Turbocad 3D Training Guide Setup.Exe

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3D Training Guide

3D CAD

3D CAD Training for TurboCAD Users

www.turbocad.com Product Overview

This training guide is designed for the TurboCAD® user who is perhaps an Turbo intermediate or advanced user familiar with 2D CAD functionality and is ready to expand into the world of 3D rendering and solid modeling. This training guide includes 14 lessons with 250 audio visual screencams that are self-paced making it flexible enough for any environment. 3D Training Guide

Session Content Task Worksheet A Task Worksheet at the beginning CAD of each session contains specific instructions about the Session, similar to the illustration. All sessions are single session, from start to finish, which means drawings can easily be completed in the recommended timeframe. 3D Traininig Guides

What’s Included: Over 400 pages of text that clearly explains each concept in a concise and well-defined manner. Each session is formatted exactly the same with icons to easily identify important points and project milestones. Also: • An electronic workbook that replicates the printed text with 14 comprehensive sessions for learning in a 3D CAD environment. • 250 Task-specific QuickCAMs. • Session summaries for a concise review of progress. • Audio Assist is provided for hearing impaired users, or for PC's on which there is no audio equipment.

Also available: TurboCAD 2D Training Guide Get started with the right learning tools. This unique package offers training 3D CAD materials designed to develop common 2D CAD skills, in easy to use, step-by-step sessions, allowing the user to build their own projects, while simultaneously learning new features.

IMSI/Design, LLC System Requirements: 25 Leveroni Ct, Ste B • Pentium IV Processor • Microsoft® Windows XP 512 MB RAM Novato, CA 94949 Microsoft® Vista 1 GB RAM 415.483.8000 • 300 MB of Free Hard Disk Space Fax: 415.884.9023 64 MB of Swap Space • Super VGA (1024 x768) display 7 3 0 5 2 6 3 5 9 6 0 2 www.imsidesign.com • High Color (16 bit) graphics card www.turbocad.com • DVD-ROM drive 3D CAD Training for TurboCAD Users 02TCP5164

This training program was developed by Tri-CAD Technologies (Pty) Ltd. For more information on our other CAD educational software, including our innovative CAD in Schools series, kindly visit our website at www.tricad.co.za

OWNERSHIP OF CONTENT The author owns exclusive rights to the contents of this document and its associated drawings, lesson content and audio visual tutorials. Ownership includes, but is not limited to both printed and electronic versions of this material.

COPYRIGHT The copyright of this material is reserved. No part of this document or its associated audio visual material may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or translated into any other language or in any form without explicit and written permission from the author.

DISCLAIMER The author makes no warranty, either expressed or implied, including but not limited to any warranties of merchant liability or fitness for a particular purpose regarding this document.

In no event shall the author be liable to anyone for damages in connection or arising out of the use of this material.

Table of Contents

Introduction Introduction to this Training Guide...... 1 About this Training Guide ...... 1 Using this program ...... 4 Index...... 5 The Contents Page ...... 4 The Search Page ...... 6 The Task Drawing...... 6 The Task Worksheet...... 7 The Practical Sessions ...... 8 About SIMuLATE...... 9 Using the QuickCAMs ...... 9 Audio Assist...... 11

Design & Technology Functions and Features ...... 12 The Design Cycle ...... 13 Design Brief...... 13 Specifications ...... 14 Sketches, Drawings, Model...... 14

CAD Fundamentals The Student Template ...... 15 Frequently used 2D Tools ...... 15 Frequently used features...... 15 Object Handling ...... 16 Object Duplication ...... 16 Object Manipulation ...... 16 Object Modification ...... 16 Line Length ...... 16 Meet 2 Lines ...... 16 Shrink/Extend Line ...... 17 The Selection Info Palette ...... 17 The Design Director ...... 18 The Tools Palette...... 19 Snap Modes ...... 20 Single Entry Keyboard Equivalents...... 20

3D Basics 3D Model ...... 22 Workplanes ...... 23 3D Object ...... 23 Boolean Facet ...... 24 3D Modify ...... 24 3D Scene ...... 24 Standard Views...... 25 Render Modes ...... 25

Session One 3D Design Environment ...... 27 Program & Drawing Settings ...... 27 The Tools Palette...... 28 Selector Properties...... 29 2D/3D Selector Settings ...... 30 Standard/Isometric Views...... 32 Wedge ...... 34 Coordinate System Icons ...... 36 World Coordinate System ...... 37 User Coordinate System ...... 38 Workplanes ...... 40

Show/Hide Workplane ...... 41 Fit Workplane to Window ...... 42 Plane by Active View...... 43 Plane by World...... 44 Workplane by Facet ...... 45 3D Thickness...... 47 Session 1 Summary ...... 50

Session Two Converting Profiles into 3D Objects ...... 52 3D Thickness ...... 53 3D Mirror Copy ...... 54 Generic Transform ...... 55 Workplane by Facet ...... 57 Layout Templates ...... 59 Fillet Edges ...... 61 Material Properties...... 64 Create View ...... 65 Paper Space layout...... 66 Session 2 Summary ...... 69

Session Three 3D Objects ...... 71 Parametric Updates ...... 72 3D Box ...... 73, 84 Selection Info Palette...... 76 Rotated Box ...... 76 Sphere ...... 78 Hemisphere...... 80 Polygonal Prism ...... 81, 85 Cylinder ...... 83, 88 Fillet Edges ...... 90 Mirror Copy ...... 91 Material Properties...... 93 Create View ...... 95 Insert Viewports ...... 96 Session 3 Summary ...... 97

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Session Four 2D Sketch Profiles ...... 99 Grid ...... 100 Selection Info Palette...... 101, 103 Simple Extrude...... 101 Profile Edit ...... 104 Sketch Profile ...... 105 Grid ...... 106 Simple Extrude...... 107 Fillet Edges ...... 108 Material Properties...... 109 Workplane by 3 Points ...... 110 Dimensioning ...... 112 Create Views ...... 114 Insert Viewport ...... 116 Viewport layer control...... 116 Foreground Wireframe...... 118 Session 4 Summary ...... 120 Session 4 Practical...... 121

Session Five 2D Boolean...... 123 2D Add...... 124 2D Subtract ...... 125 Simple Extrude...... 126 Workplane by Facet ...... 127 3D Thickness...... 129 Generic Transform ...... 130 3D Subtract ...... 132 Fillet Edges ...... 133 2D/3D Selector Properties ...... 135 2D/3D Selector - depending on Mode ...... 136 3D Object Handling...... 138 3D Rotation ...... 139 3D Add...... 141 Rendered Viewport...... 144 Session 5 Summary ...... 146 Session 5 Practical...... 147

Session Six Assemble by 3 Points...... 150, 161 Assemble by Edge & Point...... 152 Assemble by Facet...... 153 Assemble by Tangents ...... 155 Assemble by Axis ...... 156 Assembly Axis ...... 157 Set Assembly Axis...... 157 Shell Solid ...... 158, 163 2D Profiles ...... 160 2D Profiles to 3D Objects...... 162 Workplane by Facet ...... 165 Polygon...... 166 Sphere ...... 168 3D Add...... 169 Artistic context ...... 172 Session 6 Summary ...... 175 Session 6 Practical...... 176

Session Seven Torus ...... 179 The Selection Info Palette ...... 180 3D Slice Tools ...... 181 Slice by 3 Points ...... 181 Slice by 2 Points ...... 182 Slice by Workplane ...... 182, 186 Torus from Center...... 183 Sphere ...... 184 Assemble by 3 Points...... 188 3D Rotate ...... 190 Fillet Edges ...... 191 Workplane by Facet ...... 193 Mirror...... 194 Revolve...... 196 Artistic context ...... 199 Surface from Profile...... 200 Final Preparation ...... 201 Session 7 Summary ...... 203 Session 7 Practical...... 204

Session Eight Imprint ...... 207 Imprint – Add ...... 208 Imprint – Subtract ...... 208 Imprint: Top-Bottom Options ...... 209 Extrusion Shape ...... 209 Two Sided Extrusion...... 210 Deformable Modeling ...... 211 Extrusion Draft Angle ...... 212 Sphere ...... 214 Slice by Workplane ...... 216 Simple Extrude...... 217 Imprint with Subtract ...... 219 Fillet Edges ...... 220 Pressure Load ...... 222 3D Subtract ...... 225 Imprint with Add...... 227 Slice by Workplane ...... 229 Flexible Text ...... 230 Workplane by 3 Points ...... 231 Session 8 Summary ...... 237 Session 8 Practical...... 238

Session Nine Revolve...... 241, 244 Torus Spiral Pitch...... 242 Auto Workplane by Face...... 246 Sphere ...... 246 Workplane Intersection...... 248 Object Handling ...... 249 Assemble by 3 Points...... 251 3D Subtract ...... 252 Fillet Edges ...... 254 Artistic Context ...... 256 Final Preparation ...... 257 Session 9 Summary ...... 259 Session 9 Practical...... 260

Session 10 Sketch Profiles ...... 263 2D Geometry ...... 264 2D Polyline...... 266 Join Polyline...... 267 Assemble by 3 Points...... 269 Revolve...... 270 Two Sided Extrude ...... 272 3D Circle ...... 273 3D Metrics...... 275 Auto Workplane by Face...... 277 Artistic Context ...... 279 Session 10 Summary...... 281 Session 10 Practical ...... 282

Session Eleven Loft ...... 285 Branched Lofting ...... 287 Face2Face Lofting ...... 289 Set Workplane by Entity...... 290 The Blocks Palette ...... 292 Sketch Geometry ...... 293 Join Polyline...... 294 Assemble by 3 Points...... 296 Loft ...... 297 Shell Solid...... 299 Cylinder ...... 299 Assemble by Tangents ...... 301 Pressure Load ...... 304 Fillet Edges ...... 305 Assemble by Tangents ...... 306 Artistic Context ...... 309 Final Preparation ...... 311 Session 11 Summary...... 312 Session 11 Practical ...... 313

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Session Twelve Section ...... 316, 330 Half Sectional View ...... 316 Full Sectional View ...... 317 Section by Workplane...... 317 Section by Closed Polyline ...... 318 Facet Editor ...... 319, 339 Create Hole...... 321 Sketch Profile ...... 323 Revolve...... 324 Create Hole...... 326 Place on Workplane ...... 332 Workplane Intersection...... 333 Offset...... 335 Two Sided Extrude ...... 337 Artistic Context ...... 341 Final Preparation ...... 343 Session Twelve Summary ...... 344

Session Thirteen Sweep ...... 346, 355 Rail Sweep ...... 347 Extrusion Draft Angle ...... 348 Simple Extrude...... 349, 351 3D Boolean...... 350 Taper Extrusion Shape ...... 353 Twist...... 355 Profiles ...... 357,363 Assembly Tools...... 359 Create Surface from Solid...... 360 Session 13 Summary...... 367

Session Fourteen Surface from Solid...... 370 Render Modes ...... 371 Wireframe Mode ...... 372 Hidden Line Mode ...... 373 Draft Render Mode ...... 374

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Quality Render Mode...... 374 Dashed Hidden Lines ...... 375 Displaying non-renderable objects ...... 376 Lights ...... 377 Ambient Light ...... 378 Point Light ...... 379 Directional Light ...... 380 Headlight ...... 381 Spotlight ...... 382 Skylight...... 382 Camera Movements ...... 383 Walk Through...... 384 Background/Foreground...... 384 Session 14 Summary...... 386 Session 14 Practical ...... 387

New Features in TurboCAD v16 Quick Pull ...... 388 Part Tree...... 389 Extrude to Face ...... 390 Thread...... 394 Twisted Extrude ...... 397 Component Wall ...... 399 Adding a New Wall Component ...... 401 Using the Viewing Panel ...... 403 Saving the New Component Wall Style...... 404

Index...... 405

Introduction

Introduction to this module...... 1 About this Syllabus Module...... 1 Using this program ...... 4 Index...... 5 The Search Page ...... 6 The Task Drawing...... 6 The Task Worksheet...... 7 The Practical Sessions ...... 8 About SIMuLATE...... 9 Using the QuickCAMs...... 9 Audio Assist...... 11

Introduction

Introduction to this Training Guide

The setup of this Training Guide is executed from one file only - TurboCAD 3D Training Guide setup.exe. This file is extremely large and may take a short while to access from the CD or DVD. Please be patient during this process.

Follow the instructions during the installation process, preferably using the default settings. This will automatically install this program into the recommended folder on your computer.

For optimal performance, please make sure this Training Guide is installed correctly.

About this Training Guide

This Training Guide is designed to provide instruction in 3D applications of Computer Aided Design using the TurboCAD Deluxe or Professional editions.

It is also perfect for anyone who is a beginner to intermediate CAD user looking to familiarize themselves with 3D design and modeling concepts, including rendering and visualization.

This Training Guide uses a step-by-step method, with a practical session at the end of most sessions so that students can produce projects quickly and easily.

All tasks in this Training Guide contain audio visual QuickCAM tutorials. Please refer to Audio Assist for use on PC's without an audio facility.

Symbols & Icons used in this Program The following is a quick guide to the symbols and icons used throughout this document.

Text alongside this icon is the definition of the features used in the lesson. Text alongside this bullet represents the step-by-step instructions in the lesson body.

Please note : All QuickCAMS in this training program contain both audio and animation. FlashCAMS, used to illustrate a single feature contain animation only.

TurboCAD 3D Training Guide 1 Introduction

Introduction

Navigation

To move forward to the next page of the document, click onto this icon found in the upper right corner of the page.

To move backwards to the previous page of the document, click onto this icon found in the upper right corner of the page.

Worksheet Activity Overview A brief overview and expected outcome of the worksession is listed here. Introducing Features which have not previously been used are introduced here. Information Draws attention to any specific area of importance. Take Note This field contains information which is relevant to the successful completion of the task. Estimated Time Provides a estimate of the time taken to produce the session drawing and the total estimated duration of the session.

Tasks Exercise Overview

This gives a brief overview of the current task. Before you Start Preparation tips before starting the task. Associated tasks Provides information of additional features used in the task. Take Note Represents hints and tips which may be useful during the exercise. Artistic Context

Makes suggestions to add artistic context to the final design. Final Preparation

A final checklist for preparing the design for review or printing. Session Summary Presents a review of the sessions important points.

TurboCAD 3D Training Guide 2 Introduction

Introduction

Design Brief Design Brief Checklist A list of specific instructions to create the practical tasks. Drawing Assistance States whether ScreenCAM assistance is provided or not. Save Design Instructs the user to save the model at critical stages of the design. End of Task

Indicates the end of a task or session.

System Requirements This program will run optimally under the following conditions.

Computer Pentium Class Processor 256 MB Ram 40 MB Hard disk space CD drive Wheel mouse

Monitor 3D Graphics accelerator card. Super VGA monitor with the following settings : Use Windows > Settings > Control Panel to access the Display settings. From the Settings page set the Screen Area to 1024 x 768. Set the Colors to at least High Color (16 Bit)

Operating System These Training Guides will operate on the following Windows platforms. Windows 98 Windows NT Windows ME Windows 2000 Windows XP Windows Vista

TurboCAD 3D Training Guide 3 Introduction

Introduction

Using this program

This document is produced in a help file format, suitable for presentation in the classroom or for individual use by students.

After installation, an icon for both the Training Guide program and the printable manual will be placed in the Programs folder of your Windows Start menu. In addition an icon for the Training Guide will be placed onto the desktop area of the PC onto which it is installed. If preferred, please delete the icon from the desktop and use the Windows Start Programs.

Navigation through this program is extremely easy, using quick search and rapid referencing features to find keywords or topics.

This program should ideally be installed onto individual PC's, but can be accessed through a file server. The installation of this Training Guide can be deployed from the single file called TurboCAD 3D Training Guide Setup.exe

This Training Guide can be installed into any folder on the computer. Please follow the installation instructions during the installation process.

Please use the uninstall.exe file to remove the contents of the Training Guide from the local hard drive and the system registry.

The Contents page The Contents page is a table of contents for the entire Training Guide. Each session has a structure similar to this :

Session Number Task Task Session Summary Each Session has at least 10 tasks which are displayed in either collapsed view, shown in Session 2, right, or expanded view, shown in Session 3, right. Left click once onto the task name for instant access to that page. The Session Summary contains an overview of the tasks discussed and demonstrated during the Session and resembles the illustration, right.

TurboCAD 3D Training Guide 4 Introduction

Introduction

The Information page, shown by the icon, left, provides relevant information prior to starting the task activity. Frequently, a small 2 minute task is incorporated into the information page. Information pages generally appear at the start of the session so as not to interrupt to flow of the session.

The Task Activity page, shown by the icon, left, includes each activity required to finish the session. Each Task Activity page contains start-to-finish task related to a specific feature.

The Artistic Content page, shown by the icon, left, is used to encourage the student to apply context decor into the design in the form of material properties and artistic content which will enhance the finished design.

The Final Preparation page, shown by the icon, left, is used to provide requirements for the final presentation of the finished design. Typical instructions will include paper space layout requirements and specific views of the finished design.

The Session Summary, shown by the icon, left appears at the end of each session and provides an overview of tasks completed during the course of the session. It is recommended that the session summary be fully understood before proceeding to the next session.

The Index The index, shown right, will allow quick alphabetical access to any topic or keyword in the Training Guide. Use the scroll bar to browse to the item, or type an appropriate keyword into the blank field, shown right. Should the required topic not be found in the Index page, use the Search page.

TurboCAD 3D Training Guide 5 Introduction

Introduction

The Search page To search for an item, click onto the Search page, shown right. Type an appropriate keyword into the field, similar to that shown right, then click onto List Topics. Several related topics will be presented relating to this keyword. Select the closest search result to your requirements. To refine your search, use one of the key search features shown in the illustration right.

The Task Drawing Each session contains a design task which is shown in the tiles of the Task Drawing preview, similar to the illustration below left. Where possible, as much information is provided as possible, using at least 3 different views of the model. In some cases, the 2D geometry and the 3D model is displayed, similar to the illustrations, below. Each task design is fully contained within the session. Each design is started and finished in the same session.

Task Drawing

TurboCAD 3D Training Guide 6 Introduction

Introduction

The Task Worksheet The Task Worksheet for each lesson is shown below and serves as an overview for the current activity session. Please read the information in the tables below for more information. The Estimated Time field, shown in the table below is the estimated approximate time taken to produce the drawing. Please note : Instruction and drawing time will vary and should be taken as a baseline only. With the exception of the Super Session, the task drawing is started and finished during the current activity session. If the task drawing is not completed in the current activity session, students should save their designs to an appropriate folder.

Task Worksheet

Activity Overview : During this Introducing : The following features will activity session you will learn how to : be introduced during this activity session : The Task Worksheet gives an overview of New features which are introduced into the session activity instructions for the current task are detailed in this column. session. Specific instruction may be required for new Each drawing activity is listed with a brief features which are introduced into the session. description of their purpose.

Information : Take Note :

This field contains any incidental information This field contains information which is relevant to which this task requires. This information is the successful completion of the task. This usually for observation purposes only. information should be carefully noted.

Estimated Drawing Time : Estimated Session Duration :

This is the estimated time taken to produce This is the estimated time of the total session the model from start to finish. activity, including discussions, demonstrations and instruction.

TurboCAD 3D Training Guide 7 Introduction

Introduction

The Practical Sessions These sessions are intended to extend the knowledge and practical application of the tasks discussed and demonstrated in the current activity session. The practical sessions contain very similar tasks to those contained in the main activity session and are used as 'consolidation' exercises. Each practical task contains a Design Brief, shown next page, containing as much information as is necessary to complete the task. There is very limited instruction for the practical sessions, as the impact of doing the unassisted practical session is important. There is no QuickCAM support for the practical activity sessions, however, students can refer to the practical finished design for that session for dimensional reference. An example of the format of the Practical Activity Session is shown below.

Practical Activity Session

TurboCAD 3D Training Guide 8 Introduction

Introduction

Design Brief

Start a new drawing using an appropriate template. Draw the 2D profile using a continual polyline. Use a grid if necessary. Extrude the profile to the appropriate depth, then use the workplane to draw the new features. 3D Objects used in this design include Extrusion, Cylinder, Extrusion; Fillet Edges. Use your own measurements where none are provided, making every effort to keep all components in proportion to the finished model. Dimension the model when finished, showing all relevant dimensions. Create at least 2 views in the paper space layout, one of which must display a wireframe/hidden line view. At least one viewport must show a rendered view. Insert text to label the viewports.

SIMuLATE This is the acronym for Simulation of the Task Activity Session and uses QuickCAM technology to demonstrate the exact process of building the task drawing. Each QuickCAM contains convenient animated and audio visual sequences with text descriptions and arrows, suitable for PC's which have no audio facility, or for hearing-impaired students. A continual, sequential QuickCAM is contained in the Task Worksheet to provide the user with a quick overview of the all the tasks in the session. A mini QuickCAM is contained in the session body of each task. Each QuickCAM in the task activity body is approximately 1 minute in duration and should be viewed in context with each task. Audio is available on all the QuickCAMs in this Training Guide. Audio Assist is provided for hearing impaired students, or for PC's which have no audio facility.

Using the QuickCAM's QuickCAM is the technology used to accompany SIMuLATE. The QuickCAMs can be started directly from the task activity and use the normal forward, rewind and pause buttons, shown in the playback control bar, below. A progress bar, shown to the left in the illustration below, will assist with rapid fast forwarding or rewinding of the QuickCAM activity. In cases where the playback control bar obscures objects in the graphics editor, particularly when inputting X-Y-Z coordinates into the data fields, a small vertical playback control bar is used. QuickCAM activity will fade out over approximately 3-4 seconds to indicate the last frame of the session.

TurboCAD 3D Training Guide 9 Introduction

Introduction

The Training Guide is immediately restored when a QuickCAM is closed. There is no need to shuffle between programs. The information button, shown to the extreme right in the illustration below, can be used to e-mail queries to Tri-CAD's educational support center. Please supply your full details in the body of the e-mail so that a suitable response can be provided. All constructive comment is welcomed.

QuickCAMs for Information Pages

The illustration right and below will be displayed when QuickCAMS relate to the information pages of a Session, for example, pages marked with the symbol in the contents page. These QuickCAMs do not form part of a continual tutorial, but are tasks which should be observed prior to starting the Session tutorial. The QuickCAM tutorials for the information sessions are not compiled into the SIMuLATE session as the tasks are not sequential.

