Novin T & Riyanto (2021). Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 21 (1): 255 – 261 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v21i1.2456 Jurnal Biologi Tropis
Original Research Paper The Abundance of Odonata Insect in Lebak Swamp, Bukit Baru, Palembang, Indonesia
Novin Teristiandi1* & Riyanto2 1Departemen of biology, Faculty of science and technology, Raden Fatah Islamic State University, Palembang 2Departemen of biological education, faculty of teaching training and education, sriwijaya university, Palembang
Article History Abstract: Lebak swamp in Bukit Baru has been largely degraded due to Received : January 29th, 2021 reclamation activity. Lebak swamp plays important role as land resource Revised : February 25th, 2021 in Bukit Baru, Palembang. The aim of this study was to examine the Accepted : March 01th, 2021 composition of Odonata in lebak swamps in Bukit Baru, Palembang, Published : March 05th, 2021 Indonesia. The transect line (1 km) was used to collect odonata in the study area. This study recorded 8 species during the study period. The highest diversity of odonata was found in site A1. The highest abundance *Corresponding Author: of odonata was recorded at site A2 and A4 and dominated by Ceriagrion Novin Teristiandi, coromandelianum and Orthetrum sabina. Neurothemis ramburii had the Raden Fatah Islamic State Univerisity lowest abund ance at site A1 and A2, but absent at site A3 and A4. The Palembang, Indonesia; occurrence of odonate species are lower at site around anthropogenic Email: [email protected] activity suggests the need to protect the lebak swamp so that such uncommon species will not go into local extinction. Neurothemis ramburii can become potential species to evaluate the rate of disturbed environment.
Keywords: Diversity, Lebak Swamp, Insects, Palembang.
Introduction The high development of Palembang causes some issues, such as an inefficient use of Deforestation in Indonesia has attracted lebak swamp land, complexity of land ownership worldwide attention due to its high rate, more status, landfills, land speculation and than half of the forestation occurred in lowland commercialization of uncontrolled land prices forest (Shivakoti, et al. 2017). Indonesia is facing (Busri, 2014, Wildayana and Armanto., 2017). problem of deforestation due to increasing The lebak swamp in Palembang has been largely anthropogenic activity. The deforestation has lost through reclamation efforts. Landfilling and caused various ecosytem loss and degradation in converting lebak swamp, will change biotic and faster rate. The higher habitat loss has occurred abiotic factor in ecosystem. It causes habitat loss, in wetland. The wetland ecosystem loss degradation, pollution, and impact on increased, around 2.6 million hectares during biodiversity in the ecosystem. The anthropogenic 2000-2012 (Margono et al., 2012). activity in lebak swamp will decrease South sumatera has various wetland biodiversity. ecosystem, lebak swamp is one of important land Odonata has a role as an important and covers half of south sumatera, especially organism of the food web in wetlands (Bried and Palembang. Lebak swamp in South Sumatra Ervin, 2005; Ramani et al. 2020). Odonata covers an area of 1.1 million ha and has been existence indicates that the environment has good utilized approximately 368.690 hectares and the natural conditions (Qayyimah et al. 2014), and rest is around 731.310 hectares (Direktorat Rawa the quality and function of wetlands (Foote and dan Pantai, 2009). Lebak swamp in Bukit Baru is Hornung 2005). The change in environment will located adjoining to Palembang city, therefore affect odonata species in lebak swamp. The loss Bukit Baru receives direct impact from the and degradation of local ecosystem can influence infrastructure development of Palembang. the sturcture of odonate insects (Krausman and Cain, 2013; Aguilar, 2008). This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 © 2021 The Author(s). This article is open access International License. 1
Novin T & Riyanto (2021). Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 21 (1): 255 – 261 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v21i1.2456
Macroinvertebrate including odonata, fitness of stream ecosystem to sustain members have been recognized as most reliable of the community (Adu and Ogbogu, 2011). bioindicator for wetland environment Therefore, It is important to investigate the (Herdersen, 2001; Calting, 2005). The adult composition of Odonata in different habitats of odonate are relatively easy to be identified and lebak swamp and odonata species as potential well known taxonomically (Simaika & tools to determine the quality of lebak swamp in Samways, 2012; Kutcher & Bried, 2014). Bukit Baru, Palembang. Odonata is the order of insect, which have high fiversity and wide distribution. Odonata has a Material and Methods range of alternative for different biotopes, from emporary pools to permanent shaded sites Description of the Study Site (Corbet, 2004). Loss and degradation of habitat This research was conducted in Bukit has caused a decrease in the abundance of Baru, located in Palembang City, South Sumatra, odonate species, which make them in the target Indonesia (Figure 1). In order to compare the of conservation ( Kadoya et al. 2009). biological diversity indicator in Lebak swamp. Among threatened lebak swamp The study area is divided into 4 research sites, organisms, Odonate species have been used consisting of site A1 as natural swamp (control frequentlyy as bioindicators of the ecosystem site), Site A2 and Site A3 as the site located quality. It was hypothesized that Odonata around residential areas (Site A3 is more structure, diversity, distribution and community crowded human area and less vegetation), and assemblage have the tendency to disclose the Site A4 as the site located around highway.
