The Russian Republic

” 5 M ” fm PI E R U S S IA N R E P U B L I C

B C EC i L L MES r A P L NEL L NE M . CO O O . M ,

NEW YO RK OU E O HARC RT, BRAC AND H WE

I 20

P REFACE

THE Great War has reached and passed its dramatic e he e climax . But inst ad of t curtain b ing rung down i o we on a world still vibrating from ts titanic bl ws , are spectators of a series of scenes which weary us e e of e e - et e e be with a s ns hop l ss anti climax , y r fus to e o re dismissed from the stage . Int rnati nal politics p e a e e of o e e e s nt s ri s h p l ssly mix d situations , and it is impossible to judge when the threads will be gathered e o on The and the harmony of nations r st red earth . obj ect with which this book is written does n ot require e The e o the o o much xplanation . writ r to k pp rtunity ofvisiting Soviet Russia with a view to ascertaining if it were practicable to advance the cause o fpeace in e o e to e o e the o for the East rn Eur p , and xpl r gr und e o f e for o o n g tiation o such a peac . As basis an pini n as to the possibility of these negotiations an examina o o fthe o o ti n at ﬁrst hand p litical , s cial , and military conditions in Soviet Russia was considered to be the 1 o o to do bvi us thing . B efore writing these notes I was faced with the alternative o fcarefully and assiduously analyzing the voluminous literature which I had obtained the results - , ofinterviews and experiences a work which would — take many months o r on th e other hand at once committin g to paper a brief chronology ofthe trip and the e e e e o impr ssions gain d th r fr m .

vii PREFACE

I decided that it would be best to concentrate on the e e cee the e e latt r , p rhaps pro ding with form r as tim permits . For those who expect a detailed exposition ofthe e o e e e e o f o o e Soviet syst m , c mpl t sch dul s w rk d n by e e e e e e e e o o f the diff r nt d partm nts , compr h nsiv xpositi ns

h e o f o e e oo obvi t e machin ry G v rnm nt, this short b k is

l e e o e e e to e e ous y inad quat . It will , h w v r , conv y r ad rs a vivid and tru e picture ofthe surface ofthe sta te ’ o faffairs in the world s newest Republic as shown to the outside world by its rulers . If when this book he o o e I o e is published t bl ckade still c ntinu s , h p it will turn public Opinion to the removal of that greatest e ofthe e o o fth caus d stituti n e Russian people . If , o e e the o e e ee e h w v r , bl ckad has by th n b n actually lift d , the personal task undertaken and carried through as

e e oo the e e e the d scrib d in this b k , and r pr s ntations in o e of o the e e H us Comm ns and in Pr ss , will not have be n o with ut practical result .

’ CECIL L ESTRANGE MALONE .

No b r vem e 19 19. CONTENTS

CHAP TER

P REFACE

NTRODU CTORY I . I

T P ETROORAD II . o

o o III . M sc w

C EC S C IV . SO IAL R ON TRU TION

SKY TH E R ED MY V . TROT AND AR INDUSTRY

V ELIGION AND OMEN II . R W

V T H E E E E M III . P AC T R S

I ! MEW R . HO A D BOUND ! . CONCLUSIONS — AP P ENDI! PRINKIP O

THE RUSSIAN REP UBLIC

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTORY

THE short notes which follow are substantially a diary ofthe to the i u visit paid Russ an Rep blic , and mostly deal with affairs as they were presented to me from to e e o to day day . I hav writt n it in diary f rm so as e e e o f ee pr s nt as vivid a pictur as possible things s n , e e e of e int rw aving d tails interviews, conv rsations , and own e e For the e my r ﬂ ctions as they occurred . ben ﬁt e e e o e e who e e of thos r ad rs , h w v r, have hith rto tak n e e e o are e o e littl int r st in Russian p litics , and not th ref r cu fait with the chain o fevents leading up to the e e o e the pr s nt Situati n , a bri f recapitulation of out - standing facts must be forgiven by the more well in o e e e f rm d r ad r . It n ot n ecessary to labor the historical facts con ! is ’ e the e its c rning Tsar s régim , faults and its many short

. e e are e are comings Th s w ll known , and readily e e The acc ssibl to all students of Russian history . e e ee struggl b tw n autocracy and democracy in Russia , which culminated in the successful Revolution of 1 1 on f March , 9 7 , was e o the longest and bitterest con ofits tests kind in history . Among national move 11 12 THE R USSIAN R EPUBLIC

e not e m nts toward freedom , ev n the French Revolution e e pass d through mor sanguinary phases . It will be remembered that the Revolution commenced in the e a 1 1 e ﬁrst we k of M rch , 9 7 , by a s ries of strikes on a e small scale in Petrograd . It is wid ly supposed that the e o o t e R v luti n was political , and hat a great d al of e- n ot the e co it was stag managed , and had , if activ

o e o e the e the . p rati n , c rtainly connivanc of Allies - Small riots occurred ; eye witnesses have informed me e e e e e o e o e e that th y w r m r ly go d pi ces of acting . H w v r , e e The e e th strik movement began to expand . t xtil

o e e o on th . w rk rs walk d ut March 7 On Friday, March fth e e o e th o e u . 9 , part tramwaym n str ck Oth r w rk rs The o e e j oined the spontaneous movement . m v m nt was gaining a momentum which neither the authorities n r the The o o people themselves realize d . spaci us e o e the e e o f e o N vsky Pr sp kt, chi f thoroughfar P tr of eo e e out e o the grad , was full p pl , who cam to nj y ofthe e o Th e e e in sight d m nstrations . e xcit m nt was ia h et e e e . e e e e t e e t ns Th r was l ctricity air, y th r was o f ollow a Spirit a hilarious celebration about it all . F the e e e ofthe e o o f1 0 the ing pr c d nt R v lution 9 5, work men ofPetrograd organized a Council to direct the

e e e was g n ral strik and its development . It at this period that irresponsible hooligan elements were liber e io ated , and that cases o flooting and oth r acts ofv

e e e h e . l nc b gan . T e Duma was in session all the tim - There was n o display ofill feeling between the Cos the h f e o e t e eo e . o e e sacks , p lic , and p pl E f rts w r mad to isolate the center ofPetrograd from the other islands making up the Russian capital by guarding the bridges INTRODUCT ORY 13

e e e e e e e with polic , but thes fforts w r not compl t , and crowds managed to collect in the Nevsky Prospekt and

h o o . o e in the square in front of t e Nich las Stati n P lic , n h of O e e ﬁ re secreted o t e tops buildings , p n d with

e o . e o e machine guns at the d monstrat rs Oth r p lic , dis

e o f he ol mski e e e on guised as soldi rs t V y R gim nt, ﬁr d the o o S e ee e e the thr ngs fr m a id str t . This nrag d The o e ofthe ol mski e e e e crowd . s ldi rs V y R gim nt w r also enraged at their commander for al lowing the police o e e e e e e t w ar th ir r gimental uniforms . Th y r volt d at ’ f 1 1 h ﬁve o clock in the afternoo n o March t . Up to that time demonstrations had been in the nature of o e o o e e e e o pr t sts , but fr m that m m nt th y assum d a r v lution ar e of u e too y charact r . By a chain circ mstanc s , e to e e the o o of o e e l ngthy narrat in d tail , c ntr l g v rnm nt e e es e two e e o v ntually r t d with parti s , a Sp cial C mmit tee appointed by the Duma and the Council o fWork ’ ’ e o e e e 1 the m n s and S ldi rs D puti s . On March 4 th

' French and British Ambassadors an nounced to the President o fthe Duma that their Governments had ’ decided to enter into relations with the Duma s Com mittee h e On . Through all this t e Tsar was qui t .

h 1 1 The fol I t o o e . March s , 9 7 , Nich las II was dep s d o his o e e e t e e l wing day br th r abdicat d , thus nding h rul o fthe o o in n e e R man ff Dynasty Russia . Pri ce G org o M in i e ofthe e o Lv v was Prime sten an d Minist r Int ri r . M ili k o e Paul u ov became Minister for F r ign Affairs . He had been banished from Russia for his liberalism o the o e of e he out t ward cl s th nineteenth century . T standing ﬁgure in the Provisional Government was that of e e o f u e e o K r nsky, Minister J stic . Th C uncil of 14: THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

’ ’ Workmen s and Soldiers D eputies functioned as an independent executive side by side with the Provisional e e e e Gov rnm nt . But, as was in vitable in such a cas , a fierce conflict grew up between the Government and ’ ’ the e e e The Council of Workm n s and Soldi rs D puties . ’ ’ Council of Workmen s and Soldiers D elegates exerted more and more pressure on the Provisional Govern e ment . It was led by Nicolai Lenin ( Princ Vladimir Oulin iov e e ) , and pow r was gradually assum d by his e o o e e e the executiv . M re and m r it b came appar nt that power was passing completely into the hands o fthe e the Smoln e e e e e Sovi t at y Institut , and th s v nts cul min ated in the Bolshevik Revolution against the Duma - e o e e 1 1 . of Octob r N v mb r , 9 7 The analogy betweenthe French Revolution of 1 78 5 to 1 793 an d the Russian Revolution of1 9 1 7 to the e e d -ea pres nt dat is profound an far r ching . The moderate initial dema nds limited to con stitu i nal c e co-e e of he t o hanges , th xist nce t Paris Munici alit e e e e o e the Con p y, with xtr m r v lutionary vi ws , and en ti on e e v with its highly id alistic aims , th ir mutual t e the e o fthe rivalry, h ir final clash and d struction e e the e e e mod rat body by xtr mists , is strictly parallel d - by the co existence of the Duma and the Smolny Coun cil of Soldiers and Workmen and by the downfall of the Duma . The e the transitional period of anarchy and t rror , e e o e o e the fi rc and bloody local c mbats in th pr vinc s , e the o e o e e e e mutual atrociti s , begun by m r vi l nt l m nts o fthe e o e the M on R v lution , and r paid in kind by archists e e e e e o e , and th final m rg nc of a str ng c ntral INT RODUCT ORY 1 5

e u e bur a cracy with unlimited pow rs , display step by e he e e the e e e st p t sam caus s and sam ff cts . The history ofthe armed forces shows great differ

en ces e e e e The and gr at r s mblanc s . disappearance of the old o o fO e the o e of e the C rps ffic rs , c llaps disciplin , reduction ofthe army to a mere mob of debating e was e R circl s, much aggravat d in ussia by the presence f ofmasses o conscripts . The e of o e to the appointm nt C mmissari s Army, with o e e on its e e e the disastr us ff ct ffici ncy , th ir withdrawal , e of e the o old gradual r building disciplin , attracti n of o e to the n ew carriere ou verte au x tal en ts e ffic rs , all giv

n ew on the o e o fth e warning that a army , m d l e Fr nch e o o e i f s the o e o o . R v luti nary Armi s , in c urs f rmation The e e o f o e o f o the pr ssur f r ign war, invasi n , is having me e e e sa w lding ff ct .

o i s n o e e e o f o the Tr tsky n gligibl discipl Carn t , o e of o ofthe e rganiz r vict ry , R publican and Napole o e e ni Armi s . 0 The greatest discrepancy in the analogy lies in the e e o o o f r lativ ly backward c nditi n Russian Education , e e o e e e Sci nc , Industry, and C mm rc . France of th Revolution was on e ofthe most highly develop ed Coun e in the o Her tri s w rld . industries were second n ot e e to o e Of Her e v n th s England . sci ntists led the o w rld . The Russian Soviet leaders seem to be intensely con

o o f e e e o on e tre sci us this w akn ss in th ir p siti , and th ir men dous efforts to spread education and technical tra1n 1n g are the most signiﬁcant facts in the Russian e o o R v luti n . 1 6 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

It is probably fortunate for the world that modern war on the great scale cannot be waged unless based - on a national industrial development such as is to day e e the e e only found in th British Empir , Unit d Stat s , e e i o e e en G rmany, and Franc . Nat nal armi s cannot v be collected without the assistance o fthe whole modern

f e . machinery o national industry , still l ss equipped Without equipment on the modern scal e great armies

re fr h e e e be n o e a sheep o t e slaught r . Th r can qu stion that the Revolution in Russia has thrust that immense nation into the full stream ofmodern development . e the e e o fe e e ten Giv n pr ssur xt rnal thr at of war , in e e be o e e e o y ars th y will f rmidabl , in a g n rati n the e e o e the the e e gr at st military p w r in world , in s ns of that military po wer staked and lost by the Germans the e e e - in r c nt War . Th ir man power is almost n u o e o of t uch d c mpared with that France and Germany . - The far sighted statesmen of Western Europe and of - the United States should ﬁnd their greatest pre occupa tion in solving the problem ofbinding n ew Russia to th e e e of o so L agu Nati ns , that their gigantic national e e be e e e e o n rgy shall dir ct d to p ac ful producti n . CHAPTER II

TO PETROGRAD

I W ILL n ot burden the readers o fthis book with the

e e o initial difficulti s of g tting fr m England to Russia . As I make clear later in the boo k it was n ot po ssibl e to arrange for an official Mission representing all o ee to parties to pr c d Russia , and I am afraid that I e did n ot get very much encouragement from Mr . C cil o o o e e e e on Harmsw rth , wh m I appr ach d s v ral tim s this e e e e the o e e i n matter . How v r, v ntually F r ign Offic d r ed o on e e e 1 th o s my passp rt , and Saturday , S pt mb r 3 ,

th Arcturu s o f m e on o e s . s . at 9 p . . , I l ft Hull b ard , f the P inska An g artygs Akti ebolaget for Helsingfors . e e o e e e o W sp nt a day at C p nhag n , and arriv d at Hang on e e e 1 th e o on e e e S pt mb r 9 , and H lsingf rs S pt mb r 20th o e e o e oo me o the . Fr m th r my j urn y t k thr ugh e e e e o e e Baltic Stat s , and by an xtr m ly lucky c incid nc (and quite unexpectedly) I came across someone who was o to g ing Petrograd . As civil war is still proceeding and the countries

o we e are so e e oh thr ugh which pass d uns ttl d , it is viou sly undesirable to state the names o fthe people met on the or the o e e o I way, c untri s and plac s thr ugh we e e h which pass d , and I must th refore skip t e means ofour e e e sea the un leas conv yanc ther by and land , p e e e of o the o e the o ant xperi nc s cr ssing fr nti r , l ng 17 18 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

h e o e o e marc s , ft n by night, thr ugh for sts and through swamps .

e e e e e 2 h Ev ntually, howev r, on Sunday , S pt mb r 8t , e e wet ee e the o e aft r a v ry and disagr abl night in p n , crossing the Bolshevik frontier by various devious e e ! The o e e e m ans , I arriv d at B lsh vist s ntri s n ot ee to o e e did s m n tic that I was a strang r , and I ’ e e e e e con walk d up unchall ng d to a p asant s dw lling , - sisting o fon e large barn shaped room about 20 feet e e e who ac squar , with my n utral fri nd , A was W e e e e companying me to Petrograd . nt r d this build h e e o ing at about in t e morning . On b nch s r und the wall were a number of sleeping forms in confused e the e bundles . Our arrival caus d inmat s gradually to e o e o o e o e e awak , and as f rm aft r f rm ar s I w nd r d e e e how many more were going to appear . Th y v n t ll o e e e e o e e e men two o e ua y res lv d th ms lv s int l v n , w m n ,

bo . e un a small y, and a baby In th ir shirts I was e certain whether they were soldiers or peasants . Th y o e e o e e t e lo k d v ry t usl d and unk mpt , and migh hav f passed for our caricaturists as types o Bolsheviks . My dramatic sense was disappointed when I found e e they were simple peasants . Aft r drinking quantiti s o fcold water to quench our thirst from the long night

e e ofee we ate own march , th y gav us c f , with which our ’ e ten o o the o we black br ad , and at cl ck in m rning e o r The e continu d u journey . n xt stage was 4 kilo - meters over Open country grass ﬁelds to a fair sized , , - farm , which was inhabited by middle class farmers the e o (judging this by fact that th y w re collars) . In the vicinity o fthis farm were visible a good many

20 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC so large that the wagon containing our escort capsized ’ on e e the e o e o r o e twice . At tim farm r s b y incit d u h rs o e e o our into a gall p , which again ups t ( m taph rically) h e e the We e o w o e . sc rt, discharg d th ir riﬂ s into air e ee or o e our pass d thr f ur patrols , who ask d for pass

e e . e e ports , but mad no difficulti s At in the v ning we e e e e the e arriv d at anoth r hous , appar ntly h ad f f quarters o the local Commandant . It was di ficult o the o the to distinguish ranks fr m unif rms , but from e o the men e e e e e the e ducati n of th r , th y w r of offic r e on e e e typ , sp aking English , Fr nch , and German e e h e fluently . H r we spent t e night sl eping on mat

e e o e e o f . tr ss s in a r ugh shanty, about s v n us in a room We e e e o o f e had an v ning m al , c nsisting black br ad the e h me e tea . T e e and kasha and in vitabl C O . ask d to give him some of my revolver ammunition for his o o fthe e aut matic , which was same calib r , and was e e for e e e e v ry grat ful tw lv cartridg s . Aft r sharing a mattress with A we were awakened at on the morning o f

M onda Se tember 2 th y, p 9 ,

e o e e n ew and l ft half an h ur lat r , ﬁtt d out with a cart m — n e We o e a . . and a w escort . dr v till this long

e o o n ot e driv , lasting f ur and a half h urs , was v ry e o ff on o o fthe e o pl asant, raining and m st tim , c ld , o ee o e e e ee excessively bad r ads , wh ls s m tim s axl d p in — water when we arrived at the quarters of another

Commandant . We were n ow getting to more civilized country and found ourselves in the small town of ! of about TO PETROGRAD 21

e e O f o the inhabitants . Aft r a quart r an h ur O e our o we e ou r C . . vis d passp rts , and walk d with lug We e gage about 2 versts to the railway station . w nt another verst beyond the railway station to what ap ’ re to b e ofﬁcial s o e e p ea d a railway c ttag . Whil walking — along the line we stopped a boy with a milk can and purchased from him two mugfuls o fhis milk ( 1 pint for 20 e e we e e e e Finnish marks) . H r w r transf rr d o the e o o the e e e fr m military sc rt t civilian polic , and w r

! given a railway pass ; the four or ﬁ ve men on duty - were busily cleaning their mixed collection ofup to e e o e o e e e e dat r v lv rs and aut matics . W had a m al h r o f e e e o black br ad , butt r , and fr sh milk , and in c mpany two men on e om o e who e e with , w an , and a s ldi r , w r all o for e o we e o to the o b und P tr grad , all walk d d wn stati n the e the and caught train , which l ft punctually at

e e e m . a e e sch dul d tim , p I may s y h r that my o o ee e o e to me The aut matic pist l had b n r st r d . train was o e o e the of e e or cr wd d , and c nsist d at start s v n e - fe o he ight third class carriages . A w stati ns down t e the o e our e o e e lin train st pp d , and sc rt, appar ntly b ing e o fth e e e e e the e awar pr c d nt , quickly l ft train and s e for e e o - o cur d us s ats in a s c nd class c ach , which was o e on to the o o we o e e c upl d train at this stati n , s c mpl t d the o e o e o o j urn y in c mparativ c mf rt .

e e to the W arrived at Petrograd at 6 p m . and w nt ’ o e of e e e we e e met Z stati nmast r s ﬁc , wh r w r by

on e of the e o o who e . P tr grad fﬁcials , sp aks English e h o e Aft r bidding adieu to A and t e civilian p lic , we e ou t o fthe o was e w nt stati n , which much lik o e e o o i zvoshtchik to any th r t rminus stati n , and to k an 22 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC th e e Hot l Astoria . This is now known as the Dom

o e or o e the o e e e r S vi t, H us of S vi ts , and is res rv d fo the accommodation o fthe Soviet ofﬁcials ; chits were e e to et ofthe e e e n c ssary g in and out hot l ach tim . After a short while the Commissar of the Hotel allo cated me oo was oo a r m , which vacant ; the r m was in oo e e the oo e g d condition , as w r in fact all r ms I visit d .

e e tc e o e e o e s e e . T l ph n s , l ctric bells , lift , . , w r w rking I o e to see Zi novieff the e o fth e e o had h p d , h ad P tr grad h o e e e e ee . S vi t, that night , but was d tain d at a m ting W e e of e e o had a m al , consisting black br ad , butt r , p ta Th e e e e oe tea . e e ee e e t s , and b ds w r d c nt, sh ts w r e the o e f ee e be e o cl an , and h t l sta f s m d to the sam as th se e o employed before the R v lution .

t t Tu sda e ember o h . e y, S p 3

the o e oo e o e e tea In f r n n , aft r s m black br ad and , I went out with Z and we went for a walk round the o saw o e o fthe We t wn and s m principal sights . - went down the Konno Gvardeiski Boulevard to the ikolaevski e e we the N Bridg , th n saw British Embassy , e o the ofthe e o the An lis th n al ng banks N va , al ng g Naverezhn a a we e to the o e es kaya y , till cam fam us qu h Th e o f e e t e e . e trian statu P t r Gr at Tsar , riding up o o e e e the e a r cky sl p , has his fac turn d to N va , and points with his right hand toward the scene of his labors ; the horse is balanced on its hind legs and e its o e on e . tail , whil ho fs trampl a writhing snak This

ﬁn e e on e o o e o statu , standing an n rm us granit bl ck , is quite un touched ; and this visible contradiction to the reports spread in Western Europe to the effect that all TO PETROGRAD 23 works of art have been destroyed by the Bolsheviks e o on e e made a vivid impr ssi n my mind . W w nt past the e e the e e SO the Admiralty to Wint r Palac , sc n of much strife and so many crises in the progress ofthe The sur revolutionary movement in Russia . high wall rounding the garden to the west en d o fthe Winter e ee e o e the e e Palac has b n r m v d , with vi w, I und r a o fo e e e e to the um st nd , p ning th s gard ns public , an o fthe e e o the e mistakable Sign tim s . B y nd this Palac

een o e o its are has b unt uch d , alth ugh walls sadly e e e e scarred with innum rabl bull t marks , b ing a district e W e e e e in which active ﬁghting took plac . th n w nd d h e o e W e e o ou r way to t e N vsky Pr sp kt . walk d d wn the e o e the e N vsky Pr sp kt and past Anichkov Bridg , o e th e o o e to with its fam us statu s at f ur c rn rs , and on the o o e e we oo e e to Nic lai Stati n , wh r t k an l ctric tram ’ m ln o . e o . S y On passing I w nt int St Isaac s Cathedral , o e o as on e ee On e o n ot unt uch d s far can s . c uld fail to notice that a good deal o ffurniture was being ! ” e e e o o o e o e- mov d , ith r in m t r l rri s , h rs carts , or hand i e e o o . was o o carts This n t c abl als in M sc w .

