Upside pdf. on 1325 and 1820 indicators, Oslo, 11-13 Council 27 October, United Nations Security Down; Gender equality in a partnership for November 2009. Council, viewed March 2011, http://www. poverty eradication, Eurostep & Social 108 109 Watch, viewed May 2011, http://www. Annex 1: Glossary are learned. They can change over time eurostep.org/wcm/documents/doc_view/50- Cost and Finance Resolution 1325 and they vary within and between cultures. gender-equality-in-a-partnership-for- Systems of social differentiation such as poverty-eradication.html. Capacity building is a relatively political status, class, ethnicity, physical and systematic process of strengthening an mental disability, age and more, modify Valencia, G 2006, La Economía Frente Al individual’s or an institution’s ability to gender roles. The concept of gender is vital Conflicto Armado Interno Colombiano, identify problems, assess needs, establish because, applied to social analysis, it reveals 1990-2006, Perfil de Coyuntura Económica, priorities for action, design and implement how women’s subordination (or men’s diciembre, número 8, pp. 141 – 174. programmes, and evaluate their effects domination) is socially constructed. As such, (IDRC 2002). the subordination can be changed or ended. Women’s Working Group on Financing for It is not biologically predetermined nor is it Development (WWG on FfD) 2009, Making Corporate Social Responsibility is fixed forever (UNESCO 2003). governments accountable and aid “the commitment of business to contribute transparent for women’s rights and gender to sustainable economic development Gender-based Violence (GBV) is equality, Statement of the WWG on FfD at working with employees, their families, the violence that is directed at an individual the DCF High Level Symposium, Vienna, 12- local community, and society at large to based on her or his specific gender role in 13 November. improve their quality of life, in ways that a society. It affects females or males; but are both good for business and good for affects women and girls disproportionately. The World Bank Group 2003, Strengthening development” (The World Bank Group 2002). Gender-based violence is intended to Implementation of Corporate Social establish or reinforce gender hierarchies Responsibility in Global Supply Chains, Evaluation is a “systematic and objective and perpetuate gender inequalities. Gender- The World Bank, viewed March 2011, assessment of an on-going or completed based violence attacks the fundamental http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ project, programme or policy, its design, human rights of adults and children alike INTPSD/Resources/CSR/Strengthening_ implementation and results. The aim is to (Benjamin and Murchison 2004). Implementatio.pdf. determine the relevance and fulfillment of objectives, development efficiency, Gender Equality refers to norms, values, World Business Council for Sustainable effectiveness, impact and sustainability. attitudes and perceptions required to Development (WBCSD) 2011, Business Role – An evaluation should provide information attain equal status between women and Corporate Social Responsibility that is credible and useful, enabling the men without neutralizing the biological (CSR), World Business Council for incorporation of lessons learned into the differences between them (GSP n.d.). Sustainable Development, viewed decision– making process of both recipients March 2011, http://www.wbcsd.org/ and donors. Evaluation also refers to Gender Marker In the context of templates/TemplateWBCSD5/layout. the process of determining the worth mainstreaming gender equality, the gender asp?type=p&MenuId=MTE0OQ. or significance of an activity, policy or marker was developed by OECD-DAC in programme” (OECD 2006). 1995 to improve the measuring of Official World Economic Forum 2002, Global Development Assistance (ODA) directed Corporate Citizenship: The Leadership Gender refers to the roles and to advance gender equality. Donors are Challenge for CEOs and Boards, World responsibilities of men and women that are required to mark each aid activity to Economic Forum, viewed March 2011, created in our families, our societies and indicate whether gender equality is seen http://www.weforum.org/pdf/GCCI/GCC_ our cultures. The concept of gender also as: i) a principal objective, ii) a significant CEOstatement.pdf. includes the expectations held about the objective, or iii) not as an object of a characteristics, aptitudes and likely behaviors specific project. Although the marker is Yves Saint Laurent 2009, Say No – Unite, of both women and men (femininity and oriented towards programming of rather Yves Saint Laurent, viewed March 2011, masculinity). Gender roles and expectations than actual implementation of ODA, more http://www.saynotoviolence.org/user/297. donors are making an effort to use it in the 110 111 implementation and evaluation of activities ...freedoms that are the essence of life. National Action Plan spells out the conditions” (UN Inter-Agency Standing as well (van Reisen 2005). It means protecting people from critical steps that a government is currently taking Committee Task Force on Protection from (severe) and pervasive (widespread) threats and initiatives and activities that it will Sexual Exploitation and Abuse n.d.) Gender Mainstreaming is “the systemic and situations. It means using processes that undertake within a given time frame to integration of the respective situations, build on people’s strengths and aspirations. meet the obligations of UNSCR 1325. NAPs Sexual Violence is “any violence, physical priorities and needs of women and men in It means creating political, social, can help increase the comprehensiveness, or psychological, carried out through sexual all policies and with a view to promoting environmental, economic, military and coordination, awareness, ownership, means or by targeting sexuality” (Bassiouni equality between women and men and cultural systems that together give people accountability, and Monitoring and and McCormick 1996). mobilising all general policies and measures the building blocks of survival, livelihood Evaluation of a government’s women, peace specifically for the purpose of achieving and dignity” (Commission on Human and security activities (Bastick and de Torres Twinning is an institutional building tool. equality by actively and openly taking into Security 2003). 