Figure 1. Research station located in lebak swamp in Bukit Baru, Palembang City consisting of 4 sites
Collection of sample The identification was conducted in the The samples were collected using sticky Laboratory of Biology, Departemen of Biology trap, light trap, insect net, along line transect (1 Education, Sriwijaya University, Palembang, km) which passed through different habitat types. Indonesia. Microscope wasalso used to observe Adults of odonata spesimens were sampled odonates species. every month for four months. All samples were then photographed for further off-field Data analysis identification and preserved in 70% ethanol Data analysis was measured using one- solution, labelled with local name of odonata way anova analysis. The analiysis was perfomed species, location/station, date of collection, using SPSS 24. This analysis was used collector's name, and other information statistically to examine significant differences required. between two or more independent variables. The Data analysis was carried out through the
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Novin T & Riyanto (2021). Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 21 (1): 255 – 261 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v21i1.2456 application of several equations to find out the H` > 3 : High existence and structure of Odonata communities in Lebak Swamp. The evenness index (E) describes the Data analysis were statistically analyzed individual evenness among odonate species. It is using descriptive statistics, the Shannon diversity essensial for assessing enviromental quality, with index (H') and Simpson domination index (D) to this formula : get the composition of odonata. The data is presented into table and graphic E = 퐻′ 퐻′푀푎푥 Dominance index is important to evaluate the species dominantion in communites. The Note, greater the value of the dominance index (D), the H′max : (In S), greater the tendency for certain types to S : Total number of species. dominate. Dominance index was calculated according to Simpson's index in Krebs (1989), The criteria is divided into 3 categories : using the following equation: e < 0,4 : The evenness of species is low 0,4
Table 1. The number of individual of insect species in Lebak swamp, Bukit Baru, Palembang
The abundance of Odonate insect No. Species name Total Site A1 Site A2 Site A3 Site A4 1 Ceriagrion coromandelianum 4 8 7 8 27 2 Ischnura sp. 1 0 1 5 7 3 Crocothemis servilia 1 2 0 3 6 4 Neurothemis ramburii 1 1 0 0 2 5 Orthetrum sabina 7 7 5 2 21 6 Pantala sp. 3 0 0 3 6 7 Rhyothemis phyllis 1 2 0 0 3 8 Trithemis sp. 1 2 0 1 4 Total 19 22 13 22 76
The highest diversity of species were lowest diversity was found at the site A3 recorded at Site A1 which has 8 Species, consisting only 3 species from 2 families. followed by site A2 and A4, 6 species and the Ceriagrion coromandelianum and Orthetrum
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Novin T & Riyanto (2021). Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 21 (1): 255 – 261 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v21i1.2456 sabina were recorded at all research sites, these 2 individuals was recorded for the species species are more adapted to disturbed Neurothemis ramburii. The other species are environment and commonly found at disturbed more sensitive and not commonly recorded in sites in this study. disturbed sites. The occurrence of Neurothemis is The highest diversity was recorded at site an evidence of the better environment quality at A1. The site A1 is lebak swamp as control site site A1 and A2. with small anthropogenic activity. Therefore, this However, the highest abundance was site is supported by abiotic factors, natural prey found at site A2 and A4, not at the A1 as control and habitat that are appropriate for the growth site, the environment is still there is more and development of dragonfly life. This results vegetation and little human activity. The supported the study of Virgiawan, et al. (2015) dominance of certain species of Odonata in A2 that the suitable habitat for the life of odonate and A4 is higher, especially in the family community is influenced by various factors such Coenagrionidae and Libellulidae, besides species as anthropogenic activity and environmental evenness in A2 and A4 lower than A1. This result factors. shows that the A2 and A4 only able to support fewer species of life, compared to the control The Abundance of odonate insect station (A1). Site A2 and A4 have less vegetation and food sources insects Odonata than site A1. A total of 76 individuals of odonata species were found at lebak swamp in Bukit Odonata Assemblage in Bukit Baru Lebak Baru. The highest abundance (22 individuals) Swamp was found at site A2 and site A4, and the lowest was found at site A3 (13 individuals). Ceriagrion The assemblage of odonata at lebak coromandelianum and Orthetrum sabina had the swamp is presented into species diversity, highest number individuals and had the lowest of dominance and evenness index in figure 2.