The e e e e of the o o the g n ral atmosph r t wn , fr m ” o eo e was o e e b urg is point of vi w , und ubt dly a littl e e Th d pr ssing . e Nevsky Prospekt ﬂashed no aristo

the ho e e for the o cratic scintillations , s ps w r m st part e bar . Essential commodities are controll ed by the ! e on e ee Stat , and s s such signs as seventeenth boot ” ! ’ ” ! o e e o o e o st r , ninth barb r s sh p , f urte nth cl thing ” o e e ee oo e so on o st r , nin t nth f d stor , and ; but sh ps , o o o e e such as art sh ps and curi sity sh ps , w r op en . I was told that a good deal ofspeculation goes on 24 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

the e e ofhe old e e amongst adh r nts t régim , and that th y even make large sums by gambling with houses which have been actually appropriated by the Soviet Gov ern men t o o f e , in anticipati n its collaps . On e thing I noticed was that the lower parts o f the on the o e o o the ee walls all h us s thr ugh ut str ts , up to e o e - e e e the a lin ab ut br ast high , w r v ry dirty , in e o f o n ow e usual styl Russian t wns , but much wors from the milliards o fproclamations which had been

e o o te-o e e — on e o fthe in past d up , t rn d wn , and c v r d e f e The evitable incid nts o r volutionary movements . huge business in posters calls to mind the innumerable afi ches which covered the walls ofFrance during the o Rev lution . e o e re e e for the e Wom n p lic a in videnc . As r ports the ee are of e ee that str ts dirty and full d ad , such str ts e e e e o e e e i n I saw w r xc pti nally w ll cl an d , and I was ’ formed that this was part ofthe Government s stren u ous and successful efforts to reduce serious outbreaks f o e he e o e o epid emics . I n tic d that t statu s and th r o e o fthe o e e the rnam nts t wn w r still intact , but that fine statuary which was removed from the top of the German Embassy at the outbreak ofwar had n ot been mol n e o e the oo o e e . S r plac d y, b f r war , a sch l for arist the e o e o fthe e o o cratic girls , is auth ntic h m R v luti n , for it was at Smolny that the Trades Unions first or n i z e e e for o e i s the ga ed th ms lv s p litical pow r . It Headquarters o fthe Petrograd Soviet and o fthe Third

e the e e to the e Int rnational . At ntranc Institut is a

e o f e e met Zin ovieff crud bust Karl Marx . H r I , and e e the e e xplain d obj ct of my visit, and ask d him to TO PETROGRAD 25

o me e He acc rd all faciliti s . did not spare me in test

bon a des o the o o e o ing my fi , b th by pr ducti n of qu sti ns which I had asked in the House and ofarti cles which e e He e o had appeared in th Pr ss . was a littl suspici us because I ha d n o introduction from any person a grata e we the e in England . Aft r that had lunch at Institut for the e 1 0 o e o e pric of r ubl s , c nsisting of st w, with e e of e offish ie e rar mors ls m at, a sort p , black br ad , and tea - the e o . This was a moderate sized room on s c nd Th o e oo e e e o . e fl r , with a tabl s ating thirty p rs ns S vi t workers came in and snatched their meal as con ’ ven ien t o o on e o o to five e e fr m ab ut cl ck , so that th r o o o o o e was a c ntinu us c ming and g ing , which c nstitut d for me a veritable panorama o ftypes ofSoviet Re

men o e The e e o publicans , and w m n . typ s vari d fr m o - e - oo e o e l ng hair d , ill gr m d , typical B lsh vists of carica e to e e e o o e be tur , n atly dr ss d y ung w m n , who might e on e o fo r e o e e On e stud nts in u univ rsity c ll g s . wall - - ofthe roo m was covered with red and white bunting e o e red sun e e e arrang d radially fr m a larg , r pr s nting the n of he o ea e rising su t C mmunist id l . L nin and ’ o o o the e e ee e e Tr tsky s ph t graphs , larg gravur s s n v ry e e the o o of o o e o the . wh r , ccupi d p siti n h n r on walls When we had ﬁnished our lunch we bo rrowed a

o the o e o e on the car fr m S vi t , and dr v back , calling way on the Countess B English was the medium o fthe discussion ofthe situation in Europe and East ern Europe and relations with the Western Powers ; e tea we e h to e e i D m e . e t . e the o o aft r r turn d hot l , . S vi t W e had hoped to catch a Special train which was e n for o o of l avi g M sc w that night full troops , but at 26 T HE RUSSIAN R EP UBLIC

we e the e e midnight l arnt that train was canc l d . I was n ow introduced to R an American who was e e ou r o e e him e t quart r d in h t l , and talk d with w ll in o the early hours of the morning ; he is in charge of the oo of o e o e o e Sch l S vi t W rk rs in M scow, and I hop d to be e to e e abl trav l with him thith r . A brief description of the prin ciples ofSoviet Gov ernmen t be e e e The e re e may giv n h r . principl s a thos ofe e e o the e e e xtr m s cialism , moral principl that v ry person who is capable should perform useful work for the e the o e to e e e e Stat , right to v t or b lect d is ther fore extended to all those who earn a living by pro ductive work o fu se to the community and who have h e t e a e e ee . e o attain d g of ight n Soldi rs and sail rs , and any ofthe above after they have become incapacitated o e e o e for for w rk ; p rsons mpl ying hir d labor proﬁt , e o on e e e e p rs ns living un arn d incom , monks , cl rgy, are lunatics , disfranchised . The smallest unit ofgoverning body is the village o e e are e e e on the S vi t . Th y stablish d in rural plac s , o fone e e e er e the o o basis d l gat p hundr d of p pulati n , with n ot less than three and n ot more than ﬁfty dele r gates pe village . A Volost Soviet consists o frepresentatives o fall the village Soviets o fthe volost on the basis of on e fr e ten e e o fthe o e delegate o ev ry m mb rs S vi t . A District Soviet consists o frepresentatives o fall village Soviets in the district on the basis ofone dele

er i gate p inhabitants , with a max mum of 300 delegates . A Provincial Soviet consists of the representatives o f

28 THE RUSSIAN R EPUBLIC reminded ofall the characteristics o fthat administra

o the o e o e the e o ﬂa ti n , p nd r us bur aucracy , sup rﬂu us p pers ; but that conception is gradually dispelled as on e perceives that the Government and the country are

o o e e o 0 er e . syn nym us t rms , that it is p rf rming 9 p c nt o f the o n ot o fthe executive business c untry , and the e merely controlling an outside world . In ultimat of o o f ideal the need for any form dictat rship will ,

o e e e to e . c urs , c as xist

dn d a t r 1 t e es Oc obe s . W y,

e e m n Br akfast as usual . W nt ou t to S ol y with W e e to shO e e e on e R tri d p , and h r I cam across o fthe difﬁculties o fthe Communistic State : a great deal o fred tape was necessary to get a permit to buy o e e o e we ot the s m articl s of cl thing , and , wh n ﬁnally g

e e e e the e e o e . pr liminari s s ttl d , stablishm nt was cl s d We e oo the Smoln o th n t k tram to y, and f und that as it was the ﬁrst o fthe month all the prices had gone the e o e e o f2 up , tram far costing 3 r ubl s inst ad , and

20 e f1 o f lunch inst ad o 0 roubles . Lunch c nsisted o o e o the e tea cauliﬂ w r s up and usual black br ad and . We got ou r tickets and passes for our journey to M os

cow e to the o e o e e ou r e , w nt back h t l , and c ll ct d luggag e to r we in tim catch ou train at 7 pm . But just as ’ were starting from the D om Soviet at six o clock we learnt that the trains were also changed on the ﬁrst h mo th n w e m t e e o 6 . . e e of nth , and train l ft at p , th r to e e So fore we had sp nd anoth r day in Petrograd . we went to the theater with Z R and a lady n l o e of friend of theirs ; the play was D o Car os . S vi t TO PETROGRAD 29

ﬁ cials e e e the e B ox we w r ntitled to Imp rial , which the e he e e e occupied . In r ar were t Imp rial V stibul s , untouched S O far as their gilded trappings were con

e e On e of e e the e was c rn d . th s manag r utilizing as an

e He ee e ofthe e e e the Ofﬁc . had b n manag r th at r sinc re- e o o He e o e p R v luti n days . appear d t b happy and o e e his lot e ee ed to c nt nt d with , and by his appearanc s m e f b well ed .

W e e e o e e o e e e arriv d just b f r the p rf rmanc comm nc d , and found an orator in the uniform ofa sailor ( very probably a real sailor) on the stage in front o fthe curtain delivering an impromptu orati on to the audi ! ence on conditions existing at the time of D on ” o the o o The Carl s and c nditi ns under Communism . play lasted till It was a Special night for sol e who e e o to the the e di rs w r g ing front , and stalls wer f full o khaki .

Thursda ctober zud y, O .

tea e 1 0 a e Had and br ad with R at m . W did o e o e o the o e oo ot the s m m r sh pping in f r n n , having g the e o e o the e chits day b f r , and actually btained articl s e e of e the r quir d (a shirt and a pair socks) . Visit d Petrograd Soviet o fLabor Unions in the Labor Union Prospekt it is in this street that many large blocks o fﬂats have been converted into trade union estab lishments e e the o e o e e , and h r pr f ssi nal allianc s (as th y are e are e e e The o o call d) c nt r d . Lab r Uni n

‘ Avenue and the central ofﬁce Ofthe Petrograd Labor Unions are really the headquarters ofthe industrial populati on in Petrograd; It is the vital nerve center 30 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC o fthe e e working population th r . I had a long talk

the e the e o with h ad of P trograd Labor Uni ns , and ob tain ed o e e e e o o s m lit ratur d scribing his rganizati n , and e to et e to manag d g it saf ly England . We then took a ou t Smoln e e we the tram to y, wh r had usual lunch at

m . We e e e e o o e o 4 p w r rath r lat , so b rr w d a car back t the o e o e e our e e h t l , c ll ct d luggag , and caught th train

o . e e e e e e he s for Mosc w Th r w r d ns crowds at t tation , e e e e e o e we b caus som troops w r als l aving , and had diffi culty in getting there at all ; bands were playi ng ” the e o e as the e e out Int rnati nal , and train st am d of ” the station the whole crowd sang the Internationale e e e e m with v ry appearanc of nthusiasm . R and y - - self were given places in a four berthed second class

ee e we S e t o e e e . sl p r , which had to har with w oth r trav l rs The Signiﬁcance of Petrograd in the milita ry and political Situation is now so enormous that I made special efforts to learn the views ofthe Soviet Republic . A peace conference had been arranged at Dorpat o e 2 th the n ew e the for Oct b r 5 with Baltic Stat s , and ’ immediate result o fYuden itch s offensive and o fhis premature communiqué announcing the capture o f Petrograd was to compel the postponement of the The e are e e conference . small Baltic Stat s n c ssarily swayed to and fro by the changing currents o fworld the on e e e the o e e politics . On hand , th y f ar c mpl t fK ltchak Den ikin Yuden itch o e o f success o o , , and , n n whom has recognized the independence of the smaller e e e e o o e o e Stat s , int nding th ir r abs rpti n in a r st r d Rus e the o han d do n ot e e sian Empir . On ther , they d sir the imposition of revolutionary m ethods on their own TO PETROGRAD 31

o e h o e c untries . Giv n guarantees by t e S viet R public , th ey will undoubtedly be attracted by the prospect of

ee e e e e e e o e e . guarant d ind p nd nc , p ac , and c mm rc On the premature communiqué there was much

m the o e e o e e e e ga bling in r ubl at H lsingf rs and ls wh r , f e S e e on e o S . a id issu , but much igniﬁcanc As for the e e o ex saf ty of P tr grad , my informants e e n o e The e e e e e e pr ss d f ars . ﬁgur giv n by s v ral p opl independently was troops in the vicinity o fthe re oo e o ee city . F sh tr ps hav pr bably b n brought up e Sinc . Had Finland and the Baltic States supported Yu den itch with all their forces and with real en thusi asm th e o e e o e ee e , S vi t R public w uld hav b n fac d with the e en h i an overwhelming danger . But nec ssary t us asm is n ot to be worked up in face ofthe fears for their autonomy at the hands of a reconstructed Rus sian Empire . o e o o o e be Sh uld P tr grad fall , it w uld und ubt dly an immense blow at the prestige and cohesion o fthe Soviet e o the e R public . Sh uld att mpt fail , it will incalculably o o e e o c ns lidat th ir positi n . CHAPTER III

MOSCOW

Frida ctober rd y, O 3 .

The ee e the sl p r was in good condition , upholstering e e e undamag d and fairly cl an , no indications of und e e he t e e o e . sirabl ins cts ; lights w r in rd r, but no heating e o o fthe o e I sl pt m st night in c mparativ comfort . B etween seven and eight in the morning our pass o e e e e e p rts w re xamin d , in this instanc th military 1 o e e The p lic wer naval . country is well known by ’ e e e o e trav l rs d scripti ns , but as this was my ﬁrst journ y in the country I was impressed by the vast sweep of o e the e e e o e f r st and plain , latt r w ll cultivat d and d tt d e e e with cattl and p asantry, all bath d in a bright morn ing sun .

We arrived at Moscow at in th e morning . ! on e o fou r e o we e Luckily , fri nds , wh m had pick d up on the o e ee the j urney, had a car s nt to m t him at a o e o e e we o e st ti n , and aft r waiting s m tim for it dr v o ff The e on o are . impr ssions arrival at M scow similar to tho se which on e feels on arriving from Western r e e e o e Europe at Algiers o Port Said . Lik th s b rd r e e e to the ports , it is a v ritabl gat way East , and is bathed in that peculiar atmosphere which is created by the contact o fWestern trade and commerce with

1 r i s Obv u sl I rish —P UBLIS H ER The w iter io y . 82 MOSCOW 33 the e e o f o myst rious Orient . I r tain Moscow the m st — Vivid images the motley crowd outside the station ; e i zvoshtchik e o e -e g sticulating driv rs , c unt r g sticulating

o e ew e o o e military p lic , n spaper v nd rs , p rt rs , fruit e e e e of e e e e s ll rs , and v ry kind str et mark t d al rs . We o e off two ofou r e dr v with R and fri nds , o e o D om o e e e dr pping them at the S c nd S vi t . Th n w — drove on to a large house I am n ot sure as to its e use— e e e e o we xact wh r I l ft my luggag , and fr m that o ee e to the D om e the e pr c d d First Sovi t, lat National hi oo H e e e s . e e Hotel , wh r R had r m had v ry h avy o e e our e e e p rtmant aux , which , in vi w of r lativ physiqu , I found it an obligation ofcourtesy to transport to his on the o o room f urth ﬂ or . We then walked back to the Commissariat for For ei n to see o e g Affairs , and whilst waiting Litvin ff cam across L the representative o fan American news e e e ee e to be o e e e on the o f pap r . Th r s m d s m d sir part we o et o too o e o e R that . sh uld not g int cl s c nv rsa o he e o e me e e ti n , and b ck n d away, and sugg st d that it would be preferable to keep my visit in the town u n as e e e out e known ; but, v nts turn d aft rward , this was ee e for met on e e o o ex n dl ss , I L s v ral ccasi ns , e e o o o e e tract d much us ful inf rmati n fr m him , and v n tuall el e to e o y trav d back R val in his c mpany . Each ofthe Commissariats i s controlled by a CO1 le ium oftwo or ee e e the o g thr m mb rs , C mmissar and n o e o h his assista ts . This c rr sp nds to t e Board o fAd mi ralt o o o on y, Army C uncil , Air C uncil , and s in e e e e the British Gov rnm nt D partm nts . In Commissar for e f Tch itcherin e is the iat For ign A fairs Commissar, 34 THE RUSSIAN R EPUBLIC

he e o e and is assist d by Litvin ff , who d als with affairs e e o e of e ex in W st rn Eur p , and Karakhan , Arm nian o e o the tracti n , who d als with p litics in East , Asia , o India , and s on . o e e the I had a long talk with Litvin ff , and xplain d f obj ects o my visit . My ultimate obj ect was to meet the responsible heads o fthe Soviet Republic as a member o fthe Brit e o e to ish Hous of C mmons , and as such I wish d explore the possibility o fnegotiations wi th a view to

e e the e e o f establishing p ac in r maining ﬁ lds war . I invited him to state the basis on which they were p re - pared to co operate in reaching out toward a settle e o to e to ment . I und rt ok carry such vi ws England , and to bring them before the British Government and the British public through the House o fCommons and the Press . e o e e see e My primary obj ct , h w v r , was to , mys lf , the Russia of the Soviet Republic as represented by e e d e acto o e e its capitals , by its r sponsibl f G v rnm nt, the e o fits e its institutions , by activiti s daily lif , ‘by as far as this was possible in a brief visit . e o e me From this , though court sy f rbad stating it in e o e to o o o to such blunt t rms , I h p d f rm an pini n as o e ev e or e e whether anarchy and dis rd r pr ail d , wh th r forces of law and order had grown up out of the wreck e e e o o fthe Imperial régim , such that a civiliz d and d m cratic Government could decently and properly nego tiate with them . I told Litvinoff how I desired to spend the few days n the w at my disposal , a d date on which I ished to

36 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

The e Soﬁska a e e No 1 hous , y Nab r zhnaya , . 4 , I was o e on the ofthe e o l dg d in is banks Riv r M skva , facing the e o fthe e i e o e to anci nt walls Kr ml n . It b l ng d a - o e e e multi milli nair sugar magnat , by nam Charito n k e ﬁn e f n e o . It is a r ally house o the kind only pro d uced o o f e e by a combinati n w alth and tast , full of o e e e o o fthe o w nd rful art tr asur s fr m all parts w rld , e e i o e a e East and W st ; b autiful paint ngs , br nz s , st tu s

e o e so on . from Japan , tap stry fr m Franc , and It was o e e o e e e the e e o f c mpl t ly unt uch d , v n small st articl bric - ee e the e Abrac had b n undamag d , but spacious gard n e the o e o e o ee o b hind h us was v rgr wn with w ds . Charit ’ n enko s e l e oo e val t was stil in b ing and l king aft r it, e two e of e o o n ot o and , in spit of y ars r v luti n , had l st f o o e o e any o his cust mary pr f ssi nal mann risms . Pos sibly this was subtle propaganda to catch the bour geois fancy by giving indications that Russia under Lenin and Trotsky will offer th e ruling classes possi bilities n ot less dazzling than France under the

o e Direct rat . ’ few o e of After washing and a h urs r st, Litvin f called m we e o the m o . . e t for e at ab ut p , and lat r w nt

e e . o e Op ra . It was a Russian Op ra I was inf rm d that the cast and the orchestra were the o riginal pre f o o o e e war sta f , and if a c mparis n with C v nt Gard n is e e e e to the e o e o f a me t standard , th y w r amat ur l v r opera beyond questio n in the very highest class o f e e e ofthe o e e e e e e artists . Oth r m mb rs G v rnm nt w r th r ,

emashko the o for e including S , C mmissar Public H alth , with whom I entered into conversation between the f e e the e o e . acts , Fr nch b ing m dium xchange MOSCOW 37

It cannot be said that the Tsarist administrators cared very much about the health o fthe lower classes . The medical institutions which existed were within the

fthe e -o-do o o o fthe o reach o w ll t p pulati n t wns , but the urban and rural poor could n ot afford to have such was e e o e e e assistance . It th r f r vid nt that radical The o e e charges were necessary . G v rnm nt apparatus its o e e o e the e and vari us d partm nts , am ngst th m m dical e e are the e e o fthe and sanitary d partm nts , at s rvic o e e i e ofthe o e e pr l tariat . Ev ry cit z n S vi t R public has th e to e e e o the a e right d mand m dical assistanc fr m St t , e ee e e e e e o and g ts fr m dicin , tr atm nt, m dical and h spi n i n li tal . This general insurance l ed to the actual at o a zation o fthe e Th e the m dical pro fession . e State tak s obligation to supply every citizen with free and quali

ﬁ ed e e o e i o m dical assistanc . Ch l ra , which s a cust mary o to was e e o to the e e visit r Russia, av rt d wing m asur s e the e o tak n by Commissariat . It was stat d that up t June I st there was n ot a single case o fcholera in the e he f e o . e as t e o Russian R public Furth r , r sult h r ic e o o e i e e ff rts , typhus is subsiding , and many th r d s as s re e a disapp aring . e e o e o e the the Th s c nv rsati ns ﬁll d in gaps in play . ’ The e o e e e o e e e o o we p rf rmanc nd d ab ut l v n cl ck , and e o e e e o e to e w nt h m , mys lf w ll c nt nt nj oy rest earned o e s e o o by s m what tr nu us h urs and days . CHAPTER IV

SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTION

turda ctob r th Sa y, O e 4 .

’ I woke with the traveler s familiar strange feeling on e e ﬁnding mys lf in this trebly famous city . Aft r all I - had heard and read ofthe Empire shaking happenings

o o n ot e to in this hist ric capital , I c uld bring mys lf acquiesce in the reality o fthe natural life which is e e e e o e o e e e pres nting its lf . A s ntim ntal n v list s m wh r represents the world as standing still because a papyrus found in Egypt demonstrated that the New Testament e the e o f was o e . . . a f rg ry But H G W lls , gr at artist

o o e the o o the human psych l gy , grasp d pr f und truth that world goes on with its day disturbed n ot at all by the m e e o the o f e im in nc , but nly by actuality, a gr at catas

r he Yet o n ot the e o f t op . I c uld at ﬁrst grasp r ality seeing people going to and from work in the ordinary the o n or o fthe e t o way in m rning , visibl fact hat al ng the banks o fthe river and across the bridges the trams

e e . e o e w r running past my window Incid ntally , I n tic d also that a number o ftrams were drawing behind them o e o e oo e e o fthe ﬂat tr ll ys l ad d up with w d , an xampl effo rts which are being made to cope with the needs o fthe o e The o e o fthe e c ming wint r . utlin Kr mlin ﬁlled the backgro und with th e multitudinous golden domes of its beautiful Byzantine architecture . Every 38 SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTION 39

e o o three hours the sacred bells clang d f rth in disc rd ,

e o o e o e the e o o with ling ring thr bbing v rt n s , r v luti nary ! ” fthe e o e the o o airs o Int rnati nal , s und calling up fr m the past a symbolic vision ofFrench priests wearing the tricolor sash over their soutanes . n ot et e e ee I did g up till aft r nin , as nights had b n o e o e e o e s m what br k n of lat , and sh rtly aft rward Lit ’ vi n offs e e e to me s cr tary, P arriv d assist in put i o We ro ting n operation my lengthy pr gram . ﬁrst p ce th e e eded to Health Mus um . In the building I was Shown what were represented as typical exampl es o fthe efforts which a re being made to improve the health o fthe Russian people by propa e e e e e o o e e ganda . Th r w r larg pict rial p st rs and plast r models showing the visible symptoms which portend e e e e e t e o c rtain dis as s and pid mics , wi h add d instructi ns stating what action should immediately be taken in th e of o o e e o e o way is lati n , tr atm nt , and vari us pr cauti n o i e o to e ary acti ns . By th s m ans it was p ssible conv y , e e th e e e f to e e o e e . v n illit rat , simpl ﬁrst principl s hygi n Other instructions and illustrations conveyed elemen e of o e e e oo e e tary principl s d m stic hygi n , sch l hygi n ,

o o e e . e e e e e o w rksh p hygi n , ﬁrst aid Th r w r mod ls sh w how oo S o be o e e how ing sch ls h uld rganiz d and arrang d , ’ e o e S o be e e e p asants c ttag s h uld furnish d and v ntilat d , the ee for e e so on . e e was n d car ful drainag , and Th r a very good model Showing the danger o fdrawing water for o e o e o e e drinking purp s s fr m a riv r . It sh w d a riv r o on its e of e e o with a fact ry bank , and str ams r fus p ur o the e e the e ing int wat r , p asants washing in riv r , and — so on all intended to illustrate how important it was 4 0 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC n ot to e t o o f e for o utiliz his f rm wat r drinking purp ses , but rather that a pump o r well should be driven down

e e so to o e t a c rtain d pth , as btain wat r which had e ceived the e e o f o o e b n ﬁt ﬁltrati n thr ugh the earth . Lat r I went to a building where th ese models and diagrams were being reproduced in quantities for distribution

The e e throughout the country . hyp rcritically mind d may call all this display a good specimen o fwindow e e e i the dr ssing , but th y must at l ast adm t that display in this particular window was worthy o fa political

e e e . M ssrs . S lfridg ’ w e on t e e e e e . Subs qu ntly w nt o St . Cath rin s School

o f e e for e the Part this school is still r tain d childr n , o e e for e e e th r half is us d instructing teach rs , sp cially e o e e e e e o e in t chnical w rk , and th r w r num r us sci ntiﬁc

' o e o e to e the e e who m d ls . In rd r giv pupil t ach rs , it was sta ted are appointed to this school by th e Trade o o the e e e e o f Uni ns , instructi n in l m ntary principl s e e e i ee e e e e o e o f v ryday ng n ring , th r w r m d ls pumps ,

e e e e e e e . min s , w lls , st am ngin s , and oth r machin ry r oo for oo o There a e special sections in this sch l w dw rk , e e e e e in printing , t xtil , agricultur , and oth r trad s and

dustries. It struck me that when this nucleus was trained and dispersed throughout Russia it might be possible to build up a great industrial nation whose potential n force throughout the world would be o mean facto r . e e are e e e Th r v ry abl and subtl brains at work , which e e fthe e e o e en may pr s ntly make o mov m nt s —m thing ti rely different from what people think something n e so- - e which , i st ad of being a called scatter brain d SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTION 4 1

o e n ew e e e anarchy, may bec m a and v ry formidabl typ e e e S o o findustrial oligarchy . If that d v lopm nt h uld

e e ee has e e be tak plac , and ind d it alr ady b gun , it will e e ah impossible merely to turn a blind y to it, and - surd to go on treating it as a form of ultra democratic anarchy with which respectable constitutionalists must ‘ i e o to do . e e s hav n thing It will , if and wh n this stag e e be the r e e of r ach d , most d astic and ruthl ss syst m h o e e ee e law and order that t e w rld has v r s n , and quit as formidable an example to the workmen ofthe West ern countries as to the owners o fproperty . Capitalists e o e tak n t . The o e ofthe oo is e e who th r part sch l us d by childr n , e e to be e e fed e o fthe app ar d h althy and w ll , in spit e o f o e e e are e for shortag fo d . Sp cial arrang m nts mad e e o o e e e e e e o th s p ssibly fav r d childr n , and th y r c iv all w ec o f o e e ﬁsh are n ot an s milk , h n y, br ad , and , which e for the o o The always availabl adult p pulati n . chil e the oo e a dren have a large garden b hind sch l . Th y p e to be o e e e o e o f e p ar of s m what mix d class s , s m th m o o o o be highly bred . It was bvi us that this sch ol w uld f h oo e for e better than most o t e sch ls availabl th m .

After visiting these institutions we returned home . n me e m . o e o e o At about 9 p s m visit rs call d , with th m M rs e Z The o e . R and Madam f rm r can o e is o o e to o nly sp ak Russian , but anxi us , if p ssibl , j in her we e the e f e husband in England , and discuss d r s ri o e to her e ti ns and th ir applicability cas . ee o h Fr p stage as n ow been adopted in Soviet Russia . This has been introduced because it was thought that by this means there would be a greater intercourse be 4 2 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

e o f he e o e twe n all parts t R public , which w uld hav an educative and enlightening effect on the mass ofthe

Russian people .

u n a t ber th S d y, Oc o 5 .