TurboCAD 3D Training Guide 10 Introduction

Introduction

Audio Assist Audio Assist is provided for hearing impaired users, or for PC's on which there is no audio equipment. Occasionally, there may appear to be long sequences on the QuickCAMs during which there is no apparent activity. This is quite possibly due to an audio narrative, particularly at the beginning of a new session. In these cases, Audio Assist is used, shown below, to provide an explanation of the spoken narrative.

When the icon, shown left is displayed during a QuickCAM session, place the cursor over the icon to display the text information. A message, similar to that shown right, will be displayed for the duration of the QuickCAM. The message is removed when the cursor is moved away from the icon.

TurboCAD 3D Training Guide 11 Introduction

Design & Technology

The Design Cycle ...... 13 Design Brief...... 13 Specifications ...... 14 Sketches, Drawings, Model...... 14

Design & Technology

Design & Technology Functions & Features The concept of design used as a tool for creativity is not necessarily true. Whilst the creative process inherent in any design process is integral to product development, design should be seen as a mechanism for solving problems. New designs are typically developed as a result of the following analyses : Identify : Isolating and identifying a problem within a design. When examining a product, from simple everyday objects to complex mechanisms, the criteria for measuring design viability can be simplified by using assessments similar to the items listed below. Functionality : How well does the current product work? Aesthetics : Does the visual appearance of the product fit the profile of its intended market? Costs : Is the product affordable to manufacture and produce for its intended market.

Explore the Options. Whilst a design is not necessarily a bad design just because it isn’t aesthetically pleasing, certain issues should be considered when exploring the need to redesign a product. A convenient index whereby this can be assessed is simply 'How practical is it to redesign a product?' Once this criteria is realized, the student is encouraged to explore every possible solution until the design intent has been satisfied. One of the more typically applied methods of exploring solutions to design problems is :

Discussion, Debate and Dialogue : communication and research. Design is seldom a singular process unless the designer is inventing a new product. Such singularity, in fact, can be detrimental to improved design. When exploring all possible solutions to satisfy design intent, it is import that research be conducted into comparative designs, new ideas voiced and dialogue encouraged between team members. When the design concept has been agreed upon, the work to be carried out is usually assigned to various team members.

Teamwork : realization to finalization In industry today, large and small projects are carried out by teams of specialists who, independently, are in possession of the knowledge and expertise to complete their assigned tasks of the design process. From this we can conclude that design intent is satisfied collectively by the team.

TurboCAD 3D Training Guide 12 Design & Technology

Design & Technology

The Design Cycle The following sketch clearly illustrates the recommended process by which the student should complete both individual and team assignments and is a useful template which could be applied for any level of product design.

Design Brief The Design Brief is used to provide a flexible template of the process used to produce a product. In most cases, each section of the Design Brief, illustrated above, would be undertaken by a specialist who understands each key component. More frequently, however, a designer can undertake to perform each section of the planning and preparation stages of the design brief, starting at Research and ending with Testing. Once the design brief has been fulfilled, specifications should be prepared, outlining specific criteria for the design and manufacture of the product.

TurboCAD 3D Training Guide 13 Design & Technology

Design & Technology

Specifications Specifications are required so that exact design and manufacturing conditions can be adhered to. Specifications usually accompany the Engineering drawing and Material Lists associated with the drawings.

Sketches, Drawings, Model The sketches are frequently retained so that the original design can be upheld. 2D Technical drawings are generally produced so that the production team are able to order the correct quantities of material to manufacture the product. The 3D model can be used as a demonstration of the finished product, particularly where moving or automated parts are involved. The 3D model also provides a useful operator training tool or demonstration model.

TurboCAD 3D Training Guide 14 Design & Technology

CAD Fundamentals

The Student Template...... 15 Frequently used 2D Tools ...... 15 Frequently used features...... 15 Object Handling ...... 16 Object Duplication ...... 16 Object Manipulation ...... 16 Object Modification ...... 16 Line Length ...... 16 Meet 2 Lines ...... 16 Shrink/Extend Line...... 17 The Selection Info Palette ...... 17 The Design Director ...... 18 The Tools Palette...... 19 Snap Modes ...... 20 Single Entry Keyboard Equivalents...... 20 CAD Fundamentals

CAD fundamentals It is expected that users of this Training Guide have completed the TurboCAD 2D Training Guide. However, if this is not the case, the features discussed and detailed during this section are intended to give the user a brief overview of the some of the frequently used features useful for creating and handling 2D entities. 2D object creation provides an important role in the creation of profiles for solid geometry and the basic drawing, modification and handling of 2D objects is not discussed or demonstrated in any detail in this Training Guide. It is intended, additionally, to provide information about automated features, such a object layering etc.

The Student Template Supplied with this Training Guide is a template named Student_3D.tct. This template will be installed into the Drawings folder of this Training Guide and must be copied into the Templates folder of your particular TurboCAD program. This template has been created to facilitate consistency between drawings and to alleviate the necessity of creating commonly used layers, styles and formats. Use your own template if required. It is recommended that this template be used at the start of each activity session. When using different features in the TurboCAD program, it will be noted that layers are automatically activated when specific features are selected. For example, when drawing tools are used, the current layer will automatically default to 'Model'. When dimensioning is started, the current layer automatically changes to 'Dims.' These layers have been specifically assigned to these features in the Student_3D template.

Frequently used features 2D Sketch profiles are frequently used as the basis for 3D solid object creation. To produce a reliable 3D model, these sketches require accurate drawing construction of the 2D geometry and a knowledge of 2D drawing tools is required. The following 2D drawing tools are used frequently throughout this Training Guide and are discussed and demonstrated in much greater detail in the relevant task activity sessions.

Drawing Tools

Drawing tools are used to insert 2D objects into the graphics editor. Some examples of 2D objects, sometimes referred to as entities, are Lines, Circles, Ellipses, etc.

Straight lines can be drawn by holding down the SHIFT key to constrain the angle to 90º.

TurboCAD 3D Training Guide 15 CAD Fundamentals

CAD Fundamentals

Object Handling

This is the method of selecting an object or group of objects for modification or manipulation purposes. The Select tool is used exclusively for this purpose.

When an object is selected, a Selector Shell is placed around the object, shown right.

The yellow reference point can be moved to a more convenient location by typing D. It is restored by right clicking and selecting Default Reference Point from the local menu.

Object Manipulation The selected object can be moved, copied, resized and rotated when the selector shell is attached. Objects can also be moved, copied and resized using the Transform features. The Transform method of manipulating objects requires a source and a destination point.

Object Duplication Objects are duplicated using the Make Copy, Rubber Stamp, Mirror, Array features. The Offset feature is also used to duplicate a contour, line or closed polygonal shape. In the illustration, right, the top triangle has been selected for duplication. The symmetrically opposite duplicate has been created using the Mirror feature. The mirroring axis is shown by the cursor.

Object Modification Object modification is done by adjusting the geometry of the object, without maintaining the original. The following modification features are used frequently to create 2D sketch profiles throughout this Training Guide. Line Length This feature shortens or lengthens a line to a position specified by the pointing device. The planar integrity of the line is maintained. In the illustration right, the line is being shortened from the right.

TurboCAD 3D Training Guide 16 CAD Fundamentals

CAD Fundamentals

The Meet 2 Lines feature creates 'corners' of intersecting or potentially intersecting lines. In the illustration right, the 3 corners which originally appeared the same as the top left corner, have been created using the Meet 2 Lines feature.

Shrink/Extend Line This feature shortens or lengthens a line to a boundary edge. In the illustration, right, the long blue vertical line will be shortened to the edge shown by the arrow, similar to the corresponding line on the other side of the center line.

The Selection Info Palette The Selection Info Palette is used to view and modify the dimensional properties of any object. Several objects can be selected and their individual properties modified. In the illustration below, both the Cylinder and the Revolved parts have been selected and their individual properties can be modified.

TurboCAD 3D Training Guide 17 CAD Fundamentals

CAD Fundamentals

The Design Director It is a still a requirement of 3D Design that layers be used to identify objects. Different views of the model will be required and layer control performs a vital role in accurately displaying the contents of a viewport. Three basic layers have been created and saved in the Student Template. These layers are Model, CL (center line) and Dims (Dimensioning) Additional layers are required at various stages throughout this Training Guide. New layers which are created in the current drawing are not saved in the template. Should you wish to add additional layers to the template, open the Student Template (Student.tct) from the templates folder. New layers are created using the Design Director, shown right. Use F3 to activate this palette. Objects are drawn onto the current layer, shown by the symbol, right. Color and pen styles can be assigned to layers. Layers can only be deleted when there are no objects in the graphics editor currently residing on that layer. Objects drawn on a particular layer can be universally selected using the Edit > Select by > Layer feature. Objects on a locked layer, shown by the symbol are displayed in the graphics editor but cannot be accessed for modification purposes. When a layer is switched off, shown by the symbol, objects on this layer are not displayed in the graphics editor. Care should be taken when moving objects associated to this layer.

TurboCAD 3D Training Guide 18 CAD Fundamentals

CAD Fundamentals

The Tools Palette The Tools Palette is a convenient tool for viewing and accessing multiple menu panels which contain associated tools. Menu panels can be added to or removed from the Tools Palette to suit particular tasks. The Tools Palette is activated using View > Tools Palette and remains docked at the right side of the graphics editor until closed. An example of the Tools Palette is shown below. Use the Panels Setup, shown below right to customize the menu panels.

Refer to the QuickCAMs in the program of the educational Training Guide for information on adding and removing menu panels from the Tools Palette.

Menu Panels Removing a Menu Panel Adding a Menu Panel Menu Panel Themes User Interface Themes

TurboCAD 3D Training Guide 19 CAD Fundamentals

CAD Fundamentals

Snap Modes

Specific points of geometry are targeted on an object using Snap Modes. Object snap modes are found in the snap modes menu panel, shown top, or by using the local menu, obtained using the right click mouse button and selecting Local Snap. The Show Magnetic Point, illustrated by the red arrow, above is useful when targeting specific points of geometry. When targeting specific points of geometry in a 3D model, the spatial concept of the exact position of a snap mode may be misleading. For example, lines which appear intersected from a particular viewport may be separated by a great distance. Similarly, a cylinder, will have a vertex on the top and bottom face in a similar position to the quadrant point, normally targeted in 2D. Always view the model from different viewpoints to check the exact position of a snap mode.

When the Show Magnetic Point snap mode is active, the targeted snap mode is illustrated by a magenta colored 'attraction' point, shown right. In the illustration, right, the Center snap mode has been targeted, illustrated by the diamond shaped attraction point in the center, and the icon shown below the cursor. The center point of an arc or circle is targeted by placing the cursor on the edge of the circle.

Single Entry Keyboard Equivalents The following keyboard shortcuts, referred throughout this Training Guide as SEKE’s (single entry keyboard equivalents) are used as single instance (non-fixed) express keyboard keys to target a specific point of geometry on an object, such as vertex, center etc. When using the SEKE’s, the left mouse click, generally used to define a position in model space is not required. For example, when defining the center of a circle or arc, simply position the cursor or input device on the edge of the arc or circle and type in the keyboard letter ‘c’. The cursor will snap instantly to the center point of the circle without further mouse assistance. The keyboard equivalents used throughout this Training Guide are listed next and the user should familiarize themselves with these keyboard shortcuts as soon as possible as they are used frequently in both 2D and 3D applications.

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CAD Fundamentals

Key Feature Function

C Center Snaps to the center of an arc or circle, including construction entities

I Intersection Snaps to the crossing or intersecting point of entities, including construction

J Project Snaps to a projected 90° perpendicular aspect

M Middle Snaps to the midway point of a line or arc

N Nearest Snaps to the closest node or pixel on an entity, including construction entities

Q Quadrant Snaps to the polar points (apex) or an arc or circle, including construction circles

V Vertex Snaps to the vertex (endpoints) of lines and arcs

S No Snap Draws to a position indicated by the cursor without left click mouse definition

E Center of Extents Snaps to the centrifugal point of 2D and 3D objects

G Grid Snaps to a user defined grid intersection

H Opposite Draws a line intersected by another to the equal distance from the start point

IMPORTANT !

Fixed (running) object snaps which remain switched on for a specific duration can be set for all sekes by holding down the SHIFT key in conjunction with the required shortcut key Repeat the function to remove a fixed snap mode. For example, SHIFT C sets a running snap mode for ‘center' ; SHIFT C removes the fixed center snap mode.

The SHIFT prefix sets the following fixed snap modes. Likewise, the SHIFT prefix is used to remove the fixed snap mode.

SHIFT T Sets a fixed snap to target the tangential point of an arc or circle

SHIFT X Sets a fixed snap to target the extended orthogonal projection points

SHIFT O Sets a fixed snap to 90° (orthogonal mode)

SHIFT K Sets a fixed snap to target a projected intersection

TurboCAD 3D Training Guide 21 CAD Fundamentals

3D Basics

3D Model ...... 22 Workplanes ...... 23 3D Object ...... 23 Boolean Facet ...... 24 3D Modify ...... 24 3D Scene ...... 24 Standard Views...... 25 Render Modes ...... 25

3D Basics

3D Basics An introduction is provided in the following tasks which will provide the user with a brief overview of the 3D modeling, manipulation, modification and viewing tools. All items discussed and demonstrated in these tasks are explained in greater detail in the various Sessions in this Training Guide.

Refer to the QuickCAMs in the program of the educational Training Guide for information

3D Design Environment : The 3 dimensional workspace where work is designed & created. 3D Design Settings : Specific object selection and display settings. 3D Model : All 3D objects which are created, modified and manipulated. 3D Scene : The methods used to display and view the model.

3D Model

All items in the 3D Model menu panel deal with the construction, creation, modification and manipulation of 3D objects. All items discussed and demonstrated in these tasks are explained in greater detail in the various Sessions in this Training Guide.

Refer to the QuickCAMs in the program of the educational Training Guide for information.

Workplanes 3D Object Boolean Facet 3D Modify

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3D Basics

Workplanes

To assist with the visualization of the coordinate system, Workplanes are used. The Workplane is represented by a red, broken-line square which will be displayed in relation to the current User Coordinate System and view. The Workplane responds in accordance with the User CS (coordinate system) and always lies parallel to the X-Y plane of the User defined CS, with the Z axis lying in a perpendicular direction to the Workplane. It may be helpful to visualize the Workplane as a sheet of glass upon which all 3D objects are drawn. Only one Workplane at a time can be displayed in model space, however a Workplane which has been specifically applied to a unique surface can be saved and retrieved at a later stage. Workplanes can only be placed on surfaces or planes.

Refer to the QuickCAMs in the program of the educational Training Guide for information.

3D Object

Solid objects are produced either as free-standing objects without dependence on sketch profiles or as objects which are produced from a 2D sketch profile. 3D objects are created as a solid entity, but can be changed to a surface if required. Typical free-standing 3D objects are Box, Sphere, Hemisphere and Torus. Certain 3D objects are produced from a single, pre-drawn 2D object by extruding, lofting, imprinting or revolving the profiles. Typical 3D objects which are produced from sketch profiles are Cone, Prism and Revolve, etc. 3D Objects can either be produced as solid or surface objects.

Refer to the QuickCAMs in the program of the educational Training Guide for information.

TurboCAD 3D Training Guide 23 3D Basics

3D Basics

Boolean Facet

Boolean is the name given to the method of combining or separating objects which intersect or are adjacent. Boolean operations can only take place when working with 2 like objects – for example 2 solids or 2 surfaces. The first object selected is referred to as the Primary Object ; the second object selected is referred to as the Secondary Object or the Subtracting Unit.

Refer to the QuickCAMs in the program of the educational Training Guide for information.

3D Modify

3D Modification is the method used to manipulate (assemble) and modify existing 3D objects.

Refer to the QuickCAMs in the program of the educational Training Guide for information.

3D Scene

All items in the 3D Scene menu panel deal with the display (render) and the viewing (Standard and Isometric Views) of the model.

Refer to the QuickCAMs in the program of the educational Training Guide for information.

Standard & Isometric Views Render

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3D Basics

Standard Views

Views such as Standard views (orthographic) and Isometric views are used to display the model from different viewpoints.

Refer to the QuickCAMs in the program of the educational Training Guide for information.

Render

Different Render modes are used to display the model. 3D Objects can be modified and manipulated in any of the render modes, but the Wireframe mode is generally used when constructing and assembling the model. The Form Building Edges tool can be used in conjunction with the Wireframe and Hidden Line view to control the display of surface edges on solid objects. When the Form Building Edges option is enabled, all surface, interior and contour lines are displayed.

Refer to the QuickCAMs in the program of the educational Training Guide for information.

TurboCAD 3D Training Guide 25 3D Basics

Session One

3D Design Environment ...... 27 Program & Drawing Settings ...... 27 Program setup ...... 28 The Tools Palette...... 28 Selector Properties...... 29 2D/3D Selector Settings ...... 30 Standard/Isometric Views...... 32 Wedge ...... 34 Coordinate System Icons ...... 36 World Coordinate System ...... 37 User Coordinate System ...... 38 Workplanes ...... 40 Show/Hide Workplane ...... 41 Fit Workplane to Window ...... 42 Plane by Active View...... 43 Plane by World...... 44 Workplane by Facet ...... 45 3D Thickness ...... 47 Session 1 Summary ...... 50

Session One

Task Drawing

Take Note : There is no SIMuLATE for this Session as the Tasks are not sequential. Please refer to the QuickCAM for each Task in this Session. Task Worksheet

Activity Overview : During this activity Introducing : The following features will session you will learn how to : be introduced during this activity session : The recommended design environment for 3D Program & drawing settings for 3D design. The selector shell : distinguishing between 2D The 3D menu panels and 3D objects. Selector 2D/3D Properties. Viewing the design from different viewpoints. Standard / Isometric Views. Understanding the World and User Coordinate The world and user-coordinate system. system. Workplanes Understanding Workplanes 3D Thickness Converting a 2D profile to a 3D object.

Information : Take Note : A different drawing environment is usually Environment settings can be stored in a specific required for 3D design. template.

Estimated Drawing Time : 10 Minutes Estimated Session Duration : 45 Minutes

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Session One

3D Design Environment

Two dimensional workspace is flat; everything is drawn from an orthographic viewpoint such as Top, Side, Front, etc. The 2D workspace shrinks or expands laterally to accommodate the full scale 2D drawing.

A three dimensional environment, however, is similar to space; it can expand in any direction. The center point of the 3 dimensional axes can be understood from the illustration, below.

Different settings and menu panels are required for 3D design. The settings and menu panels described throughout this session should be stored in a template.

Program and Drawing Settings

Certain drawing and system settings should be applied to obtain optimal results when working in a 3D environment.

Settings which are applied from the Program setup section of the Options menu, shown below left, will store such settings in the TurboCAD program. These settings remain fixed from drawing to drawing and are only changed when new settings are applied.

Settings which are applied from the Drawing setup section of the Options menu, shown below right, apply certain settings in the current drawing only. Settings and standards which are required to be applied in all subsequent drawings are saved in the drawing template.

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Session One

In this task : Drawing settings will be modified to suit a 3D design application. These settings can be saved in the Student template.

Before you start : Start a new drawing using the Student_3D template or any suitable metric/non metric template.

From the Options > Display dialog box, check the field for Show Form Building Edges. From the Explorer Bar on the left of this dialog box, select ACIS, then uncheck the field for Degenerative Faceting. These settings can be saved in a the student template which can be used throughout this Training Guide. The settings which were recently created will now be applied each time a new drawing is started using the Student_3D template.

The Tools Palette

These menus contain grouped features particular to a specific function, but in a more easily accessible format.

Menu Panels can be added to the Tools Palette using the Panels Setup function.

The Tools Palette is accessed using View > Tools Palette.

In this task : The Menu Panels listed below should be displayed in the Tools Palette.

For most tasks, the 3D Model and 3D Scene menus should be accessible from the Tools Palette with the following menu panels available in these menus.

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Session One

Selector Properties

When objects are handled (modified, manipulated and duplicated) in 3 dimensional model space, a Selector Shell is placed around the objects in a similar manner to that used when handling objects in 2 dimensional model space.

So that a distinction is made between 2D profiles and 3D objects, the Selector Shell settings are applied to toggle between 2D or 3D mode. This is done using the Selector 2D Properties.

In this task : A rectangle will be drawn, then extruded to produce a solid object.

Before you start : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template. Make sure the Standard Views and the 3D Model menu panels are available in the Tools Palette.

Draw a Rectangle which is 100 x 80 in the graphics editor, then use Zoom Extents to view the entire object.

Take Note : The dimensions in the illustration, right, are for information only. It is not necessary to insert dimensions on the rectangle at this stage.

Use the Select tool or the F7 key to select the most recently drawn object. The 2D Selector shell, shown below, contains 4 resize handles (corner handles); 4 stretch handles (at the midpoint of each edge); a yellow reference point (in the middle of the object) and a rotator bar and handle.

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Session One

Turn the view to Isometric South East, shown above, select the Rectangle, then right click and select Properties from the local menu. Input a value of 50 into the Thickness field in the 3D page, then click OK. When the rectangle is converted to a 3D object, then selected, the selector shell handles should appear

similar to the illustration, right.

2D/3D Selector Properties This feature allows a 2D profile to be extruded to create a height or depth.

A solid object is created when a 2D profile is extruded.

In this task : The 2D profile will be extruded upwards to create a 3D solid shape.

First select the new solid object, then right click and select Selector 2D/3D Properties. Select the General page, then make sure option for 2D/3D Depending on Selected Object and Space Mode is selected, shown below.

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Session One

Undo the sequence until only the 2D Rectangle remains in the graphics editor. Select the Isometric South East view from the Standard tools menu panels, shown above left. Select Normal Extrude from the 3D Model menu panel, then select the rectangle. Drag the cursor upwards slightly, until the upward extrusion path is evident, shown in the illustration, right. Right click and select Finish when an extrusion height similar to the illustration right is displayed.

Take Note : The height measurement is displayed in the Z coordinate field, shown below. The coordinate fields are accessed using SHIFT TAB. Use the TAB key to cycle between the XYZ fields.

This will allow the selector shell to distinguish between a 2D profile and a 3D object.

The selector shell, when attached to the 3D object should resemble the illustration, right. Now right click and select the Select Profile option from the local menu. The profile is the 2D rectangle from which the solid was created. The selector shell should immediately change to represent a 2D object, shown below.