2
1,5 A1 A2
1
0,5 A3 A4
0 H' D E
Figure 2. The Diversity, dominance and evenness index of odonata assemblage in lebak swamp
The value of diversity index at all of the environment quality than the other sites. In study areas still have moderate value. However, contrast, site A3 had the lowest diversity index, the evenness index at 3 study area (Site A1, A2 evenness index and the highest dominance index. and A4) show the high evenness of odonate Site A1 has higher diversity of plant and species (E value > 0.6 is high evenness), only the vegetation. The vegetation is the most important value at site A3 show moderate evenness ( E component and has many benefits and function value = 0,4 < E < 0,6). The site A3 is study areas for odonate life. Therefore, Site A1 has more which has more crowded human area and less richness of odonata. The vegetation influence the vegetation than the other site. occurence of odonate species, as a nest, protect Site A1 had the highest diversity index, from predators, perch, rest, breed and food evenness index and the lowest dominance index. resource (Qayyimah et al. 2014). The vegetation These data is an evidence that site A1 had a better was recorded lower and rare in other sites (Site
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Novin T & Riyanto (2021). Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 21 (1): 255 – 261 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v21i1.2456
A2, A3 and A4) but the lowest existence of indicated that lebak swamp in Bukit Baru is vegetation was found at site A3. Vegetation highly disturbed (habitat loss). Habitat loss is the existing in lebak swamp required to be sustained only threat to this species, and not a serious one with planting other types of plants which can across much of its range at present, but it may provide habitat, food and support life of odonata. become one with increased urbanization and Furthermore, Site A3 also has higher industrial farming (Dow, 2009). dominance index. It describe that a or some However, Neurothemis ramburii was species dominate the study area. Site A3 was found at site A1 and A2, it indicated that these dominated by Ceriagrion coromandelianum, site had better environment than the other site. It followed by Orthetrum sabina and Ischnura sp. also proved that the site are still able to support Previous researches on evaluating of tropical the odonate insect at site A2 as disturbed site, but Odonata, found that Coenagrionidae were rate as with just a species represented at the lebak highly tolerant (Tennessen, 2019; Adu and swamp, it cannot prove that the lebak swamp is Ogbogu, 2011). heavily distrubed. One important outcome of this Orthetrum sabina were recorded more study is that Neurothemis ramburii can become abundant after Ceriagrion coromandelianum. potential odonate species for evaluating the rate Both families had thermal tolerances, but of disturbed environment. Libellulidae had a greater tolerance than Anthropogenic activity and inefficient use Coenagrionidae (Makaure et al. 2015). It also of lebak swamp land such as land converting, indicated that the lebak swamp provide enough landfills, industry, and settlement on large scale, prey for the family. According to Dalia and will affect the biodiversity of odonate species. Leksono (2014) found that Orthetrum sabina can The convertion of swamp into settlement, prey on arthropod type insects. landfills and the other antrophogenic activity in The study are can still provide habitat for large scale will affect the biodiversity in lebak a few tolerant odonate soecies, but the other swamp (Teristiandi, 2020). Purba (2002) species were absent or rare in study area. suggests that activity in settlement and Neurothemis ramburii had the lowest abundance agriculture made a change of physical and at lebak swamp in Bukit Baru and absent in some chemical factor in environment and the effect on sites in this study area. Although this species was the composition and the number of odonata. known as tolerant species and the member of Tabel 2 present the comparation Libellulidae, habitat loss will affect the significance value among study area using one occurence of this species. way anova analysis. All of The significant value According to Ilhamdi et al. (2020) is greater than 0,05. It suggest that there are no Neurothemis ramburii is highly disturbance significantly different abundance of odonate tolerant. This species was absent at site A3 and species among the study area. However, the A4, it is an evidence of the highly distrubed odonate community in study area consist of environment. Neurothemis ramburii is highly different species composition,. The richness and tolerant to disturbance environment, the lower evenness tend to decrease in disturbed site abundance and the absence of this species especially site A3.
Tabel 2. One way anova analysis for the abundance of odonata species in study area
Study Area Comparation of Significance study area
Site A1 Site A2 0,992 Site A3 0,944 Site A4 0,992 Site A2 Site A1 0,992 Site A3 0,839 Site A4 1,000 Site A3 Site A1 0,944 Site A2 0,839 Site A4 0,839 Site A4 Site A1 0,992 Site A2 1,000 Site A3 0,839
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Novin T & Riyanto (2021). Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 21 (1): 255 – 261 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v21i1.2456
It is necessary to observe periodically to freshwater swamp forest, Singapore. know the change in biotic and abiotic factor in Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 70 (Suppl. 1): lebak swamp including population and its 123–153. dynamics of life of odonate community, environmental factor, and to study the potential Calting, P. C. (2005). Potential for the Use of of neurothemis ramburii for biomonitoring and Dragonfly (Odonata) Diversity as a bioindicator in lebak swamp, bukit baru, Bioindicator of the Efficiency of Sewage palembang, indonesia. Lagoons. Canadian Field Naturalist 119(2): 233-236. Acknowledgements Carchini, G., AG Solimini & A. Ruggiero (2005). The author would like to thank the head of Habitat characteristics and odonate The Laboratory of Biology, Programme of Study diversity in mountain ponds of central in Biological education, Faculty of Teacher Italy. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Training and Rducation, Sriwijaya University, Freshwater Ecosystems 15: 573-581 Palembang who had given permission to use the laboratory facilities to preserve and examine the Corbet, P.S. (2004). Dragonflies: behaviour and samples ton determine the morphology ecology of Odonata, Harley Books, characteristics of the odonata insect. Colchester, 829 pp.
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