In the forenoon we went to visit the Maternity and e e e o o f Child W lfar Exhibition . This is anoth r f rm o o e on e to medical pr paganda , c nduct d very similar lin s the for e o e Commissariat Public H alth , but p rated under the control ofthe Commissariat for Social Wel e e o e far , though I und rstand that a prop sal is und r consideration to place it under the control o fthe Com missariat for e Th o Public H alth . e Exhibiti n was e e e crowded . S v ral classes of women were b ing taken e e o e e e o e to round and giv n lectures . S cti ns w r d v t d the e o f e e of e car childr n , and by m ans larg diagrams — o o e e e— e o f o e c l r d and oth rwis and by m ans m d ls , attempts were made to Show such details as the correct to e o ee way carry a child , m th ds of clothing , f ding , e on o e milking , br athing , and so . Diagrams also sh w d the comparison of the death rate in different countries o the e of o e o e in proporti n to illit racy m th rs , in c untri s

e e e e so on . o e sec wh r th r was prohibition , and An th r tion dealt with food ; the types offood which should be e to e o be e suppli d childr n , or which sh uld tak n by o e e o e the the e o m th rs b f r birth , ut nsils which sh uld be e the ee for e e the e o f e us d , n d cl anlin ss , dang r ﬂi s , and all the hundred and on e domestic details which e the e e e e ee e e be mak diff r nc b tw n h alth and sickn ss , ee e e e the e tw n str ngth and w akn ss of rising g neration . he e se o e T xtended u of illustrati ns , diagrams , and mod ls

494; THE R USSIAN R EPUBLIC

x m c m mo g o 3 —a c o 0 m u 0 O b o 3 L m > C o 2 w M SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTION 5 mun ism offer a sound basis for a permanent social sys tem; but he is a bold prophet who says that humanity will learn nothing from its apparently rash experi e m nts . Having reached the limit o fmy receptiveness o f utilitarian matter I sought relief by proposing a visit to on e ofthe e e e o f o o We e to pictur gall ri s M sc w . w nt the o T ret akov e o e fam us y Gall ry, which c ntain d a mag n iﬁcen t o e o o f c ll cti n Russian paintings , including o Verestcha i n e o Kramskoi w rks by Shishkin , g , P r v, ,

R e in M akovski e e o e to y p , and , incr as d , I was inf rm d , some extent S ince the Revolution by pictures from pri e e e o e the col vat gall ri s , in which s m what drastic way e o o f e - o ee e e l cti ns w ll kn wn artists had b n compl t d . The crowd passing through the gallery represented

o e o f eo e The e e e e many and vari us class s p pl . gall ri s w r

e e e e o e w ll ﬁll d , and I p rmit mys lf a s m what cynical speculatio n as to whether this could possibly be a set e e e n o e o f pi ce . But really th r was sp cial reas n or such o e o the o ofthe e e a th ught , b y nd natural cauti n d tach d o e W e o e e e the bs rver . st pp d th r until building was o e o e the of e the cl s d , ann unc d by ringing b lls by vari e ou s att ndants . We e e o e o r e We e e th n w nt h m and had u m al . g n r on e e i n th e o e me ally had substantial m al day, s m ti ee ﬁ e e ee ve o to ou r o . b tw n thr and , acc rding w rk Aft r this we proceeded to the Commissariat ofForeign Af

he or R n ee . o t ed e o e fairs Cr ssing Krasnya ( Squar ) , s s lying under the northeast walls o fthe Kremlin the e o fthe R e e o e e e e cemet ry ed victims . H r I n tic d l v n n ew e o e o e e o e e grav s pr fus ly c v r d with ﬂ w rs, and propp d 4 6 THE RUSSIAN R EPUBLIC

e e e e e against the walls w re red bann rs . Thes wer th - victims o fthe counter revolutionary effort which took place a few weeks ago when a bomb was thrown into n f h e e e e e o e o t e Moscow Soviets . El v n workingm n w r The con killed and over twenty seriously injured . spirators attempted to convey the impression that this the of an d the was work Anarchists , during night pasted up posters in the town to this effect ; but those who were acquainted with th e organization of the Anarchists said that they could readily detect that the o the e posters were counterfeit . I was t ld that fun ral f o these victims was a wonderful sight . In several places in the town o fMoscow I noticed - large scale maps painted on canvas 1 0 or 1 5 feet square e e e e e the e e r cted in the stre ts . On it v ry day diff r nt o e fr nts wer accurately marked out . e the e the e e A numb r of famous r staurants , sc n s in re- e o o of e are n ow p R v luti n days dazzling orgi s, util ’ i zed rkin m n as wo g e s clubs . I think the horses are better fed in Moscow than in e o e e e o o fo e e P tr grad . Th y rec iv a rati n ats , wh r as in e o e are fed on e to P tr grad th y hay . I am inclin d think that the i zvoshtchik drivers who have n ot been com mandeered are out so making a good thing of it , far roﬁteerin e as p g is conc rned . e S ix to T chi ch rin Tchit I sp nt from seven with t e . cherin as an individual does n ot fall under the heading f - o o e or ew o e . a pr l tarian , a J , or a long haired B lsh vik

o f o e e e to He is a man arist cratic d sc nt, marri d an o A arist cratic wife . He was at one time Military t no e taché in Paris , and has t a little experi nce in diplo SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTION 7

o of o e matic affairs b th in ﬁcial and un fﬁcial capaciti s . After this conference we proceeded with Maxim Lit vin offto e to be o as o what us d kn wn N bility Hall , and in on e o fthe large annexes we found Trotsky ad

e a e of o o o dr ssing gath ring y ung C mmunists . I supp se that this would correspond to the ‘ League o fYouth and Social Progress we hear so much ofin England ! e o o ee e o fe e It was a v ry vig r us sp ch , with pl nty n rgy ! the o Chu rchillo in it, and w rds and Lloyd eo e e n ot e e ! o G rgio w r infr qu nt ; but, alas my kn wl edge o fRussian was inadequate to follow the gist o f h e h e e e o e t e discourse . Aft r t addr ss was ov r Tr tsky l ft the o on the out to e o fon e o f hall , st pping way inquir e how he o e a e th boys had c m to d mag his arm , which on the o e he e was bound up , patting him sh uld r as pass d n The o e o o . th ught instantly ﬂash d acr ss my mind that this act ofcommonplace sympathy was entirely ou t o f ” e e e to o e s charact r , but I l av it bi graph rs and p y i cholog sts to dissect it and evaluate it . It was arranged that we should accompany Trotsky on e e o oo ula e o a sp cial insp cti n of tr ps at T , a larg t wn few e e to the o o f o a hundr d v rsts s uth M scow . Walk ing back to my house I passed three Chinese soldiers . Lack of knowledge ofthe Chinese language prevented me e o e o e e e int rr gating them as to th ir purp s . Th y w re the o e e o e o e e are nly Chin s s ldi rs I saw . I am t ld th r few o e are e on o e o a th usand , and that th y us d th s fr nts where the R ed Army are likely to be least loyal to the o o e e e to e me B lshevik M v m nt . A car cam f tch at my m d o e th o e 1 1 . . we to e e h us at p , and r v quart rs in which L as o e e we e for o e of w st pping , wh r wait d a c upl 4 8 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

o the e e the e h urs , as d partur of train had b en post e a m we o e to the o pon d . At . dr v on stati n in the of o o e e suburbs M sc w . Th r was a guard of honor at the station drawn up on either Side between the eu e to the o the e tranc stati n and train . W left Moscow ’

2 a m . o e e at in Tr tsky s sp cial train , which m rits some he e e o . o t e d scripti n Tr tsky , War Minist r , sp nds a con siderabl e o e the am unt of his lif in train , as a War e o on e e o e e Minist r , c nducting wars imm ns fr nts , xt nd o e e ing across Eur p an and Asiatic Russia , might w ll be e e expected to do . His quipm nt as I saw it consists of two e e o f e 0 compl t trains , carrying a total ov r 35 per The o e e own e sons . c ach s includ d his sp cial saloon , ee o mo o for the f of e for sl ping cars , acc m dati n Sta f, ﬁc s etc e e o the typists , . , printing car , wir l ss stati n ( train e e e e e e is ﬁtt d with wir l ss t l graphy, and is by this m ans o o o o e e in c ntinual t uch with M sc w) , machin gun s ction , e e e o e o o o - and sp cially d sign d c ach s c ntaining m t r cars , all in perfect condition . In the morning we received a neatly typed wireless e e o the e e ec e e pr ss r p rt, giving m ssag s r iv d during the

o P ldhu o e e e o . night fr m o , Paris , and th r wir l ss stati ns e i e me o fthe e o o f It r m nd d War wh n , in c mmand

B n -M -hree we to e ee . . . e C H M S y , had r ly for w ks on en d on what scanty news we could get through our aerial . d o to e e e o on the In a diti n this , wh n v r Tr tsky is o e he e o e e con m v , issu s fr m his train a print d bull tin

e o e e o e e e taining xtracts fr m th s radi messag s , b sid s e o own en e e articl s fr m his p and thos of his coll agues . CHAPTER V

TROTSKY AND THE RED ARMY

t th M onda Oc ober 6 . y,

’ e e e e o o the o W arriv d at Tula at s v n cl ck in m rning , e e o but did n ot leave the train until lat r . A larg cr wd h o e he o The had gathered in t e courtyard utsid t stati n .

e e e n ot o e i oo an d e e stre ts w r fficially lin d w th tr ps , w r filled with crowds controlled by scattered military sentries . m e e e h e . e W e o a . o l ft t stati n at , ccupying l v n - e e e o accom motor cars . S v ral distinguish d fficials had an i ed us R koff the e e of the p , including y , Pr sid nt e e o for o o T suriu a the Supr m C uncil Public Ec n my , p , oo o o e an d Lun acharski the o for F d C ntr ll r , , C mmissar o the o e on e e o e oc Educati n . During j urn y v ry p ssibl casion I drew these offi cials into conversation on any m W e e o the thing which interested e . drov thr ugh o o e ee ofthe o o the r ugh c bbl str ts t wn , thr ugh ram e ou t o the o o e o shackl suburbs int c untry , v r a c untry on to o o W e o e e of land a c mm n , a id p n str tch grassland , e for the e he e utiliz d r view . On arriving at t parad o we e e e e o gr und witn ss d a r vi w of tr ops , includ e o o e oo ing infantry , lanc rs , sc uts m unt d and on f t, machine gun detachments with their guns transported on o o e e oo sec light c untry wag ns , artill ry , a kit ball n a o e tion with motor winch lorry , arm r d cars , and usual 4 9 50 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

he e field equipment corps . T lancers wer carrying a e e e veritabl Christmas tr e of weapons , and I should hav ee o ee e e e e e b n s rry to m t th m ; th y w r w ll mounted , and e i o e appeared to be tough and sturdy f llows . Fly ng v r head I noticed two aeroplanes with the fami liar lines of n Sopwith o e and a half strutters . The troops were drawn up on three sides o fa large e e the e e the e squar fi ld , and bands w r playing Int r ” o e o e o e nati nal . Tr tsky walked ah ad , acc mpani d and followed by his Staff and by myself and on e or two o e o e e th r f r igners . Each Battalion Command r Com rade reported when Trotsky arrived Opposite his hat o e e o of ee to talion . Tr tsky utter d an xclamati n gr ting e e e e e the ach battalion by nam , which th y r turn d from e e o o e th ranks . Wh n this insp cti n was c mpl ted e sol e e e o e o e o ee di rs w r cl s d in , and Tr tsky mad a Sh rt sp ch o he e e the fr m his car , in which r f rred to fact that he was glad to see so many troops so well clothed in e o the Koltchak Am rican unif rms from front, and ho e see e o o e the e e p d to th m again so n , cl th d n xt tim ’ D n iki e i in British uniforms from e n s army . Aft r th s the troops marched past by companies in the ordinary the e oo e . o military fashion , drill b ing quit g d Tr tsky oo the e ca r i t k salut standing in his , in wh ch I was o o e e the acc mm dat d with a plac , and thus saw troops at o e e e e ee e cl s quart rs . Th y app ared ch rful and w ll fed , and I felt dispo sed to infer from the expression on the faces ofa great proportion of them that they were - inspired with S omething like hero worship for Trotsky e the e the hims lf . Of mount d troops, horses were fit and well fed .

52 THE RUSSIAN R EPUBLIC

For e e f are e s instanc , Sovi t o ficials s nt for short period to the different fronts to address the regiments to tell e e are for— e the th m what th y fighting nam ly, aims of the o o o f ro a Rev luti n . All this is a kind war aims p p ganda very far in advance to that adopted by us in the e ef e e e o . Gr at War , and as fici nt as r sults hav sh wn W e o e the o n e dr v right through t w , accompani d by e e the o e o ee e who a d tachm nt of m unt d v lunt r lanc rs , caused n o little excitement in the to wn by the clatter o f e oo on the o e ee the th ir h fs r ugh cobbl d str ts , speed o four e e e o cars n c ssitating th ir pr gress at full gallop . o e e e e e e e e We H w v r , pr s ntly th y as d up and halt d . proceeded to inspect on e ofthe most important groups of o o e the o f muniti n fact ri s in district, which in all I e e e i e saw thr e . At th first I visit d something l k m n n e a d women were employed working in three shifts . o be e e e e e ee I cann t claim to an xp rt ffici ncy ngin r , but I have seen a certain number o ffactories during the to the e o f o e o e e war , and b st my bs rvati n th r did not appear to be any substantial difference in the running o f e this factory and those in England and elsewher . Munitions of war were being turned out with the high speed which ismade possible by the use o fautomatic

e e ed e . machin ry, t nd as usual by femal labor In various conversations with Trotsky the point which he seemed particularly anxious to impress on me was that the Russian peo ple bore n o malice against e e eo e He he Gr at Britain and th British p pl . said that

o e for e e the e o the e h p d p ac and all viati n of blockad , and was conﬁdent that the continuance ofpresent con dition s was only desired by a small section o fthe great TROTSKY AND THE RED ARMY 53

o e on e He British public , and that the m st despicabl . was conﬁdent ofeventually beating D en ikin ; said that ’ D en ikin s advantage lay in his cavalry , but that this advantage would be considerably reduced in the snow He e and mud which was already appearing . admitt d

he e e e e al that had mad sev ral strat gic mistak s , had lowed the advance against Koltchak to continue too

he e f far , and had und restimated the amount o muni o W e He ti ns hich Gr at Britain would supply to him . did n ot attribute very much value or advantage to

D enikin the o e o o f e e of o e in p ss ssi n tanks , xc pt, c urs , the e of The in captur speciﬁc tactical positions . war e on e o f oe e an d the e e o is larg ly man uv r, tanks w r l st in e such larg areas . I asked him wheth er he thought there was danger o fthe Soviet Republic evolving into an Imperialistic Empire based on the increasing military Spirit with e He which it was at present inevitably imbu d . said that the spirit o fmilitary energy was due to a revolu ti on ar S n ot to he y pirit, and military ambition , and oo e o to the i e e ou en d l k d f rward t m wh n war w ld , and this energy could be transferred to peaceful operations . He e e e n o e oe e as to e o xpr ss d f ars whats v r P tr grad , and indeed the present attack on Petrograd seems to have been undertaken more with political obj ects than with e o e o f o e e e He e the riti r al h p c mpl t succ ss . admitt d c o o f o o e e e oo to e cal situati n M sc w , but xp ct d s n d al with D en ikin as he e Kol h k e e d alt with tc a . Ev n if P trograd ‘ o o e e o e he the e and M sc w w r b th captur d , said, dang r to e o be e e e e H Gr at Britain w uld v n gr at r . e pointed out that the Bolshevik R epublic now extends to Turke 54 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

t e o o o e stan , and h ir rganizati n w uld be simply squ ezed e e o e e e e eastward . Chin s c mmuniti s w r xtraordinarily susceptible to the Soviet idea (as anyone who has been f the e to the in China can a ﬁrm) , and dang r India and East ofan awakened China could be left to ou r imagi nation . In my judgment the military situation is very criti W e e not e e D enikin Koltchak o e cal . hav h lp d and wh l heartedly n or thrown all our resources into the anti

o e e e o e e B lsh vik Army , and th r is no l v lost b tween k i Koltcha D en ik n the e e . , , and British Gov rnm nt As evidence of this we can see that the staff o fthese e e o o fthe old f o l ad rs c ntains many o ﬁcials , b th high low o be o to the e o f and , and it w uld c ntrary principl s human nature to expect that they have materially ’ e e e n con ﬁrma chang d th ir vi ws o life s outlook . As a o o fthe e o o e let me o e the fol , ti n fact m nti ned ab v qu t lowing intercepted telegram which has been published by the Bolsheviks :

TH E Cop y OF A TELEGRAM FROM GENERAL DESINO To THE CHIEF OF TH E STAFF OF TH E HIGH EST COMMANDER M FRO LONDON .

The so- e ow has call d Russian crisis, which is calming d n , very distinctly shown the real feelings o fthe Englishmen The o . e e e e t ward Russia distrust is r igning ev rywher . Th y have been expressing Openly it is not worth while to trouble now th the u a e t do wi Russia , that R ssian army is inc pabl o e o es e e e anything, that Russia is b traying its pr mis . Th r hav e o ofe m been s veral publicati ns n ity . Situation here was

e . e ee o o e Re in ton e v ry difﬁcult I hav s n C l n l p g , and I hav TROTSKY AND THE RED ARMY 55 expressed myself to him as an offi cer and to several o ther eo e the War e a our o e e e e p pl in Ofﬁc th t dis rd rs, if th y v n a e ee an o a e to our o o au e a e a e h v b n ann y nc c mm n c s , h v c us d e a a e a v u two ea e e a l ss h rm th n th ir in cti ity d ring y rs . G n r lly, it is n ot worth while to take very much consideration ofthe e o e e e e e e Englishm n ; nly th n will th y b mor consid rat . It is very damaging that we are too polite toward their repte sen tatives in Russia ; they are far from being as polite owa a e e oo e o w e t rd us . I h v v ry g d r lati ns ith th m , and I e e me but n ow w r o . a e e ee our . kn w th t th y lik , r ally f l c isis e e a our e e e o be a It is n c ssary th t ag nts h r sh uld h rd . It is he oo o impossible to trus t England . S is g d t ward us when e e e at o e but e o e o v rything is w ll h m , wh n s m thing is wr ng

a o be o e to a e on her e in Russi it w uld imp ssibl calcul t h lp , for tha t reason it is n ot worth while to give her too much u n ow our o S o b e consideration . J st p licy h uld stony and n o o e ofour o a based o full c nsci usn ss nati n l dignity . ESIN O D , Gen eral t S aﬂ.

e we e ee On the oth r hand , hav practically b n at war e e with the Soviet Governm ent . It was r pr sented as absolutely wrong to assert that the Soviet Government e e e e ro i s supported by G rmany . Much vid nc was p duced to Show that the Soviet Government made every o e o e the e e effort to c m t t rms with Alli s , that L nin and - Trotsky made every effort before signing Brest Litovsk to o e e o f bring ab ut an allianc with Gr at Britain , and fered to o e to e c ntinu ﬁght against G rmany , and that this has been repeated by frequent communications and by radiograms which have n ot been shown to the eo e e e o of e e e British p pl v r since . M st th s docum nts are n ow e for e e e availabl p rusal by th public . I hop 56 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

e be e e e o th y will Shortly publish d , b caus the m re en lightenmen t we can have on these matters the easier it be to e the e will cl ar up Russian tangl .

o o e i to- e e n o e o As c nditi ns x st day , th r is r as n why Soviet Russia should n ot combine with Germany if

h n the Entente Powers permitted it . S e has everythi g - to gain and nothing to lose by co Operation with G er many and by the utilization o fGerman engineers and r Th S to e e o he o e o e . e o o kill d v l p unt ld r s urc s , nly kn wn communications that have taken place so far were a deputation that proceeded to B erlin in the early part he of e . No e e as e t this y ar r sults accru d , pr sumably German Government had n ot either the strength o r the e e to e e e the e e o t m rity und rtak th m , but dang r li s in fr nt us we o e e e on e of , and may find urs lv s fac d day with a e e e ee e gr at military allianc b tw n G rmany and Russia , and as before the War w e were frightened by the e — e — we et e phras , Hamburg B rlin Bagdad , may y liv ” — — I iv e e to fear Hamburg Moscow V ad ostock . Th r is a military danger which is a very apparent danger . Red e e e e The Army is v ry day incr asing in str ngth , e e e e effi incr asing in t chniqu , incr asing in military i c enc . e o to e o to y As t stim ny that , you hav nly ask Y h Kol h k Den ikin e e u den itc tc a . G n ral , or , or In fact , o b that cann t e disputed . An example will illustrate this A few weeks ago there appeared in I n vestia the fol lowing letter addressed by Russian officers serving in one of the Red Armies in the South to their confreres the e e e the of Whit Armi s . It was sign d in full , with m in names , ranks , and for er positions the old armies TROTSKY AND T HE RE D ARMY 57

1 o fi e o e o of 37 f c rs . It is a valuable d cum nt as sh wing the effect on the military minds o fthis protracted e its o e struggl , and m d ration of tone commends it espe ciall e y to consid ration .

Ofﬁcer comrades ! We address this letter to you with the e o of int nti n avoiding useless and aiml ess shedding ofblood . We know quite well that the army ofGeneral Den ikin will be u e as has ee ofKolt h ofm n o e cr sh d , b n that c ak and a y th rs who have tried to put to their mercy a working people of

a on ofmen e o e e r m ny milli s . W kn w qually w ll that t uth an d e are on th e e ofthe Red a ou justic sid Army, and th t y only remain in the ranks ofth e White Army through ign o a e e a th e o e e th e Red or r nc r g rding S vi t R public and Army, ’ because you fear for your fate in the case ofthe latter s r victory . We think it ou duty above all to write you the a o the o o a e for the R e truth b ut p siti n m d us in d Army . First we guarantee to you that n o officers ofth e White r a o e o our are o is the A my p ssing v r int camp sh t . That o e o fthe e e e o o a o of rd r Supr m R v luti n ry C uncil War . If you come with th e simple desire to lessen th e sufferings ofthe o o u o of e e the e of w rking p p lati n , l ss ning sh dding f e h e oo o o to ou . to O w o e bl d , n b dy will uch y As fic rs xpr ss the e e to e e o th e R ed e are te d sir s rv l yally in Army, th y ceived t e e e e e afa e e n ot to wi h r sp ct and xtr m f bility . W hav u m to ofo e or m a e e e s b it any kind utrag hu ili tion . Ev rywh r ur r e f o needs a e attentively supplied . Full r spect or the work ofspecialists ofevery kind is the fundamental motive ofthe policy ofthe present Government and ofi ts author zed e e e the R ed r u e e i r pr s ntatives in A my . ! it unlike th ! a e the old ou are n ot a e Who are o pr ctic in Army, y sk d y ur ” a e bu t o on e Are ou o ! o a p r nts , nly thing y l yal A l y l officer who is educated and who works advances rapidly 58 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC on the e ofm m o e e e e e ladd r ilitary ad inistrati n , r c iv d v ry e e e the e e o e . o wh r with r sp ct, att nti n , and kindn ss Am ng e e troops an x mplary discipline has been introduced . From the material point ofview we coul d not be better for the m f e ed . o e the a o o tr at As C missari s , in vast m j rity es we o e e of cas w rk hand in hand with th m, and in cas dis agreement the most highly authorized representatives ofthe power ofSoviets take rapidly decisivemeasures for getting h e e th ofthe fe e e . o t e o we e e rid di f r nc s In a w rd , l ng r s rv in Red Army the more we are convin ced that service is n ot of e e to e e a burden to us . Many us hav b gun s rv with a e of ea o e to e the o e littl sinking h rt s l ly arn a living, but l ng r our e e e the o e we are o e ofthe s rvic has last d , m r c nvinc d e o e e m possibility ofloyal and consci nti us s rvic in this Ar y . a o fi e o e we o o e e to a ou Th t is why, f c r c mrad s , all w urs lv s c ll y ! ” o we o t a the o o e con such , alth ugh kn w h t w rd c mrad is ered ins o ou e u e o us e sid ulting am ng y , b ca s am ng it indicat s f e o a an d u e e o relations o simpl c rdi lity mut al r sp ct . With ut o ou o e e o we be ou prop sing that y sh uld mak any d cisi n , g y m e the es o ou u e o to e to exa in qu ti n , and in y r fut r c nduct tak

f e e e . W e to one ore accoun t o our vid nc wish say thing m , we congratulate ourselves that in fulﬁlling obligations loy the e o f o e o e n e ally we are not s rvants any f r ign G v r m nt . re to e e e e e a e n or the We a glad s rv n ith r G rm n imp rialism , o- o— e e imperialism which is Angl Franc Am rican . W do what our conscience dictates to us in the interest ofmillions and l f o e to the o o fthe com mil ions o w rk rs , which vast maj rity pany ofthe ofﬁcers belong .