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Session One

Take Note : 2D/3D Selector Properties are discussed and demonstrated in greater detail in Session 5.

Standard & Isometric Views

In addition to the standard views, eg: Plan, Side, Front etc, Isometric views are used to view the model from viewpoints determined by compass positions, shown below.

For example, when using the Standard Views menu panel, views selected to the right of the vertical line will be displayed as north or south EAST. Likewise, views selected to the left of the vertical line will be displayed as north or south WEST. The same rule applies to views selected above (north) and below (south) the horizontal line. A convenient method of visualizing this is to imagine standing in the position determined by the compass arrow positions, shown in the illustration above, and viewing the

model facing inwards.

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Front View Plan View Side View

Isometric South East Isometric South West

Isometric North East Isometric North West

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Session One

Wedge

Draws a tapered solid by defining diagonal base vertices and a height.

In this task : A wedge will be drawn adjacent to one edge of the box. The new shape will be viewed from different viewpoints.

Before you start : Turn the view to Isometric South East. Make sure there is sufficient space at the lower right side of the solid, shown below right.

Select the Wedge tool from the 3D Object menu panel, then activate a different color for this object. Start the first corner vertex of the Wedge in the approximate position to that shown in the lower left tile, below. Drag the second corner vertex of the wedge to the vertex of the box, shown by the pointer in the middle tile, below. Now drag the third corer vertex of the wedge to the vertex of the box shown by the pointer in

the right tile, below.

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Session One

The result should be similar to the illustration, right. Now use the Draft Render tool to product the result shown below.

Now view the new objects from different viewpoints. A few viewpoints are illustrated below.

Top View Front View Side View

Isometric South East View Isometric North East

Take Note : Make sure you understand the presentation of these objects from different viewpoints. Do not delete this object as it will be used again later in this session.

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Session One

Coordinate System

When drawing in either 2D or 3D Model Space, the Coordinate System represents the way in which entities are drawn and viewed in plan and elevation-type drawings.

In this task : The World and User Coordinate systems will be discussed and demonstrated.

Before you start : Make sure there is at least one 3D object in the graphics editor, preferably the 3D Box and Wedge which were drawn in the previous task.

Take Note : This Task is for demonstration purposes only.

From the Options menu, select Preferences, then activate both the Show User CS and the Show World CS options. The abbreviation CS relates to Coordinate System and is used frequently throughout this Training Guide.

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Session One

World Coordinate System

The World Coordinate System represents the way in which entities are drawn and viewed in standard isometric and orthographic views.

The World coordinate system is represented by an icon, shown circled below right.

The location of the World coordinate system icon, shown below right, remains fixed in the graphics editor. The default position being the lower left corner.

The world coordinate system cannot be changed ; it responds strictly to the current view of the model. When the coordinate system should be changed to create a new definition of the axes, a User Coordinate System is created.

In this task : The World Coordinate System will be discussed and demonstrated.

When drawings are viewed from a Plan view, the icon, shown right will represent the X, Y and Z axis. In this example, all objects drawn horizontally will be drawn in accordance with the X axis. All objects drawn vertically will be drawn in accordance with the Y axis.

The Z axis represents the positive or negative elevation. The World Coordinate system icons are shown in the illustrations below from different viewpoints.

Top / Plan View Right Side Front View

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Session One

Isometric South East View

The World Coordinate System icon, shown in the illustrations above, is activated in Options > Preferences, shown right.

•

User Coordinate System

The User CS, (User Coordinate System) allows the user to define the orientation of the X-Y-Z axis.

The origin of the User CS and the Workplane will always lie in the same plane.

The User Coordinate System is represented by an icon, shown below right.

The position of the UCS icon is not fixed; it will respond to the current view of the model and can be moved to a more appropriate position.

In this task : The User Coordinate System will be discussed and demonstrated.

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Session One

The User Coordinate system icon, shown circled right, is significantly larger than the World Coordinate system icon and can be adapted to user requirements. In the example below, the User Coordinate system icon represents the view from an Isometric South East view, and is in accordance with the World Coordinate System icon (smaller icon, bottom left)

In the example below left, a new Coordinate system (workplane) will be applied to the highlighted, front face of the box, shown by the arrow. In so doing, a new User Coordinate System has been applied, shown by the User CS in the illustration, below right. In this example, the origin of the coordinate system has been placed on A point on the X Axis has been placed on point A point on the Y Axis has been placed on point

TurboCAD 3D Training Guide 39 Session One

Session One

Workplanes

To assist with the visualization of the coordinate system, Workplanes are used.

The Workplane is represented by a red, broken-line square which will be displayed in relation to the current User Coordinate System and view.

The Workplane responds in accordance with the User CS (coordinate system) and always lies parallel to the X-Y plane of the User defined CS, with the Z axis lying in a perpendicular direction to the Workplane.

It may be helpful to visualize the Workplane as a sheet of glass upon which all 3D objects are drawn.

Only one Workplane at a time can be displayed in model space, however a Workplane which has been specifically applied to a unique surface can be saved and retrieved at a later stage.

Workplanes can only be placed on surfaces or planes, shown in the illustration below left. When applying a Workplane to a curved surface, a facet of that surface will be used, similar to the illustration, below right.

A Workplane can be positioned anywhere in model space, providing 3 points (origin, X axis, y axis) are provided. It does not necessarily need to be placed on an object's surface.

Workplanes are an important aspect of 3D design and their various applications are discussed and demonstrated over the next few tasks of this session. Workplanes will be used consistently throughout this Training Guide.

Workplane applied to the face or flat surface of an object Workplane applied to the curved facet of an object

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Session One

Show/Hide Workplane

This feature displays the Workplane in the model space layout. Workplanes are not applicable to paper space layout.

Most 3D design is approached with the Workplane displayed as it provides an easy spatial reference in the graphics editor. It allows the user to instantly understand the position of the X-Y-Z axis in order to use these coordinates effectively.

Most of the practical work in this Training Guide will encourage the user to work with the Workplane displayed.

In this task : The Workplane will be displayed and its relation to the solid objects observed.

Before you start : Make sure at least one solid object is displayed in the graphics editor, preferably the 3D box and wedge which were drawn earlier in this session. Make sure the Workplane menu panel is displayed in the Tools Palette.

Turn the view to Isometric South East, then reduce the zoom slightly. Select Show/Hide Workplane from the Workplane menu panel, shown top. The Workplane should be displayed in a

similar manner to that illustrated right. Now turn the view to an orthographic view, such as front view, shown below right, or a side view, shown below left.

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Session One

Fit Workplane to Window

By using the Fit Workplane to Window option, the border of the Workplane is accommodated within the current zoom magnification. When using the Fit Workplane to Window feature, the entire Workplane is visible, irrespective of the current zoom magnification.

In this task : The relationship between the Workplane and the zoom magnification will be demonstrated.

Before you start : Make sure the view is set to Isometric South East. The Workplane should be displayed.

In the illustration right, the objects are zoomed to the extents of the graphics editor. The Fit Workplane to Window option has been used so that the edge of the Workplane meets the edge of the graphics editor. Now zoom into the area shown circled below. In most cases, the Workplane is no longer visible.

However, if the Fit Workplane to Window feature is used, the Workplane will adjust to the size of the current magnification, shown by the illustration, right.

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Session One

Plane by Active View

Aligns the Workplane to the 2D drawing plane, irrespective of the User Coordinate System.

In this task : The Workplane will be aligned to the Active View and its relationship to the user coordinate system will be demonstrated.

Before you start : Make sure at least one solid object is displayed in the graphics editor, preferably the 3D box and wedge which were drawn earlier in this session. The Workplane should be displayed.

In the example below left, the Workplane and the User CS are in alignment. A circle, shown below right, has been drawn on the corner vertex of the box. Observe how the circle has been drawn parallel to the Workplane and the X-Y plane of the user CS.

Workplane and User CS in alignment Circle drawn on corner vertex is parallel to Workplane and the X-Y plane of the User CS, shown left

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Session One

In the example below left, the Workplane has been changed to Plane by Active View. This means that the Workplane aligns itself to a 2D drawing plane, whilst the User CS remains unchanged. When the Workplane has been set to Plane by Active view, it is almost as if one is drawing on a flat sheet of paper, with the existing objects providing an 'underlay' view. In the example, below right, a circle has been drawn using the identical vertex to that in the illustration above right, previous page. Notice how the circle has drawn in alignment with the Workplane, not the User CS, shown in the illustration, below left.

Workplane changed to Plane by Active View Circle drawn on corner vertex is parallel to Workplane, irrespective of the X-Y plane of the User CS, shown left

Plane by World

Aligns the Workplane to the X-Y axes of the World Coordinate System, irrespective of any user defined coordinate system.

In this task : The Workplane by World option will be used, and its relationship to the X-Y axes of the World CS will be demonstrated.

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Session One

In the example below left, the Workplane has been set to Plane by Active view to produce a flat 2 dimensional drawing plane. When the Plane by World option is used, the Workplane is placed on a parallel plane to the X-Y axes of the World Coordinate system, shown below right.

Workplane set to Plane by Active view Plane by World aligns Workplane X-Y axes of World CS

Workplane by Facet

This Workplane feature applies a Workplane to a selected facet (flat surface) of a 3D object. The Page Up and Page Down keys can be used to cycle between the available facets of the solid.

In this task : A Workplane will be placed on the face of a solid by selecting a surface.

Before you start : Make sure the 3D box and wedge are still in the graphics editor. The Workplane is displayed ; the view is set to Isometric South East.

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Session One

At this stage, the box and the wedge reside on the Workplane, shown from the Front View in the illustration, right. If an 2D profile should be drawn on the top face of the box, shown below, then the Workplane must be placed on the top surface. The Workplane by Facet tool is used to place a Workplane on a surface of a 3D solid.

Select Workplane by Facet, shown top and place the cursor over the top facet of the model until a solid green outline is displayed, shown right.

Take Note : The Page Up and Page Down keys can be used to cycle between the available facets.

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Session One

Left click to place the Workplane on this facet, then view the model from different viewpoints to check the position of the Workplane. Below is an example of the model viewed from the right side, with the Workplane shown on the top of the objects.

3D Thickness

When drawing in 2D model space, the X and Y measurements are given to produce a flat, orthographic view (top, right side, left side, front, etc) of the drawing. If a height or depth is required, a Z dimension is given to produce the elevation. Some simple rules apply :

When 2D profiles have been drawn in Top View, (ie, World Plan) a positive or negative measurement is given by adding a value in the Thickness field in the 3D page of the Properties Sheet. This will produce the height or depth when viewed from a 3D viewpoint.

By adding 3D thickness properties to a selected object, the base point of the object will lie in a parallel plane to the Workplane. A positive measurement will therefore extrude to a height above the Workplane; a negative measurement will extrude to a depth below the Workplane.

In this task : A polygonal profile will be drawn on the top face of the 3D box, onto the Workplane. This profile will then be extruded by providing an above Workplane thickness. To place the polygon in the middle of the top face, the center of extents snap mode will be used.

Associated tasks : Using the 2D Polygon tool. Center of Extents Snap Modes. Workplane by Facet. The Hidden Line render tool.

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Session One

Before you start : Make sure the Workplane is placed on the top face of the 3D box. The view is set to Isometric South East; the Workplane is displayed. The Snap Modes menu panel is required for this task.

Select the 2D Polygon tool, then activate the Center of Extents snap mode. Now place the cursor at the top edge of the box, shown right. The magnetic attraction point to target the center of extents should be displayed, shown right. Left click to define this point, then deactivate the center of extents snap mode. Create a hexagonal shape with 6 sides, an angle of 0 and a radius of 25, shown below.

Now select the polygon, right click and in the 3D Thickness field, input a value of 50. The result should be similar to the illustration, right.

Take Note : Although the center of extents snap is used to target the 'centrifugal' point of a solid, a 2D profile can only be drawn on the Workplane.

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Session One

Now place a Workplane onto the sloped face of the wedge using the Workplane by Facet feature, shown right. Draw, then extrude a circle profile so that the result is similar to the illustration below. Make the radius of the circle 15 and the thickness

10.

Take Note : The illustration above has been displayed using the Suppress Hidden Line tool, shown above, for illustrative clarity. This feature can be found in the Standard Views menu panel. Also, right click to find this tool in the local menu.

Save your design to an appropriate folder if you wish to experiment with the features discussed and demonstrated in this feature. Always save the design to a name which is associated to the Session to which it is related.

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Session One

Session Summary

The following topics were discussed and demonstrated during this session. Please make sure the following topics are understood before proceeding to the next session.

The 3D design environment requires different settings to 2D drawing. For example, drawing settings, menu panels and selector 2D/3D properties are different for a 3D application. Standard views are referred to as Top, Bottom, Right and Left, Front and Back. Isometric views are referred to as Iso South East, Iso South West, Iso North East and Iso North West. Coordinate System Icons are the graphic icons which represent the direction of the X-Y-Z axis. The Workplane is represented by a red, broken-line square which will be displayed in relation to the current User Coordinate System and view. A solid object can be produced for a 2D profile by supplying a thickness. This will produce an above or below Workplane height of depth.

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Session Two

Converting Profiles into 3D Objects ...... 52 3D Thickness ...... 53 3D Mirror Copy ...... 54 Generic Transform ...... 55 Workplane by Facet ...... 57 Layout Templates ...... 59 Fillet Edges ...... 61 Material Properties...... 64 Create View ...... 65 Paper Space layout...... 66 Session 2 Summary ...... 69

Session Two

Task Drawing

Task Worksheet

Activity Overview : During this Introducing : The following features will activity session you will learn how to : be introduced during this activity session : Create 2D profiles as sketch geometry Mirror (3D objects) Add a thickness to 2D profiles to produce 3D Generic Transform objects Multiple Layout Templates Manipulate and duplicate solid objects Fillet Edges Apply realistic material properties to an object Material Properties Create and insert views into paper space

Information : Take Note : All designs in this Training Guide are required to This design will represent the finished, assembled be presented in the paper space layout. object.

Estimated Drawing Time : 20 Minutes Estimated Session Duration : 50 Minutes

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Session Two

Converting profiles into objects

When a 2D profile is drawn, the X and Y measurements produce a flat, orthographic view (top, right side, left side, front, etc) of the drawing.

If a height or depth is required, a Z dimension is given to produce the elevation. Some simple rules apply :

When simple 2D objects have been drawn in Top View, (ie, World Plan) a height or depth dimension is given by adding a value in the Thickness field in the 3D page of the Properties Sheet. This will produce the height or depth when viewed from a 3D viewpoint.

When a 3D thickness value is provided, the base point of the object will lie in a parallel plane to the Workplane.

A positive measurement will therefore extrude to a height above the Workplane; a negative measurement will extrude to a depth below the Workplane.

When changing the 3D properties of an object, the object can either be produced as a Solid or a Surface.

In this task : 2D profiles will be drawn, modified, then extruded by providing a 3D thickness.

Before you start : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template for 3D design. Make sure the Workplane is displayed and the view is set to Isometric South East.

Draw a 2D rectangle in the graphics editor which measures 100 x 15, shown right. Now use the Circle Tan to Entities feature and insert a circle using the 3 edges of the profile, shown below.

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Session Two

Select the circle, then right click and select the Edit tool from the local menu. TAB to the radius field and change the radius to 5.

3D Thickness

When a 2D profile is drawn, the X and Y measurements produce a flat, orthographic view (top, right side, left side, front, etc) of the drawing.

If a height or depth is required, a Z dimension is given to produce the elevation. Some simple rules apply :

When a 3D thickness value is provided, the base point of the object will lie in a parallel plane to the Workplane.

A positive measurement will therefore extrude to a height above the Workplane; a negative measurement will extrude to a depth below the Workplane.

When changing the 3D properties of an object, the object can either be produced as a Solid or a Surface.

In this task :

The rectangle will be given a below Workplane thickness of 5; the circle will be given an above Workplane thickness of 50.

Before you start : The view is set to Isometric South East; the Workplane is displayed.

Take Note : Remember to view the model from different viewpoints to check accuracy and the positional accuracy of the Workplane, shown below.

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Select the rectangle profile, then right click and select Properties from the local menu. Create a 3D thickness of -5 so that a depth below the Workplane is created, shown below.

Now select the circle and create an above Workplane thickness by inputting 50 into the 3D thickness field. The result should be similar to the illustration, right and below.

3D Mirror Copy

This feature creates a symmetrically opposite duplicate by mirroring objects across a mirroring line.

In 3D space, Mirror Copy functions in a similar manner to the method used in 2D space depending on the position of the Workplane.

In this task : The extruded circle will be mirrored to create a duplicate at the corresponding end of the extruded rectangle.

Before you start : Set the view to Isometric North East.

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First select the extruded circle, then select the Mirror tool from the Copy Menu panel. Define the first point of the mirror line as the midpoint, shown by the pointer, right. Next, hold down the SHIFT key and drag the cursor in the approximate direction to that shown in the illustration, below. Left click to define the second point of the mirroring line, shown by the pointer, below.

The result should be similar to the illustration right.

Generic Transform

This duplication feature allows an object to be moved by specifying a 'base' and 'destination' point.

The option to retain the original object must be activated if a duplicate object is required.

In this task : All 3 solid objects will now be copied to a parallel position.

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Session Two

Before you start : Make sure Relative Coordinate mode is active. Select Modes > Coord System > Relative. A red dot, indicating the 0,0,0 position in the graphics editor, will be visible.

Select all the objects, (CTRL A) can be used to select all the objects in the graphics editor. Now select the Generic Transform tool from the Transform menu panel. Make sure the Keep Original Object option has been checked. Use the status bar at the bottom of the graphics editor or right click to obtain this option. Indicate a source point in the approximate position to that shown by the pointer in the illustration, right. At the prompt > Specify the location of the destination point, use SHIFT TAB to access the data fields. In this example, the objects are being copied in the direction of the Y axis of the selector shell, shown right. TAB to the Y field and input 80 and press enter. The guideline will indicate where the objects will be copied, similar to the illustration, below. If this is correct, right click and select Finish from the local menu.

The result should be similar to the illustration, right.

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Session Two

Workplane by Facet

This Workplane feature applies a Workplane to a selected facet (flat surface) of a 3D object.

The Page Up and Page Down keys can be used to cycle between the available facets of the solid.

In this task : The Workplane will be placed on the side edge of the rectangular extrusion. A circle profile will be drawn onto the face of this object.

Before you start : Set the view to Isometric South East. Make sure the Workplane is displayed.

Take Note : The Auto Workplane by Facet tool can also be used. This tool creates a temporary workplane upon which to draw a profile.

Select Workplane by Facet, then place the Workplane on the face of the object shown right. Left click to place the Workplane onto the surface, then check the model from a different viewpoint to check the position of the Workplane.

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Session Two

In the illustration, below, the Workplane can be clearly observed when viewed from the right side.

Now draw a circle onto the side of the object on which the Workplane is placed. Use the center of extents snap mode to accurately position the center of the circle, shown right.

Take Note : Even though the center of extents magnetic point is shown in the middle of the solid, the

circle can only be drawn on the face on which the Workplane is placed.

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Session Two

Uncheck the center of extents snap mode and create circle radius of 2.5, shown below.

Layout Templates

Layout templates in model space allow different views of the model to be viewed simultaneously.

Objects can be drawn, manipulated or modified in either view.

In this task : The circle profile will be extruded to the opposite face. To assist with this, 2 different views of the model will be displayed in the graphics editor.

Associated tasks : Using the Simple Extrude tool.

Before you start : The view is set to Isometric South East. Make sure the Center of Extents snap mode, used in the previous task, has been deactivated.

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Select the Simple Extrude tool from the 3D Objects menu panel, then select the circle profile. Next, select the Open Layout Template option, shown at the start of this task. Select the preset view for Plan and Isometric South East shown right. The graphics editor should now display 2 vertically tiled views of the model. At the prompt > Specify the next point of the extrusion path, select the midpoint of the rectangle, shown in the Plan view, shown below.

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The results, from both viewpoints, should be similar to the illustrations, below.

Take Note : To return to the single view, close either of the tiled windows in the graphics editor and maximize the other.

Fillet Edges

The Fillet Edges tool is used to create a transitional surface by defining a radius or chamfer.

Material is either added to, or subtracted from the volume of the solid.

In this task : A blend will be added to the top edge of each cylinder to produce a domed top. The Fillet Edges tool will be discussed and demonstrated in greater detail at a later stage of this Training Guide.

Associated tasks : Using the Selection Palette to change the extrusion (3D Thickness) height of objects.

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Session Two

Before you start : Make sure the 3D Modify menu panel is displayed in the Tools Palette. The view is set to any Isometric view; the Workplane is displayed. Apply the Workplane to the face shown in the sketch below using Workplane by Facet.

Take Note : The Selection Palette is displayed using View > Selection Info.

First select both cylinders at the back of the object and change their 3D properties to 70 using the Selection Info palette. The result should be similar to the illustration, right.

Take Note : When using Workplane by Facet, the Z axis will either be pointing above of below the surface shown below. If the Z axis is pointing in an upward direction, the value of the extrusion will be positive. If the Z axis is pointing downwards, the value of the extrusion will be negative. Always check the alignment of the User-CS before producing an extrusion.

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Next, Zoom into the top edge of any cylinder, similar to the illustration, right. Now select the Fillet Edges tool from the 3D Modify menu panel shown top. Make sure the Round option, shown above left is activated, then tab to the Radius field and input 5. Select the cylinder, then select the top edge, shown below.

Right click and select Finish from the local menu. Repeat this for the other 3 cylinders so that the result resembles the illustration, below.

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Take Note : In the previous illustration, the view has been displayed using Suppress Hidden Lines. The form building edges have been removed using Options > Display > Form Building Edges.

Material Properties

View > Materials Palette Material properties are applied to a model to produce a photo-realistic finish when rendered.

Material properties and their associated categories respond to realistic light and shadow patterns.

In this task : Simple metal material properties will be applied to the model.

Associated tasks : Using the Quality Render Tool. Adjusting the Light property.

Before you start : Set the view to any Isometric viewpoint. The Materials Palette is used for this task. Use View > Materials Palette to display.

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The Workplane can be removed. Select all the objects in the graphics editor, (CTRL A) can be used to do this. Right click onto the image of the Stainless Steel category and select Set Material. Select Edit Materials and select Chrome from the Pattern menu. Click Apply, then OK.

Click OK when finished, then select the Quality Render tool, shown above left.

Take Note : If the shading is too light or dark, use View > Lights > Restore Defaults.