2010). Twinning aims to help beneficiary countries account, at the planning stage, their effects in the development of modern and efficient on the respective situations of women and Indicator is a pointer. It can be a O!cial Development Assistance administrations and organizations at central, men in implementation, monitoring and measurement, a number, a fact, an opinion (ODA) are considered “Flows of official regional and local level, with the structures, evaluation” (European Union 1998). or a perception that points at a specific financing administered with the promotion human resources and management skills condition or situation, and measures of the economic development and welfare needed to implement EU laws to the same Gender responsive budgets are “public changes in that condition or situation over of developing countries as the main standards as EU Member States. Twinning budgets that take into account the different time. In other words, indicators provide a objective, and which are concessional provides the framework for administrations needs, rights and obligations of women and close look at the results of initiatives and in character with a grant element of at in the beneficiary countries to work with men. They value the different contributions actions. For this reason, they are front-line least 25 percent (using a fixed 10 percent their counterparts in Member States. that both women and men make to the instruments in monitoring and evaluating rate of discount). By convention, ODA Together they develop and implement production of goods and services and to the development work. Gender-sensitive flows comprise contributions of donor a project that targets the transposition, mobilisation and distribution of resources” indicators have the special function of government agencies, at all levels, to enforcement and implementation of a (UNIFEM 2008). pointing out gender-related changes in developing countries (“bilateral ODA”) and specific part of the EU laws (PAO 2010). society over time. Their usefulness lies in to multilateral institutions. ODA receipts Gender-responsive budgeting (GRB) their ability to point to changes in the status comprise disbursements by bilateral donors Violence against Women is defined is “government planning, programming and roles of women and men over time, and and multilateral institutions. Lending by as “any act of gender-based violence that and budgeting that contributes to the therefore to measure whether gender equity export credit agencies—with the pure results in, or is likely to result in, physical, advancement of gender equality and is being achieved (CIDA 1997). purpose of export promotion—is excluded” sexual or psychological harm or suffering the fulfillment of women’s rights. It (OECD 2003) to women, including threats of such acts, entails identifying and reflecting needed Monitoring is a “continuing function that coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, interventions to address gender gaps in aims primarily to provide managers and The Private Sector is defined as that whether occurring in public or in private sector and local government policies, main stakeholders with regular feedback part of the economy which is run by private life” (United Nations 1995). plans and budgets. GRB also aims to and early indications of progress or lack individuals or enterprises, usually as a means analyze the gender-differentiated impact thereof in the achievement of intended of making profit, and is not controlled by of revenue-raising policies and the results. Monitoring tracks the actual the state (BusinessDictionary.com 2011). allocation of domestic resources and Official performance or situation against what was Development Assistance” (UN WOMEN planned or expected according to pre- Sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) 2010). determined standards. Monitoring generally is defined as, regarding sexual exploitation, involves collecting and analyzing data “exchanging money, shelter, food or other Human Security is defined as on implementation processes, strategies goods for sex or sexual favours from “protect[ing] the vital core of all human and results, and recommending corrective someone in a vulnerable position” and lives in ways that enhance human freedoms measures” (UN-HABITAT 2001). regarding sexual abuse, “threatening or and human fulfillment. Human security forcing someone to have sex or provide means protecting fundamental freedoms sexual favours under unequal or forced 112 113 6. In which area do you see the major gaps when it comes to funding your NAP imple- Annex 2: Questionnaire mentation (for example --the inclusion of women in armed forces, economic empower- Sent to UN Member States that have adopted National Action Plans on SCR 1325 ment of vulnerable women and men, including a gender perspective into security sector reform, addressing sexual and gender based violence, the inclusion of men in gendered Dear ____, security issues, peacebuilding, prosecution of gender related crimes etc,)? How can such funding gaps be addressed? I am writing regarding the study on costing and financing UNSCR 1325 that Cordaid and the Global Network of Women Peacebuilders (GNWP) have jointly commissioned. This ongo- 7. How can the private sector get involved (e.g., as a donor/ as an implementing partner)? ing study examines the financial resources available to implement the resolution—including the work around the national action plans—and where such resources come from. It is also our contribution to the ongoing work on global indicators and monitoring of 1325 imple- mentation. The initial findings of the study were presented during the 2010 Commission on the Status of Women session. Following the presentation, we received comments and requests to pro- vide concrete data on financing of existing as well as draft national action plans on 1325. It is in this regard that we are conducting this survey and we would appreciate your assistance by responding to the questions below. However, if such data is not available in your office, we would like to ask for your kind assistance to refer us to the government agency where such data may be accessed.