1 of e It was signed by 37 ﬁc rs , with mark of rank in the old Russian Army . I would ask people who seek a Sign to read the his tory of the French Revolution and imagine what may

CHAPTER VI

INDUSTRY

h Tu esda ctober t . y, O 7

h o we in ok rov the During t e foreno n went to visit V u , e e e Commissar for Social Welfare . His D partm nt d als with all matters such as those which are covered by

f o o e en our Ministry o Pensi ns . It als d als with p sions fr e e e and compensations o workm n . If disabl m nt is

e o e e the e e o f perman nt , a man is c mp nsat d at av rag he o e to e e h the locality ; if temporary , c ntinu s r c ive t e e The e o for e o e e working wag . p nsi ns soldi rs c v r a wid e e e e ee e d o . e ground . P nsi ns hav r c ntly b n rais d A cree is now pendin g which will place the victims o fthe on the e o the Red Great War sam f oting as Armies .

2 we e to see th x At p m . w nt e industrial E hibition which has been organized by the Supreme Council o f o o Th e r Public Ec n my . e xhibits a e grouped according to the e e e o e e e diff r nt trad s , or pr f ssional allianc s , as th y are e e e e e e to e e t rm d , and w r int nd d giv xamples of the different industries which were being built up in on e e e o f Russia , and saw xampl s ﬂax , silk , glass ,

e e e e e e so on l ath r , l ctrical d vic s , aircraft, and . It must be remembered that Russia is now in direct communi o e the e cati n with Turk stan , and possibl output of e o o e e ee Turk stan c tt n is v ry gr at ind d . In the evening I went to the famous Moscow Art 60 INDUSTRY 61

' ’ aw On e o de Theater, and s of Maxim G rky s plays , pictin g typical peasant life in Russia . I think the striking feature o fthat evening was the notably bour eois e ofthe e e o f in g natur audi nc , many the ladies

e e e e e e . o o e to re fact w r w aring v ning dr ss Als , in rd r p e e e e n o on e o e v nt unn c ssary disturbanc , is all w d to enter the theater whilst any of the acts are in progress .

dn esd t e th We a O ob r 8 . y, c

I spent some time in the morning writing up the notes whi ch had been compiled from the interviews with various ofﬁcials and from the documents which ’ e e e e e o e to the I had r c iv d, and at tw lv clock I w nt HOtel o n ow as he o e Nati nal , known t First Dom S vi t, where I met R He is in charge o fa school for the o o f e o e instructi n Sovi t w rk rs . His school has been in existence for about three o o The e ofthe o o or f ur m nths . gr at building M sc w ’ Merchants Club was taken over and converted for o e 00 e re e e this purp s . In it 7 stud nts a b ing train d to as e h Th e u act Soviet work rs in t e provinces . st e are e e e the o e are e d nts s l ct d by l cal Sovi ts , and n arly e The o . all p asants . c urses last about four months e e eo the o for o Th y l arn th ry in sch ol , and practical w rk are taken out into the departments which are actually e The f Op rating . School o Soviet Work prepares stu dents to act as secretaries o flocal Soviets and man

‘ e o fthe ec o o e e e o ag rs s ti ns c nc rn d with land , ducati n , SO on railways , and . In addition the school includes

' 600 S e who are e e tud nts , b ing instruct d in party work . The work o fthis party school is devoted to the indoc 62 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

f e e of e o the trination o th middl class p asants , wh m it is aim ofthe Central Executive to lead gently into social ism as their number an d position in Russia make them The e a fundamental political factor . work is divid d into sections corresponding to the various Commissa riats e e e the e of e o , and a stud nt nt rs s ction whos w rk in h o o e o e the provinces e wishes t lab r . It is v ry c mpr he i e e e are o e o o ofthe o cov n s v . H r s m n ti ns syn psis e e The o e e o e the r d : agricultural c urs includ s f r stry , e o co- e o e e land qu sti n , op rati n in agricultur and liv The o e o e e stock . transp rt s cti n tackl s railways , p rma e - o n nt way building , railway administrati n , and rail The e o of o o e way exploitation . s cti n f od c ntrol includ s e o o e the o e oo o th c up n syst m , S vi t f d policy, rganiza tion o fthe supply of the population in connection with the o o o f o o the of nati nalizati n pr ducti n , participation the o e o o o e o e the w rk rs in pr ducti n , c rn r s urc s and e e o o fthe o u the e o of d t rminati n c rn s rplus, and r lati n f Le h transport to the supply o food . t t e reader draw a picture for an instant of the effect o fthis school on the o e i out o the e e c untry, s nd ng thr ugh country , v ry few o e e e o e o fth o e m nths , th s train d rganiz rs e G v rn e o e out o e e ome o f m nt, p uring th m int v ry c r Russia , o f e e the o ea o all th m imbu d with c mmunistic id , w rk ing for the successful administration o fRussia by the ov e e o for the o S i t syst m , w rking c nversion o fthe peas to the e o f o e e ants id als s cialism . Th r is something in the nature o fa ﬁ ery grip behind an organization which e o f on t e e e is capabl working h s lin s .

e e e o e to Sadoul who e Lat r I t l ph n d Captain , cam ou we o o n the r nd , and had a l ng talk situation , lasting INDUSTRY

l i e for two hours . He was original y a French barr st r,

he o on e attached to t French Missi n in Russia , and time He was on e of Chief de Cabinet to Albert Thomas . those who spent much time and a great deal ofenergy in trying to bring about peace between Russia and the - Allies before the signing ofthe Brest Litovsk Peace e He e me Co e ofthe e o e e Tr aty . gav pi s num r us l tt rs

e o e o . which had pass d from him t M . Alb rt Th mas Their tenor certainly tends to disprove th e statements r - AS that the B olshevik Government was p o German . a reward for his labor in what he considered the in terests ofhis country he has rec ently been court e i n absen ti a e e e to e martial d , and s nt nc d d ath by a ’ ' e o Sadoul s eﬂ ort Fr nch Military C urt . Captain was only on e o fthe many attempts which were made be tween the time o fthe Revolution and the Signing o fthe - Brest Litovsk Treaty by numerous individuals in this

e e e e o e the matt r , and I think it is quit d ﬁnit ly pr v d that Soviet Go vernment were willing and prepared to refuse to S e to o e the ign that Tr aty, and c ntinu war against e a G rm ny . On the o e e o ofthe th r hand , th p licy Allies is not e e e e e e the o h e e e ntir ly misr pr s nt d by w rds, whic I b li v e e e o o o e e W e app ar d in a r acti nary L nd n n wspap r , would rather make pea ce with Germany than with a ” o e e S cialistic Gov rnm nt . The compl ete correspondence between the So viet o e me the e e G v rn nt and British , Fr nch , and Am rican e e e e the f r pr s ntativ s , giving chain o negotiations lead ing up to the time o fbrea king offdiplomatic n egotia o has ee ti ns, b n published in accordance with the gen 64 THE RUSSI AN REPUBLIC eral principles of the Bolshevik Government to abolish secret diplomacy and disclose all documents connected the old e o f e e o with régim s cr t dipl macy . This , again , e e o e e I think , is an int r sting and imp rtant incid nt h lp ing to bring before the public the true history ofthe e o o the e he Russian R v luti n , and part play d in it by t e Alli s .

o o e e of In M sc w th r is a building which , for lack a ! e e e the e e o b tt r titl , I will call S cr t Dipl macy Relics ” e ee o e e Museum . In it hav b n c ll ct d practically all the contents from the archives ofthe different Embas e the o e e e e si s and Tsarist G v rnm nt D partments . Her it is possible to scrutinize a collection o fdocuments so multitudinous as to be obviously genuine ranging -, from the Secret Treaties down to the Willy Nicky cor

e o e e o e o e e o the e r sp nd nc , and c rr sp nd nc sh wing all n go tiation s between Russia and the Allies up to the break - offo fdiplomatic relations . In addition to this iing e e o o for cer many instanc s , such as n g tiati ns bribing tain Ministers in order to obtain concessions in par

ticular o f so on so o . parts Russia , and and f rth All o f e e be e o f e e th s will illuminating r ading , and imm ns histo rical value when time permits of their careful co ordination and reproduction . e o e me e e we P cam h m with that v ning , and had o o o e o the e a l ng talk , am ng th r things, ab ut J wish e o qu sti n . I feel sure that the Jewish question is on e o fthe o e e o f e most imp rtant . A gr at d al misund rstanding exists in this country in associating Jewry with B ol

Shevism oo to k , and it is a g d thing publish a fran INDUSTRY 65 exposition o fall the facts available in connection with How o e o e! The this matter . did B lsh vism riginat secret deta ils ofthis may perhaps never be known is e o n e as in full , but it fairly c rtain that it rigi at d part ofa big plan conceived by certain gentlemen whose interests cannot be said to be either prepon

r in l r - r ro- d e at g y p o German o p British . The inner history ofthe relations between Jews and the Russian Revolution is beyond unraveling by any n e e o e outside the inn r circl . We know that Lenin passed from Switzerland to o e o Russia with ut hindranc , and that Tr tsky was trans lated from a British jail in Halifax ( Canada) to Petro o e o e e e e e o e e to grad , and th r B lsh vik l ad rs w r c nv y d Russia with the assistance ofthe British and Ameri o e e can G v rnm nts . What conditions or instructions they carried with e be e e o e e e o th m must gu ss d at, but nc arriv d at P tr grad th ey put their tongues in their cheeks and too k e own e the e led o the e o o th ir lin , lin that thr ugh R v luti n as it took place to their present undeniable bureau The e ha e cratic rule . writ r s h ard that the o riginal ! sponsors and ﬁnanciers ofthe desired limited Revo lution are making strenuous efforts to bring the present e e o e to o d v l pm nt a st p . Absurd attacks on Jewry have been made through out the o for o e e on e o r w rld a l ng tim , bas d r ligi us p eju e e o e o e e e i n dic s , j al usi s , and th r caus s . J ws Russia are n ow n ot at any r ate subj ect to the p ersecutions of o e o on f rm r days , and p ssibly account oftheir big share

the e o the ' in inc pti n of Bolshevik movement 8. great 66 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

e in o in i h many Jews ar c ntrol Russ a . Actually in t e e e on e o o re t Cabin et th r is only , Tr tsky ; c mpa this wi h the number o fJews and men of Jewish extraction in e e e the old the British Gov rnment . Th s facts and anti

' - Jewish prejudice is used by the anti Bolshevik forces ! to stimulate a hate in a man ner which n o Christian

! o o o e e i e the o o f nati n sh uld t l rat . I obta n d riginal a document which had been distributed by General Deni ’ o the o Yeletz kin s f rces in towns of Kozl v , Tambov, , e and of its auth nticity I have no doubt whatsoever . Translated it reads as follows :

APPEAL

e s o e e e n the ommo P asant , arm y urs lv s and ris agai st c n e e ofour a a the ew o e n my Russian l nd , ag inst J , B lsh vik, and o n s dr e out the o a o e C mmu ist , iv diab lic l p w r . A large Cossack army and volunteers are moving on o o oo oo we e e ee be M sc w, and s n , s n, shall br ath fr ly and ’ relieved ofthe grip ofthe devil s bands which chained us o o e e o our e o our int b ndag , d str ying r ligi n , Church , torturing our e old men re our en re pri sts , , and child n , and which cast ti o e Motherland into starvati n and pov rty . With God to arms ! Woul d that the power ofthe devil inhabiting the souls ofthe Jew Communists perish . EN ERAL M AM ON T G ov. (And together with him Sign all the rebellious n o o of e e peasants a d p pulati ns th s cities . )

m er 1 1 . Septe b , 9 9

Thi s is what the British taxpayer contributes to ! e who If the newspap rs , carry on this absurd rhetoric e efe e against the Chosen Rac , realized all its f cts th y

68 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC but there are other wider aspects from which we Should discuss the relation o fZionism to the general settle e of o e m nt w rld unr st . e e he e First th r is t racial question . Wh n you have a great powerful intellectual race spread all over the

’ o e ea e e o o w rld , p rm ting v ry c untry with ut any fixed o e t o e e e e e e offi h m , wi h ut any v st d int r sts sav thos e n o e o the o oe nanc , and in dir ct c ntact with s il , d s it n ot make for unsettlement and unrest! When you e e e e think of a fath r in B rlin , an uncl in Vi nna , a e e o New o o n ph w in Paris , and a c usin in Y rk , p ssibly o o o o e ou all h lding big financial p siti ns , what m r can y expect than international intrigues ! Without any fixed e e for o e o e o to be o c nt r ri ntati n , th ir work is b und m re e h o e d structive t an c nstructiv . The e o e n o e o thn graphical asp ct is l ss imp rtant . If the Pal estine question and the problems o fthe asso ciated o e of e are e e ou c untri s Syria and Arm nia d cid d , y e the e o f e o o will saf guard int grity M s p tamia . Without o e e ou e e e on the o such b rd r Stat s y may p rp tuat , b un d aries of e o o o e o e o o M s p tamia , fr nti r tr ubl s anal g us to Afghanistan and other countries on the Indian fron o o e to the e e e ofth e tier . It w uld als l ad s ttl m nt Turk o e e o be e e the ish pr bl m . Constantinopl c uld d scrib d as

o e o f o e o the o e e the s lar pl xus Eur p an p litics , p int wh r o - e o f e — e to he O en cr ss curr nts B rlin Baghdad , Od ssa t p ” — sea meet the heart o fthe Young Turk movement .

The Turkish question has remained unsettled too long . With its settlement the remaining pieces of the large - e o e world jig saw puzzl sh uld fall into plac , Bulgaria, o- so on Jug Slavia , and . INDUSTRY 69

I t is difﬁcult to discuss such a delicate question as the Jewish question without being classed in the cate - e P er gory ofthose who discourse anti Jewish rh toric .

n ll the e i s ro-ew ro- o so a y writ r a p J and a p Zi nist , and in penning these notes hopes that in a small way they may contribute toward enabling the public to com prehend the importance o f the Jewish question to

o -e e w rld P ac .

Th r d t r th u s a Oc obe . y, 9 - We arranged to day to visit the power station about f o r k 60 versts east o fMoscow at the town o B go ots .

fr m m e o e o e a . . Litvin ff call d at 9 , and aft r picking up the rest ofthe cavalcade at the Kremlin ( I think there e e o ﬁ ve o o - we o ee e We w r ab ut m t r cars) , pr c d d . had the bad luck to have on e puncture on the way there ; the e o e e off o oo e on the tir c v r cam , and nly g d judgm nt ofthe e h n part driv r retained t e car o the road . Whilst - we were stopping replacing th e tire a wood cutting artel

e us on the o o o f e o e pass d r ad , a gr up p asants c mbin d e tog ther to cut and coll ect wood from th e local forest . The power station at B ogorotsk supplies the town of o o e i 0 o o M sc w with lectric power . It s a 6 milli n kil watt

o e o . e e are stati n , supplying curr nt at v lts Th r o e the o i s on e e w rk rs at stati n . It run p at fu l , and in the vicinity there are extensive works for cutting the e e he up turf . W w nt round the station ; among t o was K rassin o e on e ofthe e o f c mpany , f rm rly manag rs ’ e e Schuckert s o n ow — to Si m ns w rks , and right hand man R k ff e e y o . I b li ve he i s really the most powerful man - behind the scenes in Russia to day ; he has large con 7 0 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

e e e for u e e e structiv sch m s ind strial d v lopm nt . Others e e e e o R koffL an d e the pr s nt w r Tr tsky, y , Rutg rs , e e e i ee latt r b ing a Dutch ng n r, who has been in Russia fr of o o a number m nths . In the vicinity o f' the factory were a number o f attractive log co ttages for the u se o fthe employees

fthe e a o The e so e o pow r st ti n . plac was p acefully situated in the center o fa pine forest that on e could for e e e ob S o wish littl b tt r than a j in such a ituati n , with a cozy home out oftouch with the worries of this o w rld . We had di nner in the log cottage o fthe manager of the o e Klassin who for o e e w rks , by nam , s m y ars was e e we e e e a former manag r . Aft rward w nt and insp ct d the e e e o o o e p at ﬁ lds , trav ling on a small l c m tiv which e e are ee e o f ran across the swamps . Th r thr s ries railway lines running parallel about half a mile apart h The ea e through t e peat ﬁelds . p t is pump d up by e e o e o e he an l ctric sucti n rump , and distribut d v r t e ofthe o oo e or surfac gr und in the form of z mud . e e o e to e e o e H r it is all w d dry , and wh n dry a p tr l cutt r o e the e the e o runs v r surfac , cutting p at int triangular e e e e ea shaped pieces . This d vic is rath r lik a st m o e o e on the e are r ll r , nly much light r , and roll rs tri u oo e the e on o e ang lar gr v s , which cut p at, rolling v r it, into oblong slabs about 1 5 inches long and 4 inches e e the o -e o e wid and 4 inch s high , cr ss s cti n b ing tri The e e o e o fthe use of e angular . d v l pm nt p at in Russia e e o o e e e may assum larg pr p rtions , sp cially in thos dis tricts e e e e o e wh r th r is a sh rtag of coal . In any case , for o o e e e of e l cal purp s s it is a valuabl sourc fu l . INDUSTRY 7 1

’ The Workmen s Committee at this factory consists

ﬁve o e the o e two the e of , two n minat d by w rk rs , by t ch i l ff on e o e e e e ofthe o n ca sta , and l cal r pr s ntativ C uncil f o o so b e ee the o Public Ec n my , it will s n that actual

re o as e are the workers a in a min rity, in fact th y in all ee factories which are running in Russia . It has b n shown that it is quite impracticable to run factories on a purely el ectoral basis from the workers in that fac e i tory ; o th er interests have to be consid red . Th s is typical ofon e ofthe many concessions which have to be made in modifying the pure communistic intentions o o o e so e o o e are riginally pr p s d , by v luti n th y gradually getting back to a position approximating closely in spirit to that aimed at in this cou ntry by the setting

o f e o The o o o fthe up Whitl y C uncils . c nstituti n Man agemen t Committee described above bears some re

e to s mblance a Trade Board . I pro fess myself a ﬁrm believer in the method ofthe

e o d e Whitl y C uncil , and I claim this striking Russian velopmen t from the extreme position o fthe early revo lution ary ideas as valuable evidence that a position o f i s o e e e n o e o o f stability p ssibl , and that th r is qu sti n ou r going down a Slippery path ofincreasing steepness

o o o o e t ward ﬁnal anarchy and diss luti n . Empl y rs in Great Britain and Allied countries who imagine that - they can retain wo rn out ideas concerning the organi za tion o findustry and withhold the introduction o f democratic principles Should take warning ; they are o e i ce s o the skating v r thin , and a lip may bring ab ut o e ofour o c llaps s cial fabric .

o R koff the I was sh wn by y , Commissar for Public 7 2 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

i . e h o e . t e o o Ec nomy ( int rnal industry) , f ll wing list, which was being sent to America as a ﬁrst inquiry for e e for the o f o e e o t nd rs supply g ods . Am rican xp rt houses will assuredly not be long in appreciating the o e of in p ssibiliti s supplying Russia , and if British d ustr e e o f e e e e y g ts its fair shar Russian trad , th r n ed be n o unemployment for British labor for a long time to come . The inquiry was as follows

a of oo e s p irs b ts . mall t .

. e m suits hamm rs , s all . f e o o C . t ns soap . his ls f o o ea e . e . t ns fat , tabl ﬁl s f f o o o e e 00 o o ee e . t ns c ns rv s . 4 t ns st l cutt rs o o fn t ns ails . drills . o f 2 o f t ns o coal 00 tons tin .

o flead .

e e e e o f o o - e Furth r , imm ns suppli s r lling st ck , gas pip s , o o e e e oo i n stru lubricating ils , tracti n ngin s , machin t ls , e the o e e of o m nts , and in fact wh l machin ry civilizati n are required . I was also supplied with particulars of the amount

e e etc . o fcertain raw mat rials such as ﬂax, lim , , which a re ready for immediate export . In addition there is the prospect o fcontract work of e o in the actual development Russia . I hav a c py o fthe proposed concession to a neutral ﬁrm for the o u o o f o to o e c nstr cti n a railway fr m Obi K tlas , trav rs o o e e e ing c untry ab unding in w alth , and v ry economic student o fRussia knows the boundless development INDUSTRY 7 3

e e work awaiting Western enterprise in this kind . Th r i n e i i o n ew e e . s w s s n thing in th s facts But it , and g n iﬁcant e are e e the o ofthe , that th y mphasiz d by fﬁcials

o e e i s e . S vi t R public . Of such th ir propaganda ’ the o R koffs e Whilst war is on , naturally m st of y tim e the of is sp nt in supplying Army, a sort Ministry o of Muniti ns . e o e e he e e e e W mot r d back lat in t v ning, and w r e e e e stopp d again by two punctur s , which xhaust d all our s e ee o e e we to par wh ls . Luckily, h w v r , got back o m M scow at 7 p . - I saw an announcement in the Press to day giving particulars ofthe arrests in Moscow for the month e e e e e e of S pt mb r for speculation . During S pt mb r

e o e e e e 68 men 2 o e . p rs ns w r arr st d , 7 and 33 w m n ’ When these people had been taken before the People s

o was o of h e e 1 1 e e e e e C urts , it f und that t s 0 w r d s rt rs o the e e e e e e e 80 fr m Army, l v n w r scap d criminals ; 4 e e e e e to o e 2 0 e e e w r s nt nc d c nc ntration camps , 4 r c iv d e e e the e e e 0 e e minor s nt nc s , s nt nc s of 9 w r pending , the e and r mainder were released .

Frida ctober 1 0th y, O .