Create View

A view is created in model space in order to assemble this view at a more realistic scale in the Paper Space layout.

Views of the model from different viewpoints can be created.

In this task : 2 views of the model will be created; a Plan and Isometric View.

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Before you start : Make sure the model is displayed in Wireframe. Set the view to Front. Reduce the zoom slightly.

Select Create View, shown at the start of this task and create a view of the model, shown right. Name this view 'Front' Now turn the view to an Isometric view and create another view, shown below. Name this view Iso_SE

Paper Space layout

This is the method used to create a layout of a previously created view in the paper space layout.

This is done in preparation of the final layout and printing purposes.

Several views of the model can be inserted onto the paper space layout.

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Session Two

In this task : The newly created views will be inserted into the paper space layout.

Associated tasks : Using the Hidden Line and Quality Render options in the Paper Space layout. Using the Text tool to label the viewports.

Before you start :

Make sure at least one view has been created.

Select Paper 1 from the layout tabs at the bottom of the graphics editor. Deactivate the grid, if necessary, then make sure the drawing and printing sheet size and orientation is correct. Use File > Page Setup to do this.

Take Note : Make sure the Paper Space Printing Scale set at 1:1 (Full Scale)

Now select Insert Viewport, shown top and insert both the Front and Iso viewports using a configuration similar to that shown below.

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Select the front viewport, then right click and select Properties. From the rendering page, check (activate) the Hidden Line option. Repeat this for the iso viewport, this time activating the Quality Render option in the rendering page. Label the viewports, then switch off the viewport borders. The result should resemble the illustration below.

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Session Two

Session Summary The following topics were discussed and demonstrated during this session. Please make sure the following topics are understood before proceeding to the next session.

2D Profiles can be supplied with a 3D thickness to produce a height or depth measurement. 3D Objects can be duplicated using the Mirror tool in much the same way as 2D entities. Objects to be mirrored require a mirroring line which is aligned to the current user coordinate system. A Workplane can be applied to the face of a solid using the Workplane by Facet option. Layout templates allow different views of the model to be viewed simultaneously in the graphics editor. When multiple layouts of the design are used, the model can be modified from any viewpoint. The Fillet Edges tool is used to create a transitional surface by using a radius or chamfer, adding or subtracting material from the volume of the solid. Material properties which respond to realistic light and shadow patterns are applied to a model to produce a photo-realistic finish when rendered. Multiple views of the model are created in model space and inserted into the paper space layout. Views in Paper Space layout can be rendered individually.

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Session Three

3D Objects ...... 71 Parametric Updates ...... 72 3D Box ...... 73, 84 Selection Info Palette...... 76 Rotated Box ...... 76 Sphere...... 78 Hemisphere...... 80 Polygonal Prism ...... 81, 85 Cylinder ...... 83, 88 Fillet Edges ...... 90 Mirror Copy ...... 91 Material Properties...... 93 Create View ...... 95 Insert Viewports ...... 96 Session 3 Summary ...... 97

Session Three

Task Drawing

Task Worksheet

Activity Overview : During this Introducing : The following features will activity session you will learn about : be introduced during this activity session : Solid objects and their relation to the User 3D Box, Rotated Box, Sphere, Hemisphere, Coordinate System and Workplane. Cylinder, Polygonal Prism, Fillet Edges. Drawing on the Workplane. Parametric Updates Modifying the nodes of a profile. Workplane by Facet. Applying basic material properties to a model. Using the Mirror tool in a 3D application. Creating a multiple view layout. Basic Material Properties. Updating a solid object parametrically. Paper space layout

Information : Take Note : Make sure the information pages are Take care to display the Workplane for each studied prior to starting the design. task of this session.

Estimated Drawing Time : 15 Minutes Estimated Session Duration : 55 Minutes

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Session Three

3D Objects

3D Objects are shapes that are characterized by 2 different features, namely 3D Solid Objects and 3D Profile Objects.

3D solid objects are free standing objects, drawn without dependence on any 2D profile.

In this task : Some 3D solid objects will be discussed and demonstrated.

Before you start : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template for 3D design. Set the view to Isometric South East. Display the Workplane.

Take Note : This Task is for demonstration purposes only.

3D Solid objects are free standing objects, created without any dependence on 2D Profiles Typical 3D objects are 3D Box, Rotated Box, Wedge, Sphere, Hemisphere, Torus and Polygonal Prism. Cones can be created as a free standing 3D object or extruded from a 2D profile.

3D objects are created as a solid entity, but can be changed to a surface if required.

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Session Three

Parametric Updates Modifying the Measurements using the Selection Info Palette

The Selection Info Palette is used to view and modify the dimensional properties of any object.

Several objects can be selected and their individual properties modified.

In this task : The measurements of a 3D Box will be discussed and demonstrated.

Associated tasks : Drawing a 3D Box.

Before you start : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template for 3D design. Set the view to Isometric South East. Display the Workplane. The Selection Info Palette is required. Use View > Selection Info to display this next to the Tools Palette.

Take Note : This Task is for demonstration purposes only.

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Session Three

Draw a 3D Box to any measurement, then use the select tool to select the box. Use the Length, Width and Height fields in the Properties page, shown right to adjust the measurements of the box.

3D Box

Creates a 3D box by specifying a length, height and width relative to the user coordinate system.

The Length value will always represent the distance on the Y axis of the User CS.

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Session Three

In this task : The characteristics of the 3D Box and its relationship to the World CS (world coordinate system) and Workplane will be demonstrated.

Associated tasks : Using the Selection Info palette to parametrically modify the measurements.

Before you start : View is set to Isometric South East. Workplane is displayed. No snap modes are activated. World and User Coordinate system icon is displayed.

Take Note : This Task is for demonstration purposes only.

When a 3D box is drawn as a free standing object, it will always be drawn on the Workplane. Draw a 3D box with a length of 80, a width of 100 and a height of 20. Notice how the length measurement aligns with the Y axis of the user coordinate system, shown right.

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Session Three

Another box, shown below, will now be drawn from the corner vertex, shown by the arrow right to width 50, length 40 and height 80.

To achieve the result shown in the illustration above, the measurement values will be input as shown in the illustration, below.

Notice that the Length value was -50 as it was traveling in a negative direction along the Y

axis. Another box will be drawn from the corner vertex, shown by the arrow, right. This box will measure 80 x 40 x 50 and will resemble the box shown in bold below.

To achieve this result, the measurement values will be input as shown in the illustration,

below.

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Take Note : The Width value was -40 as it was traveling in a negative direction along the X axis. The Length value was input as -80 as it was traveling in a negative direction along the Y axis. The Height value was input as 50 as it was traveling in a positive direction along the Z axis.

Selection Info Palette First display the Selection Info Palette using View > Selection Info. Select the 3D Box. Adjust the Length, Width and Height fields in the Box information panel to adjust the measurements of the 3D Box.

Rotated Box

Creates a 3D box to specific measurements which is not aligned to the Workplane.

The first two points will define the Y plane of the box, with the third and fourth points defining the width/length and height.

In this task : A Rotated Box is drawn using an X-Y plane which is not defined by the current User CS.

Associated tasks : Using the Selection Info Palette to modify the measurements of the Box.

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Before you start :

View is set to Isometric South East. Workplane is displayed. No snap modes are activated. World and User Coordinate system icon is displayed.

Take Note : This Task is for demonstration purposes only.

Draw a Rotated Box to any measurements. Use the first 2 points to define the Y plane of the box and the 3rd and 4th points to define the length/width and the height. Use the Selection Info Palette to change any dimensional information, similar to that shown below.

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Sphere

Creates a spherical shape by indicating a center point and a radius.

The radius can either be given by indicating a point in the graphics editor, or can be input into the radius field of the Inspector Bar.

A sphere consists of Latitudinal and Longitudinal segments, shown below.

Longitudinal segments are the number of parallel spheres drawn from top to bottom (north to south) Latitudinal segments are the number of parallel spheres drawn around the sphere from left to right (east to west)

The circumference of the Sphere will always be drawn in a parallel plane to the Workplane, shown below.

In this task : The characteristics of the Sphere and its relationship to the World CS (world coordinate system) and the Workplane will be demonstrated.

Before you start : Set the view to Isometric South East. Erase the contents of the graphics editor. CTRL A can be used to select the objects.

Take Note : This Task is for demonstration purposes only.

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Draw a Sphere to any radius in the graphics editor, then turn the view to an orthographic view, such as front, side, etc. Notice how the Workplane bisects the Sphere, shown right. Set the view to an Isometric view, then copy the sphere to another position in the graphics editor, outside the Workplane area, shown below.

Now set the view to a front or side view and examine the relationship between the 2 hemispheres and the Workplane, shown below.

Take Note : When solid objects are moved freely within the graphics editor in an isometric view, they remain on the Workplane. Solid objects will not remain on the Workplane if they are assembled onto other objects.

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Hemisphere

Draws a solid hemisphere by indicating the center of the base and a radius.

The base lies parallel with the X-Y axis of the Workplane and the height of the dome lies perpendicular to the base, shown below.

See Sphere for more information.

In this task : The characteristics of the Hemisphere and its relationship to the World CS (world coordinate system) and the Workplane will be demonstrated.

Before you start : Erase all other objects from the graphics editor. The view is set to an Isometric view and the Workplane is displayed. Use Fit Workplane to Window, then reduce the zoom magnification slightly.

Take Note : This Task is for demonstration purposes only.

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Draw a hemisphere to any size in the graphics editor. Now draw 4 more hemispheres outside the graphics editor and at apparently differently elevations, shown below.

Now turn the view to an orthographic view, such as front or side. The objects should all appear on the Workplane, shown below.

Polygonal Prism

This feature creates a solid, regular sided polygonal shape by defining the center of the base point, the radius and the height.

A polygonal prism always produces a 2D profile which can be modified later using the node edit tool.

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In this task : The characteristics of the Polygonal Prism will be demonstrated. The profile will be modified using the node edit tool.

Take Note : This Task is for demonstration purposes only.

Draw a 5 sided polygonal prism in the graphics editor, to an angle of 0º, a radius of 50 and a height of 85, shown right. Use the Selection Info Palette to change the polygon to a 6 sided prism with a radius of 85 and a height of 50, shown below.

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Cylinder

This feature creates a cylindrical shape by defining the center of the base, the radius and the height.

A solid shape without a circle sketch profile is produced when using the Cylinder tool but a circle profile can be extruded to create the surface shape.

A tapered extrusion shape can be applied by supplying a slope angle.

The dimensional properties of both the solid cylindrical shape and the extruded arc can be modified using the Selection Info Palette.

In this task : The characteristics of the Cylinder tool will be demonstrated. The dimensional properties will be adjusted using the Selection Info Palette.

Associated tasks : Using the Selection Info Palette to modify the measurements of the cylinders.

Take Note : This Task is for demonstration purposes only.

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Draw a cylinder in the graphics editor with a radius of 30 and a height of 130. Select the cylinder then use the Selection Info Palette to adjust the measurements of the radius, height and slope to produce a result similar to that shown below.

3D Box

Creates a 3D box by specifying a length, height and width relative to the Workplane.

The Length value will always represent the distance on the Y axis of the User CS/Workplane.

In this task : A 3D Box with blended edges will be drawn.

Associated tasks : Blending the edges of the sides using the Fillet Edges tool.

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Before you start : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template for 3D design. Set the view to Isometric South East. Display the Workplane. Fit the Workplane to the Window.

Select the 3D Box tool, shown at the start of this task, then draw a box to Length 25; Width 25 and Height 35. Now use the Fillet Edges tool to create a blend of 5 on the edges shown by the pointers, right. The result should be similar to the illustration, below.

Polygonal Prism

This feature creates a solid, regular sided polygonal shape by defining the center of the base, the radius and the height.

The profile nodes of the polygonal prism can be modified using the node edit tool.

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In this task : A Workplane will be placed onto a selected facet of the solid. A polygonal prism will then be drawn on this face, using the center of a construction circle as its own center point.

Associated tasks : Applying a Workplane by Facet. Using a 3 Point Construction Circle as construction geometry. Using the Stretch Handles of the Selector Shell to modify a solid object.

Before you start : Turn the view to Isometric North East.

Using Workplane by Facet, place a Workplane onto the back face of the object, shown in the illustration, right. Insert a 3 point construction circle onto this face, using the top midpoint and the midpoint at the side edges, shown in the tiles on the next page.

Take Note : The radius of the construction circle may appear as if it is exceeds the width of the box. This is due to the blended edges on the opposite face.

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With the view still set to Isometric North East, use the center of the construction circle to insert a Polygonal Prism to the following size : Number of sides = 6 ; Angle = 90 ; Radius = 10; Height = 15 The result, when viewed from an isometric north east view, should be similar to the illustration, right and the illustration, below, when viewed from the right side.

Now turn the view to Back and use the Selector Shell to stretch to polygonal prism from the bottom handle, shown right.

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The result should be similar to the illustrations, below.

Cylinder

This feature creates a solid cylindrical shape by defining the center of the base, the radius and the height.

In this task : A cylinder will be drawn using the center point of a construction circle as the center of its base.

Associated tasks : Using a 2 Point Construction Circle.

Before you start : Turn the view to Isometric North East

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Using Workplane by Facet, place the Workplane onto the front-most face of the polygonal prism, shown right. Always view the model from different viewpoints to check the position of the Workplane.

Now turn the view to Back and insert a 2 Point Construction circle using the vertices shown in the tiles below.

Take Note : In the right tile, below, the construction circle is shown in outline. The previous construction circle has been removed for clarity.

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Now select the Cylinder tool and use the center of the new construction circle as the cylinder center. Make the radius 2.5 and the height 15 Turn the view to the Right side. The result should be similar to the illustration, right.

Fillet Edges

The Fillet Edges tool is used to apply a blended chamfer or radius to intersecting edges by either adding or removing material from the object.

The Round option creates a rounded edge to a specified radius. The radius can either add or subtract material to the edge which is filleted or chamfered.

The Miter option allows one edge to be filleted or chamfered to create a blend.

The Round Vertex option allows multiple edges to be selected to create a transition between 2 or 3 shared surfaces.

In this task : A blend will be applied to the top edge of the cylinder to create a dome.

Before you start : Turn the view to Isometric North East.

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Use the Fillet Edges tool to create a domed top on the top edge of the cylinder, shown right. Make the blend radius 2.5, shown right and below.

Mirror Copy

The Mirror feature creates a symmetrically opposite duplicate of objects across a mirroring line.

The mirroring function responds to the User Coordinate System and the Workplane.

In this task : The cylinder will be duplicated using a similar method to the mirroring function used for 2D objects.

Associated tasks : Clearing the Construction objects.

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Before you start : Set the view to Isometric North East.

Use the Mirror tool to create a symmetrical duplicate of this object. Use the midpoints of the top and bottom edge of the polygonal prism to define the first and second points on the mirroring line, shown in the tiles below.

Take Note : In the illustrations below, the 3D box has been concealed for illustrative clarity.

First point of mirroring line, use Hold down the SHIFT key Result the midpoint

The result should be similar to the illustration, right, when viewed from the top view and below when viewed from an Isometric North East view.

Use Edit > Clear > All Construction to remove the construction geometry from the model.

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Take Note : In the illustration, previous page, left, the model has been displayed with the Form Building Edges removed for illustrative clarity. To do this, use Options > Display > (uncheck) Form Building Edges.

Material Properties

View > Materials Palette Material properties are applied to a model to produce a photo-realistic finish when rendered.

In this task : Basic material properties will be applied to the model.

Before you start : Set the view to an Isometric view. The model is displayed in Wireframe.

Select the casing of the model. This includes the blended 3D box and the polygonal prism. Right click and select Properties from the local menu. From the 3D page, select the Plastics category and the Plain Blue material.

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Select Edit Material and set the Reflectance to Plastic. Click OK. Use the Draft or Quality Render to view the finished result. The result, at this stage, should resemble the illustration, below.

Now select both cylinders and right click and select Properties from the local menu. Select the Metals category and the Stainless Steel material. Select Edit Material and set the Reflectance to Chrome 2D. Increase the Ambient factor, shown circled right. Click OK. Use either the Draft or Quality Render so that the result is similar to the illustration, below.

Take Note : In the illustrations above, the wireframe edges of the model are displayed for illustrative clarity only.

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Session Three

Create View

Multiple views of the model can be created and presented in the paper space layout.

In this task : 3 Views of the model will be created.

Before you start : The model is displayed in wireframe. Views are created in the model space area.

Create View Turn the view to World Plan then create a view of the model, similar to the illustration, right. The view can be named 'Top' Now turn the view to the Right side and create a similar view to that shown below. This view can be named 'Right'

Use the same method to create an additional view using the Isometric North East view. This view can be named 'Iso_NE'.

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Session Three

Insert Viewports

Viewports which have been created in model space are inserted into the paper space layout.

In this task : The viewports will be inserted into the paper space layout.

Before you start :

Make sure at least 2 views of the model have been created.

Switch to the Paper Space layout and prepare the correct sheet size and orientation, using File > Page Setup. For this example, an A4 landscape sheet was used. Select Insert Viewport, then insert the 3 viewports using a similar configuration to that shown below.

Text labeling can be done to name each viewport if required. Viewport borders can be removed if required.

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Session Three

Session Summary The following topics were discussed and demonstrated during this session. Please make sure the following topics are understood before proceeding to the next session.

3D solid objects are free standing objects, drawn without dependence on any 2D profile. The Selection Info Palette is used to view and modify the dimensional properties of any object. When a 3D object is drawn as a free standing object, it will always be drawn on the Workplane. Profile nodes of certain 3D solid objects, such as the polygonal prism and cylinder, can be modified using the edit tool. The Mirror tool, when used in a 3D application, responds in compliance with the Workplane and user coordinate system. The Fillet Edges tool can be used on the edges of a cylinder to create a domed effect. Views of the model from different viewports can be created, then inserted into the paper space layout.

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Session Four

2D Sketch Profiles ...... 99 Grid ...... 100 Selection Info Palette...... 101 Simple Extrude...... 101 Selection Info Palette...... 103 Profile Edit ...... 104 Sketch Profile ...... 105 Grid ...... 106 Simple Extrude...... 107 Fillet Edges ...... 108 Material Properties...... 109 Workplane by 3 Points ...... 110 Dimensioning ...... 112 Create Views ...... 114 Insert Viewport ...... 115 Viewport layer control...... 116 Foreground Wireframe...... 118 Session 4 Summary ...... 120 Session 4 Practical...... 121

Session Four

Task Drawing

Task Worksheet

Activity Overview : During this Introducing : The following features will activity session you will learn how to : be introduced during this activity session : Use 2D sketch geometry to create profiles. Profile node edit. Extrude profiles to create solid objects. Workplane by 3 Points. Apply a user defined Workplane. Simple Extrude Create a simple extrusion of a profile. Dimensioning on the Workplane. Add dimensions to the 3D model. Viewport layer control.

Information : Take Note : The 2D profile of a solid, when drawn to create Closed sketch profiles, when created from a polyline an extruded object, can be saved in the Blocks must be one continual line. palette for later use.

Estimated Drawing Time : 20 Minutes Estimated Session Duration : 45 Minutes

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Session Four

2D Sketch Profiles

2D Sketch profiles form the basis of most solid construction.

A 2D sketch profile, when closed will create a solid shape when extruded; an open profile will produce a profile extrusion only, shown below.

2D profiles can be modified after extrusion using the node edit tool.

2D Boolean functions such as Add, Subtract and Intersect can be used to create complex geometry where closed profiles are required.

In this task : A distinction will be made between objects which are produced from an extruded profile and objects which are converted to a solid using 3D thickness.

Associated tasks : Using the Selection Info Palette to change the extrusion value.

Before you start : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template for 3D design. Set the view to Front. Set the Workplane to Plane by Active View. Make sure the Workplane is displayed. The Grid Snap mode is used to draw the polyline on the grid.

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Take Note : This Task is for demonstration purposes only.

Grid

Right click onto the Show/Hide grid tool, shown above, then create an XY grid of 5. Select the Polyline tool, activate the Grid snap mode, then draw an outline similar to the illustration, right. Dimensional accuracy is not required. Now turn the view to Isometric South East, switch off the grid display and remove the grid snap mode. The model and Workplane should now be aligned to the view, similar to the illustration, right. Use the Edit tool to adjust the vertices of this sketch if necessary.

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Selection Info Palette Use the Selection Info Palette to update the extrusion value, shown below.

Simple Extrude

This extrusion tool sweeps a 2D profile in a plane perpendicular to the workplane to create a 3D object.

An bi-directional extrusion can be created which creates an above and below workplane extrusion.

When an open profile is selected for extrusion, the resulting shape is a surface object.

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Extrusion created Bi-directional sweep creates an 2D profile on workplane perpendicular to workplane above and below workplane extrusion

In this task : The profile will be extruded to create a below-Workplane extrusion.

Associated tasks : Using the Selection Info Palette to change the extrusion value.

Before you start : Set the view to Isometric South East.

Take Note : This Task is for demonstration purposes only.

QuickCAM : Please refer to the QuickCAM in the previous task in the educational program of this Training Guide.

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Select Simple Extrude tool, then select the profile. Drag the profile towards the north east, then use SHIFT TAB to access the coordinate fields. Input 50 into the Z field and press enter. Right click and select Finish from the local menu. The result should be similar to the illustration, below.

Selection Info Palette Use the Selection Info Palette to update the extrusion value, shown below.

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Profile Edit The 2D sketch profile of an extruded object can be modified using the Edit tool.

In this task : The profile of the extruded object will be modified.

Before you start : Make sure the grid snap mode is deactivated. View is set to Isometric South East.

Take Note :

This Task is for demonstration purposes only.

Select the solid, then right click and activate Select Profile from the local menu.

Now turn the view to Front and reduce the zoom magnification slightly.

Right click and select the Edit tool from the local menu. Now place the cursor over the node shown below left and move it to the midpoint of the angled line, shown below right

Using the same node, right click and select Insert Arc from the local menu. The result should be similar to the illustration, right, when viewed from and Isometric South East View.

Take Note : The Selection Info Palette is used to change the extrusion height or depth.

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Sketch Profile

A 2D sketch profile, when closed will create a solid shape when extruded; an open profile will produce a profile extrusion only.

2D profiles can be modified after extrusion using the node edit tool.

2D Boolean functions such as Add, Subtract and Intersect can be used to create complex geometry where closed profiles are required

In this task : A 2D sketch profile will be drawn, then extruded into a solid object.