1. Is there marked funding for the implementation of 1325?

a. For the development of the national action plan – Yes___ No ___ If yes, how much (estimates are acceptable)

b. For the implementation of the activities outlined in the plan Yes ___ No___ If yes, how much (estimates are acceptable)

2. How much funding does your government have available for initiatives related to the implementation of the NAP per year?

3. What are the priority areas/issues to which you will allocate those funds?

4. Do you provide funding support to other countries –both governments and civil society—for the implementation of their own national action plans or any other 1325 –related initiatives? Yes____ No___ If yes, how much (estimates are acceptable)

5. Where do these funds come from (internally --from the government; , externally –from bilateral contributions, private foundations, international organizations, regional orga- nizations or civil society)?

114 115 About the Authors and Editors

Mavic Cabrera-Balleza Nicola Popovic Dewi Suralaga [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Ma. Victoria “Mavic” Cabrera-Balleza is the Nicola Popovic has worked for a variety of Dewi Suralaga is currently the Policy Adviser international coordinator of the Global organizations and projects related to the for the Conflict Transformation Department Network of Women Peacebuilders (GNWP), implementation of Resolution 1325 and of Cordaid, a Dutch development a program partner of the International gender sensitive security sector reform. Her organization (www.cordaid.nl). Dewi’s focus Civil society Action Network (ICAN). Mavic working efforts includes the coordination is on Policy Advocacy for Women, Peace has facilitated workshops and discussions of the gender, peace and security program and Security issues. She is also a member on Resolution 1325 and 1820 in a number at United Nations Research and Training of the Dutch NGO Working Group on 1325 of countries including Burundi, Liberia, Institute for the Advancement of Women and active in a similar Coalition on 1325 in Nepal, Philippines, Sierra Leone, Uganda (UN-INSTRAW – now UN Women); data Brussels. and the Philippines. She initiated the 1325 collection on gender and security sector national action planning process in the reform for the Geneva Centre for the Dewi has a strong track record, with more Philippines and was also actively involved in Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF); than twenty-five years of experience in the development of Nepal’s 1325 national research on the costing and financing leadership positions at various development action plan. She has produced local aspect of the implementation of resolution and environmental organizations. In her language radio programs on SCR 1325 in 1325 with the Global Network of Women career, she has dealt with a broad Liberia, Uganda and the Philippines. She Peacebuilders (GNWP); the outlining of spectrum of development and is also part of an international team that monitoring and evaluation mechanisms environmental issues, including gender, coordinates the advocacy on a General of the implementation of resolution 1325 human rights, sustainable economic Recommendation on Women and Armed at the national level with the Norwegian development, and climate/energy. Prior to Conflict under the UN Convention on the nongovernmental organization FOKUS; working with Cordaid, Dewi was the Director Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination assisting trauma work for survivors of sexual of the Hivos Regional Office in Southeast against Women (CEDAW). Her masteral violence in Bosnia Herzegovina; and project Asia, based in Jakarta; the Conservation thesis “Communication Strategies and evaluations from a gender perspective. At Director of WWF Indonesia; the Programme Action on 1325” was selected as one of the moment Nicola is coordinating a global Officer – Gender at Oxfam Novib in The the best thesis at the Communications research and capacity building project on Hague, and Coordinator of the Asia Region Research Department at the University of gender and security sector reform for UN for Greenpeace International, based in the Philippines. Women. Nicola holds a Master of Law (LLM) Amsterdam. in International Peace Support Operations, a Bachelor of Arts in State Studies and a post- graduate diploma in Human Development (UNDP).

116 117