I was n ow beginning to think ofgetting back to ho e o e o e the England , and w b st t eff ct that j urn y with e e e e n ot gr at st c l rity and the minimum of risk , as I did to be e e or on the wish d tain d waylaid way , carrying , as e e o I did , such valuabl documents . I und rst od that a conference was shortly to take place at Dorpat be ee th e e e tw n Baltic States and the Soviet Gov rnm nt , and it was suggested to me that the best plan would be 7 4' THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC to accompany the Soviet delegates and cross the from

e o . o e e e e ti r with that Missi n H w v r , no r ply had y t been received from the Baltic States as to the date o f e e e be ee e t con this conf r nc , and, as it will s n lat r , his ference was postponed owing to the feint attack on

Petrograd . At noon I went to the headquarters o fthe Moscow ’ Labor Uni on and had an hour s talk with M eln ichan the e e the o o o P rofes sky , S cr tary of M sc w C uncil of u The i i ofthe o o o sio al Alliances . bu ld ng M sc w C uncil ofProfessional Alliances is situated in the former e for the ee ofthe palac m tings nobility, a building where receptions and o ther social functions used to e i e en be held . It is a larg bu lding containing a gr at c f he o on e o t e i . tral blong hall , larg st halls in Russ a The are e e e l sides lin d with whit marbl pi lars , support e e are e e ing the cornic s , behind th m two wid prom e e e e ee nad s , abov th m is a gall ry which runs round thr Th e e . e e sides . It is littl chang d lighting arrang e n ot to e he m nts were brilliant . It is difﬁcult imagin t e o f e e e e glitt ring throng courti rs and nobl s , j w ls and e to e diamonds which us d ﬁll it, and such a pictur is , — a strange contrast to its present use a hall for the o e o w e w rk rs . Its conditi n as rath r dirty and somewhat ee e the e untidy, for it had b n us d during Gr at War as o -oo for th the o w rk r ms e making of uniforms . In l ng -- galleries in former times coats ofarms and other sym o o e the e e e b ls of the nobility ad rn d walls , but th s hav n ow been replaced by shields bearing the emblems of the Republic and the different Pro fessional Alliances or e e e e e e Trad Unions mod l d in plast r , and wher form rly,

7 6 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

e are e one the Th y unit d in central organization , All of e o e r Russian Council Prof ssi nal Alliances . Th y a e o o e o e an d als rganized by localiti s, by pr vinc s, by Na tion al o Co- o o o . s C uncils ordination , far as c nditi ns of o are o e e lab r c nc rn d, culminates in the Commissariat o f o the e o e Lab r , which is concerned with nr lm nt and

o o the fix distributi n of labor thr ughout Russia , with the o of o o f e o ing of h urs w rk , th ir durati n , of factory e e o the of xt nsi n , and so on , thus combining functions o e o e o o e Lab r Exchang and Fact ry Insp ct r . A c mpr hen sive code oflaws has been published dealing with e Co-o o so ro this matt r . rdinati n , far as industry and p o o e e the e e ducti n is c nc rn d , is carried out by Supr m fr o e Council o Public Econ my . This signifi s that throughout the country every industry is amalgamated o e e n e in int gr at Stat Trusts , maki g for conomy and e o o The e e e tensiv pr ducti n . qu stion of strik s is int r be e e e esting . It must r aliz d that in a communistic stat e e e e a strik would be illegal . Wh r as in England strik breakers are considered as traitors to the cause ofthe o e e the o e e e w rk rs , in Russia , und r S vi t syst m , peopl o wishing to strike are deemed to be trait rs . he o e o o the Many times in t H us of C mm ns , during e e e e the e o f is past y ar , hav I sugg st d s nding a Comm e e e o f e to sion , r pr sentativ all parti s, Russia to find out h ee e to t t e true facts of the situation . N dl ss say his O e e e who e e was ppos d by the Gov rnm nt, app ared to hav n o e e e o such d sir , and I was v ry glad that on M nday, o e e 1 the e e o e N v mb r 7th , sam qu sti n was again rais d by Mr . Arthur Henderson . It is a pity that this was e the o e m n not don , B lsh vik Govern ent would willi gly INDUSTRY 7 7

e e e have receiv d such a d putation . It would hav car ried more weight and more authority than independent o e e e o o j urnalists and ind p nd nt p liticians , and w uld , in the o e e e e of e con l ng run , hav allay d a gr at d al unr st in n ec i on he e o t with t Russian qu sti n . There is much which the Western World can learn o e e e e e fr m th s social xp rim nts . I spent the evening at the Foreign Ofﬁce from eight to e e e l v n typing out certain documents . CHAPTER VII

RELIGION AND WOMEN

nda ctober 1 2th . Su y, O

’ h e I spent this day in visiting t e childr n s theaters . I am told that in M oscow there are thirteen theaters for e The open on Sundays specially littl children . re e : e o o plays a vari d dramatic , ducati nal , hum rous , and o on e ee e e to see was n ot s . I w nt to thr of th s that it e e e e e e all bluff. Th y w r pack d with nthusiastic juv i e e e o n ot e o e e n l audi nc s , and I c uld h lp w nd ring , wh n I saw those little children so thoroughly enjoying this n e e e e e to e e w exp rim nt , which t nd d giv th m such a

e e e e e e e for h e o full r lif , wh th r it was r ally n c ssary t m t undergo the terrible hardships in the fo rthcoming winter which will be necessitated by the Allied o e bl ckad . ’ After the usual late afternoon s meal we went to the o f o o . e the e fam us Church St Basil , just utsid gat s o fthe e e o e e o f Kr mlin . It is an xtra rdinary pi c archi e Th o t cture . e architect is supp sed to have been Shot

the oo e e on by Tsar s n aft r its compl tion . I hardly w d r e . It appears to the observer as a conglomerate

o f e e o e n o o f mass minar ts , tow rs , and d m s , two which e o e no o f r f h match ach th r , two which a e o t e same e r h o t e e o . its patt rn sam c lor Still , it has attractions . e the o o o fthe a o It is paint d in all c l rs r inb w, and they 78 R ELIGION AND W OMEN 9

o e of are of the most varied forms . S m them are r e e e are Shaped like bulbs o pin apples , som of th m

e e o e o f e are e e twist d in strang spirals , s m th m s rrat d , f e e e e some o th m covered with fac ts or scal s , and th y bulge ou t over their supporting drums and are crown ed o e The e e e e with cr ss s . g n ral ff ct is quaint and fan i Th e ast c e e . e e e t in the extr m insid is v ry s pulchral , f e e was o something like a series o vaults . A s rvic g ing

on e we e the was o e . wh n w nt in , and church cr wd d fh e ee I thought o t e proclamations that I had so oft n s n , the ee e o e that churches in Russia had b n d str y d , and again state that this detail ofthe real visible national life was in such vivid contrast to my preconceived notions that I am conscious of strong mental re bound to the advantage ofthe rule o fthe Soviet

Republic . The Russian revolutionaries have repeated history e the e The e f by br aking with Stat Church . cal ndar o Russian orthodoxy has been replaced by the calendar of e e o e W st rn Eur p . D en ikin has marked his po sition by restoring the obsolete orthodox calendar in the districts he has e o e e r c v r d . The e are e the ma orit o fthe e cl rgy divid d , . j y high r of the e ofthe o e ficials , princ s Church , may c nfid ntly be oo e for on the e o S e fi l k d r acti nary id . But a suf cient number have made the distinction between ec clesiastical m e of e e achin ry and spiritual fic , suffici ntly e to e the e o of e cl arly acc pt s parati n Church and Stat , as witness the following statement which appeared in the e on e 1 th 1 1 Pr ss Octob r 9 , 9 9 80 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

On the 1 3th of September representatives o fthe Clergy and ofthe Petrograd Metropolitan Ven iamin e the e e o fthe e o o e om visit d Pr sid nt P tr grad S vi t , C e o e e e e e he rad Zin vi v . Th y hand d him a l tt r from t M etropolitan regarding rumors ofcontemplated ar e the n r sts among Petrograd clergy . The following is a extract o fthis letter

The Petrograd Clergy strongly uphold the decree regard the e o ofthe r h e We are ing s parati n Chu ch from t e Stat . on e e e o e o the carrying xclusiv ly r ligi us activity . R ligi n in oc e e e n ec e Russian S ialist Fed ral Sovi t R public is ot pers ut d . e who o the e e o The o o of W w rk in c nt r kn w this . intr ducti n the decree regardi ng the separation ofthe Church from the State should not allow believers to be deﬁled or persecuted e e e e e e e o the e e ofthe just b caus th y b li v . In P tr grad , c nt r

o e the e ee e ee o o e S vi t, d cr s hav always b n put int f rc in a r e e e The e ofthe more o less p rf ct mann r . ﬁrmn ss Church policy ofthe political authorities has created among the Clergy and followers ofthe Petrograd Church a sincere o ee o we are e e e and l yal f ling t ward it, and sur that all th s o are e e a e the a e be ru m rs which unn c ss rily xciting m ss s , will , — refuted by the higher authority the Executive Committees — as this would only insure the continuation o fthe relations toward the Church which we have always accepted with a o feeling ofsatisfacti n .

e the e e f e Furth r , d l gation o ﬁcially d clares to Zino viev that the Petrograd Clergy resolutely condemns the support given by the individual representatives ‘ ’ o fthe e the e the e o Cl rgy to Whit s , and that M tr politan has decided to deprive such representatives of

e . e e o e e th ir rights In r ply, Comrad Zin vi v assur d the RELIGION AND WOMEN 8 1

del egation that n o arrests among the clergy were ever

o e e he e e e c nt mplat d , and xpr ss d the hOpe that the Clergy would strictly adhere to the decree concerning the e o ofthe C th ” s parati n hurch from e State .

The e e o is o the tru R v lutionary a Rati nalist , and

e e o f e o o n ow as o e o l ad rs r v luti n in Russia , in th r c un e o e e the e e f tri s f rm rly , r gard ingrain d r ligious habit o

the o as o e e e rdinary man a c nt mptibl sup rstition . The Russian revolutionaries are in the course o f learning wisdom on the most ﬁrmly established fact ’ of o the e e is n ot human hist ry , that av rag man s mind - - so self contained and self reliant as to enable him to e o e o liv with ut som m ral sanction from outside himself . In my own observation the driver o fthe droshky he e e the o crosses himself as pass s ach church , rdinary man and woman turns from his marketing for a few ’ moments religious exercise in the wayside chapel . Russian churches are famed for their number and t e e o o e o the h ir d c rati ns , and th y still stand intact, fr m e e o f the o M os gr at cath drals St . Isaac and Savi ur in c w o h o down t t e smallest Shrine . o e n ot ee o e e are ee e e Ik ns hav b n ab lish d , th y s n v ry ’ e e in o e o e the oo o f o wh r , c ttag s , fact ri s, in sal n Tr tsky s e sp cial train .

M on da ctober 1 th y, O 3 .

No news had yet arrived concerning the proposed Peace Conferen ce at D orpat between the Baltic States

the So e o e e wa e to and vi t G v rnm nt, and I s b ginning fear whether it would be possible to get back to Hel 8 2 THE R USSIAN REPUBLIC

fr sin gfors in order to catch the steamer o Hull due to rd leave on October 23 . o e A Lettish Red Cross Missi n had arriv d , and was e e ee e e e staying in my hous . It compris d thr d l gat s , the Mayor ofLibau and two members ofthe Lettish

n ot e me to e Diet . It did tak long asc rtain that this o e e e e was n ot a Red Cross Missi n , but a s cr t P ac Mis the e Red o sion from Latvia , and larg Cr ss brassards which they wore on their arms were justiﬁ ed only in e e e e o e e e to so far as these g ntl m n , lik th rs , w r trying bring about peace in this old world . e he o e to- I arranged to se t British pris n rs day, and accordingly drove that afternoon to the house in which The o e who e e e o e . they wer acc mmodat d pris n rs , w r o ee to are e e e not v lunt rs ﬁght against Russia , tr at d v ry e e e e e o e considerat ly . Th y w r living in a larg h us ,

e -ﬁve o f e o e e o e e about tw nty th m t g th r , with s m Fr nch

e . e e e e e e o e e prison rs Th y w r g n rally h althy and c nt nt d , at least as contented as anyone who is a prisoner can e o e me he be expected to be . Th y inf rm d that t y had nothing to complain o fwith regard to the treatment e e e e e e the th y w re receiving . Th y r c iv d ration of black f e etc . o o e o br ad , , as much as rdinary civilians . S m them had received n o letters from home for twelve

o . e o e e e e e e e m nths Th ir cl th s w r v ry scanty , and I b li v the supplies which were sent over for them last winter have been held up in Finland owing to the absurd dif ﬁculties which have been put in th e way o fcommuni e o cating with Sovi t Russia . I pr mised to do what I could as a private M ember ofParliament to expedite the conclusion of the negotiations which are proceed

8 4 , THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC grams negotiating for the exchange o fprisoners take

-e e e oo o e up twenty ight pag s of typ d f lscap , c mm ncing

n a th 1 1 the e o January 4 , 9 9 , and culminating in d spatch ’ f e Grad o e e the e o f o Mr . Jam s O y to C p nhag n at tim ee e e o o o this book . I f l sur that direct n g tiati ns c uld e ee e o do n ot o e e hav b n tak n so ner, and I kn w wh th r the delays were due to a fear that the returned pris o e m e o e e e the n rs ight hav ad pt d Bolsh vik id as , or that fact ofdiscussing the matter with the B olsheviks was tantamount to the recognition o fSoviet authority . The telegrams are protracted and tedious and taper off at times into purely personal abuse between Lord

Curzon o fKedleston and the B olshevik Government . In on e telegram Lord Curzon o fKedleston stated that he e e e o e e wish d it cl arly und rsto d that M ssrs . L nin and Trotsky and all other persons concerned would be held directly and personally responsible for the treatment accorded to all o e ot e s e British pris n rs and h r Briti h subj cts .

o o e the e few e or er Back w uld c m r ply a days lat r, p few ee e o to the o e haps a w ks lat r , acc rding atm sph ric o o e e e o o e c nditi ns , which naturally d lay d this t di us m d o f o o c mmunicati n .

Any repetition ofsuch threats addressed personally to the Russian Government is characteristic only o fthe mentality o f e o e the e e e to th ir auth rs , and will caus Sovi t Gov rnm nt consider whether they can entertain any further nego tiations with the present British Government even on questions like

a o fthe e e f e th t xchang o prison rs . CHAPTER VIII

THE PEACE TERMS

1 th Tu esda October . y, 4 I n ow found that an opportunity occurred o fleaving - Soviet Russia in company with the so called Lettish

R o o so e e was n ot e to o e ed Cr ss Missi n , th r much tim l s e o e e the n ec es in g tting my things t g th r , and making

o o e o m e sary preparations . I b rr w d a p rt ant au in which to o o e oo to the o e st w my d cum nts , and t k this F r ign

e o e et e o e e e to o Ofﬁc in rd r to g it c ns r d and s al d , av id o e so the o e e e o e e e o e tr ubl , far as c nt nts w r c nc rn d, b f r crossing the frontier .

was e o ed e e e e e to I rath r ann y , b caus wh n lat r I cam open my bag I found that on e or two documents had ee e e On e of e e wa o b n r tain d . th s s a bulky publicati n ” e e o of o e o e was h ad d Distributi n Pr p rty, an th r a list which had carefully been prepared by the Foreign Of ﬁ ce ofthe o e o e pris n rs , military and civilian , in S vi t ’ the o o e o f o e Russia , third was a Barth l m w s map Eur p ,

o i n ew o e e o fth sh w ng b undari s . In spit e fact that all o fthese were approved by the Soviet Foreign Ofﬁce i n fact the two former had been given to me by that — authority all three were retained by the B olshevik o Military Auth rities . The po ssibility o fpeace in Russia and the co ndi tions on which it could be Obtained were directly dis 85 8 6 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

cussed an d the resolutions crystallized in the form of the o o i e e e S e f ll w ng stat m nt, which I hav inc published in the Daily Press :

The All ied and Associated Governments to propose that hostilities shall cease on all fronts in the territory ofthe o e e t o a Lith u f rm r Russian Empir , including Es h nia , Latvi , a on e to be set to a o uf e ania, and Finl nd, a dat , ll w s ﬁci nt t e for o a o to be e e e e im n tiﬁc ti n r c iv d by all parti s , and that n o n ew hostilities shall begin after this date pendi ng a con e e e to be e e o o e a e e f r nc h ld in a n utral c untry , pr vid d th t ith r a radio or di rect telegraph wire to Moscow should be put at f e e e the disposal o the Sovi t Gov rnm nt . The duration ofthe Armistice to be for two weeks unl es s e en e o e e to the r e xt d d by mutual c ns nt, and all parti s A mistic to undertake n ot to employ the period o fthe Armistice to transfer troops and war materials to the territory ofthe e The o e e e to i u e e former Russian Empir . c nf r nc d sc ss p ac n the ofthe o o e n ot be o basis f ll wing principl s , which shall subj ect to revision by the conference 1 e d e acto o e e c e bee set . All xisting f G v rnm nts whi h hav n n th e o ofthe o e u a e up o e t rrit ry f rm r R ssi n Empir , including on u i to e a l Esth ia, Latvia , Lith an a , and Finland , r m in in fu l control ofterritories which they occupy at the moment when efe e e e so far the con the Armistice becomes f ctiv , xc pt in as ee o the e o f e o e ference may agr up n transf r t rrit ri s , until the peoples inhabiting the territories controlled by these de facto Governments shall themselves determine to change

their Governments . r The Russian Soviet Government and all other Govern ments which have been set Up on th e territory ofthe former e the e o ed o er e Russian Empir , Alli d and Ass ciat G v nm nts , and th e other Governments which are operating against the THE PEACE TERMS 8 7

o e e to a ee n ot to a e to u e Soviet G v rnm nt, gr tt mpt ps t by force the existing de facto Governments which have been set up on the territory ofthe former Russian Empire and e the other Governments signatory to this agreem nt . 2 The e o o oc a e to be e an d a e e a . c n mic bl k d rais d tr d r l tions between Soviet Russia and the Al lied and Associated - countries to b e re established u nder conditions which will insure that supplies from th e Allied an d Associated cou ntries are made available on equal terms to all classes ofthe Rus a e e si n p opl . The o e o e e of to e the 3 . S vi t G v rnm nts Russia hav right ofunhindered transit on all railways and the use ofall ports

c e o e to the o e a e u whi h b l ng d f rm r Russi n Empir , incl ding

o a t a a a are eces a Esth nia, Latvi , Li hu ni , and Finl nd , and n s ry for the disembarkation an d transportation ofpassengers and goods between their territories and the sea ; deta iled ar rangements for the carrying out ofthis provision to be ee at the o e e e agr d Upon c nf r nc . The e fthe So e e of to a e 4 . citiz ns o vi t R publics Russia h v the right offree entry into the Allied an d Associa ted coun e e o all o r e a e ee o e tri s, as w ll as int c unt i s which h v b n f rm d on the te o ofth e o e u a e rrit ry f rm r R ssi n Empir , including t o at a a a a o the Es h nia , L vi , Lithu ni , and Finl nd . Als right of o our a o an d u e o e s j n and circul ti n f ll s curity, pr vid d they do n ot interfere in the domestic politics of those u co ntries . Nationals ofthe Allied and Associ ated countries and of the oth er countries above named to have th e right o ffree e o the So et e of u s a o th e of ntry int vi R publics R s i , als right o o an d of u a o an d u e u o e t e s j urn , circ l ti n f ll s c rity, pr vid d h y do n ot interfere in the domestic politics ofthe Soviet R e The publics . Allied an d Associated Governments which have been set up on th e territory o fthe former Russian e u t o a a a t u Empir , incl ding Es h ni , L tvi , Li h ania, and Finland, 8 8 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC to have the right to send ofﬁcial representatives enj oying full liberty and immunity into the various Russian Soviet e R publics . The Soviet Governments o fRussia to have th e right to send ofﬁcial representatives enjoying full liberty an d im munity into all the Allied and Associated countries and into - the non Soviet countries which have been formed on the e o fthe t rrit ry o former Russian Empire in Fin land . Th o e he o e o e e . e e o e t 5 S vi t G v rnm nts, th r G v rnm nts , which have been set up on the territory o fthe former R us sian Empire to give a general amnesty to all Russian politi cal o o e o e e o e to e e pp n nts, ff nd rs , and pris n rs, and giv th ir own nationals who have been or may be prosecuted for giv e to o e ing h lp S vi t Russia . All Russians who have fought in or otherwise aided the e o o e to the o e o e e o e o armi s pp s d S vi t G v rnm nts , and th s p posed to the other Governments which have been set up on the e o ofthe o e u a e t rrit ry f rm r R ssi n Empir , including o to be e Esth nia , Latvia, Lithuania, and Finland , includ d in e this amn sty . - All prisoners ofwar ofn on Russian Powers detained in e e a o of o e owe n ow Russia, lik wis all n ti nals th s P rs in Russia , b e fr e o The u s to e giv n all faci lities o r patriati n . R s ian o e of e e o e ma be l e pris n rs war, in what v r c untry th y y , ik

e all a o the u o e wis Russi n nati nals , including R ssian s ldi rs of e o o e e o e m es and ﬁc rs abr ad , and th s s rving in all f r ign ar i , t fr e o be given full faciliti es o r patriation . 6 e e e the o f ee e . Imm diat ly aft r signing this agr m nt all troops o fthe Allied and Associated Governments and other n on- a o e e t to be o u a Russi n G v rnm n s withdrawn fr m R ssi , and military assistance to cease to be given to any o fthe Go vernments which have been set up on the territory o fthe e us a e form r R si n Empir . - The Soviet Governmen t and the anti Soviet Governments THE PEACE TERMS 8 9

which have been set up on the territory ofthe former Ru s

a E e u E o a a a ua a an d si n mpir , incl ding sth ni , L tvi , Lith ni , Fin

a to e to e u e t e a e S u a eou an d l nd, b gin r d c h ir rmi s im lt n sly at th e same rate to a peace footing immediately after the sign of a ee e ing this gr m nt . The conference to determine the most effective and just method ofinspecting and controlling this Simultaneous de mobilization and also the withdrawal o fth e troops and the , - cessation ofmilitary assistance to the anti Soviet Govern e m nts . The e o te o e e a co 7 . Alli d and Ass cia d G v rnm nts t king g n iz an ce of the statement o f the Soviet Government o f Russia in its Note ofFebruary 4 th in regard to its foreign debts propose as integral part o fthis agreement that the Soviet Governments an d the other Governments which have ee set u on the e o ofthe o e u a e b n p t rrit ry f rm r R ssi n Empir , di o a a ua a a a inclu ng Esth ni , L tvia, Lith ni , and Finl nd , sh ll recogni ze their responsibilities for the ﬁnancial obligations ofthe o e u a re to o e a e a e to f rm r R ssi n Empi f r ign St t s , p rti s a ee e to the NDI IDUAL ATIONALS of uc this gr m nt, and I V N s h a e e a e a e e for the a e o f e e St t s . D t il d arr ng m nts p ym nt th s e to be a ee o a t the o e e e e a e bad d bts gr d up n c nf r nc , r g rd b ing he e a o o of u to t pres nt ﬁnanci l p siti n R ssia . (It must be remembered that the Russian debt amounts — to 568 millio ns n o negligible quantity in these days o fna ’ tional eco o -C L E n my . . . M . ) E —The e f NOT . statem nt ofthe Soviet Government o Feb ruar th 1 1 e e e to a o e o o y 4 , 9 9 , r f rr d b v , is as f ll ws

The Russian Soviet Government does n ot refuse to recognize its ﬁnancial obligations to all its credi o e e a e or ua e o to th e t rs, ith r St t s individ ls, b l nging e e o e e ea e a ofthe a o Ent nt P w rs, wh r s d t ils realiz ti n ofthis point must become the object o fspecial 90 THE RUSSIAN R EPUBLIC

agreement as th e res ult o fthe proposed n egotia

tions .

In View ofthe dif ﬁcult ﬁnancial situatio n the R us sian Soviet Government proposes an exchange

' raw materials l be e a e in with , which wi l nunci t d he t suggested agreement. In Vi ew ofthe great interest which has always been shown by foreign capital for the exploita tion of a c e the u o e Gov Russi n natural ri h s , R ssian S vi t ern men t is disposed to grant concessions upon e o e so on to e ofthe Eu min s , f r sts , and , citiz ns tente Powers under conditions which must be e e e e so the e o o and car fully d t rmin d , that c n mic social order ofSoviet Russia shall not suffer from e of e e o e o the internal rul th s c nc ssi ns . The Russian Sovi et Go vernment will negotiate with the Entente Powers on the ques tion o fterritorial

concessions .

The o e o e e of e a e ac 8 . S vi t G v rnm nt Russia und rt k s and e ts the o e o o o o e e not c p f r g ing pr p sal , pr vid d that it is mad e e 1 th 1 1 The So e e e e o . o lat r than N v mb r s , 9 9 vi t G v rnm nt - is most anxious to have a semi ofﬁcial guarantee from th e American and British Governments that they will do their utmost to see to it that France lives up to the conditions of the A e rmistic . The Soviet Government hopes that it will n ot be neces sary to transfer this offer (with th e necessary modiﬁcations ) he o to t Central P wers .

e e o e e e to Aft r compl ting th r formaliti s , bidding adi u o Tchitcheri n o e Litvin ff and and th rs , packing my e to 1 0 m scanty traps , I was r ady start at p . Lit

CHAPTER I !

HOMEWARD BOUND

t n sda October 1 h . Wed e y, 5

e The train was comparativ ly comfortable . We had o o f e ee e a certain am unt black br ad and ch s , and it was possible to obtain the usual supply o fhot Water at the e e o e e e various stations . Th r was a y ung f mal att ndant o e the in charge ofour salo n . I must anticipat cynic he She e by adding that s was plain and ugly , but mad it clear from the outset that her duties were solely to the e n ot to e to the keep car cl an , and in any way att nd o e e her o so w e saw commissariat . H w v r , w rk , far as

o e e the e it , c nsist d v ry slightly of latt r, and hardly at all ofthe former . on We arrived at Ryej rtsa at 7 a m .

1 6th Thursda ctober . y, O I was surprised in the morning to receive a telegram e e to from Moscow . It was addr ss d

E E COMRAD MALON , e 2 Carriage Numb r ,

Lettish Railway .

n h 1 th e and sent offat midnight o t e 5 . It w nt as follows HOMEWAR D BOUND 9 3

In your notes it is said that th e ﬁrst effort to conclude

ea e w o e e p c as the proj ect worked ut tog th r with Bullitt. I n ea on our e e was e e ea e e—the r lity, part, th r v n rli r mad o e e e of ea e o e to the e e e wh l s ri s p c ff rs Ent nt , b ginning in u t 1 1 Th t r fSo e of o e e 8 . e o e o Aug s , 9 Six h C ng ss vi ts , N v mb r, 1 1 8 o e e o u o to the efe ea e be o e e 9 , ad pt d r s l ti n f ct that p c ff r d to the e e an d ee t rO osal s e Ent nt , in k ping wi h this p p hav ee e u eco of our ofe b n mad by us . A f ll r unting f rs is ’ conta ined in our appeal to the workers organizations of a e a ta of 1 th 1 1 hi Fr nc , Engl nd, and I ly July 7 , 9 9 . T s appeal was delivered to you when you visited me the ﬁrst e tim . The Times e e e e e t o to English r c iv d by us r f rs , in addi i n o e h a e to o -be e o e to e ee th r c rg s , a w uld articl supp s d hav b n e o a e Latzis and to c o e writt n by C mr d , dis ussi n in th Soviet e as to ea of o u e o e be e Pr ss which m ns t rt r sh uld b st appli d . be ou to e a e a a o e a e I g y d cl r in Engl nd th t this is abs lut ly f ls . D en iki n fabricates our newspapers as if they were printed o o o e to e c e e in M sc w in rd r black n us, whi h is th cas in this instance. T CH I TCH ERI N .

e e We appeared to miss our connection . I think th r was some muddle in connection with the orders to the u o e o to ofﬁciousn ess military a th riti s , and , wing the of o o we e e e e for e some l cal C mmandant, w r d tain d tw nty so we oo the o o f e four hours , t k pportunity str tching

r e e U to the o o h ou l gs , and walk d p t wn in c mpany wit e e e we o Rutg rs, L and F wh r f und an apol fr e hot e ogy o a r staurant , and had our ﬁrst m al for f e e e o o 1 0 o . some tim , at a pric nly 5 r ubl s o o e o e to the o e re This t wn , c mparativ ly cl s fr nti r, p e o e e e e sented a normal asp ct . Such sh ps as xist d w r 94! THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC open and comparatively well stocked wi th local pro

e . We e e ed duc walk d about unmol st , and apparently o e unn tic d . In the evening we were lucky in ﬁnding that a train o e to h e t e to e e . e e we was pr c ding front, V l ni How v r , had learnt not to expect anything until it had com men ced to e so we e e e ee e happ n , w r v ry glad ind d wh n , about we felt the shock of the engin e coupling up our carriage .