Associated tasks : Using Workplane by Active View. Using a Grid to draw the sketch profile.

Before you start : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template for 3D design. Set the view to Front. Make sure the Workplane is displayed. Set the Workplane to Plane by Active View. The Grid Snap is used to draw the polyline on the grid. The Tan color was used to draw this profile.

Take Note : The sketch profile, shown right, will be drawn on a grid. This profile is created using the Polyline tool and must form one continual sequence. If a segment of line is drawn incorrectly, right click and select One Step Back and continue to draw the profile.

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Grid

Right click onto the Show/Hide Grid tool, shown above then create a spacing of 4 on the X and Y axis. Now select Advanced Grid and create minor X and Y divisions of 2. Make sure the Grid is displayed, then zoom to an appropriate magnification, similar to that shown right. Activate the Grid Snap from the Snap Modes menu panel, then select the Polyline tool. Left click onto a major grid intersection to create the top left point, in the illustration, right, then draw in a downward direction to a length of 20 and an angle of 270. Next, draw horizontally to a length of 72 and an angle of 0, then upwards to a length of 20 and an angle of 90. Always make sure the correct length and value appear in the data fields. Use the grid intersections to draw the remaining segments of line, shown in the illustration, right. Remember to use Finish or Close to terminate the polyline. The result should be similar to the illustration, below.

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Simple Extrude

A 2D profile can be extruded to create an equidistant extrusion about the profile. A closed profile will produce a solid object.

In this task : The profile will be extruded below the Workplane.

Before you start : Remove the grid snap. Switch off the grid display.

Turn the view to Isometric South East. The profile should be similar to the illustration, right. Notice how the Workplane is aligned to the south east view, shown by the arrow, right. The extrusion direction can be observed from the sketch below. Therefore, to create a below Workplane extrusion, a negative value will be used.

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Select the Simple Extrude tool, then select the profile. Drag the profile in a negative direction, then use SHIFT TAB to access the coordinate fields. TAB to the Z field then input -100 and press enter. The result should be similar to the illustration, below.

Fillet Edges

The Fillet Edges tool is used to create a transitional surface by defining a radius or chamfer. Material is either added to, or subtracted from the volume of the solid.

In this task : The outer edges of the solid will be blended.

Before you start : The view is set to Isometric South East. The model is displayed in Wireframe.

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Select the Fillet Edges tool from the 3D Objects menu panel and activate the Round option. Input a radius of 3 then select the edges, shown by the red dots in the illustration, right. Right click and select Finish from the local menu. The result should be similar to the illustration, below.

Material Properties

View > Materials Palette

In this task : Basic material properties will be applied to the model.

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Before you start : This object is a soap dish. Think about the material properties which would be most suitable for this object.

In the example, right, a polished plastic material was used with a wood pattern. Material properties and the Render Scene Luminance is discussed and demonstrated later in this Training Guide.

Workplane by 3 Points

Attaches a floating User CS to the cursor and aligns the Workplane to the surface by defining an origin and the positive direction of the X-Y axes. The Workplane by 3 Points option is used in favor of the Workplane by Facet when a specific XYZ axis is required, particularly for dimensioning purposes. In the illustration right, the Workplane has been placed on the highlighted face by defining the origin (lower left corner of the green rectangle), the direction on the X axis (lower right corner of the green rectangle) and the direction of the Y axis (upper left corner of the green rectangle)

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In this task : A Workplane by 3 points will be placed on the front face of the model. This will be done so that the front face can be dimensioned.

Before you start : Turn the view to Isometric South East.

Select Workplane by 3 Points, then at the prompt > Define the origin of the User Coordinate system, left click onto the vertex shown right. Take care to input V to target the correct point. At the prompt > Define the direction of the X axis, position the cursor at the point shown in the illustration below and input V.

At the prompt > Specify a point on the XY plane, place the cursor in the position shown by the pointer, right and input V to target the vertex.

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Remember to view the model from different viewpoints to check the positional accuracy of the Workplane, shown below.

Dimensioning

Most point-to-point dimensioning is done on the surface on which the Workplane is placed, strictly in accordance with the positive or negative direction of the X-Y axis. In the illustration below left, the dimension has been placed on the X-Y face as normal, however, in the illustration in the bottom right tile, the X-Y axis has been reversed and the dimension has been input accordingly. The same Workplane geometry can be placed on a parallel face, for example, the back face by moving the Workplane origin. When the Workplane has been correctly set, dimensioning can be done from any suitable view.

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In this task : Dimensions will be placed on left face of the solid, similar to those shown above.

Before you start : Set the view to Isometric South East. The Workplane is displayed.

Select the Orthogonal dimensioning tool and use vertex to vertex dimensioning to input the first dimension. The result should be similar to the illustration in the tile, above left. Dimensioning can now be done from any view. In the illustration, right, dimensions have been inserted from the Front view.

Now place the Workplane on the bottom face, shown by the green outline, right using the Workplane by Facet tool.

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Now insert a dimension to represent the length of the solid, shown below.

Create Views

Multiple views of the model can be created for paper space layout using the Create View option.

In this task : A top and an isometric south east view of the model will be created. These will then be assembled onto the paper space layout.

Before you start : View is set to Front. Use Zoom Extents, the reduce the zoom slightly.

Select Create View, shown top, then place a selection rectangle around the front view of the model, shown right. Create a suitable name for this view, such as Front.

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Now change the view to Isometric South East and repeat this, creating a view called ISO- SE, similar to that shown below.

Insert Viewport

After a view has been created of the model in the graphics editor, it can be inserted into the Paper Space layout. This is done in preparation of the final layout and printing purposes. A ratio scale can be given to the newly inserted viewport. Hidden Paragraph text goes here Layers can be switched off in individual viewports. Several views of the model can be inserted onto the paper space layout. More than one sheet can be used to create multiple page layouts.

In this task : The viewports created in the previous task will be inserted into the paper space layout.

Before you start : Select the Paper tab at the base of the graphics editor. Remove the grid from the paper space layout. Create the correct page setup using File > Page Layout. In this example, the portrait orientation was used.

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Select Insert Viewport, shown top, then insert the Front view at the top of the sheet, shown right. Now insert the ISO-SE view underneath, similar to that shown below.

Viewport layer control Layer control is still a requirement of 3 dimensional design, particularly when using viewports. Objects can be placed onto different layers so as to conceal objects appropriate to the view.

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In this task : The depth dimension will be placed onto a different layer. This layer will be switched off in the Front view only.

Before you start! Make sure at least one viewport is inserted into the paper space layout.

In the illustration, right, the depth dimension, shown underlined, is not required. The layer for this dimension will be switched off in this view only. Switch to the model space area and select the depth dimension (100) and place it on layer 0. Now return to the paper space layout and select the Front viewport border. Right click and select Properties from the local menu. From the viewport page, select the layer name tile, and uncheck the layer 0. The result is shown below.

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In the Isometric viewport, the dimensions on the side of the face are not strictly required as they appear in the Front view. Now select the viewport border for the ISO_SE view, then repeat the above task, this time deactivating the Dimensions layer. Only the depth dimension should remain, shown bottom

Foreground Wireframe Objects such as sketch profiles and dimensions are usually not included in a rendered display in model space; they are non-renderable objects. However, it may be important to display the profile to show the dimensions in a rendered view. This is done in the viewport by using the Foreground wireframe option.

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In this task : The ISO-SE view will be rendered with the sketch profile and dimensions visible.

Before you start : Make sure the ISO-SE viewport is displayed in the paper space layout.

Select the viewport border of the ISO-SE viewport, then right click and select Properties. From the Rendering page, select Quality or Draft Render, then check Non renderable objects, shown right.

Click OK. The model is rendered and the sketch profile and dimension is still displayed, shown above To complete the task, insert text to label the viewports, similar to that shown right.

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Session Summary The following topics were discussed and demonstrated during this session. Please make sure the following topics are understood before proceeding to the next session.

2D sketch profiles are frequently used to create profiles for 3D objects. The polyline tool is useful for this task. A simple extrusion can be performed on a closed sketch profile to produce a solid object. The positive or negative direction of the extrusion depends on the user coordinate system. A user defined Workplane, created to specify the origin and direction of the X-Y axes is created using the Workplane by 3 Points option. Dimensioning is done in strict accordance with the Workplane. The Workplane must be changed to dimension a different face of the solid. The Foreground Wireframe option is used in a rendered viewport to show 2D objects, such as the sketch profile and dimensions.

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Session Four- Practical

Practical Activity Session

Design Brief

Design Brief Checklist : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template. The above object is a wine rack. The approximate overall length and width should be 600 x 300 and be designed to hold at least 3 bottles of wine. Draw the 2D geometry profile which represents the curved section using a continual polyline contour. Use a Grid for assistance if necessary, using your own dimensions. The extrusion must be able to hold almost the full length of a wine bottle. Draw the pillars using separate polylines or rectangles. Dimension the 2D sketch and store in the Blocks palette. You will need to create a viewport of the 2D drawing, fully dimensioned at the end of the task. Extrude all three profiles to the required length, then add dimensions to show all length/depth measurements. Apply suitable material properties to this model, using acrylic/lacquer/plastic materials where possible. Create at least 2 views in the paper space layout, one of which must show the 2D sketch geometry and the dimensions. At least one viewport must show a rendered view. Insert text to label the viewports.

Drawing Assistance : There is no ScreenCAM assistance for the practical tasks. Refer to the Practical drawing for this session for dimensional information.

Save Design : Save this drawing for future reference

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Session Five

2D Boolean...... 123 2D Add...... 124 2D Subtract ...... 125 Simple Extrude...... 126 Workplane by Facet ...... 127 3D Thickness ...... 129 Generic Transform ...... 130 3D Subtract ...... 132 Fillet Edges ...... 133 2D/3D Selector Properties ...... 135 2D/3D Selector - depending on Mode ...... 136 3D Object Handling ...... 138 3D Rotation...... 139 3D Add...... 141 Rendered Viewport...... 144 Session 5 Summary ...... 146 Session 5 Practical...... 147

Session Five

Task Drawing

Task Worksheet

Activity Overview : During this Introducing : The following features will activity session you will learn how about : be introduced during this activity session : Using 2D boolean functions to add profiles 2D Add ; 2D Subtract together to create one region. Generic Transform Using 2D boolean functions to create a profile 3D Add with an extracted region. 3D Subtract Using Relative coordinates to copy an object. Generic Transform Moving between the 2D/3D selector mode. 3D Selection Properties Using 3D boolean function to combine or separate the volumes of 2 solids. Toggle 2D/3D

Information : Take Note : The simple extrude used in this exercise If the layer 0 is switched off, the outline of the ensures that the original 2D profile is retained. selected facet is not displayed when using Workplane by Facet.

Estimated Drawing Time : 30 Minutes Estimated Session Duration : 50 Minutes

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2D Boolean

2D closed profiles can be added, subtracted or intersected using 2D boolean functions. When using 2D boolean functions, both 2D entities should be on the same Workplane. In the tiles below, the result of the boolean functions can be seen after Add, Subtract and Intersect were performed on the original shape, shown below.

Original Shape

Using 2D Add Using 2D Subtract Using 2D Intersect

In this task : 2D profiles will be drawn, then 2D boolean functions will be performed.

Before you start : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template for 3D design. Set the view to Front. Set the Workplane to Plane by Active View, Workplane is displayed.

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Draw a 2D rectangle which measures 80 x 20, shown right. Now draw a 2D circle using the midpoint of the top edge to define the center and the midpoint of the bottom edge to define the radius, shown below.

2D Add

This 2D boolean function is used to combine the intersecting areas of 2 or more closed 2D profiles. Select 2D Add from the Boolean Facet menu panel, shown above. Select the circle and the rectangle in any order, then right click and select Finish from the local menu. The result should be similar to the illustration, right.

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2D Subtract

This 2D Boolean function creates a new profile by subtracting the area of one intersecting region from another. Both profiles must reside on the same Workplane.

In this task : A circle will be drawn in the center of the new shape. The circle will then be subtracted from the main profile.

Before you start : The view is set to Front. Workplane is set to Plane by World.

Draw a 2D circle to a diameter of 20 using the center of the profile's arc, shown right. Now select 2D Subtract from the Boolean Facet menu, shown top. At the prompt > select object to subtract from, select the rectangular shape, shown below left. Right click and select Finish selecting from the local menu. At the prompt > select object to subtract, select the circle, shown below right. Right click, select Finish selecting.

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Take Note : There is no apparent change at this stage, but the circle's area has been subtracted from the area of the profile. The Draft or Quality Render tool can be used to visually demonstrated the subtracted region, shown below.

Simple Extrude

The rigid extrude feature will extrude a 2D profile to create a solid object. The profile segments remain parallel to the original.

In this task : The new shape will be extruded below the Workplane.

Before you start : Turn the view to Isometric North East. Reduce the zoom slightly.

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Select Simple Extrude, then select the profile. Drag the extrusion behind the Workplane, then input 35 into the Height field and press enter. Right click and select Finish from the local menu. The result is shown below.

Use Draft or Quality Render to view the result of the 2D subtract, performed in the previous task. The Render tools can be accessed from the local menu providing this option is available. Go to View > Toolbars > Toolbars & Menu > Pop-Up Toolbars > Show with

Local Menu.

Workplane by Facet

This Workplane feature applies a Workplane to a selected facet (flat surface) of a 3D object. The Page Up and Page Down keys can be used to cycle between the available facets of the solid. If the Layer 0 is switched off, the green outline indicating the face of the solid is not displayed.

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In this task : A Workplane will be placed on the top face of the solid.

Before you start : The view is set to Isometric North East. The Workplane is displayed. The layer 0 is switched on.

Take Note : Some of the edges have been displayed in a pale grey outline to represent the 'wireframe' of the model. This is done for illustrative clarity only.

Use Workplane by Facet to place the new Workplane on the surface indicated in the illustration, right. Always check the model from different viewpoints to check the position of the Workplane, shown below from the front view.

Use the Double Point Circle tool to draw a circle on this face. Use the midpoints of the front and back edge to correctly place the circle, shown right. Use F7 to select the new circle, then right click and select the edit tool.

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Now TAB to the radius field and input 5. The result is shown below.

3D Thickness A height or depth is given to a 2D profile by supplying a 3D thickness value. The height or depth value will be in accordance with the axes of the user coordinate system.

In this task : The circle will be 'extruded' to the bottom face of the solid by providing a negative 3D thickness value.

Before you start : The view is set to Isometric North East. The Workplane is seated on the face shown by the red outline, below.

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Take Note : Some of the edges have been displayed in a pale grey outline to represent the 'wireframe' of the model. This is done for illustrative clarity only.

Select the new circle, then right click and select Properties from the local menu. Select the 3D page, then input -20 into the Thickness field.

Take Note : The positive or negative thickness value is determined by the direction of the Z axis of the User CS. In this case, the Z 'extrusion' is negative, shown by the User Coordinate icon, shown in the

illustration, right.

Generic Transform

This is the method used to manipulate or duplicate objects by defining a source and destination point. The objects must be selected to activate any of the Transform features.

In this task : The new cylinder will be copied to the opposite side of the solid.

Before you start : View is set to Isometric North East. Activate Relative Coordinates. Make sure the object is selected before activating the Transform feature.

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Take Note : Some of the edges have been displayed in a pale grey outline to represent the 'wire frame' of the model. This is done for illustrative clarity only. Take note of the orientation of the User CS. The coordinates given below must copy the objects to the correspondingly opposite side of the solid.

Select the cylinder, then select Transform > Generic from the Edit menu. Make sure the Keep Original Object option, shown above is activated. At the prompt > specify the location of the first source point, left click in the approximate area to that shown right. Remember : the destination point will be relative to this point. At the prompt > specify the location of the first destination point, use SHIFT TAB to access the coordinate fields and input 0 into the X field, 60 into the Y field and 0 into the Z field. Press enter.

The relative coordinate point should move to the correct position, shown by the pointers.

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If this is correct, right click and select Finish from the local menu. The result is shown right and below.

3D Subtract

This 3D Boolean function creates a new solid object by subtracting the volume of a secondary object from an intersecting primary solid.

In this task : The volumes of the cylinders will be subtracted from the volume of the primary solid.

Before you start : Workplane is set to any Isometric view.

Select 3D Subtract from the Boolean Facet menu panel, shown top, then at the prompt > select the first of the two solid objects, select the primary solid, shown right.

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At the prompt > select the second of the two solid objects, select one of the cylinders, shown right Repeat this, this time subtracting the volume of the other cylinder from the primary solid. The result is shown right, in Draft Rendered view.

Fillet Edges

The Fillet Edges tool can be used to blend the top edge of a cylinder to create a countersunk appearance.

In this task : The top edges of the cylinders will be blended.

Before you start : The view is set to any Isometric View. The model is displayed in Wireframe.

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Select the Fillet Edges tool from the 3D Modify menu panel, shown top, then right click and select the Round option. TAB to the radius field and input a value of 1. Now select the model, then select the edges of the cylinder, shown in red, below.

Right click and select Finish from the local menu. The result should be similar to the illustrations in the tiles below, when viewed from different viewpoints.

Isometric South East Front Top

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2D/3D Selector Properties Similar tools are used to manipulate solid objects in 3D dimensional space. Modification tools such as Move, Rotate and Scale will respond much the same way to 3D solids as to 2D objects, taking into consideration the orientation of the user coordinate system and the Workplane. Duplication tools such as Mirror, Radial Copy and Array require strict observance of the user coordinate system.

In this task : Methods of handling, modifying and duplicating solid objects will be discussed and demonstrated.

Before you start : Make sure the Session drawing is open. It should be at the approximate stage to the illustration below. Set the view to Isometric North East and display the Workplane. Make sure the Workplane is set to Plane by World. This will align the user coordinate system to the world coordinate system, shown below.

Take Note : This Task is for demonstration purposes only.

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2D/3D Selector - depending on Mode In Session 1, the importance of being able to efficiently distinguish between 2D profiles and 3D objects was discussed and demonstrated. In this example, the profile is seated on the front face of the solid. The cursor and selector shell, when attached to the profile, should always be context responsive. Thus when the profile is selected, the selector shell should appear, shown right.

Take Note : Observe the Workplane. At the start of this task it was seated in the position shown top. After selecting the 2D profile, however, the Workplane has aligned itself to the object. The selector shell also indicates that this is a 2D object.

To make sure the selector shell identifies and distinguishes between 2D profiles and 3D objects, check the following setting: Right click and select the 2D/3D Selector Properties from the local menu. From the General page, activate 2D/3D depending on selected object option Now observe the result when the 3D object is selected, shown right. The Workplane is unchanged and the selector shell identifies and distinguishes this as a 3D object.

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To force the selector shell to select the 3D object using a 2D selector shell, without changing the Workplane always use Selector Dimension set to 2D mode, shown in the left tile, below. To force the selector shell to select the 3D object using a 3D selector shell without changing the Workplane, always use the Selector Dimension set to 3D mode, shown in the right tile below.

Selector Dimension set to 2D Mode Selector Dimension set to 3D Mode

Take Note :

Use the 2D/3D toggle button, shown above left and found on the Inspector Bar, to switch between 2D and 3D mode. When the Selector Dimension is set to 2D mode, the Workplane will align to the selected 2D object. The selector shell remains in 2D mode, irrespective of whether this is a 2D or 3D object, shown above left. When the Selector Dimension is set to 3D mode, the Workplane will retain its current position and will NOT align to the selected 2D or 3D object. The selector shell remains in 3D mode, irrespective of whether this is a 2D or 3D object, shown above right. When the 2D/3D mode is selected, the Workplane changes in accordance with the planer geometry of the 2D object selected. The selector shell identifies and distinguishes this as a 2D object, shown top right. When a 3D object is selected, the Workplane remains fixed, but the selector shell identifies and distinguishes this as a 3D object.

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3D Object Handling Manipulating objects in 3 dimensional space is similar to the method used in 2D model space. However, the User CS / Workplane plays an important role in how objects will be manipulated. Objects drawn parallel to the Workplane can be moved, copied etc with the SHIFT Key held down to constrain the ortho (X-Y) angles.

In this task : The results of 3D handling, in particular, 3D rotation will be discussed and demonstrated.

Before you start : Selector 2D/3D properties are set to 2D/3D. Workplane is displayed.

Take Note : This Task is for demonstration purposes only.

When a 2D object is selected, similar to that shown right, the rotation of this object is strictly in a 360º rotation, parallel with the Workplane. This is because the rotation pivot and rotator handle, shown in the illustration right, will always be in a parallel plane to the Workplane.

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When a 3D object is selected, however, the axis of the selector shell provides a 3 dimensional rotator bar, shown right. Observe in the tiles below, the rotation action when each rotator handle is selected sequentially. The exact rotation angle can be input into the respective

fields, shown in the tiles below.

Rotating by the X handle Rotating by the Y handle Rotating by the Z handle

3D Rotation 3 dimensional objects are rotated in accordance with the selector shell axis. The pivot of the rotation is the yellow reference point. The reference point of the 3D selector shell can be moved to a more appropriate position.

In this task : The reference point of the 3D selector shell will be moved to the base of the solid. This object will then be rotated about the pivot.

Associated tasks : Inserting a Construction Circle as a 3D rotational reference. Creating a copy during rotation.

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Before you start : Selector 2D/3D properties are set to 3D. View is set to Isometric North East. Workplane is in alignment with the view. Use Plane by World if this is not the case.

Make sure the Workplane is seated on the base of the solid, shown right. Use Workplane by 3 Points or Workplane Origin or Workplane by Facet to do this. Now turn the view to World Plan and insert a construction circle onto the base of the object, shown below. Use the midpoints or vertex points of the top and bottom edges as the diameter points of the circle.

Turn the view to Isometric North East and select the solid object. Move the reference point of the selector shell to the center of the new construction circle, shown right. Input D to displace the reference point. Start to rotate the Y handle, then right click to make sure the Make Copy option is checked.

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Rotate the object until the X rotation field displays a rotation angle of 180º, or hold down the SHIFT key to constrain the angle, shown right. Left click to position the copied object, shown below.

The result should be similar to the illustrations, below, when viewed in Wireframe and Rendered mode.

3D Add

This 3D boolean function combines the volume of 2 intersecting or adjoining 3D solids or surfaces.

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In this task : The top and bottom unit will be combined using 3D Add.

Before you start : The view is set to Isometric North East. The object is displayed in Wireframe.