Frid a ctober 1 th y, O 7 .

The train arrived near the frontier in the early hours

o . our in of the m rning At guard woke us , and e e h structed us to get ready . W l ft t e train at seven ’ o o o ee cl ck , and f und that thr light farm carts and a We e e cavalry escort were awaiting us . w r not far the o t e so e to the the fr n i r , bid adi u guard , and , in ‘ from e e e the o e Re gray , chilly dusk , start d off to l av S vi t public . e ee e e ! What strang f lings , what strang impr ssions The road followed within half a mile or so o fthe e e ee railway lin , which I notic d had b n blown up in on e or two e o e e plac s , alth ugh it app ared that r pairs n o e o ofthe would t take v ry long . M st road lay e o e e - our through a thick pin f r st, a n wly cut track , carts j erking over the protruding stumps of the felled

o o r e . trees . A f urth cart tried to join up in u cavalcad e o e o the I suppos a l cal farm r , who th ught that in dusk he might ta ke the oppo rtunity o fcrossing the fron H th e o e . e e e oo e e ti r was , how v r, s n spott d by sc rt , who diverted him from ou r rough track through the forest . HOMEWARD BOUND 5

When we arrived at the Bolshevik frontier there were o e o e or o e o e who e o e s m d z n m r s ldi rs , r m v d the barbed e e e e on the wir ntangl m nts track . We were rather sur prised by on e ofthese coming up to us and conversing e he o in ﬂu nt English , which inf rmed us he had learnt while spending two or three years of the Great War in e o e a G rman pris n . W were n ot submitted to any ex o we e aminati n as had anticipat d . We had been afral d that we Should lose everything that we had in our o e o e e e p ck ts and had mitt d to hav s aled . Luckily this ’ was n ot the e e cas . L nin s long arm evidently reached

e o e o e e The e e this r m t fr nti r pick t . scort l ft us , and we o e o the e o e e e of o 6 dr v acr ss n utral z n , an xt nt ab ut e v rsts . And so we left behind us th e test tube o fone of ’ the o e e e The e w rld s gr at st social exp erim nts . L tts had o e e e L m unt d a larg whit flag on a stick , and had e o e e e e e n eces a d c rativ Am rican flag, should m rg ncy Th e e e . e sitate it . It was an un v ntful transit n utral zone had nothing in common with that on the Western - i o e e e e n ot e e e o e . Fr nt . Th r w r v n sh ll h l s I th nk I had e on e or t o e o but e are o e e h ard w rifl sh ts , th y m r lik ly to e ee e e hav b n accid ntal , or for gam , than with military e o int nti n . There is really n o personal enmity between the Letts the The e o we and Russians . peasants , all thos wh m e the e o e e e e e e pass d in n utral z n , w r ntir ly occupi d with e l o e e to be o o th ir farm ab rs , and th y appear d g ing ab ut e o th ir w rk undisturbed . In places across the neutral zone the road had been

o e o f ese e the the bl wn up , but in ach th cas s cavity in road was circumvented by a track passing through the 9 6 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

n e the adjoini g ﬁ ld , worn track giving evidence of e pretty r gular trafﬁc .

e 6 e e e e on the e of Aft r v rsts figur s app ar d cr st a hill , and we were eventually confronted by three Lettish o e the e o e e s ldi rs ; numb r was s on doubl d . W had e n ot e ee e so we promis d to tak the thr carts any furth r, o e ou r e o ee e dism unt d baggag and pr c d d on foot , a dis e of e e e e a tanc a furth r coupl of v rsts , to a cottag , p paren tly the headquarters of a very subordinate Com e e e e mandant . Our L ttish fri nds carri d on an animat d o e f e the S disc urs with this o fic r , discussing ituation in e e o e Latvia in g n ral , in Riga in particular, als r ading e Th e e o the most recent newspap r aloud . conv rsati n e the e e o e a drift d to J wish qu sti n , until th y finally p r ciated the L e e con p e fact that was pr s nt , and e he o e The o e e e clud d t c nv rsation . C mmandant t l phon d ’ o to e o e e e o o thr ugh a high r auth rity, and at l v n cl ck a e The locomotive and flat open truck arriv d . railway e e o e e e o e e ran clos by . W m unt d this v ry crud c nv yanc , and were taken to the first station from which a train e e e we e e the O e start d . H r transf rr d from p n flat truck — into a closed cattle truck comparative luxury ! I - think there were about thirty seven occupants o fthe o e e e e for the car ; h w v r , th ir animal warmth mad up e e d ficit in h ating units . The maj ority ofpassengers in the train were people who e e e e w r r fugees from Russia . Amongst th m was the wife o fthe Minister of Communications of the

o e e — o e Latvian G v rnm nt rather a coincidence . I h p she informed her husband about ou r experiences on the h o o . Latvian railways . S e acc mpanied us t Riga HOMEWARD BOUND 9 7

We e e e m arriv d at Kri sb rg at p . . , a compara e e i s o tively civilized place . Th r n ticeably more food on S e ofthe o e f this id fr nti r , but pitiful lack o railway W e o e our e o rolling stock . st w d baggag and urselves in an ambulance car that was lying in a Siding ofthe

o Our e e e e o e e stati n . L ttish fri nds had s v ral c ll agu s who e e o to e e for o o w r anxi us h lp th m , and , bvi us e o was e e to e too r as ns , it und sirabl giv much publicity o r e e e e he f t ou visit . Th r w r in t vicinity a number o the e - e Lan dswehr oo e o f s mi G rman tr ps , and in vi w the e ofVon d er o b e advanc G ltz , anything might antici e o e pat d fr m th m .

we e o for o e o e At 6 p m . l ft , but nly an th r sh rt stag , e o as Shtokman sho f e e again in a cattl wag n , far as , wh r e o e e we arrived at p m . Our L ttish c ll agu s had long conferences with the Lettish military Comman The was the o of w as dant . difﬁculty that t wn Riga being bombarded by Von der Goltz ; some reports even t e h o e . e e stated that t e t wn had fall n In any cas , h r was

o o i the o e e n communicati n by ra lway , and if G v rnm nt had retreated to the north w e should have to spend probably another two days proceeding by a circuitous e e e e rout via Marienburg and Walk . Th r was a buff t the o e the e ee at stati n , ﬁll d during night with b tw n S o e e to tea ﬁfty and ixty s ldi rs , but abl supply and

o ee o e o e . e e c ff , th ugh at an x rbitant pric W also h ard that it was possibl e to proceed by train to within 1 8

e ofthe o we e e e to do mil s t wn (which ultimat ly d cid d ) , e the e o fthe r o Um and trav l r st way by cart o h rse . e e e for f e pl asant w ath r this crude form o conveyanc . Everything seemed to be completely disorganized ; n o 9 8 THE R USSIAN REPUBLIC body seemed to be in command ; so different from the e e o e bureaucratic ord rlin ss in S vi t Russia , was a e e e thought that would n ot be r pr ss d . o e out e e are o o As far as I c uld mak , th r nly ab ut e the o e o f e i n ten locomotiv s in wh l Latvia , and pr tty we e the ferior machines at that . So pass d night in - ’ a small waiting room adj oinin g the stationmaster s O i

fi ce e the on oo e e e . I start d night a w d n tr stl in that oo e the e e e o the r m , th n on floor , but v ntually shift d int ’ o e o e e o o fbed stati nmast r s ffic , and rigg d up a s rt with

ou r e e e e o e the o . suitcas s , which w r a littl s ft r than flo r o the o It was a c ld night , raining , and in m rning t Th e e o o . e o e e chang d , sn w stati nmast r , s at d at his e e o e d sk in a littl ffic , was busy writing all night , at e e e o e H e o ot l ast when v r I w k up . e c rtainly c uld n e ee e ofthe e hav b n filling up r turns trains which pass d , ’ o h because there weren t any . P ssibly e was making a return o fthe number ofquestions stupid people e ask d him .

S aturda ctober 1 8th y, O . At about eight in the morn ing we made a scratch e out o e e oo we e f m al of s m tinn d f d had , r mnants o e f our black br ad from Moscow , and co fee which we e e - obtain d at the refreshm nt room . There was a good deal of discussion then between the military and our e to ee L ttish Mission , and it was difﬁcult s whether we o et or o e sh uld g to Riga not . S m still asserted that the o e e e e to the o we G v rnm nt had vacuat d n rth , and that have to proceed to that town by a circuitous ' should

route via Walk .

100 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

’ Dwina from Von der Goltz s German and White Rus

o who We e o on the o sian tro ps , r in c mmand s uth bank .

The e o e o e e o t on the e e r d ubtabl F h w v r , g busy t l e the i n ere o we ot phon with military Riga , and l ng g p ermission for the Mission and ourselves to take the locomotive and our wagon along the remaining 1 4 f e . o e e oh v rsts into Riga I was glad this , b caus it viated o o e the o o e e e a l ng j urn y in sn w in p n carts , v n e o e o e e W e e e n ot e d if w c uld hav btain d th m . w r sh lle the f o e on way through . A substantial bundle o r ubl s - seemed to incite the engine driver to sit on the safety Th h f e . e o e t e o he e valv railway b r scars t Gr at War , e e e e n ew o f e o e con n arly v ry bridg was , t mp rary timb r o e e the e o fthe old er structi n , and ran b sid wr ck p e o the e e e e man nt bridge . And al ng railway lin w r th o f e -o e e e - e eu scars sh ll h l s , gr at and small , barb d wir a e e o o e o o f e e t ngl m nts , dug uts , and th r symb ls int nsiv On e ee e the o e strife . has s n so oft n during War th s ” e o e e The o bri f c mmuniqués h ad d Dwina Fr nt, which fr h n ot I n ow saw o t e first time . What fighting had taken place in that neighborhood ! We were n ot allowed into the railway station of Riga el e the fi re the e e ( presumably it was w l und r of n my) , e e o but stopped about 2 versts outside . W walk d al ng - the railway line to the nearest road crossing and held

the two e our to the in up first carts which cam way , e o fthe e e who e e tens disgust ag d p asants , w r bringing in their market produce to Riga market ; but our Let tish military escort prevented any protest on their t o we e e o par . When we got into the t wn transf rr d int e o e e e a a mor civilized form of c nv yanc , the prov rbi l HOMEWARD BOUND 101 izvo htchik We o e to the e e e e s . dr v Int llig nc D partment o fthe e e e e e e e L ttish Military H adquart rs th r , b ing s nt to the o e e e wr ng addr ss first . H re we w re examined by two o e o e e n ee y ung L ttish ffic rs . Th y did ot s m to

o e o u s or our e w rry v ry much ab ut luggag , I am glad to sa o ee e to e the B 01 y, alth ugh I had b n car ful m lt shevik sea l on my suitcase and impress it with a n ew ’ eo e e As e e our King G rg s halfp nny . alr ady stat d , lug gage was sealed in order to make sure that it was n ot R e examined insid e Soviet ussia aft r leaving Moscow . We informed the Lettish ofﬁcers that we were en rou te to ou r e e e o e e r sp ctiv c untri s , England , Am rica , and o e e u s e for the o H lland . Th y gav military pass s t wn , was of o e e m which , c urs , und r ilitary law, giving us f r e - The fr eedom o circulation fo tw nty four hours .

e e o we e e we e L ttish sc rt th n discharg d , and bid adi u r e e We e the I n telli to ou Lettish P ac Mission . ask d

e o the e e o o to e g nce Ofﬁcers as t b st hot l t g . Th y ' e to o to the HOtel d e o e e advis d us g R m , which is n ar the ofthe e o banks Dwina , and b ing practically right p osite the e o e as l e be e be p G rman f rc s , w ik ly to saf r, cause the shells passed over the hotel ( instead o f through I thought this was rather temerarious

e o . o e e we e e the e o e to r as ning H w v r , acc pt d advic , dr v the o e oo the e o o f e ee h t l , and t k pr cauti n s curing thr n the ff h oo o o e . We e t e e r ms sid din d , ﬁrst civiliz d e for oo ee e hot m al a g d many w ks , and aft r a bath , - e . o e e ou r e e e e n ot to turn d in H w v r , w ll arn d r st was be o e to u s et for the o e all w d y , at midnight b mbardm nt o e e e a o he c mm nced . Th r w s a g o d deal o fn oise in t o e e o o f o the e e h t l , and a c rtain am unt panic fr m f mal 102 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC sex o eo e ee e to be o , and m st p pl s m d g ing downsta irs . L ee we n ot him was fast asl p , so did disturb , but Rutgers and I went down below to see what was hap h e . e e t e o e the p ning How v r , as n is , and I think risk , o e oo o o - we was hardly m r than a g d L nd n air raid , decided that we would n ot miss the opportunity ofa ’ e night s r st in bed .

h Su n da ctober 1 t . y, O 9

he e We got up at in t morning . W had now e e n o o e e o asc rtain d that b ats w r sailing fr m Riga . Rutgers and L had originally hoped to make their way south through Germany to Holland and C open e e e e so e e e e e to hag n r sp ctiv ly , th y now d ﬁnit ly d cid d

me o e e ee o f accompany t R val . I was v ry glad ind d

o e A to e x their company on such a j urn y . S is b e ected e e n e o p , wh n trav li g und r such c nditions , and o e e e e e o ow passing thr ugh such xp ri nc s , hith rt unkn n acquaintances are drawn into comparatively close ties ef to e o e o ffriendship . Our ﬁrst fort was ﬁnd a r sp nsibl Esthonian Government representative and get a per mit which would enable us to cross the frontier from ’ We e off ten o Latvia into Esthonia . start d at o cl ck in

i zvoshtchik e o e . we e an , with an inf rior h rs First w nt to the telegraph Ofﬁce and sent telegrams to ou r te s ective o e o o e who e p c untri s , n tifying th s car d about our n e o e e ot o two safe retur . W f und that th s g thr ugh in e o the o o o r three days . W f und that Esth nian C nsul h e e n e had evacuated t e town and s ttl d at We d n . It O o o e to o to e e 1 00 was bvi usly imp ssibl g W nd n , about out to et our o e kilometers of Riga , g passp rts vis d

104 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

’ plied us with rations for the two days j ourney up to he o e . We e e to t o R val th n w nt back Esth nian Missi n , o e our e o e e o e the Estho sh w d British nd rs m nts , btain d viSé o o o e nian fr m Captain a y ung Esth nian ofﬁc r , f h e and were n ow ready or t e fray . W had just time to ’ e catch ou r train at three o clock . W had some dis cussion to e e we had e for e or n ot as wh th r tim a m al , o e the o o e e e w but I Opp s d it, and m ti n was r j ct d by t o n W e e e our h H el d to o e . t e ﬁt e o e s ttl d bill at R m , and htchik to our e W e o added another i zvos cavalcad . f und that during ou r absence in the morning F had

e e e e e for me to call d , and l ft an urg nt m ssag go and or so on the to the o see him , ring him up , way stati n He o e h we stopped at his ﬂat . Sh w d us t e remains o f o f the e o e he e his ﬂat, which night b f r had arriv d a e e o e the e German sh ll had d m lish d front half , just l av e who e e oo the ing his wif , was alon in th ir r m at back , e o we o unscath d . I t ld him that had nly just timeto

the oo o the o catch train , so t k him al ng with us to stati n . The train left from the goods station as already men h e o e ﬁr tion ed t e e . e our , oth r stati n was und r Sinc absence last night he had been in touch with various e e e e e o authoriti s , not n gl cting thos und rgr und , and was e to me the S abl give a summary of ituation , both politi e ee cal and military . This plac s ms to be on e of the of e e o e hotbeds intrigu in East rn Eur p . What with the e e the the o inﬂu nc of Baltic Barons , associati ns of Von d er o the the e e G ltz and Young Turks , s cr t conventions

th e O e e o o to der o and p n d clarati ns fr m Paris Von G ltz ,

the o o fthe o e on o e and acti n British Auth riti s , e btain d da ta concerning international politics which would ﬁll HOMEWARD BOUND 05

o h a book , and w uld give t e public clues to many of the e o e o r He appar nt an mali s in u Russian policy .

o e me the e e o f o sh w d L ttish pap r that m rning , which e e m o e two e I must conf ss amaz d e . It c ntain d d clara tions : the first from Von der Goltz to the British Ad he e to O e fire miral , asking why had dar d p n , and K l h k threatening to report the matter to Admiral o tc a . The second statement was a reply from the British He he o e Von der o Admiral . said had nly fir d at G ltz e e S e e e his S b caus a stray h ll had fall n n ar hips , a virtual o o ee So we e ot to ee o ap l gy ind d . hav g k p in with b th e e sid s through all this dirty busin ss . the e fr The At station we purchased tick ts o Walk . train was a little b etter than those we had already ex erien ced W e o e e e e two p in Latvia . f und th r w r o e o - e e c ach s which had once been sec nd class sle p rs .

We o e o -e e o e appr priat d a f ur b rth d c mpartm nt , and by means ofbluff and rope on the door maintained it more or less to ourselves until the congestion in the cor ridor o e u s out o f to let o e eo e f rc d , sympathy , th r p pl e in . Aft r a hearty farewell to F who had seen

u s o S O we e m . o thr ugh much , l ft at 4 p Our c mpart e o e ee e o - ee e m nt had nc b n a s c nd class sl p r , but it had ee o e e e o f o e the b n c mpl t ly stripp d all uph lst ry, springs ofthe e o e e o e e b ds al n r maining c v r d with canvas , and e e was n o the o of o e e e th r glass in wind ws , and c urs th r was n o lighting .

e o e o o f e Lat r , a Russian s ldi r , a y uth about tw nty ee o on e l e e o ou r e He thr , with nly g, cam int carriag .

ee e the e o fth e ee had b n captur d in ﬁrst y ar War , b n in a German hospital and subsequently prison ever 106 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

e o e e ee e e — e e sinc , and had nly r c ntly b n r l ased tw lv e He n o e e e months after the Armistic . had id a wh r

e e e e e e e o e his family w r , wh th r th y w r in S vi t Russia ,

e e e e e e or e e e e e e . wh th r th y w r aliv , wh th r th y w r d ad He e o fn o o to o to he n o e kn w auth rity g , had prosp ct h n o o e We e few e o e e . b f r him , had m n y gav him a e to hundred roubles before we left . I am inclin d think that this youth is rather symbolic ofa race for e o e e e to e whos goo d nob dy at pr s nt app ars car . ’ W e e e Stakeln on e th e r ach d at o clock in morning , e e we o e e to be the wh r had t chang . This is suppos d e o W e e e e o L ttish Esth nian front . only wait d h r ab ut o e o o e e e we an h ur , and chang d int an th r train , wh r - obtained a seat in a third class compartment o fthe , oo e e our e e e usual w d n vari ty . Shifting luggag at th s e e e e o e i ﬁ e e to chang s pr s nt d c nsiderabl d f culti s . W had e e on e e to the e on e on e l av p rson watch luggag in train , to the n ew on e to do the guard it in train , and carry f . e ee e e ing It was lucky th re were thr o us . W arriv d

th e e o . at Walk at a m . n xt m rning

t r 20th M on da c obe . y, O

The town of Walk is on e ofthe few points ofdis cussion between the Lettish and Esthonian Govern o e e o o be e ments as to wh s t rrit ry it sh uld includ d in . e e e Here another change was n c ssary . W had missed he o e o to e on the e e o t c nn cti n R val dir ct lin via D rpat , and we were just reconciling ourselves to a twenty four hour wait when someone informed us that a light o e railway ran fr m Walk to R val , via Ruin , and e tea the fe exorbi Vekhma . We had som at bu f t, at an

108 THE R USSIAN REPUBLIC

e e oo but it m lt d as s n as it was lit, and it was only by retaining th e remnants in a match box and rigging up a wick with a piece o fstring that we managed to maintain illumination . Our friends left us at e F llin . Eventually we got to Reval at half an hour after n o the o we m . e e e e idnight Th r w r cabs at stati n , but

o who o e o we ﬁnally f und a man pr duc d a barr w , and the o oo o started a tramp around t wn l king for ro ms . h e o e . t e o e o e e Ev ry h t l was full At f urth hot l , h w v r , we decided to take a desperate course and insist on o o o o o the e o f acc mm dati n , and h lding a pist l in shap a f e o e the e o fthe o e bunch o pap r m n y at h ad night p rt r , ee e the o e S -oo we command r d nly availabl itting r m . I had taken the opportunity Ofou r calls at the sundry ’ the o for o e hotels to scan visit rs lists Arthur Rans m , fr o e o o . whom I was l oking , but with ut succ ss

o e o e e on e o fthe o e s the e of I n tic d , h w v r , in h t l nam the General Desino amongst list of names . ’ e ee n ow o two o o t e It must hav b n ab ut cl ck , but h re seemed to be a good many people still about in the

ee e e e o e hotel . Thr Russian ladi s w r giving t ngu in e e -oo so we e e n ot too th ir privat sitting r m , w r late for e —c e n o e o e supp r iviliz d , at s nsati nal pric . Luckily , e o e we e e o the o b f r turning in mad inquiri s ab ut b at . I found there was a boat to Helsingfors at ten the next to e morning , which I decided att mpt to catch . Rut e L e o f e e g rs and had f ars b ing d tained in Finland , and waited to make quite sure with their own Consuls e e o ee e e e o f et b for pr c ding furth r , and th y had hop s g a e to o e or e e ting boat dir ct Stockh lm from R val , v n HOMEWARD BOUN D 109

’ o e e o o e perhaps direct to C p nhagen . At nin cl ck w o e o o e o to the o btain d a dr shky and dr v d wn b at , Rut e L o o e m ff e e g rs and c ming down t s e e o . I r aliz d

' that our e e e n ot et e cer difficulti s w r y pass d , but a tain amount o fpenetrative persuasion enabled u s to pass the Customs Officers without Opening our e luggag . ’ The o e ten o o e Hel b at l ft at cl ck , and I arriv d at sin gfors at I was n ot allowed offthe boat be ’ e n ot ot o o e e e caus I had g a d ct r s c rtificat , a docum nt n ot e o f e o e e e as o o on I had h ard b f r . Th r w a d ct r h h me e f He o t e o w o e e o e . b ard b at, gav a pi c pap r

o e e asked me if I was suffering fr m any pid mic , and

m the e e e e e e me gave e n c ssary c rtiﬁcat , which nabl d The e f was the to pass down the gangway . n xt di ﬁculty

o f e The o e Passp rt O ﬁc . Finnish Passp rt Ofﬁc was a little bit p erplexed because I had a visé allowing me to e e e ee e nt r Finland , which had alr ady b n mark d , but there was n o Sign on the passport to indicate that I f e e o . o e e e o had l ft that c untry H w v r , by m ans acut dip l omatic e e e n ot e o on his pr ssur , l aving a littl suspici n

o e was e . e e mind , this bstacl circumnavigat d N xt cam the difﬁculty with the Customs Ofﬁcers and the exami ’ o of e The ofHis e nati n luggag . imprint Maj sty s half penny on the top o fa B olshevik seal allowed my heavy e o e o e to u m suitcas , c ntaining valuabl d cum nts , pass o e e n o e p n d . I did ot hesitate t open my hav rsack and lay bare the full d etails ofmy toilet requisites . From Helsingfors it i s n ot n ecessary to go into e e o fthe o e o f furth r d tails , that part j urn y which is e e to the e e e o e e to int r st r ad r is pass d, and fr m th r 1 10 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

e o f e England is a matt r routin . I took the quickest

o e to o Abo to t r ut , by train Abo , by boat fr m S ock

o n a e to e e e h h , cross Swed n Gott nburg , and th nc by ’ o to e e o o b at N wcastl , arriving at King s Cr ss , Lond n , e 2 h m . at p . on Monday, Octob r 7t

1 12 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC such slender excuses for intervention should have been

e to o for o r allow d h ld good so l ng . Many peace p o posal s were also made . It appears that the radio grams o fthe Soviet Government have never been pub

h d o fthe o e e e lis e by any G v rnm nts who r ceived them . The other attempts at peace are known vulgarly as ’ the o o the the ef Prinkip prop sals , Bullitt draft, and 1 o e o Fridthof e n ow we f rts mad by D ctor Nans n , and ﬁnd ourselves supporting partisan leaders in Russia by the supply ofarms and munitions at the expense of the e o we our o e British taxpay r, and in additi n ﬁnd G v rn ment carrying on an inhuman and illegal blockade he eo e the e against t Russian p pl , r sult of which during h o e o ee be e e t e c ming wint r m nths will ind d t rribl . — Atrociti es Strong partisans on both sides endeavor to work up feeling by appealing to that side o fhuman

e on e o e to e e o natur which th y h p mak an impr ssi n . I - refer to the propaganda and counter propaganda con o e No o e - e o e e ho cerning atr citi s . p n mind d bs rv r w visits Soviet Russia can shut his eyes to the black side

f e not. e e ee o affairs . C rtainly I did Ther hav b n a oo e e o o o g d many x cuti ns in Russia , far m re than I w uld

e to see e o o e e lik in a civiliz d c untry, but I f rc d mys lf to remember that the Government has been faced with - - well o rganized and d esperate attempts at counter revo l ution to use e e e to e e e . , and had st rn m asur s r pr ss th m o e e e e o I was t ld that th s activ and passiv pl ts , and in the e e on the e o f e particular activ att mpt lif L nin , aroused such a feeling among the people that a whole sale Red Terro r would undoubtedly have occurred if

S A x ee ppen di . CONCLUSIONS 113 certain exemplary executions had n ot promptly taken

e i s o e few eo e the dec plac . It pr babl that p pl noticed

' laration by Savinkoffwhich appeared in Le M atzn on

oth 1 1 he he r August 3 , 9 9, in which claims t credit fo o e the e o f e having rganiz d murd r L nin . So far as actual atrocities are concerned I am con vin ced that the anonymous stories published broad cast i n ofﬁcial White Papers and in the Press present o e e ofthe o e e e e e he a dist rt d vi w wh l cas . R m mb r t e e of the e e of o e vast xt nt Russia , unciviliz d natur s m o fits e do n ot o e e wid tracts , f rg t that strang things

! e to e e e e the e us d happ n v n und r Tsar , and it is asy to see that in a country wrought by a civil war such e e are o v nts b und to happen in outlying districts . T he question of atrocities i s on e ofthe hardest to e o No o e o vi w dispassi nately . man wh s civilizati n and humanity are real can picture to himself the scenes carried by the baldest tale oftorture and mutilation o e o on e o i o the o e with ut r acti n his m t ns , m r violent if e e suppr ss d outwardly . As a safegu ard we do n ot allow such details into the o o e of e e e print in rdinary c urs things , and wh r th y are o e e e o o e e disc v r d und r British jurisdicti n , in h w v r e o e o e o fthe e e o r m t a c rn r Empir , th y are put d wn with 1L o han an ir n d . Under the Tsarist régime the knout was the ultimate e o th e r as n of e autocratic Government . What t ars o e ee o e e e e e n o ﬂ w d uns n , what gr ans w r utt r d unh ard , man outside the Okhran a ofOld Russia can guess .

1 Thi s was w ritten before th e publicatio n o fd etails con cern in g Am i t r r sa . 1 14 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

Yet we did not accuse Englishmen who lived in Russia before the War of shaking hands with murderers and

o re e e the e e e t rtu rs , b caus Russian p opl as a whol , by o e or e e e e the e er f rc int r st , acqui sc d in syst m , and p o o o e e s nal acti n by f reign rs was utt rly impracticable .

e the o e e the old e Wh n Rev lution ov rthr w ﬁrst syst m , e the e e the e th n mod rat Duma , machin ry of law and

o e e o e e to e e . the rd r f ll c mpl t ly pi c s The fanatic, crim the e e e inal , d prav d had th ir day . I thin k that any ordinary Englishman who had been

' present at a scene where gently nurtured women and children were exposed to the fury and passion of o e e e e e c ars , brutal , fanatical l m nts , would instinctiv ly and without hesita tion have disregarded all question of e o e o p rs nal saf ty and of political philos phy, and would o e e e e the e rightly and pr mptly hav d f nd d w ak . Though the excuse is offered that this is vengeance for the o e o of e e e e e e ppr ssi n th s sam class s , such sc n s fr e e e o e disgrace o v r th ir individual auth rs , brand th m e e o e the e o f as d humanized , and put th m utsid pal humanity . the e e o e the e But if Fr nch R voluti n is any guid , gr at mass of normal men and women will be more and more - e o f o e sickened of blood shedding . In fact, f ar a c unt r e i of e - o e the e r volut on , and count r atr citi s is only fu l ’ that can keep the witches cauldron boiling . - As to the reality o fthe counter atrocities I unwill ’ ingly publish a selection of the Soviet Government s reports on this dreadful subj ect as a makeweight to not the charges published by the other side . I do vouch for them in any way , but let them carry such

1 16 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

e e n r e e e were n ither th o e no the other . Th y w r mur e e for n ot e o o e e for d r d w aring a cr ss r und th ir n ck , ! ” u se o fthe o e e making w rd comrad , and , for no r ason For n I n the e e . o st o what v r instance, August 3 Uspenskaya Street the Cossacks started to take away the goods from the workshop of the bootmaker Schn eker e Schn eker o e e n o . Wh n t ld th m that th y had

to e oo e e right tak away his g ds, th y flogg d him , col l ected the oo o e e g ds , and c nduct d him and two oth r e e the Jewish workers away with them . A w ek lat r wife o fSchn eker found all three disfigured corpses in the e e e e e e e ee e o J wish c m t ry , wh r th y had b n s nt fr m ’ f h M aman ff various localities o t e district . to s Cavalry f o completed their work o destruction very thor ughly . No sooner had the Cossacks made their appearance in Yeletz than the center o fthe town was ablaze and burnt to ashes ; the best edifices o fthe town were ! o the M aman toff o e burnt down . Alth ugh g ld pau

e e o the e l ts claim that th y ﬁght nly against J ws , nevertheless the most valuable property ofthe peopl e

e e o e The two Yeletz w was ruthl ssly d str y d . rail ay o the Yeletz o e e stati ns , including main stati n , w r burnt o eo e to ruins . Railway w rkshops in which p pl

e o e e e et ﬁre wer empl y d were lik wis s on . e o e e e — in e e K r s n , sugar , butt r , salt fact v rything that was found on the station or had been stol en dur ing the ﬁ re were sold by the Cossacks to the inhabi e e e o r e e The e oo tants th ms lv s w r burnt up . pillag t k he place exclusively in t quarters of the poo r people . Only a part o fthe Jewish bourgeoisie were subj ected to

e e o n o e e e o s arch s , which occasi n valuabl s w r c nﬁscated , CONCLUSIONS 1 17

e e n ot ee for the o i ransoms d mand d , and had it b n ﬁcers with the detachment the Cossacks would have

e e to the e ofthe taken v rything up last shirt, in spit fact that they were d ealing with the bourgeoisie . There were on e or two instances o foutrages o fthe

e f he o daught rs o t Russian bo urge isie . During the retreat o fthe Cossacks from Yeletz and e e o Voron e o o o th ir advanc up n j , ab ut f rty railway sh p workers were subj ected to the most horribl e treatment

o e e o f e e oo and vi lence . Und r thr at imm diat sh ting they were driven into the line o fﬁ re o fartillery in order to go over and repair the railway line . During this work some o fthem were killed by the

e o e e e e e e e sh lls bursting ar und . Th y w r tr at d lik cattl , n ot o e to e the o all w d talk , and starv d , whilst C ssacks were pillaging the peasants o fthe villages through e e e o e e which th y pass d , taking away th ir h rs s , br ad ,

oo o . o e o o was and f d pr ducts Of c urs , n b dy paid any for S e o fthe o f thing this , in pit fact that much what fr o e had been plundered in the town was sold o m n y . Th o e e e villages were in general thor ughly plund r d . o e to e e o e the In rd r tak away what th y had st l n , M aman tofftroops stole very many horses from the e o to e oo o p asants , and in additi n this br ad , f d pr ducts , e oo oo was e e and boots . Whosoever wor g d b ts d priv d o f e on the the oo e e e o th m way , and b ts w r divid d am ng the o The I e e Ofthe Yel etz P ro C ssacks . st D tachm nt l etarian Commune was located in the building of the

e o e the o o e the lat m nast ry , and C ssacks surr und d high

o e o fthe n e st n walls monastery o thr e sides . Having with them two cavalry guns and three or four machine 118 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

’ e o o the e e of guns , at ight cl ck in v ning August 3 rst the o who o e C mmunists , had f ught w ll but were badly

e e o e to e e . to e e the armed , w r f rc d surr nd r Afraid nt r , o e e the C ssacks sh ll d building , causing a great deal o f

e . e o e e e e damag Wh n m rning cam th y nt red . The e pillag at once started . Everythin g they could lay

on e e e e e n o e for hands was tak n , but th r w r murd rs , the o C mmunists had got away . After the Cossacks had left the town and the Com mun i sts o e the o e e o had again ccupi d m nast ry , th y f und that the monks had been amongst the most active par tici an ts to the e the o e con p pillag of C mmun , having e e the e o e o e for oo v rt d chap l int a war h us g ds . Having e e the e th e o o e e s arch d chap l , C mmunists disc v r d that it was e e the o e ofthe o h ap d with pr p rty C mmunists , with portmanteaux ; the altar was surrounded with feather

e o f o o e e o e b ds , pans c al , h rs collars and saddl s ; tr us rs e e on the o o - e and shawls w r lying c mmuni n tabl , whilst in the cell o fon e ofthe saints ﬁfteen sacks ofwhea t o f e e e o e co and a bag appl s w r found , sam vars , p tti ats ,

o e on . e e e r o cl th s , and so This is a m r scanty d sc ipti n f he o o o i n si o t most striking h rr rs , and forms nly an g n iﬁcan t part o fthe terrible deeds performed by the

Cossacks during this bloody week . ’ On the same day at two o clock in the morning some Cossacks broke into the apartment o f citizeness

Z akeim on the e e e ee e to o e , C m t ry Str t , and tri d utrag , h r he e e to e e her on the o o e . S induc d th m l av c nditi n ’ that at eight o clock on the same morning she would pay them the sum o f roubles in Nicholas money . h her T e Cossacks left . Later on in the morning

120 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

e o to to o o . the e o laid bar fr m p b tt m On sam day, n o o e th M nday , C ssacks arriv d at e milkshop Rappa o o the o e of p rt, and c nducting wn r the shop outside the

' town th e e e e y murd r d him . Aft r they had devastated the o e e o e on h h us , th y put a n tic t e door written in red ! ’ e e : e e o o e the p ncil , which r ad Pl as d n t p n door . ” n Koru jy Popoff . In the evening o fthe same day the Jewish doctor o fthe Tuberculosis Sanatorium near the I zmalkoff station was taken prisoner and hung in the forest o e cl s by . the o e e the e A part of C ssacks , bill t d in villag 35 e o o e e v rsts fr m this stati n , caught a pr gnant p asant o o e her e e her w man , vi lat d , and th n strangl d . When morning came the mobilized peasants were to on the e o fthe e put work br aking up railway lin . All the morning horses were being taken away from the e e e e e for e e p asants , bad hors s b ing xchang d b tt r , and afterward bad horses were taken away altogether ’ e o e e o o the o s with th ir wagons . Ab ut tw lv cl ck C s acks e e e e o e e distribut d cist rns fill d with k r s n , and having moved them along to a little distance from the railway fir o he e e e o e o set e t t . stati n , whol A tr m nd us blaz e e ee o e w nt up , which last d thr wh l days , and during e one which wagons were burnt almost to ash s . At ’ e off e the e con o clock the Cossacks rod , whil p asants n e to e o e tin d plunder th stati n , taking ev rything that e e — o e e e o e e e was th r chairs , wind w fram s , t l ph n s and t l he o etc . o t graph apparatus , A wag n standing at stati n containing shovels was rifled before the departure of

h o t e C ssacks . CONCLUSIONS 121

In the town the orgies and the pillaging ofthe Jewish o e n e Th e o . e and C mmunist hous s c nti u d J ws , accord to the e o o f e e o e e e e ing r p rt th ir n ighb rs, w r plund r d for the e e o e e e e n o simpl r as n that th y w r J ws . It was t

e e e e e to the e p rmitt d to mak s arch s and bury d ad , and

' only on September 7th did the funerals ofthe victims e ift - ee o e fmen o e tak place . F y thr c rps s o and w m n e ee o hav b n buried at the Jewish cemetery . Am ngst e are o o f e e ee e ee e th m tw girls s v nt n and nin t n y ars , e e e e Co e who w r ﬁrst violated and then murd r d . rps s

e e o e e e o e w r lying ab ut v rywher in the wo ds and ravin s , o the e o e o e e e al ng riv rs and d wn w lls . Am ngst th m w r a number disﬁgured to an extent that it was n eces to e e o e o e e o 200 sary bury th m unr c gniz d . Alt g th r ab ut eo e e ee e e e as i s to sa p pl hav b n r gist r d missing, that y, those who were in the town at the moment ofits occu

ti n e o e are e e e . pa o . Th ir c rps s b ing s arch d for the e o e em e I st On sam day, M nday, S pt b r , in a Yeletz e S o e to suburb of , call d Bugar, ix C ssacks cam the o Schamon in e o e th e e e the C mmunist , and b f r y s of old o e -ﬁve e old o e his e m th r, sixty y ars , vi lat d daught r , e e e e e two o e the ag d s v nt en y ars . Whilst C ssacks h ld h e old o the o e o e t e . w man , th rs utrag d girl Aft r this the wife o fSchamon in and the wife ofa Communist Lutrovosky were brought up on the cart ofthe local peasant ostensibly for the purpose of being questioned . Having conducted them into the wood the Cossacks separated the two parties and set Upon violating the e o e e o e unfortunat w men . On s v ral ccasions the wom n o o o e o e e l st c nsci usn ss from pain , but c ming to thems lv s again were confronted ever and ever with the bestial 122 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

How o i zed faces of the Kalmuks . l ng this awful busi ness lasted the unfortunate women were unable to The e o e e e state . hous s of both C mmunists w r d vas ‘d tate . On September 2sth a detachment of Cossacks made

the e Sukotin o fka oron etzk an onslaught on villag , V y o the o o of e V lost , and , upon inf rmati n Kulaks , w nt to the P sen ichn ikov o the e Communist , sh t latt r , put his o e o e o o h us to ruins , st l his c rn , and s ld a part of it to The e ofP senichn ikov the peasants . wif was lying ill e e e e with typhoid ; his daught r , ag d nin , w nt mad from n The e ofP n i n horrors inﬂicted o them . fath r se ch ikov e The was driven into the stre ts . Cossacks gave him ” a shirt for his funeral . On the day oftheir departure the Cossacks broke

o the ew e on the ta r kol k int the house of J Z itlin , S os s y ee o son e six e Str t, t ok away his ag d y ars, and murdered e e e e The o him in the J wish c m t ry . C ssacks demanded the names and addresses of Jews and Communists o e met o e who from all wh m th y , and th s did n ot fur nish them with such addresses were beaten with e sab rs . ’ M aman toffs o e e cavalry st pp d for six days . Wh n e e the e e e e e e e it l ft , a qui t of grav r ign d v rywh r . When the Red troops arrived pleasure was written on the faces not only of the poor but of the bourgeoisie them e e e the e s lv s , esp cially of J ws who had undergone and had been obliged to look upon all the horrors o fthe M amantoff rule .

the e Cherkassak the In villag , sister o fa Commu e e e a nist was violat d by a whol d t chment ofCossacks .

124 THE RUSSIAN R EPUBLIC

Rings were withdrawn so savagely as to break the e e e e e out ﬁngers . Two J wish famili s w r wip d com l l is o o fone o f e : p ete y . This is what t ld the famili s when the Cossacks had removed everything o fvalue e e e e the e e the o e and d mand d wh r mon y was hidd n , h us e e to S e to her e wife happ n d p ak husband in J wish , telling the latter where the money had been placed . ” o e e o f This ins l nc , that using an unknown lan ”

e e o e e o e e e e . We guag b f r th m , ff nd d th m gr atly — — meant well with you to plunder and away but th go and stand up against e wall . And in this e ﬁve e o e e e e mann r p rs ns , including littl childr n , w r shot .

KHARHOV AN D EKATERINOSLAV IN T HE POW ER OF DEN I KI N

few a o o to the o o o f A days g , pri r ccupati n Kharkov the o D en iki n e the o o e by C ssacks , mad f ll wing app al to the Kharkov proletariat : I promise to scatter all ‘ ’ ’ o Sovde s M arkoms the e o fthe y ur p , , and all r st e of e revolutionary scum . Inst ad J ws and escaped con e eo e e e victs , I will plac p pl into pow r with a knowledg o f f e o e the of e af airs , and I will r st r right prop rty . If n t ou e e o e this will o satisfy y , pl as c m to me in open

ou e Den ikin e n ﬁght ; but mark y , Gen ral do s ot like joking .

e e the o e o fthe e Such w r pr mis s White Guard G neral , be all n e to and , may it said in fair ss him , that within a few weeks after the occupation of the town the CONCLUSIONS 125

Kharhov proletariat realized full well that D enikin

oe n ot e e d s r ally lik a j oke . h The White Guards took Kharhov on June 25t . - General May Maevsky entered the town at the head ofthe e oo The o eo e met Whit tr ps . b urg isi him tri um han tl the o o o e o e p y , and p mp us pr c ssi n pass d o th thr ugh e town to the sound ofthe church bells . In

e e the e of t front w r pri sts and church ﬁcials , wi h ban e e o e e o o e the n rs, lant rns , and ik ns . Aft r th m f ll w d ! ” e was e e the e o e Gen litt r , in which s at d h r hims lf, e e who was o o e ral Ma vsky, f ll w d by a military band ! ” oo e o e e e S and tr ps , whil ar und w r ladi s in ilks and ” e e e e -o o o e o the g ntl m n in dr ss c ats , thr wing ﬂ w rs int ! litter and shouting hurrah ! The bourgeoisie re

i d e f 1 h o ce . o j ( Izv stia July 9t . ) The e e e the e e n ot for G n ral smil d , and at sam tim , e the o e o i hi s o D en ikin to the g tting pr mis patr n , , o e e o e to th e o e of Kharkov w rkm n , gav rd rs C mmand r the rd o e e Vitkovsk o the 3 Divisi n , G n ral y, up n which e e o e of o me t rribl Khark v massacr of thousands w rk n , e e e e f h o J ws , and Int ll ctuals b gan . Part o t e Khark v

ee e to e e e was garrison , having b n unabl vacuat in tim ,

e . The R ed oo o e the d alt with ﬁrst tr ps , surr und d by

D en ikin ites e e e o e ho , w r brutally massacr d . Th s w had n ot had time to take offtheir caps with th e Red Star

e e e the e o o mob hot o w r brand d by f r ci us with ir ns , after which they were told they could go to all the o o e o fthe e n f ur c rn rs arth , and that o decent merchant o e e e o e Th w uld giv th m mpl ym nt . e Jewish R ed troops were separated into a special group and handed over to the o ee who o v lunt rs , sh t them all with machine guns 26 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

n h R o . e t e ed the the spot Having finish d with troops , e e e to the o e For Whit s turn d th ir attention w rkm n . the latter four gallows were erected in the center o f ! the ow the o e o e The t n in R sa Lux mb urg Squar . o e men e e o e e the e e unf rtunat w r br ught h r by Whit spi s , who had absolutely flooded Kharkov a few days before e ee the Red troops left the town . A big r ward had b n offered by the White Guard Command for the head of every workman suspected o fbeing in sympathy with h o e e o to e i n su f t e Communists . F ur gallows w r f und b ficien t and in view o fthis the workmen were hung on - o e 200 e e e e e e lamp posts . M r than workm n w r x cut d in e e e e the e o e this way . Th s w r but first pis d s in the o The e e e Kharkov pogr m . massacr s spr ad and dev l n the e e e o 6th i . e . oped and reach d th ir h ight July , on he o ofthe o eleventh day after t occupati n t wn . On this day the D en ikin ites decided to make a great public e e o e e e n ot e the e e x cuti n . Th y w r satisfi d with x cutions which had taken place during the first days o ftheir e e e e too o o o o e e o r ign . Th y w r m n t n us , b ing limit d nly n oth the at the . o to gallows Now, July , hangman ! ” e e e e i tempted to arrang a b autiful sp ctacl , kill ng o e o e e to e workmen in various ways . Th s c nd mn d d ath , -o e e e o two o numbering thirty f ur , w r divid d int gr ups , e e e ee each being subj ected to a diff r nt d ath . Fift n members of the Metal Workers Trade Union and two The workmen of the war munition factory were hung . o e e e ee o o e e e e th r s v nt n , am ng wh m w r two M nsh vik e e o e - n e l ad rs , Gr ssman and Babin , w ll know work rs in

the e o e e S o e the . Trad Uni ns , w r h t n ar gallows Such ! ” was the truly beautiful Spectacle with which the

128 THE RUSSIAN R EPUBLIC

” e e crying Death to the Jews and Intellectuals . Th r i e e The d upon mass shoot ngs comm nc d . pogrom laste e e e e or ee e e a day and a night . P opl who w r ill asl p w r l e e o dragged from their beds and ki l d . Whol w rking ’

e e . on e e m n s quarters were d molished In quart r, Tchechemovka e o e e e e , ov r w rkm n w r arr sted h m n o e t e . Not o e during ﬁrst night nly , but w m n and e e e e e e led o the e childr n w r arrested . Th y w r t Al xan dr k e e e e e e e ovs y Squar . H r th y wer s parat d into groups the o e e e e e e and taken to M nast ry st ps , wh r th y w re e s e o Shot . Such search s , arrests , and mas acr s t ok place ’ e worki n men s in oth r g quarters . Hundreds of unburied bodies were lying about near the Alexan drovsky Hos o ofthe Al n dr v k o pital . A doct r exa o s y Hospital was sh t because he ordered the bodies to be taken to the mor tuar n the r y . Duri g ﬁrst two o three days over o e e e o e e o w rkm n w r killed . Am ng th s were the C mmis

for e o o sary Public H alth,Gurzin , P litical C mmissary E atzin e e e T ru off of p , R gim ntal Command r p , and an ﬁ i l the o fth c a e e . of Special Departm nt N . N Army, k e e o Gul ov . Ev n the M nshevik and Socialist rev lution aries who previously openly stru ggled against the e e o n o e The e e e Sovi t w re sh wn m rcy . lat Pr sid nt of the e o for e the e Ekat rinoslav T wn Duma , instanc , M nshe P e e o adowsk . vik y, was arr st d and sh t Such is the fragmentary news received by us of the D en ikin e o e o atrociti s in Khark v and Ekat rin slav, from the word o frefugees who witnessed only single e e incidents . But v n this is sufﬁcient to give a clear idea ofthe character of the White Cossack Army under e e Den ikin th l adership of . CONCLUS IONS 129

NOTES FROM TH E OW N OF TAM Bov AT T , D ED EP TEMB ER I 6TH 1 1 S , 9 9

’ (Deli vered by the P eopl e s Commissariat for Forei n A air g ﬂ s. )

In compliance with the order ofthe President ofthe Revo l utionar o o e o s the o e of y War C uncil , C mrad Tr t ky, S vi t Ukraine hereby gives a report ofthe victims ofthe raid car ’ ried out by General M aman toffs cavalry upon the town of m The o ow e o e e i Ta bov . f ll ing p rs ns w r k lled :

Rattman ot o M e1 erovitch T amel , Lubitz (b h sh t) , j , el , Rahi v u m a o D rankina Fikelstein o e , Sch l an, A r n, , ( t rtur d e o e e one e e o e out V e a V e b f r d ath , y kn ck d ) , ain r , S rah ain r e e two e e e e Yosselson Kankeliv (th s w r buri d aliv ) , , Bard , , n e n Rizikov e m o e B rokker M alish Ar st i , , Y r ak va, Kam nsky, , Hirov Akrem Hatzkelev P rni kin , Bark, , , , Bank , o ch Arn ei Fan kenstein ho Konstchine e P etrO av st n, , Ri v, , R ich , p l osk Tihonov e for o e i n the oot y, (kill d pr t st ng agai st l ing) , Kisell Sviatski B ern tsoff Gutkovi tch h , , , , Frankin, Livs its, Lubitch Kolu ev Desti tch , pa , .

e e he e one z e was an ed om e B sid s t s citi n h g and a w an kill d , ose e e not ee en o ome wh nam s hav b n id tiﬁed . Ab ut ﬁfty w n ere o e e e e e ofthe oo e The w vi lat d ; all th s w r p r st class . pri vate dwellings ofthe following persons were looted

Geskovi tch Lei ziv e Keldman Gutkoff Anna , , Sing r, , , Nadzas e m o e Za zetsewe i e , K ll an, Grig ri v , y , Sonos (d sabl d o e o o o fe oo e Ze e e a e s ldi rs) , S ﬁa M r z (bu f t l t d) , ya B nd r , C th r i n e etcha eva atoffVa Laiva Gavrofov etlenova N y , J , ssar, , N , Gol emena Tzeln ess a M aslikoff a a , , Babin , , T rasov, S tin, e Krei nbur or off o o Kortoni n P in, g, Gailin , H k , Trif n v, , Rutenbur T uru anofska a o o a g, y y , P p v . 130 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

The e ofthe e o a o m U a o a p asants villag s P v rin , Kal ik, li n vk , and others had all th eir horses carried away without pay o o t e e a we e ment being made . Provisi n and h r d pots th t r intended for the general use ofthe civil population have ee oo e b n l t d . o ZEN KOVI TCH C mmandant , o e e e SHIDAR S vi t M mb r, EV .