At present, the objects are two separate components, shown in the illustration right. To combine their volumes, select 3D Add from the Boolean Facet menu panel, shown top then select the components in any order.

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Session Five

Final Preparation Prepare the model for final presentation as follows :

Apply basic material properties to the model. For this example, Metals > Stainless Steel was used. Clear the construction from the model using Edit > Clear Construction. Insert appropriate dimensions on the correct layer. Create at least 2 viewports; one representing the Top or Front view, the other representing an Isometric view. Create a paper space layout on a landscape sheet and insert the viewports, shown below. Refer to the next task on viewport rendering. Remove the viewport borders using Viewport > Visible Box. Insert appropriate text labeling.

Save this drawing for future reference

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Rendered viewport A viewport can be rendered to illustrate the photo-realistic finished model. Material properties must be applied prior to rendering otherwise a default material finish will be used. A viewport of the finished model must be inserted into the paper space layout, preferably using an isometric view.

In this task : A viewport will be rendered to illustrate the finished model.

Before you start : Basic material properties must be applied to the finished model. An Isometric viewport must be inserted into the paper space layout.

Drawing Assistance : There is no ScreenCAM assistance for this task as the instructions are minimal.

Select the viewport border of the finished model in isometric view, then right click and select Properties from the local menu.

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Select the Quality Render option from the Rendering page, shown right. The result is shown below.

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Session Summary The following topics were discussed and demonstrated during this session. Please make sure the following topics are understood before proceeding to the next session.

The 2D Add function can be used to combine the areas of 2 or more intersecting profiles to create a new shape. The 2D Subtract function can be used to remove the area of an interior region, such as a circle from the total area of a profile. The 3D Add function can be used to combine the volume of 2 associated solid objects. The 3D Subtract function can be used to subtract the volume of the subtrahend from the primary solid. When creating an extrusion using Rigid extrude, the profile segments maintain planar integrity to the original profile. The selector shell and axes can be switched between 2D and 3D mode so that a distinction is made when handling 2D profiles and 3D solids. A viewport, preferably in Isometric view can be rendered in the paper space layout.

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Session Five- Practical

Practical Activity Session

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Session Five- Practical

Design Brief

Design Brief Checklist : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template. Draw the 2D profile using a continual polyline. Use a grid if necessary. Extrude the profile to the appropriate depth, then use the Workplane to draw the new features. 3D Objects used in this design include Extrusion, Cylinder, Extrusion; Fillet Edges. Use your own measurements where none are provided, making every effort to keep all components in proportion to the finished model. Dimension the model when finished, showing all relevant dimensions. Create at least 2 views in the paper space layout, one of which must display a wireframe/hidden line view. At least one viewport must show a rendered view. Insert text to label the viewports.

Drawing Assistance : There is no ScreenCAM assistance for the practical tasks. Refer to the Practical drawing for this session for dimensional information.

Save Design : Save this drawing for future reference

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Session Six

Assemble by 3 Points...... 150, 161 Assemble by Edge & Point...... 152 Assemble by Facet ...... 153 Assemble by Tangents ...... 155 Assemble by Axis ...... 156 Assembly Axis ...... 157 Set Assembly Axis...... 157 Shell Solid ...... 158, 163 2D Profiles ...... 160 2D Profiles to 3D Objects...... 162 Workplane by Facet ...... 165 Polygon...... 166 Sphere...... 168 3D Add...... 169 Artistic context ...... 172 Session 6 Summary ...... 175 Session 6 Practical...... 176

Session Six

Task Drawing

Task Worksheet

Activity Overview : During this Introducing : The following features will activity session you will learn how to : be introduced during this activity session : Assembling objects using source and destination Assembly by 3 Points. points, edges, facets and axes. Assembly by Edge & Point. Creating a wall thickness using Shell solid. Assembly by Facets and Tangents Creating profiles using boolean functions. Assemble by Axis Combining the volume of solids using 3D Add. Shell Solid. Using artistic content to present the model.

Information : Take Note : Artistic content is added to highlight aspects of The solid green outline placed on the face of a solid the model for presentation purposes and is when using the Shell tool is not displayed if Layer entirely subject to individual preference. 0 is switched off.

Estimated Drawing Time : 30 Minutes Estimated Session Duration : 55 Minutes

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Assemble Tools

3D objects can be relocated in the graphics editor using the Assemble tools. The Assemble tools require a source and destination point in the form of a point, facet, tangent or central axis and are moved into position using 'assembly guidelines.' 2D Profiles and 3D objects can be moved using the some of the Assembly tools and snap modes are used where precision placement is required. Coordinate positions can be supplied, both when issuing the source point and the destination point.

QuickCAM : Refer to the QuickCAMs in the educational Training Guide for more information on the following :

Assemble by 3 Points Assemble by Edge & Point Assemble by Facet Assemble by Tangents Assemble by Axis

Assemble by 3 Points

This feature allows the assembly of objects by defining source and destination points. When using the Assemble by 3 Points feature, 2 or more source and destination points can be supplied. The source object can be aligned to the destination object when more than one set of source and destination points is used. When using multiple source and destination points to realign the source object, the first set of points selected will become coincident.

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In this task : Objects will be assembled and realigned using the Assemble by 3 Points feature.

Take Note : This Task is for demonstration purposes only.

Before you start : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template for 3D design Set the view to Isometric South East or South West. Set the Workplane to Plane by World. The Workplane is displayed. The 3D Modify menu panel should be available in the graphics editor.

Draw a 3D box which measures approximately 60 x 100 x 80. Alongside this, draw a wedge to the approximate size to that shown right. Use a different color when drawing the wedge. The wedge will now be assembled onto the box as shown in the previous task. Select Assemble by 3 Points, then left click onto the wedge. At the prompt > specify the location of the source point, target the vertex, shown by the pointer in the illustration, below left. At the prompt > specify the location of the destination point, target the vertex shown by the pointer in the illustration, below middle. Now right click and select Finish from the local menu. The result is shown below right.

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Right click and select Undo Assemble, then restart the Assemble by 3 Points tool. Select 2 sets of source and destination points, starting with the pair shown by the arrow, right. Right click and select Finish after the second set has been selected. Remember to input V to target the vertex each time. The result should be similar to the illustration below.

Assemble by Edge & Point

This feature assembles objects by aligning corresponding points or edges.

In this task : A corresponding edge and point will be selected to assemble and realign the wedge.

Take Note : This Task is for demonstration purposes only.

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Before you start : Make sure the wedge and box are placed alongside each other, but not assembled together. View is set to Isometric South East. Draw a 3D box which measures approximately 60 x 100 x 80. Alongside this, draw a wedge to the approximate size to that shown right. Use a different color when drawing the wedge.

Select the Assemble by Edge & Point tool, shown above, then left click onto the wedge. At the prompt > select the location of the source line (edge) indicate close to the midpoint of the edge, shown right At the prompt > select the location of the destination line, select close to the midpoint of the top edge of the box, shown below.

Right click and select Finish from the local menu. The result is shown right. Remember to view the model from different viewpoints to check accuracy.

Assemble by Facet

This assembly feature is used to assemble 2 corresponding flat surfaces of a solid by aligning the source to the destination facet. When using this feature, the source object is frequently moved and rotated to align with the destination facet. The Assemble by Facet feature does not use snap modes and is designed only to assemble two corresponding faces in the same plane. When using the Assemble by Facet feature, the keyboard keys Page Up and Page Down can be used to cycle through different facets of the solid.

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In this task : The sloped face of the wedge will be assembled onto the top face of the box.

Take Note : This Task is for demonstration purposes only.

Before you start : Make sure the wedge and box are placed alongside each other, but not assembled together. View is set to Isometric South East.

Select the Assemble by Facet tool, shown top, then left click onto the face indicated by the green outline, right. The Page Up or Page Down key can be used to target the correct face. Now position the cursor over the top face of the box, shown right, then left click to target this face. The result is shown below from different viewpoints.

Take Note : Results may differ due to differently selected source and destination positions.

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Assemble by Tangents

Assembles by aligning the flat or cylindrical faces of two objects. The source object can be rotated through 360º by using the Turn Over option.

In this task : A flat surface (facet) of the first cylinder will be assembled onto the cylindrical face of the second.

Associated tasks : Cylinders.

Before you start : Set the view to any Isometric View. Switch off the Form Building Edges display using Options > Display.

Take Note : This Task is for demonstration purposes only.

Draw 2 cylinders to the following measurements : 1st Cylinder = Radius 15; Height 220. 2nd Cylinder = Radius 50; Height 120. Position these cylinders similar to the illustration, right. Select the Assemble by Tangents tool, then select the first cylinder, shown in the left tile, next page. The smaller cylinder can be rotated around the larger cylinder, keeping contact tangentially.

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Tangency maintained Source face (flat surface) Destination (cylindrical face) Result during rotation

Assemble by Axis

Assembles by alignment and rotation, the central axis of 2 cylindrical objects. An offset distance and angle from the edges of the destination object can be given. An Axis must be created prior to assembly using the Set Assembly Axis tool.

In this task : Two Cylindrical objects will be assembled by their common central axis.

Take Note : This Task is for demonstration purposes only.

Associated tasks : Set Assembly Axis. Fillet Edges.

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Before you start : Two cylinders should be drawn, similar to the previous task. Rotate the first (taller) cylinder and blend the bottom edge using the Fillet Edges Tool. Make the radius of the blend 15, shown below.

Set Assembly Axis

Select the Set Assembly Axis tool, shown above, then select the first cylinder. Left click to define the axis, shown by the pointer, right, then select Finish. Repeat this for the second cylinder, shown below.

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The domed end of the cylinder will now be assembled and aligned onto the second cylinder with the domed end at the top, shown right. The assembled cylinder (source) will be assembled with equal distances from the top and bottom face of the destination cylinder. Select the Assembly by Axis tool then select the axis of the source cylinder, shown below. Note where the axis is selected, shown by the pointer below left. Select the Destination Axis shown below right.

Input 40 into the Distance field. The result should be similar to the illustrations below when viewed from a standard and isometric viewpoint

Shell Solid

Available in TurboCAD Professional edition only This feature will either add or subtract wall thickness to an object . Any facet of the solid can be excluded from the Shell function.

In this task : The interior of a solid box will be shelled. The top and front face of the object will be excluded from the shell function.

Please note : This task is for demonstration purposes only. A negative shell thickness will apply a wall thickness to the interior of the solid. A positive shell thickness will apply a wall thickness to the exterior of the solid.

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Before you Start : Make sure a box and wedge are displayed in the graphics editor. The view is set to Isometric South East.

Select the Shell Solid feature from the 3D Modify menu panel, shown top, then TAB to the data fields an input a thickness of -5. This will create an interior wall thickness on the material. Now left click onto the box, then move the cursor over the front face until the green outline is displayed. Left click to exclude this face. Place the cursor over the top face of the box until the green outline is displayed, then left click to exclude this face. Right click and select Finish from the local menu. The result is shown right. Repeat this, using the same shell thickness on the wedge. Remove the sloped face of the wedge, shown right, then right click and select Finish from the local menu. The result is shown below.

Try this with a few more solid objects such as a cylinder or polygonal prism before moving onto the next task. In the example right, the top and 2 side faces were

removed from the polygonal prism.

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2D Profiles Profiles are used to create a 2D shape that can be extruded into a solid. Intersecting profiles can be combined to create a new region.

In this task : A circle and a rectangle will be drawn to create the basis of the shape shown below.

Before you start : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template for 3D design. Set the view to World Plan and display the Workplane. The Workplane, by default, should be set to Plane by World.

Construction circles are useful in 3D design as their points of geometry, eg: center, quadrant, tangents etc can be accessed from any parallel Workplane. Somewhere in the graphics editor, insert a 2D construction circle to any radius. The center point of this circle will be used later when inserting another object. Now insert a 2D circle with a radius of 160 onto the center of the construction circle, shown right.

Take Note : The Workplane and the construction circle are shown in the illustration, right. Now draw a 2D rectangle which measures 150 x 400 anywhere in the graphics editor, shown right.

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Take Note : The dimensions in the previous sketches are for illustrative clarity only. It is not necessary to dimension the profiles at this stage.

Assemble by 3 Points

This feature is used to assemble 2D profiles or 3D objects by defining a base point and a destination point. A minimum of 2 points is required; a source and a destination point.

In this task : The rectangle will be assembled onto the center of the circle.

Before you start : The view is set to World Plan. The Workplane is displayed. The 3D Modify menu panel should be available in the Tools Palette. The zoom magnification is sufficient to display both the circle and rectangle clearly.

Select Assemble by 3 Points from the 3D Modify menu panel and at the prompt > select an entity whose position you wish to change, left click onto the rectangle. At the prompt > specify the location of the source point, indicate the midpoint of the bottom edge of the rectangle, shown right.

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At the prompt > specify the location of the destination point, place the cursor on the edge of the circle and input C to target the center point. The center of the construction circle could also be used. Right click and select Finish from the local menu. The result is shown below.

2D profiles to 3D objects 2D Closed profiles can be converted to a 3D solid object by extruding or changing the profiles thickness. A solid created as the result of an extrusion will retain its original profile. When the 3D thickness feature is used, the original profile is discarded.

In this task : The area of the rectangle and the circle will be combined using 2D Add. A 3D thickness value will be provided to create an extrusion.

Associated tasks : Creating a 3D Thickness on a combined 2D region.

Before you start : The view is set to World Plan. Workplane is displayed.

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Select 2D Add from the Boolean Facet menu panel, then select the circle and rectangle in any order. The result is shown right. Now turn the view to Isometric South West and select the new profile. Right click and select Properties from the local menu. Input a value of 40 into the 3D thickness field, click OK. The result should be similar to the illustration below.

Take Note : Remember to check the model from different viewpoints to keep the position of the Workplane

in mind.

Shell Solid

This feature will either add or subtract wall thickness to an object by inputting either a positive or negative value. Any facet of the solid can be excluded from the Shell function.

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In this task : An interior wall thickness will be added to the new solid by creating a wall thickness of 5. For material to be subtracted, an inward shelling will be produced. The top and bottom faces will be excluded.

Before you start : The view is set to Isometric North East. Workplane is displayed.

Take Note : To create a wall thickness which adds to the material (outward shelling) input a positive shell value. To create a wall thickness which subtracts material (inward shelling) input a negative value.

Select the Shell Solid feature then input a value of 5 into the thickness field. Now select the solid object. At the prompt > select a face to omit, place the cursor over the top face until the thick green outline is displayed, shown right. Left click when the top face is outlined, shown right. Now use the Page Up or Page Down keys to select the bottom face of the solid, shown below.

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Left click when the bottom face is outlined in green, then right click and select Finish from the local menu. The result should be similar to the illustration, right.

Workplane by Facet

This Workplane feature applies a Workplane to a selected facet (flat surface) of a 3D object. The Page Up or Page Down keys can be used to realign the user CS when the required facet is highlighted.

In this task : A Workplane will be applied to the back rectangular face of the extruded rectangle.

Before you start : The view is set to Isometric South West.

Take care when placing the Workplane on this facet. The Workplane should be placed on the outer wall of the solid and the direction of the XYZ axis should be similar to the illustration, below.

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Select Workplane by Facet and place a Workplane on the outer face of the solid, illustrated above and shown in detail in the illustration, right. View the model from a different viewpoint to check the position of the Workplane, shown below.

Polygon

Creates a regular polygon about a center point. The size of the polygon is defined by providing either the radius or the side length.

In this task : A polygon will be drawn onto a face of the solid using the center of extents snap mode to define the center of the face.

Associated tasks : Using the Simple Extrude tool to extrude the 2D polygonal shape.

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Before you start : View is set to Isometric South West. The Snap Modes menu should be available in the Tools Palette.

Take Note : Remember to deactivate any snap mode when not essentially required.

Select the 2D Polygon tool, then activate the center of extents snap mode. Place the cursor in the position indicated by the pointer, right. The center of extents magnetic snap point will automatically snap to the center of the entire object, shown by the arrow, right. Left click to define the center point, then immediately deactivate the center of extents snap mode. Now TAB to the data fields and input the following values :

Make sure the Polygon is set to Segment mode, shown by the pointer, above. Press enter. The result, from different viewpoints, is shown below.

Isometric North West Plan view Front view

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Deactivate the snap mode, then use the simple extrude tool to extrude this object to create a below Workplane depth of 40, shown right.

Sphere

Creates a sphere by indicating a center point and a radius. The radius can either be given by indicating a point in the graphics editor, or can be input into the radius field of the Inspector Bar.

In this task : A Sphere will be inserted onto the original construction circle.

Before you start : The view is set to Isometric North West. Set the Workplane to Workplane by World.

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Insert a Sphere using the center of the construction circle, shown right. Make the Sphere radius 155.

Always check the model from different viewpoints to check accuracy, shown below.

World Plan view Isometric view Right side view

3D Add

This boolean function will combine the volumes of 2 associated solids.

In this task : The base plate and holder will be combined into one unit.

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Associated tasks : Material Properties will be added to this component and the light casing.

Before you start : View is set to any Isometric view.

Take Note : The light casing has been removed for illustrative clarity only.

Select the 3D Add tool from the Boolean Facet menu panel, then select both 'metal' components, shown right. These components can be selected in any order. Apply a metal, stainless steel material with a chrome pattern and render this using the Draft or Quality Render tool so that the result is similar to the illustration, below.

Now apply a plastics, plexi-glass material with a casting texture. Use a Plain Tan color for the Pattern. Set the Reflectance to Environment.

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View the result and adjust the color and ambient factor if necessary. View the finished result of both components. The result should be similar to the illustration, below.

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Artistic Context Presentation of the finished design very important. It provides the viewer with a photo- realistic visual of the finished model. It is generally required that background or auxiliary objects be used to provide a context for the design. These objects are created for artistic purposes only and strict design criteria would not apply.

In this task : Portions of walls will be created to provide a context for the outside light fitting.

Before you start : Create a new layer called 'Decor' Turn the view to any Isometric View. The model should be displayed in Wireframe.

Use Workplane by Facet to place a Workplane on the surface shown right. Now use the 3D box feature to create a 'wall', similar to the illustrations, below.

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Select the wall, then displace the reference point to the corner vertex, shown right. Now rotate the wall, making sure the Make Copy option is activated. Rotate the wall through 90º so that the result is similar to the illustration, below left and right.

Now apply material properties to the walls to represent brickwork. In this example, Brickwork in Rough, realistic brick was created. The scale pattern was set to 250, shown right. Now render the entire drawing so that the result is similar to the illustration below.

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Final Preparation Prepare the model for final presentation as follows : Clear the construction from the model using Edit > Clear Construction. Make sure all the appropriate material properties have been applied to both the model and the context decor. Insert appropriate dimensions on the correct layer. Create at least 2 viewports; one representing the Top or Front view, the other representing an Isometric view. Create a paper space layout on a landscape sheet and insert the viewports, shown below. The Isometric viewport must be rendered. Remove the viewport borders using Viewport > Visible Box. Insert appropriate text labeling.

Save Design Save this drawing for future reference

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Session Summary The following topics were discussed and demonstrated during this session. Please make sure the following topics are understood before proceeding to the next session.

3D objects can be relocated in the graphics editor using the Assemble tools. Objects are assembled using source and destination points, edges, facets and axes. The Assemble tools require a source and destination positions and are moved into position using 'assembly guidelines.' Snap modes can be used to precisely assemble both 2D profiles and 3D objects. Objects can be rotated and aligned to another solid when assembling a point to an edge. The facets of 2 solids can be aligned by selecting a source and destination facet. A interior or exterior wall thickness can be added to a solid using the Shell Solid function. This function will accordingly either add or subtract material from the volume of the solid by inputting either a positive (add material) or negative (subtract material) value. Facets can be excluded when using the Shell function to create an opening.

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Session Six- Practical

Practical Activity Session

Design Brief

Design Brief Specifics : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template. Create and use the layers necessary for this design. Draw each component separately using your own dimensions. Attempt to make all components proportional in size. Refer to the practical drawing for this session for dimensional information if necessary. Features used in this design include : Cylinder, Torus, Sphere, Hemisphere, Extrusions and 2D/3D Boolean functions. A Cone was used to draw the shade using a circle profile, then using the Cut Cone as Lofting option to create the outward tapered effect. Blend edges where necessary to the specified radius . Dimension the model, showing all necessary height/depth measurements.

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Apply suitable material properties for this design. Create 3 views in the paper space layout, one of which must show the hidden lines as dashed. Use viewport > hidden line > show hidden lines as dashed to do this. Activate the nonrenderable objects field to display the dimensions in a hidden line view. Insert text to label the viewports.

Drawing Assistance : There is no ScreenCAM assistance for the practical tasks. Refer to the Practical drawing for this session for dimensional information.

Save Design : Save this drawing for future reference

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Session Seven

Torus ...... 179 The Selection Info Palette ...... 180 3D Slice Tools ...... 181 Slice by 3 Points ...... 181 Slice by 2 Points ...... 182 Slice by Workplane ...... 182 Torus from Center...... 183 Sphere...... 184 Slice by Workplane ...... 186 Assemble by 3 Points...... 188 3D Rotate ...... 190 Fillet Edges ...... 191 Workplane by Facet ...... 193 Mirror...... 194 Revolve...... 196 Artistic context ...... 199 Surface from Profile ...... 200 Session 7 Summary ...... 206 Session 7 Practical...... 204

Session Seven

Task Drawing

Task Worksheet

Activity Overview : During this Introducing : The following features will activity session you will learn how to : be introduced during this activity session : Using a sphere and torus to create new shapes. Solid objects : Torus, Sphere, Revolve. Slicing an object using the Workplane. Assemble by 3 Points Assembling 2 solid objects. Slice by Workplane Using the Mirror tool to create duplicates. Revolve Creating a solid shape from a revolved profile.

Information : Take Note : Object handling, such as rotating and mirroring Keep the Workplane displayed for each task in this depends on the position of the Workplane. session.

Estimated Drawing Time : 50 Minutes Estimated Session Duration : 60 Minutes

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Session Seven

Torus

The Torus tool can be used to create a donut-shaped solid which is generated by rotating a circle around a central axis. A Torus is defined by two radius values, one for the distance from the center of the torus to the center of the tube (base radius) and the radius of the tube itself. The tube radius of the Torus can be given as the inner or outer radius.

In this task : The Torus feature will be discussed and demonstrated.