E THE W KOSLov DATED NOT S FROM TO N OF ,

EP TEMB ER 1 6TH 1 1 S , 9 9

’ i h m ar F i (D el vered by t e P eopl e s C om iss y for oreign Aﬁa rs. )

Over 1 20 Jews have been killed and atrociously tortured in the town ofKoslov ; o fthese until the present time only 8 2 e e o e e the e n em w r pr p rly buri d , r mai ing victims r aining o e e a o es o n the o s r ughly int rr d in v ri us plac in t w , in utskirt , h to e t e the and in t e villages . Prior b ing put o d ath all e e o e of e o e a es o e victims w r r bb d th ir m n y, v luabl , and th r o e e e e e e o e e e en pr p rty, th y w r th n insult d and t rm nt d ; b at the -e of ﬂes e with whips , butt nds ri , and stabb d wi th dag e t r The gers ; following this they w re ei her hanged o killed . following victims were atrociously treated :

I e e e 8 e ofa e ( ) Garb H rsch , an ccl siastic, 4 y ars g , with w e e e 1 8 e e if , and daught r ag d . Garb was kill d , his daught r o e in the e e e ofher o e her e e e vi lat d pr s nc m th r , br asts w r ut out her o e wh o her The c o e so was e . ; m th r, l st r a n , kill d

ed on the 2 o ! girl was kill following day . ( ) Shapir Neama dev 2 ea ld She e e ﬁ o . e her n o , 4 y rs was d f nd d by a cé fr m ’ bei ng violated ; they were shot down in es ch other s em

a e . a e e e o e e ua br c ( 3) N m unasc rtain d , f und kill d , with s x l

o a out a oc e o e . o rg ns cut , a n il kn k d int its plac ( 4 ) Shapir ,

a e ot e one son one e e e e . f th r , m h r, blind , m ntally d fectiv , kill d

132 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

Besides the Jews th e death is established up to date o f m f ei ght Communists ; three Com unists are missing . Out o o e e co o a e the e o f ee a e th s buri d in a mm n gr v , nam s thirt n h v e o e e h not been ascertained . Four mal c rpses w r found w o e o e to no e e non - men we e b l ng d party, tw lv party r killed and i e a ten men e e e . the three are m ssing . Of p as nts w r kill d In village ofOzerki three men were killed ; their names have th e i e of o the ow n ot been ascertained . In v llag Il vay foll

e e e : Rozd esvensk Kolosvetov o an d ing w r kill d y , y , Nich las n - men ar h fr V ot e n o a . P us kov o assili br h rs , p rty Nikita , a mer e e o fthe o m ee ofth e oo u e e o m mb r C m itt P r, G ri v, F d r e i o o e non- men o Com and S m n, br th rs , party , sh t ; Michail , e e e e e on the f h e muni t o . o o t s , sh t All th s w r kill d utskirts ow o e an d o e e t n , in vari us plac s , singly in c upl s , und r cir e e a e e o o n cumstances not y t asc rt in d . Furth r inf rmati n co e the e om w be o w e c rning kill d is c ing in , and ill f r ard d l according y . - Pres ident o fMilitary Revoluti onary o m ee o f o C m itt K slov, A E RT MOV . - Member ofthe Military Revolutionary om ee C mitt , E E E M T L V .

e the e the Furth r , communiqués oft n show that Red re Commissars a shot . Every statesman must deplore the civil war raging through a country whose population numbers 1 80 mil The ee in e lions . f ling an Imp rial war runs high , but the bitterness and animosity o fintern al strife dwarfs i n iﬁ n o that feeling into nsig ca ce . Pr paganda is now one the n d r e of recog ize inst um nts of war , and civil war CONCLUSIONS 133

n o e to be is exception . P rsonally , fair and impartial e o e the e e o f in this matt r , I am c nvinc d that l ad rs e e e e e e o Ce the n ith r sid r ally d sir atr cities . rtainly o Soviet leaders do n ot. Actual analogous conditi ns in other countries go to prove that the White Terror is o e o e he Re th e m r h rribl than t d Terror , that e r sults arising out o fthe revenge of the governing classes when they return to power belittles the blood shed by the o e e e for ee o w rk rs in th ir strif fr d m . f The f Red Take the case o Finland . victims o the Terror amount to between 600 and 700 ; the Whites claim that this ﬁgure Should be nearer In the White Terror the Whites admit the deaths of e the e e o e e e in R ds , and R ds hav pr v d by an xhaustiv quiry the deaths o fover If the civil war continues in Russia it i s not difﬁcult to imagine that there would be a White Terror in Russia eclipsing all o The e o o previ us massacres in history . J wish p pulati n in Russia has been estimated at between 6 and 7 mil o o e how o em e! o li ns . I w nd r many w uld r ain aliv th ugh be e e this would a comparativ incid nt . Another form ofpropaganda widely Spread is that h f e o o e concerning t e position o women . R v luti ns hav ” o e o of ee o e the e e always pr duc d adv cates fr l v , in s ns that n o legal or social or moral restraint is admitted n o e o indiscriminate relations between the sexes . S m times these relations are advocated on Rationalistic

o o e e e e o u . gr unds , s m tim s cloak d with r ligi us rit al ’ Examples are found in the history ofCromwell s sec e the on e e e e ea o e tari s at xtr m , and in the rly rgi s of the e o of e o he o Fr nch W rship R as n at t ther . 134 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

It would not be strange if a similar phenomenon has - appeared among the hangers on ofthe Russian Revo l ution the e e ee e , but fact r mains mor d ply ﬁx d in Rus sian character probably than in other nationalities that the average man and woman are individualists and e o to do particularists , and will hav n thing with what r for e e a e th m unnatural r lations . The Soviet Republic as a Government ofﬁcially te pu diates any such doctrine as having a place in their o o Of o e e phil s phy g v rnm nt . I saw the documents from which the whole story e e e e appears to hav aris n . A Single ind p ndent individ ual in the south of Russia wrote an article in his local e paper suggesting nationalization . It was repudiat d at

o e e e ee e e the o e . nc , and has n v r b n consid r d by auth riti s A Government would indeed be very stupid to attempt to introduce regulations which would obviously be re pugnan t to the great maj ority o fordinary men and own o e o ro it tion women . My bs rvati n is that p s u is conspicuous by the absence of such scenes as are af e forded by any West rn Capital . In arriving at a calm judgment on this the whole matter o fatrocities we must disassociate ourselves o h e the e the e o o fr m t e happ nings at tim of R v lution . N e e o e e doubt at that tim d pl rabl incid nts occurred , but so far as on e is able to ascertain these were due to the liberation ofhooligan and anarchical elements dur ing the transition stage when the power o fgovernment e n ‘ o t e e e o pass d from o e b dy o anoth r . But v rything g es to prove that the ofﬁcials did everything in their power to restore law and order as soon as possible .

136 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

e e f n wid spr ad knowledge o them . I do ot believe that propaganda can really be stopped by means of a block ade th . If e social and economical conditions ofa coun

are the o e e o e try bad , s il is f rtil for revolutionary m v e e o o e e o m nt, and r v luti nary mov m nt will ﬂ urish e e e o e The what v r artiﬁcial barri rs y u att mpt to erect . o e e e i e e G v rnm nt , by its l g slation , must ke p st p with e o o social v luti n . e to o e o o e e en In att mpting form s m noti n , h w v r g e the o e e be ral , of S vi t R public as it is , and as it will in the e e o e et the n ar futur , it is imp ssibl to g away from e o f e striking analogi s the Fr nch Revolution . The social system under the old régime was u n stable in the sense that high explosive is unstable . oo e e e o e o f It withst d many s v r sh cks , many ris s politi e e e the e e e o o o e cal t mp ratur , but K r nsky R v luti n pr v d to be the appropriate detonator for the most violent e o social explosion since the French R voluti n . Now that the political elements have been re e o e e e ee arrang d in a m r naturally stabl ord r , it s ms e o o unnatural , and c rtainly it is against p litical c mmon e e to e to e o o so e o e s ns , att mpt r build a s cial b dy xpl siv ly unstable as the Russian burea ucracy has proved itself

to be .

the e e e e e History conﬁrms vi w, that wh r privil g d classes use their superior education and organization to absorb so great a share of production a s to give - the non privileged mass the conviction that they have e own n e the no solid stake in th ir cou try , th n political stability of the system is what I have called explosively s un table . CONCLUSIONS 37

The inference I would draw is that any attempt to set the s e its old o up again Rus ian bur aucracy in f rm , accompanied by restoration of lands to the great land o e o ofthe o e l rds , and r ducti n land wning p asants to paid

e e e labor rs , is against political s nse and against the r al e int rests of the Russian Nation . It may be obj ected that the great towns made the e o o e e R v luti n . But if th y had not carried the p asant o o e the e o o o e p pulati n with th m , R v luti n w uld not hav e o e the e last d v r first wint r . Peasant ownership is the most stable social system o o in hist ry . With ut it the French Revolution could n ot have stood the strain ofthe Revolution and Na oleon ic n or o the e e p Wars , c uld present Fr nch R public e the r f hav stood st ain o the recent War . ’ The fact that it was the basis o fNapoleo n s mili tary power at once raises the anxious question as to whether we may fear the rise ofa Russian Napoleon . e o e o eo o e e o on the B f r Nap l n was p ssibl , int rnati nal war largest scale was nourished by the efforts o fautocratic n eighbor States to put down the dangerous revolution ary doctrin es and to restore the old French aristocracy . Had the French been left to settle their own affairs e o e the e e en masse int rnally, it is p ssibl that l vé s , and the large scale fighting o fthe early period would never e e ed the e o o e e hav happ n , and that r v luti nary g n rals would n ot have Obtained the training in the art ofwar e e i s n ot to be that carried them lat r across Europ . It forgotten that in the first flush ofzeal the French e o e n o ea e e to be le o e r voluti nari s by m ns d sir d ft al n , and were anxious and willing to spread their doctrines 138 THE RUSSIAN R EPUBLIC

the e o in n ighboring c untries . But after a certain period o fdisillusionment it is probable that they would have settled down to internal development and to in e e cr as production if they had been left to themselves . Our statesmen are faced by a problem which is e strikingly Similar in its broad d tails . ’ Trotsky s revolutionary armies are going through h f t e identical stages o the French revolutionary armies . They have already left far behind them the period where a council of soldiers debated whether the regi

e or m nt should ﬁght n o . They are in the intermediary stage where discipline ! ” is cloaked with the name comrade attached to the

e e e h n ew e fin d ex cutive rank . Pr s ntly t e r cruits will a discipline awaiting them in no respect less inflexible o e than in any th r veteran army . e e e o the Th y will acc pt it unqu sti ningly , and first e e e stag will be compl t d . Foreign war is the only requisite for the second h f e a e t e o . st g , training armi s and Staffs Th e e third stage is foreign adv nture .

WHAT I s To B E THE ORIE NTATION OF OUR POLICY !

To avoid the surgence in Russia of a military dic tatorshi e o e a p living by for ign wars , only two p lici s p e to me o e p ar p ssibl . The on e is to make war on the grand scale o fthe o e e o f f past f ur y ars , sp nding th usands o millions o

o e e e the e p unds , and placing v ry availabl man in ﬁ ld ,

to e out the e e re in an attempt wip Sovi t R public , and —an establish the old bureaucracy unthinkable policy .

APPENDI!

14 4 THE R USSIAN R EPUBLIC

Soviet Govern ment wishes to remove from its line ofaction every possibil ity ofmisrepresentation stop Taking into consideration further that its acts are being systematica lly presented by the foreign Press in a false light the Russian Soviet Government takes this Opportunity to state its atti tude quite clearly and openly stop Although the situation of Sovi et Russia is becoming every day more an d more favor able both from a military and interior point ofview the Russian Soviet Government evaluates so highly the con elusion ofan agreement which will put an en d to the hos tilities that it is ready to enter immediately into n egotia tions to that en d an d even as it has so often before declared to pay th e price ofserious sacrifices under th e express con dition that the future development ofthe Soviet Republic will n ot be endangered stop Considering that its enemies derive their force ofres istance solely from the help given them by the Entente Powers and that these are consequently the o e e e w o has to e the nly r al adv rsari s ith wh m it d al , Russian Soviet Government states herewith to the Entente Powers the points on which it would esteem possible such sacrifices in order to put an en d to every difference with these Powers seeing the Special importance assigned in the Pres s and also in the repeated declarations made by the representatives ofthe Entente Governments to the question ofthe a e o The o e o e e Russi n Stat l ans , Russian S vi t G v rnm nt declares itself in the first place ( I ) ready to make a conces sion on this point to the demands ofthe Entente Govern ments stop It does n ot refuse to recognize its finan cial obligations toward its creditors belonging to the Entente Powers whereas the details ofthe realiza tion ofthis point must become the object ofspecial agreement as the result ofthe proposed negotiations stop ( 2 ) Further seeing the difficult financial situation ofthe Russian Soviet Republic and the unsatisfactory state ofits credit abroad the Russian PRINKIPO AND NANSEN 1 4 5

Soviet Government proposes to guarantee the interest with raw material which will be enumerated in the suggested agreements stop Thirdly seeing the great interest which has always been shown by foreign capital for the exploita ’ tion ofRussia s natural riches the Russian Soviet Go vern e o e to r o e o o mi e o e m nt is disp s d g ant c nc ssi ns up n n s , f r sts , an d so on to citizens ofthe Entente Powers u nder condi tions which must be carefully determined so that the eco nomic and social order ofSoviet Russia Shall n ot suffer from the internal rule ofthese concessions stop The fourth point upon which the Russian Soviet Government ﬁnds possible to negotiate with the Entente Powers is the question of territorial concessions seein g that the Russian Soviet Gov ernmen t is not determi ned to exclude at any price from these nego tiations the discussion ofeventual an nexations of Russian territory by the Entente Powers stop The Russian

Soviet Government adds further that in its opinion by an , n exation is understood th e maintenance in some regions formerly making part ofthe old Russian Empire with the exclusion ofPoland and Finland ofarmed forces ofthe Entente or maintained at the expense ofthe Entente or enjoying th e military techn ical ﬁnancial or other support o fthese same powers stop As regards the second third fourth points the ex tent o fthe concessio n that can be ex pected from the Russian So viet Government will depend upon its military situation toward the Entente Powers which at the presen t period is ameliora ting itself every day stop On the northern front the Soviet troops have just recon quered Chenkoursk on the eastern front having temporarily lost Perm they have recaptured Oufa Sterlitamak B elsby Oren burg and Ouralsk the railway communications with Central Asia being now in their ha nds stop On the southern front they have recently taken the important railway sta tions ofPeverine Al exikeve Ourieupi ne Talovaya Kal atch 1 4 6 THE RUSSIAN R EPUBLIC

B egutchar the railways ofthe region thus passing into their power whilst from the southwes t the Ukrainian Soviet ’ troops moving from Lo ugensk are Krasno ffs stop In the Ukraine the Soviet troops oftha t viet troops ofthat republic have taken KharkoffEkaterinoslav Poltava Krementschoug T schernigoffOvreutch as well as numerous other les s im portant towns stop While Russia Lithua nia Lettland have almost completely passed into the hands ofthe So viet troops of es e e o e h e the a e ow of k th r publics t g t r with l rg t ns Mins , Vilna Riga Dvinsk Mitau Windau and others stop The remarkable consolidation ofth e internal situation ofSoviet Russia is Shown by the negotiations with the Russian Soviet Govern ment begun by members ofthe previous Constituent Assembly whose representa tives Raki tnikoffCha irman of their Congress Sviati tz ky Secreta ry Volsky Chmelov Boure voy Tch ern enkoffAn tonoffall members ofthe Central Com - mittee ofthe Social Revolutionary Party have arrived yes - terday February third in Moscow thes e well known social revolutionaries having with great force pronoun ced them selves aga inst Entente interven tion in Russia stop The amelioration o fthe relations between the Soviet Govern ment and these elements ofRussian society hitherto hostile is being illustrated by the cha nge ofattitude ofthe M en cheviks whose Conference has likewise protested against Entente intervention and whose paper the Vpered appears n ow in Moscow stop The growing internal quiet is shown by the suppression ofthe district extraordinary commission stop As to the false news ofthe foreign Press concerning alleged disorders in Petrograd and elsewhere thes e are from beginni ng to en d only fiction stop Emphasizin g once more that the situa tion ofSovi et Russia will necessarily influence the ex tent ofthe sacrifices to which it will consent th e Rus sian Sovi et Government nevertheless maintains its proposi tion to nego tiate upon the points enumerated above stop

14 8 THE RUSSIAN R EPUBLIC wish in the name o fthe Russian Soviet Government to convey to you our heartiest thanks for the warm interest the e e o fthe u a eo e ea you man ifes t in w llb ing R ssi n p pl . Gr t are indeed the sufferings and privations inﬂicted upon the Russian people by th e inhuman blockade ofthe associated - an d so called neutral Powers and by the incessant wars e in e e owe forced upon it against its will . If l ft p ac and all d free development Soviet Russia would then be able to re store her national production to regain her economic stren gth to provide for her own needs and to be helpful to the e e o she other countries . But in pr s nt situati n in which has been p ut by the implacable policy ofthe Associated o er e oo u o oa ou be o wel P w s , h lp in f dst ffs fr m abr d w ld m st come to Russia and the Russian Sovi et Government appre ciate most thankfully your human an d heartfelt response to her sufferings and considering the un iversal respec t sur roun ding your person will be especially glad to enter into communication with you for the realization ofyour scheme e e e u i ofhelp which you mphasiz as b ing p rely human tarian . On this basis ofa humanitarian work o fhelp to suffering people we would be desirous to do everything in our power e the ea o o f o e o e to furth r r lizati n y ur proj ct . Unf rtunat ly your benevolent intentions which you indica te yourself as being based on purely humanitarian grounds and whi ch according to your letter must be realized by a Commission - ofwholly n on political character have been mixed up by o e the e e a e e to others with political purp s s . In l tt r ddr ss d you by th e four Powers your scheme is represented as in volving cessation ofhostilities and oftransfer oftroops and ma e e e e e n a in war t rial . W r gr t v ry much that your origi l tentions have thus been fundamentally disﬁgured by the ove e ofthe oc a e o e ee not ex G rnm nts Ass i t d P w rs . We n d plain to you that military Operations which obviously have in view to change the external or internal conditions o f PRINKIPO AND NANSEN 1 4 9

the involved countries belong wholly to the domain ofpoli tics an d tha t likewise the cessa tion ofhostilities which means preventing the belligerent who has every reason to expect

successes from obtaining them is also a purely political act . Thus your sincerely charitable intentions have been mis used by o thers i n order to cover such p urp oses which are obviously political with the semblance ofan action originally u a a a on e ea to e e e a i a e h m nit ri n ly . B ing r dy l nd v ry ss st nc to your scheme so far as i t bears the character you ascribed to it in your letter we at the same time do n ot wish to be the obj ects offoul play and knowing tha t you in the same degree as ourselves mea n business and wish really to ta th e o o e aim ou e to ask ou et e at in pr p s d , w ld lik y wh h r this in termixion ofheterogeneous purposes has been ﬁnally a o e e ec w e to d pt d by yourself . W exp t that we ill be abl make i t clear to you that in order to realize your intentions i n termixion u be a e u o e You are n o this m st c r f lly av id d . doubt aware that the cessation o fth e wars forced upo n the Russian people is likewise the object of our most r e es e u be o to ou a e a e a d nt d ir . It m st kn wn y th t w h v many times proposed to th e Associated Governments to enter into negotia tions in order to p ut an en d to the present blood sh ed an d that we have even agreed to take part at the Con ference at Prinkip o notwithstandi n g the extremely unfavor a e o o o o e to o a we e e the bl c nditi ns pr p s d us , and als th t w r o a to e i t e e e h e e nly p rty acc pt . W r spond d in t same peac loving sense to the overtures made by on e ofthe Great o e The P w rs . Prinkipo Conference was frustrated n ot by us our a e a e the o é é of the oc e but by dv rs ri s , pr t g s Ass iat d o e the ou e -e o P w rs, c nt r r v lutionary Governments of Kolt

a Den iki n an d the o e e e re the the ch k, th rs . Th s a tools with help ofwhich the Entente Governments are waging war up on u s an d a re en edeavorin g to atta in our destruction an d wherever they are victorious their victory means the triumph 150 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

fthe o e eme r e e m f o m st xtr barba ity and b stiality, str a s o oo an d o fe for the a o s es om bl d , unt ld su f rings l b ring ma s , d ina f Koltchak o the i o o the w es ea o . as e t n ild t r cti n fr m E t, D ni o the o the o feudals the o i kin fr m S uth , R umanian , P l sh and F o ea o s the e a a o innish m st r cti nary militarist , G rm n B r ns , the Esthoni an White Guards from the West and Russian e ua a o the o e e are the e em es Whit G rd b nds fr m N rth , th s n i o the e e o e n e o e a e a wh m Ent nt G v r m nts m v ag inst Sovi t Russi , and against whom as against Entente tr00ps we are carry n er e e - w The ing o a desp at struggl with ever gro ing succes s . - se ca lled Governments ofKoltchak and D enikin are purely o c a o e e e e o s to the e adh er m nar hic l , all p w r th r b l ng wild st f e e e are e e en ts o Tsarism . Extr m Tsarist pap rs in v ry way s o e e a are o a upp rt d by th m, Ts rist hymns c nst ntly sung at e e e o e the so- e o o ofKoltchak th ir c r m ni s , call d c nstituti n is in reality monarch ica l among their soldiers th ey distribute o nly Tsarist literature under the domination ofDeniki n the adherents ofthe constitutional Government ofBytch are e e e u e the o o o fKol tchak the Con p rs cut d , and nd r d minati n r e r o o a n stituen t Assembly a e imprison d o sh t . P grom m ki g literature is widely distributed by these soo called Govern e e e e e o e n e e omi a o m nts , and wh n v r J ws c m u d r th ir d n ti n h e are the o e o fthe o o e e ial t y bj ct m st h rribl b st ities . In th e West the Polish legionaries and troops ofthe Ukrai nian - counter revolutionary P etli oura who are both supported and even directed by the Entente ofﬁcers have perpetrated such massacres ofJews which by far surpass the most horrible eed o fthe n e fold ar Th d s black hu dr ds o Ts ism . e Russian Red Cross in its appeal to the International Red Cross on - April the twenty eighth elaborately sta tes whole villages whole towns were turned to ruins neither sex nor age was spared and in numerous places the whol e Jewish population was literally wiped o ut by these troops hea ded by Entente e th e ea o fKolt h generals and ofﬁc rs . In r lm c ak and Denikin

1 52 THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC

Entente is now to send against Soviet Russia the armies e a o f the ofthes e nationalities . An Am ric n radio May sixth sent from Lyons says most emphatically that the Entente encourages th e movement ofthe troops headed by the Rus - sian counter revolutionary General Youdenitch which pre sumably threaten Petrograd that the Entente expects that the Bolsheviki will be forced to withdraw to Moscow and that the Associated Governments intend in connection here to o o ofte- u i e with aband n th ught vict alling Russia . Wh l declaring that they have abandoned the idea ofintervention the Associated Governments are in reality carrying on the most reckl ess interventionist policy and even the American Government despite all the statements to the contrary pub lished in th e American Press seems at present to be wholly dominated by the implacable hostility ofthe Clemenceau s e the e we re ministry against Soviet Russia . Thi b ing cas a in position to discuss the cessation ofhostiliti es only if we the o e o e ofour e o to our e e discuss wh l pr bl m r lati ns adv rsari s , h a that is in t e first place to the Associ ted Governments . Tha t means to discuss peace and to open real negotiations bearing upon the true reasons ofthe war waged upon us us e a nd upon these conditions that can bring lasting peac . We were always ready to enter into peace negotiations and are ready to do it n ow as before and we will be glad to begin discussing these questions but ofcourse directly with the other belligerents that is with the Associated Govern e or e e the e so e e e the e m nts ls with p r ns mpow r d by latt r . B ut it is impossible for us to make any concessions refer ring to these fundamental problems ofour existence under h u of e a a o t e disg ise a pr sum bly hum nitarian w rk . This - latter must remain p urely humanitarian and non political an d in this sense we will welcome every proposal from your side mad e to us in the spirit o fyour letter sent by you to f n To es e ol non the Council o Four o April third . th wh ly PRINKIPO AND NANSEN 153 political proposals we respond most gladly we thank you i fr u oo te t o we are e to e most heart ly o yo r g d in n i ns, r ady giv you every possibility ofcontrolling the realization ofsuch a e e we ofcou e o e the a humanitari n sch m , will rs c v r all expenses ofthis work an d the cost ofthe foodstuffs and we can a ou e i e s a oo ee o p y if y d s r by Rus i n g ds , but s ing that y ur original plan has been so unfortunately disfigured and con sidering that the most complex and difficult questions thus created must first be thoroughly elucidated we would sug gest that you must take the necessary steps to enable dele gates ofyour Government to meet you and your collabo rators abroad and to discuss these questions and we ask you to kindly indicate the time and the place for this Confer ence between our delegates and the leaders ofyour Com mission an d what guarantees can be obtained for the free passage ofour delegates through coun tries influenced by the t En ente . ’ eo e omm for o e fa P pl s C issary F r ign A f irs ,

TCHI TCH ERI N .