Associated tasks : Modifying the Torus using the Selection Info Palette.

Before you start : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template for 3D design. Set the view to Isometric South East. The Workplane is set to Plane by World. The Form Building Edges display is activated.

When drawn without any dependence on any other object, a Torus will lie in a parallel plane to the Workplane, with the center of its tube radius intersected by the Workplane, shown right.

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The Torus shape is generated when a smaller circle profile is extruded through a circular path. In the illustration, right, the profile segments of the circle are clearly displayed. This example has used a Base Radius (outer circumference) of 50 and a Tube Radius (circle profile) of 10. In the example, right, the Torus has been drawn using the Center option, shown above.

The Selection Info Palette The Selection Info Palette is used to modify the dimensions of the torus. For example, in the illustration below, the rotation angle and the radius has been changed.

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Session Seven

3D Slice

The Slice tool cleaves through a solid by defining either a slice plane or by defining the points of the slice. The 3 methods of slicing a solid are : Slice by 3 Points, Slice by Workplane and Slice by 2 Points. The cut segment of the model can be retained or discarded.

In this task : The 3 methods of slicing a solid will be discussed and demonstrated.

Before you start : Set the view to Isometric South East. The Workplane is displayed and is set to Plane by World. Slice by 3 Points

This Slice feature cleaves through a solid by defining diagonal points from the first point.

In the illustrations below, a 3D Box which is 80 x 100 x 50 has been sliced using the sequence shown by the numbers in the left tile below.

Slice plane displayed, objects 3 Points defining the slice plane Objects are now 2 separate portions separated

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Slice by Workplane

This slice feature uses the Workplane as the slice plane. The entire object will be sliced where the Workplane intersects the solid, allowing either portion to be deleted if necessary. In the illustration below left, a Workplane by 3 points has been placed on the numbered vertices. The illustration shows where the Workplane intersects the solid.

Workplane placed on numbered Slice plane displayed, objects Objects are now 2 separate portions vertices. Note the User CS. separated

Slice by 2 Points (line)

This slice feature cuts through a solid along a line defined by 2 points.

In the illustration, below left, 2 points, shown by the numbers slice this object from vertex 1 to midpoint 2.

Object sliced across vertex 1 and Slice plane displayed, objects Objects are now 2 separate midpoint 2 separated portions

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Torus from Center

The Torus shape is generated when a smaller circle profile is extruded through a circular path. The circle profile lies in a perpendicular plane to the Workplane; the path lies in a parallel plane to the Workplane. A Torus which is drawn using the Center option, revolves the circle profile centrally about the circular path, shown below.

In this task : A construction circle will be inserted into the graphics editor to assist with later assembly of objects. A Torus will be drawn using the center of the construction circle.

Before you start : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template for 3D design. Set the view to Isometric South East. The Workplane is set to Plane by World. The 3D Model menu is required for this task. Form Building Edges are displayed. Options > Display > Form Building Edges. ACIS Degenerative Faceting is deactivated.

Take Note : A new layer called $Construction is automatically created when construction entities are used.

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Insert a construction circle in the graphics editor to a radius of 20. Select Torus from the 3D Objects menu panel. Now use the center of this circle to draw a torus with a Base Radius of 30 and a Tube Radius of 5, shown right.

Sphere

Creates a spherical shape by indicating a center point and a radius. For more information on the Sphere feature, refer to Session 3.

In this task : A Sphere will be drawn using the same center as the Torus.

Before you start : View is set to Isometric South East; Workplane is set to Plane by World. The construction circle and Torus should be clearly displayed in the graphics editor. Adjust the zoom magnification if necessary.

Select the Sphere tool, then use the center of the construction circle, shown right.

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Input a radius of 30. The result should be similar to the illustration, below.

Always check the model from different viewpoints to check accuracy, similar to the illustrations below.

Top View, wireframe Front view, wireframe Iso view, draft render

Take Note : For illustrative clarity, the examples above have been produced using a 45º tolerance on the Custom Facet Parameters. Facet lines are longitudinal and latitudinal segment lines which represent a curved surface. Use Options > ACIS > Custom Faceter Parameters > Normal tolerance if you wish to adjust the degree of surface lines.

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Slice by Workplane

The 3D Slice tool cuts through a solid object, either by selecting 2 or 3 points as a cutting plane, with the option to delete the cut segment. The Workplane can also be used as a slice plane.

In this task : The Slice by Workplane option will be used to slice the sphere where it intersects with the Workplane.

Before you start : View is set to Front. Workplane is set to Plane by World. The Workplane should bisect the torus, shown below. The construction circle, Torus and Sphere should be clearly displayed in the graphics editor. Adjust the zoom magnification if necessary.

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Select the 3D Slice tool, shown top, then activate the Slice by Workplane option, shown above. At the prompt > select a 3D entity for slicing, left click onto the Sphere, shown right.

The result should be similar to the illustration, right.

Take Note : The option to Delete a Sliced part, shown in the toolbar above can be used.

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Assemble by 3 Points

This feature allows the assembly of objects by defining source and destination points. Please refer to Session 6 for more information on the Assemble tools.

In this task : A 3D Box will be drawn in the graphics editor. This will then be assembled onto the quadrant point of the construction circle.

Associated tasks : Drawing a 3D Box.

Before you start : Set the view to Isometric South East. Workplane is set to Plane by World. Reduce the zoom prior to drawing the 3D Box.

Take Note : The Assemble by 3 Points function only requires the first set of source and destination points.

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Draw a 3D Box somewhere in the graphics editor, making the Length = 15; the Width = 40 and the Height = 5. Now select the Assemble by 3 Points tool and assemble the midpoint of the bottom edge of the box to the quadrant of the construction circle as follows : At the prompt > select an entity whose position you wish to change, left click onto the box. At the prompt > select the location of the source point, target the midpoint of the bottom edge, shown middle right. Input M to correctly target this midpoint. At the prompt > select the location of the destination point, target the quadrant of the construction circle, shown below. Input Q to correctly target this quadrant.

Degenerative Faceting Mode activated

The result should be similar to the illustration right. Faceter Tolerance set to 30º

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3D Rotate Objects are rotated in 3 dimensional space using the 3D selector handles. When objects are handled (modified, manipulated and duplicated) in 3 dimensional model space, a Selector Shell is placed around the objects in a similar manner to that used when handling objects in 2 dimensional model space. So that a distinction is made between 2D profiles and 3D objects, the Selector Shell settings are applied to toggle between 2D or 3D mode. This is done using the Selector 2D Properties.

In this task : The torus, sphere and box will be rotated into an upright position, perpendicular to the Workplane.

Before you start : The view is set to Isometric South East. The Workplane is set to Plane by World. Selector 3D Properties must be activated. Select any object, right click and select the Selector 2D/3D Properties. In the General page, make sure the option for 2D/3D Depending on Selected Object and Space Mode is activated. Please refer to Session 1 for more information on Selector Properties.

First delete the bottom segment of the Sphere, shown right. Select all 3 objects, making sure the selector shell encloses the selection. Now left click onto the Z rotator bar, shown circled below.

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The selected objects can be rotated using the Z handle and holding down the SHIFT key will ensure that the objects will be rotated orthographically, similar to the illustration right. To ensure the objects are rotated to the correct angle, tab to the Rotation fields and input 270 into the Y rotation field. The result should be similar to the illustration, below. The Construction circle can now be removed. Use Edit > Clear > All construction to do this.

Fillet Edges

Available in TurboCAD Professional only The Fillet Edges tool is used to apply a blended chamfer or radius to intersecting edges by either adding or removing material from the edge.

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In this task : Certain edges of the 3D Box will be blended to a radius of 2.

Before you start : View is set to Isometric South West. Increase the Zoom magnification around the 3D Box.

Select the Fillet Edges tool, then activate the Round option, shown above. TAB to the radius field and input 2. Now select the edges shown by the pointers, right. The result should be similar to the illustrations below.

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Workplane by Facet

This Workplane feature applies a Workplane to a selected facet (flat surface) of a 3D object. The Page Up and Page Down keys can be used to cycle between the available facets of the solid.

In this task : A Workplane will be placed on the top surface of the 3D Box. A circle will then be drawn on this face which will then be revolved.

Before you start : View is set to Isometric South East. Workplane must be displayed. The construction line from the previous task is required.

Increase the zoom in the area around the top of the 3D box, shown right. Now use Workplane by Facet to place a Workplane on the top surface of the 3D box, shown below.

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Mirror

This tool creates a symmetrically opposite duplicate by mirroring objects across a mirroring line. In 3D space, Mirror Copy functions in an identical manner to the method used in 2D space depending on the position of the Workplane.

In this task : The 3D objects will be mirrored using a construction line as the axis of symmetry.

Before you start : Set the view to World Plan.

Insert a vertical/horizontal construction line in the approximate position to that shown right. Now set the view to Isometric South East and select all the solid objects, shown below.

Take Note : Notice the position of the construction line. In a South East isometric view, it appears behind the object, but is, in fact, in front of the object when viewed from Plan view.

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Reduce the zoom slightly, then select the Mirror tool. Position the cursor on the construction line in a position similar to that shown right and input N to target the nearest point. Now hold down the SHIFT key and drag the cursor along the construction line, similar to that shown below.

The result should be similar to the illustration, right. Always check the model from different viewpoints to check accuracy. The illustrations below show the model from Plan

view, (bottom left) and Front view (bottom right)

World Plan (Top View) Front view

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Take Note : Do not delete the construction line at this stage. It is required for the next task.

Revolve

This feature revolves a profile to create a solid. The profile is revolved by selecting an axis and defining an angle of revolution.

In this task : A 2D rectangle will be drawn on the top of the blended 3D box. This profile will then be revolved through 180º

Take Note : The revolve function will be discussed and demonstrated in greater detail in Session 9.

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Zoom into the area of the 3D box, shown right. Now draw a 2D Rectangle onto the top face of the box to a similar size to that shown below. Dimensional and positional precision is not required for this task.

Now switch the view to Isometric South East and select the Revolve tool, shown top. Right click in the graphics editor and select Properties. Set the Angle of Rotation to 180º in the Revolution Shape page. Select the 2D Rectangle and at the prompt > specify the first point of the revolution axis, position the cursor on the construction line, similar in position to that shown right, and input N to target the Nearest point. Now drag the cursor along the construction line whilst holding down the SHIFT key. Left click to define the second point on the revolution axis.

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The result should be similar to the illustrations in the tiles below when viewed from different

viewpoints.

Isometric South East view Plan (top) view Front view

Take Note : In the illustrations above, the Form Building Edges have been removed for illustrative clarity. To do this use Options > Display > Form Building Edges. If the revolved object is upside down, select it, then change the 180º revolution angle to a negative value.

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Artistic Context A 2D profile will be used to create a surface beneath the headset. This profile will then be converted to a surface so that material properties can be applied for rendering purposes.

In this task : A 2D object will be used as a decorative surface. Material properties will then be applied to all the solid objects.

Before you start : The Workplane should be seated on the top face of the 3D box. The construction line should still be in place. This will be used as the revolution axis. View is set to World Plan to draw the rectangle. Create a new layer called 'decor' and use this for all decorative objects. Set the view to Front and place the Workplane on the vertex shown below. Use Workplane Origin to do this. Workplane must be displayed.

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Create Surface from Profile Set the view to Isometric South East and draw any 2D profile, such as a circle, rectangle or polygon, similar to that shown right. Select the 2D shape, then select Format > Create Surface > From Profile. Apply suitable material properties for all the solid objects, including the 2D profile which now forms the decorative base. The results, when rendered, should be similar to the illustration below.

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Final Preparation Prepare the model for final presentation as follows : Clear the construction from the model using Edit > Clear Construction. Make sure all the appropriate material properties have been applied to both the model and the context decor. Create at least 2 viewports; one representing the Top or Front view, the other representing an Isometric view. Create a paper space layout on a landscape sheet and insert the viewports, shown below. The Isometric viewport must be rendered. Remove the viewport borders using Viewport > Visible Box. Insert appropriate text labeling.

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Take Note : There is no further QuickCAM assistance for the Final Preparation stage of the Sessions as the instructions, shown above, are sufficiently detailed. If necessary, please refer to the QuickCAM in the previous Session for assistance.

Save Design Save this drawing for future reference.

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Session Summary The following topics were discussed and demonstrated during this session. Please make sure the following topics are understood before proceeding to the next session.

A Torus, which is a donut-shaped solid is generated by rotating a circle around a central axis. The Workplane can be used to slice an object where it intersects with the solid. Either portion can be retained or discarded. When assembling an object by 3 points, at least one set of source and destination points is required. 3D objects are manipulated (moved, rotated, mirrored etc) by using the 3 dimensional axis of the selector shell. The Selector Shell properties must be set to distinguish between a 2D profile and a 3D object. A solid or surface object is produced by revolving a 2D profile about an axis of revolution.

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Session Seven - Practical

Practical Activity Session

Design Brief

Design Brief Checklist : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template. Create or use the layers necessary for this design. Draw each component separately using the dimensions shown above. Use the 3D Box tool to draw all four components. Use the Slice by 3 Points function to create the cut portions of the 2 wedge shaped components. Draw and extrude a circle from the top face to the bottom on the box shown in the illustration above, right. Blend the edges to the specified radius . Dimension the model.

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Session Seven - Practical

Create 3 views in the paper space layout, one of which must show the hidden lines as dashed with the dimensions, shown in the illustration, previous page, right. Use viewport > hidden line > show hidden lines as dashed. Check the nonrenderable objects field to display the dimensions in a hidden line view. Insert text to label the viewports.

Drawing Assistance : There is no ScreenCAM assistance for the practical tasks. Refer to the Practical drawing for this session for dimensional information.

Save Design : Save this drawing for future reference

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Session Eight

Imprint ...... 207 Imprint – Add ...... 208 Imprint – Subtract ...... 208 Imprint: Top-Bottom Options...... 209 Extrusion Shape...... 209 Two Sided Extrusion...... 210 Deformable Modeling ...... 211 Extrusion Draft Angle ...... 212 Sphere...... 214 Slice by Workplane ...... 216 Simple Extrude...... 217 Imprint with Subtract...... 219 Fillet Edges ...... 220 Pressure Load ...... 222 3D Subtract ...... 225 Imprint with Add...... 227 Slice by Workplane ...... 229 Flexible Text ...... 230 Workplane by 3 Points ...... 231 Session 8 Summary ...... 237 Session 8 Practical...... 238

Session Eight

Task Drawing

Task Worksheet

Activity Overview : During this activity Introducing : The following features session you will learn how to : will be introduced during this activity session : Using a 2D profile to create a boolean imprint Imprint Add and Subtract. through a solid. Pressure Load. Deformable modeling. Extrusion Draft Angle. Creating an extrusion taper. Flexible Text. Using flexible text as a 3D object.

Information : Take Note : When using the Imprint feature, always select the Layers are important in this session. Make sure primary solid first. the layers specified in this task are created before starting the design.

Estimated Drawing Time : 45 Minutes Estimated Session Duration : 60 Minutes

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Imprint

Available in TurboCAD Professional only The Imprint tool operates in a similar manner to the simple extrude function.

This tool allows a 2D entity to be extruded through a solid whilst simultaneously combining or subtracting the volume of the extrusion from the solid.

The extrusion profile must lie on the same plane as the primary solid through which it is being swept.

Profiles which are extruded are retained, but deleting the profile will remove the extruded volume.

Any extrusion settings applied in the Simple Extrude tool, for example, a draft angle, will be used by the Imprint tool.

In this task : The functions of the Imprint feature will be discussed and demonstrated.

Associated tasks : Auto Workplane by Face. Setting an Extrusion Draft Angle.

Before you start : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template for 3D design. Set the view to an isometric view. Display the Workplane.

Take Note : In all the examples below, the primary solid, in this case, the top face of the box 3D Box is selected before the profile. A draft angle (taper) is applied in the Simple Extrude settings. By deleting the sweep profile, the extrusion is removed.

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Draw a 3D Box measuring approximately 80 x 100 x 50, then draw a rectangular profile on the top edge similar in size to that shown below. Use Auto Workplane by Face to place the 2D Rectangle. Right click onto the Simple Extrude tool and apply a draft angle of 15º The Imprint-Add function is used to extrude the profile through the box. This will combine the volumes of the box and the extrusion, shown below right.

Imprint - Add

3D Box and 2D Profile 2D Profile extruded downward by 50 Volume of extrusion added to the box

Imprint - Subtract

Repeat this, using the same 3D Box and 2D Rectangle. The Imprint-Subtract function is used to extrude the profile through the box. This will subtract the volume of the extrusion from the primary solid, shown below right.

Volume of extrusion subtracted 3D Box and 2D Profile 2D Profile extruded upwards from the box

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Imprint : Top-Bottom Options

The top and bottom edges of the extrusion can be blended of chamfered. Click once onto the items above to created a blended top; click twice to create chamfered edges.

Extrusion Shape

The shape of an extrusion can be modified by using a draft angle to produce a tapered extrusion. Extrusion shapes are produced when using the Simple Extrude tool, shown above.

In this task : Tapered extrusions using the Extrusion Draft Angle will be discussed and demonstrated. A bi-directional extrusion will be created using the 2 Sided Extrude option.

Associated tasks : Using the Selection Info Palette to change the extrusion properties.

Before you start : Set the view to any Isometric view. Display the Workplane.

Draw a rectangle which measures approximately 50 x 100 in the graphics editor. Select the Simple Extrude tool, then right click and select Properties. In the Extrusion Shape field, input a draft angle of 30.

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Now select the rectangle and create an above Workplane extrusion of approximately 50, shown below.

Select the solid, then open the Selection Info Palette and change the Draft Angle to -15. By inputting a negative value into the draft angle field, the extrusion will taper inwards, shown right.

Two Sided Extrusion

An above and below Workplane extrusion of a 2D profile can be produced. The extrusion of the profile will be equal either side of the Workplane. In the example, right, the total height of the extrusion is 50, therefore a height of 25 is given.

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Deformable Modeling

Facet deforming can be done by applying a uniform pressure load to the surface of a solid. Only ACIS solids and surfaces can be modified using the Pressure Load feature, but objects which have been modified using Pressure Load are removed from the Parts Tree. Factors which influence the result of pressure load on a facet are : Stretch : Controls the flexibility factor. Bend : Controls the torsion (twisting) value to prevent sharp edges. Resolution : Controls the internal matrix (grid) to allow for a higher or lower degree of flexure. Isolines : The number of planar facet lines which create the mesh effect, shown next page. Gain : The total pressure applied over a specified area.

In this task : The pressure load feature of deformable modeling will be discussed and demonstrated.

Associated tasks : Extrusion Draft Angle.

Before you start : Set the view to Isometric South East. The Workplane is displayed and is set to Plane by World.

A circle with a radius of 50 has been extruded to an above Workplane height of 30. The extrusion draft angle was set to 30º In both examples below, the following information was supplied.

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Refer to the tiles below for the various options.

Circle of 50 extruded to height of 25 with draft angle of 30º Pressure applied Result when Link Neighboring Faces and Fix Tangent options were not to top face. applied.

Circle of 50 extruded to height of 25 with Result when Link Neighboring Faces and Fix Tangent options were draft angle of 30º Pressure applied to top applied. face.

Extrusion Draft Angle

A draft angle can be applied to an extruded object to create an extrusion taper. Draft angles can be applied to all extruded profiles, such as a cylinder, polygonal prism, etc.

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In this task : A circle profile will be extruded to a height of 150. A draft angle will be given which will supply an extrusion taper of 5º

Before you start : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template for 3D design. Set the view to Isometric South East. Workplane is set to Workplane by World ; display the Workplane. Create new layers for Casing, Lens, Handle, and Globe. Use the colors of your choice.

Draw a circle to a radius of 45 on the Handle layer. Select the Simple Extrude tool, then right click in the graphics editor and select Properties. Select the Extrusion Shape page, then apply a draft angle of 5º, shown right.

TAB to the Height field and input a value of 150. Press Enter.

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Sphere

Creates a sphere by indicating a center point and a radius. The radius can either be given by indicating a point in the graphics editor, or can be input into the radius field of the Inspector Bar. The circumference of the Sphere will always be drawn parallel to the Workplane.

In this task : A sphere will be drawn on the top of the extrusion, using the center of a circle profile.

Associated tasks : Inserting a double point circle to create a convenient center point. Changing the radius of a previously drawn circle.

Before you start : View is set to Isometric South East, Workplane is displayed.

Using Workplane by Facet, place the Workplane on the top face of the extrusion, shown right. Take care to view the model from different viewpoints to check the position of the Workplane before proceeding.

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Now change the view to World Plan, then draw a Double Point Circle using the vertex points of the outer edges of the extrusion, shown below. Use the Casing layer to draw this circle.

Change the Radius Use F7 to select the most recently drawn object, then right click and select the Edit tool. TAB to the radius field and input 50. The result is shown in bold, right. Now use the center of this circle to insert a Sphere to a radius of 45, shown below. Use the Globe layer to draw the Sphere.

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Slice by Workplane

A solid object can be sliced in the plane where the solid object intersects with the Workplane. The sliced portion, either side of the Workplane, can be retained or discarded.

In this task : The Workplane which is placed on the top of the tapered extrusion, will be used to slice the Sphere. The sliced portion of the sphere which is below the Workplane will be deleted.

Before you start : Set the view to Front. Workplane is displayed.

At present, the Workplane is seated on the top face of the extrusion, shown right. The Sphere has been drawn so that its circumference is parallel to the Workplane. The Workplane can be used to slice the Sphere and the portion beneath the Workplane can be deleted. Select 3D Slice, then select the Slice by Workplane option and Delete a Sliced Part, shown above. Select the Sphere, then delete the portion of sphere beneath the Workplane.

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The result is shown below.

Simple Extrude

A normal extrusion is applied when a profile is swept along a path, using either a free-form extrusion, or along a path defined by a 2D entity. When using a normal extrude, the profile is aligned to the direction of the path.

In this task : A hexagonal profile will be drawn, then extruded to a height of 50.

Associated tasks : Extruding a 2D polygon.

Before you start : Set the view to Isometric South East. The hexagonal shape is drawn on the Casing layer.

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Take Note : The Workplane is still on the top face of the main extrusion.

Using the center point of the original circle, insert a 6 sided hexagonal shape using a 2D Polygon as follows : Select 2D Polygon, then active segment mode, shown above. Now use the center of the 2D profile, inputting C to correctly target the center, shown right. Turn the view to World Plan and use the outer Vertex of the extrusion to define the radius of the polygon, shown below.

Now turn the view to any isometric view and select the Simple Extrude tool. Right click anywhere in the Graphics editor and from the Properties menu, select Extrusion Shape and return the Draft Angle to 0º Select the hexagonal shape and extrude upwards by 50 by using SHIFT TAB to access the coordinate fields and inputting 50 into the Z field. The result is shown right.

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Imprint / Subtract

The Imprint-Subtract tool will sweep a 2D profile through a 3D object, subtracting the volume of the new extrusion from the primary solid. The primary solid is always selected before the profile.

In this task : The circle profile will be imprinted through the hexagonal shape using the Subtract option.

Before you start : The Boolean Facet menu panel is required for this task. The view is set to any Isometric view.

Take Note : The bottom face of the polygonal prism is used as the planar face. The circle profile is used as the 2D entity.

Select the Imprint tool, then select the bottom face of the hexagonal extrusion. Use the Page Up or Page Down tools to select the correct face. Activate the Subtract option, shown above. Next, select the circle profile which was drawn earlier in this task. Extrude the circle profile upwards so that its height exceeds that of the hexagonal extrusion, shown right.

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The result is shown below from different viewpoints.

Wireframe view with layers Globe Draft Rendered view with Handle layer Quality rendered, all and Handle switched off switched off. Object shown with selector layers activated shell

Fillet Edges

In this task : The outer vertical edges of the hexagonal shape will be blended.

Associated tasks : Isolating and displaying a single layer.

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Before you start : The view is set to any isometric view. Zoom in to the hexagonal shape. The object shown below should reside on the 'casing' layer. If this is not the case, select the object and place on the correct layer.

Take Note : In the illustration below right, only the vertical edges of the extruded polygon are selected, not the edges of the cylindrical shape.

Select the Fillet Edges tool, then activate the Round option, shown above. TAB to the Radius fields and input a value of 20 into both fields. Now select the extruded shape, shown right, then select all vertical edges of the hexagonal shape, shown right. Right click and select Finish from the local menu. The 2D hexagon, shown below left, from which the extrusion was created can be discarded at this point. The result is shown below.

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Take Note : The use of layer control is encouraged. In the examples above, the Globe and Handle layers have been switched off for illustrative clarity.

Pressure Load

Available in TurboCAD Professional only The facet of a solid can be modified by applying a uniform pressure load to the surface of a solid. This is referred to as Deformable Modeling.

In this task : A pressure load will be applied to the top face of a cylinder to create a domed surface.

Associated tasks : Relocating the Workplane. Using the Simple Extrude tool.

Before you start : View is set to any Front; Workplane is displayed. Model is displayed in Wireframe. The Boolean Facet menu panel is required for this task.

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Use Workplane Origin to place the Workplane origin in a position similar to that shown right. Make sure the Workplane is just above the dome of the sphere. Turn the view to World Plan and display the model in Hidden Line View. Using the Lens layer, draw a new circle on the Workplane, using the vertex points at the inner edge of the extrusion, shown in bold below.

Take Note : Remember to view the model in Wireframe view to view the newly drawn circle.

Now select the Simple Extrude tool and make sure the draft angle is set to 0º Turn the view to Front, then extrude the circle profile upwards to a position just below the top edge of the hexagonal extrusion, shown right. Make sure the new extrusion clears the top of the hemisphere, shown right. Make sure this extrusion is on the Lens layer.

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Now turn the view to an isometric view and select the Pressure Load tool from the Boolean Facet menu panel. Apply the following settings, then select the top face of the new extrusion, shown right : Stretch = 2 ; Bend = 2 ; Resolution = 50 ; Isolines = 150 ; Gain = -2500. The result is shown below.

Take Note : Remember to view the model from different viewpoints to check the accuracy of this task.

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Session Eight

3D Subtract

3D Subtract is a Boolean function which creates a new solid object by subtracting the volume of a Secondary object from an intersecting Primary solid. Solid objects which are used to subtract volume from a primary solid are referred to as subtracting units.

In this task : All the solid objects will be rotated then a switch will be created using 2D profiles, extrusions and the 3D Subtract tool.

Associated tasks : Rotating 3D objects. Creating a new extrusion.

Before you start : View is set to Isometric South East. Workplane is displayed.

Take Note : Due to the freehand drawing content in this task, the QuickCAM activity may differ slightly.

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Select all the solid objects, then use the selector shell handles to rotate by 90º. Use the Z rotator bar, then TAB to the Y rotation field and input 90º The result is shown right when viewed from an Isometric South East view. Now set the view to Front so that the flashlight is displayed longitudinally, shown below. Please note : the model has been rotated so orthographic views are now displayed in relation to its current position.

Now use Workplane origin and place the Workplane on the vertex shown right. Turn the view to World Plan and draw 2 circle profiles in a similar position to that shown below. Use the Casing layer to draw the circles. In this example, the selector shell handles were used to stretch the outer circle.

Turn the view to Front, then use the Simple Extrude tool to extrude the outer circle upwards, similar to the illustration, right.

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Use 3D Subtract to subtract the volume of the new extrusion from the primary solid.

Imprint with Add

The Imprint-Add tool will sweep a 2D profile through a 3D object, combining the volumes of the extrusion and the primary solid.

In this task : A similar profile will be swept through the solid, this time adding material to create the switch.

Associated tasks : Blending the edges of a cylindrical extrusion.

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Before you start : View is set to Front or Isometric. Workplane is displayed.

Select the Imprint tool and activate the Add option. Now extrude the inner circle profile in an upward direction, using the vertex position indicated right as the height. Right click and select Finish from the local menu. The result is shown below.

Create a blend to an appropriate radius on the top edges of the extrusions, shown right. In this example, a radius of 5 was used for the cylindrical extrusion and a radius of 3 was used for the elliptical edge.

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Slice by Workplane

A solid object can be sliced along the plane where the solid object intersects with the Workplane, discarding or retaining either sliced portion.

In this task : The tapered extrusion will be sliced in the plane defined by the Workplane. Both sliced portions will be retained.

Associated tasks : Blending the edges of the bottom face of the primary solid. Using the Workplane by Facet tool. Using the Workplane Origin tool to relocate the workplane.

Before you start : Turn the view to Isometric North or South West.

First fillet the edges of the base of the flashlight to a radius of 20. The result is shown right. Now use Workplane by Facet to place the Workplane on the face shown by the pointer below. This will place the Workplane in the correct alignment for the next task.

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Now turn the view to Front and using the Workplane Origin tool, move the Workplane to the approximate position to that shown right. Use 3D Slice by Workplane to slice the bottom portion of the flashlight. Do not delete this portion after the slice. Now move the Workplane to a position similar to that shown below left and again slice the model so that the result is similar to the illustration in the right tile, below. Do not delete this portion after the slice.

Flexible Text

By changing standard text to flexible text, a 3D height or depth can be given. This will create an above or below Workplane extrusion which can be added to or subtracted from the primary solid. Flexible text, once extruded and added to or subtracted from the primary solid, cannot be modified.

In this task : Standard text will be placed on the solid, using the planar geometry of the Workplane to define its alignment. This text will then be changed to flexible text, which will be extruded to create a 3D depth.

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Associated tasks : Using Workplane by 3 Points. Subtracting the Text from the model.

Before you start : View is set to Isometric North East. The model is displayed in Wireframe view. Workplane is displayed. The Handle, Globe and Lens layers can be switched off if preferred. This allows the Casing layer to be accessed in isolation.

Take Note : The Auto Workplane by Face tool can be used to apply the workplane to the appropriate face after the Text tool has been selected, however, the position of the X-Y axis will determine the orientation of the text. The Form Building Edges option can be temporarily removed if preferred. Use Options > Display > uncheck Form Building Edges to do this.

Workplane by 3 Points A Workplane by 3 Points can be applied to the surface of a solid to create specific directional axis orientation. In the illustration right, the Workplane is required to be placed on the indicated surface with the origin at the bottom left corner of the face, the X- axis moving towards the north east direction and the Y-axis moving towards the north west direction. Select Workplane by 3 Points and start by placing the cursor on the bottom left corner of the face shown in the bold green outline, right. Use the vertex on the bottom right corner to indicate the positive direction on the X axis. Use the top left vertex to indicate the positive direction on the Y axis.

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Now zoom in to this face and select the Text tool and input some text onto this face, similar to the illustration right. The text can be viewed from the front or back view to check positional accuracy, shown below.

Select the Text and use Properties > Text to convert this to Flexible Text. Go to the 3D page and create a depth of approximately -2mm so that the text extrudes to the interior of the solid. Finally, Subtract this from the primary solid so that the result is similar to the illustration, right and below.

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Session Eight

Artistic Context

Apply suitable material properties to each component of the model. Make the material properties as realistic as possible, using accurate textures. Refer to the table below for assistance. Create a suitable surface beneath the flashlight. Use a 2D profile and convert it to a surface or use a solid object. Add suitable material properties to the surface, similar to that shown in the table below. Make sure all the components are on the correct layer.

Category Plastics

Material Plain Red

Pattern/Color Medium Aquamarine Flashlight Casing Reflectance Plastic

Transparency None

Category Glass

Material Glass-New

Pattern/Color Chrome Lens Reflectance Glass

Transparency Plain

Category Lacquer

Material Sun Metallic

Pattern/Color Coral Globe Reflectance Chrome 2D

Transparency None

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Session Eight

Category Lacquer

Material Blue Metallic

Handle Pattern/Color Plain

Reflectance Multilayer Paint

Transparency None

Category Decoration

Material Tread

Artistic Surface Pattern/Color Plain

Reflectance Mirror

Transparency None

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Session Eight

Final Preparation Prepare the model for final presentation as follows : Clear the construction from the model using Edit > Clear Construction. Make sure all the appropriate material properties have been applied to both the model and the context decor. Make sure all the components are on appropriate layers. Create at least 2 viewports; one representing the Top or Front view, the other representing an Isometric view. Create at least 2 viewports showing some detail of a component, for example, the lens or switch. Create a paper space layout on a landscape sheet and insert the viewports, shown below. The Isometric viewport must be rendered. Remove the viewport borders using Viewport > Visible Box. Insert appropriate text labeling.

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Session Eight

Take Note : There is no further QuickCAM assistance for the Final Preparation stage of the Sessions as the instructions, shown previously, are sufficiently detailed. If necessary, please refer to the QuickCAM in earlier Sessions for assistance.

Save Design : Save this drawing for future reference

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Session Eight

Session Summary The following topics were discussed and demonstrated during this session. Please make sure the following topics are understood before proceeding to the next session.

The Imprint feature performs boolean functions by extruding a profile through a solid whilst simultaneously combining or subtracting the volume of the extrusion from the solid. When using the subtract option of the Imprint tool, the height of the extrusion can exceed that of the primary solid. The facet of a solid can be modified by applying a uniform pressure load to the surface of a solid. This is referred to as Deformable Modeling. An extrusion can be tapered by a specific angle by using the Extrusion Draft Angle option. The Workplane can be used to slice a solid object where it intersects with the Workplane. Either portion of the solid can be retained or discarded. The Auto Workplane by Face tool can be used to apply the workplane to an appropriate face after a drawing tool has been selected. Standard text can be inserted onto a solid object and will be aligned to the planar geometry of the Workplane. By changing the standard text to flexible text, a 3D height or depth can be given. This will create an above or below Workplane extrusion which can be added to or subtracted from the primary solid.

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Session Eight - Practical

Practical Activity Session

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Session Eight - Practical

Design Brief

Design Brief Checklist : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template. Draw the 2D geometry for the propeller blade using your own dimensions. Use the approximate measurements to those shown on the previous page, right. Use your own dimensions where none are supplied. 3D Objects used in this design include Torus, Extrusion with 5º draft angle, Hemisphere. Apply a pressure load to the face of each propeller arm. Dimension the model when finished. Create 3 views in the paper space layout, one of which must show the hidden lines as dashed with the dimensions, shown on the previous page, right. Use viewport > hidden line > show hidden lines as dashed. Check the non-renderable objects field to display the dimensions in a hidden line view. Insert text to label the viewports.

Drawing Assistance : There is no ScreenCAM assistance for the practical tasks. Refer to the Practical drawing for this session for dimensional information.

Save Design : Save this drawing for future reference

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Session Nine

Revolve...... 241, 244 Torus Spiral Pitch...... 242

Revolve...... 244

Auto Workplane by Face...... 246

Sphere...... 246

Workplane Intersection...... 248

Object Handling ...... 249

Assemble by 3 Points...... 251

3D Subtract ...... 252

Fillet Edges ...... 254

Artistic Context ...... 256

Final Preparation ...... 257

Session 9 Summary ...... 259

Session 9 Practical...... 260

Session Nine

Task Drawing

Task Worksheet

Activity Overview : During this activity Introducing : The following features will session you will learn how to : be introduced during this activity session : Revolving a profile about an axis to produce a Revolve. solid object. Workplane Intersection. Using smaller solid objects as subtracting units to 3D Array. remove volume from a primary solid. Adjusting the Faceter Mode. Duplicating objects in a rectangular pattern.

Information : Take Note : Profiles drawn at the beginning of this session When assembling objects with multiple surface may differ, therefore, resulting solids may be of lines, such as cylindrical objects, the Faceter Mode slightly different shapes. is adjusted so that edges are more clearly defined.

Estimated Drawing Time : 50 Minutes Estimated Session Duration : 60 Minutes

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Revolve

A 2D polyline can be used to create a suitable profile which can be revolved about an axis to produce a solid. If the start and end point of the polylines are collinear, then the resulting solid will be a closed, filled area. After the revolve function has been completed, the profile can be modified using the Edit Tool. A new solid shape will be produced after the profile has been modified.

In this task : The revolve tool will be discussed and demonstrated.

Before you start : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template for 3D design. Set the view to the Front or Right/Left Side. A grid can be used to draw the profile.

A 2D polyline, shown in bold, right was used as the profile. This profile was revolved using the end vertex as the revolution axis, shown below.

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The profile was revolved through 360º to produce the solid shape, shown right and below.

Revolve Spiral Pitch

A 2D profile can be revolved to produce a spiral or helical shape. This takes place when a spiral pitch and a number of coils is given.

In this task : Revolve tool will be discussed and demonstrated.

Associated tasks : Creating a coil and spiral.

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Session Nine

Before you start : Set the view to Isometric South East. The Workplane is set to Plane by World.

Observe the illustration, right. The rectangle will be revolved about the quadrant points of the circle, shown by the pointers. The Spiral Pitch of the Revolve Shape is set to 30 and the number of coils is set to 5, shown top.

By checking the Spiral option of the Revolve tool and creating a Revolution Shape of 30 with the number set to 3, the result shown right is produced. Additionally, by applying a taper angle of 30, the result shown below is produced.

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Session Nine

Revolve

A 2D polyline can be used to create a suitable profile which can be revolved about an axis to produce a solid. If the start and end point of the polylines are colinear, then the resulting solid will be a closed, filled area. After the revolve function has been completed, the profile can be modified using the Edit Tool. A new solid shape will be produced after the profile has been modified.

In this task : A 2D profile will be drawn using a grid as a reference. This profile will then be revolved through 360º to produce a solid shape

Associated tasks : Drawing a 2D Polyline as a profile. Using the Grid to draw the polyline.

Before you start : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template for 3D design. Set the view to Front. Set the Workplane to Plane by Active View. Create a grid spacing of 5 on the X-Y axis. Display the Grid. Use the Grid Snap mode to draw the initial profile on the grid intersections. Remove the grid snap when modifying the profile.

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Session Nine

Using the 2D Polyline tool create a similar profile to that shown right. Remember, each grid intersection represents 5mm. Take care to ensure that the start and end vertex are colinear, shown right. If the polyline requires modification, finish the sequence, then select the object, right click and select the Edit Tool. Remove the grid snap to modify the polyline if required. Now turn the view to Isometric North East, select the Revolve tool, then left click onto the polyline. At the prompt > specify the first point of the revolution axis, target the vertex shown in the left tile, below. At the prompt > specify the second point of the revolution axis, hold down the SHIFT key and drag the cursor

downwards, shown in the middle tile below. The result is shown below right. In this illustration, the profile has been highlighted for illustrative clarity.

By using the Suppress Hidden Lines or Render tools, the flat surface at the top of the dome should be evident, shown right.

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Session Nine

Sphere

In this task : A sphere will be inserted onto the top of the object, using the end vertex of the profile as its center.

Associated tasks : Using the Auto Workplane by Face tool.

Before you start : Set the view to Isometric South East. The model is displayed in Wireframe view. The Workplane is displayed. Activate Auto Workplane by Face.

Take Note : The Auto Workplane by Face tool provides a single-instance placement of the workplane on a selected face for the duration of a specific task. At the completion of the task, the workplane is restored to its previous position. Remember to remove the Auto Workplane by Face tool at the end of this task.

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Session Nine

Select the Sphere tool and place a sphere with a radius of 8 on the end vertex of the profile, shown below as the center of the Sphere. The workplane will temporarily be placed onto the top most face of the solid, displayed by a solid red outline, shown right.

The result is shown right and below.

Take Note : Remember to remove the Auto Workplane by Face tool at the end of this task.

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Session Nine

Workplane Intersections

This Workplane feature shows, by means of a red dashed outline, the plane where the solid object intersects with the Workplane. This Workplane feature is only displayed when Show/Hide Workplane is activated.

In this task : The Workplane will be moved to another position within the model. The intersecting plane of the model and the Workplane will be displayed.

Associated tasks : Using Workplane by Facet. Moving the Workplane using Workplane Origin. Using the Workplane to Slice the Sphere.

Before you start : Set the view to any Isometric view. The Workplane must be displayed.

Place the workplane on the top face of the revolved object, shown right, using the Workplane by Facet tool. To display where the Workplane intersects with the solid, the Show/Hide Workplane Intersection tool is used.

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Session Nine

Select Show/Hide Workplane Intersection from the Workplane menu. The result is shown right. Now turn the view to Front and place the Workplane in the approximate position to that shown right using the Workplane Origin tool. The intersection of the Workplane and the solid should be displayed, similar to the illustration, below.

Now use this Workplane to slice the Sphere. Do not delete the sliced portion at this stage.

Object Handling Solid objects can be manipulated (moved, copied, rotated) in much the same manner as 2D objects, however, the alignment of the Workplane and the User CS are important. When selecting objects, selector properties should be applied so that a distinction is made between 2D profiles and 3D objects. Refer to 2D/3D Selector Settings for more information.

In this task : The sliced portion of the sphere will be moved and duplicated.

Associated tasks : Rotating 3D objects. Duplicating 3D objects.

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Session Nine

Before you start : The view is set to Isometric South East. The model is displayed in Wireframe view.

Select the bottom sliced portion of the sphere and move it to a new position in the graphics editor. Now select the bottom portion of the hemisphere and attach the cursor to the rotation handle of the selector shell. Rotate the hemisphere so that it is inverted, shown below. The result is shown below.

Right click and use the Make Copy tool to create an additional copy of the sliced portion, similar to the illustration right.

Take Note : Remember to remove the Make Copy option when this task is complete.

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Session Nine

Assemble by 3 Points

This feature creates an assembly of objects by defining source and destination points. At least one set of source and destination points are required.

In this task : The sliced portions of the spheres will be assembled onto the larger sphere using corresponding vertex points.

Before you start : Turn the view to World Plan. The Model is displayed in Wireframe. Deactivate the Form Building Edges using Options > Display. Activate the ACIS Degenerative Facet, using Quality Faceter Mode. The Snap Mode menu panel is required for this task.

Take Note : Due to the freehand duplication of the small hemispheres, the position of these objects may differ to the illustrations below.

Select Assemble by 3 Points, then left click onto one of the small hemispheres, shown right.

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At the prompt > specify location of the source point, target the vertex shown by the pointer in the left tile, below. Switch the view to Isometric South East, then activate the Center of Extents snap mode. As the destination point, target the larger sphere, shown in the middle tile below. The magnetic snap point should be visible, shown circled. Right click and select Finish. The result is shown in the right tile, below. Always view the model from different viewpoints to check positional accuracy.

Repeat this for the other sphere, using corresponding vertex and center of extents points so that the result is similar to the illustration, right when viewed from the Front view. Deactivate the center of extents snap mode when this task is finished.

3D Subtract

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Session Nine

In this task : The volume of the smaller spheres will be subtracted from the larger sphere to create a new shape.

Before you start : View is set to any Isometric view. The model is displayed in Wireframe view.

Take Note : The Form Building Edges and ACIS display settings which were modified in the previous task have been restored for this task.

Select 3D Subtract from the Boolean Facet menu panel, and select the primary solid first, shown right. Next, select either of the smaller spheres as the subtracting unit. Repeat this for the second sphere. The result is shown below.

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Session Nine

Fillet Edges

Available in TurboCAD Professional only The Fillet Edges tool creates a transitional surface between intersecting edges by applying either a chamfer or a radius. Material is either added or subtracted from the volume of the primary solid, depending on the chamfer distance or blend radius. The Round option creates a rounded edge to a specified radius. The radius can either add or subtract material to the edge which is to be filleted or chamfered. The Miter option allows one edge to be filleted or chamfered to create a blend. The Round Vertex option allows multiple edges to be selected to create a transition between 2 or 3 shared surfaces.

In this task : The radial edges of the solid shape will be blended.

Before you start : The view is set to any Isometric view. The model is displayed in Wireframe view.

Select the Fillet Edges tool and use the Round option. Create a blend with a radius of 2 on the horizontal edges shown by the pointers, right. The result is shown below.

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Session Nine

Now change the blend radius to 1.5 and apply a transitional blend on the edge shown right. Repeat this for the corresponding edge on the opposite side. Change the radius to 1 and create a blend on the edge shown by the pointer, below.

Repeat this for the corresponding edge on the opposite side so that the result is similar to the illustration, right and below.

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Session Nine

Artistic Context Create 2 plates of the approximate thickness to that shown below. Add the fixing details, creating an accurate and realistic array of these objects. Assemble both plates, then assemble the door handle onto the plate. Add realistic material properties to all objects, using similar examples to those listed below.

Category Metals

Material Polished Brass

Pattern/Color Plain

Door handle Reflectance Environment

Transparency None

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Session Nine

Category Metals

Material Stainless Steel

Pattern/Color Chrome

Reflectance Chrome 2D

Handle Plate Transparency Plain

Category Plastic

Material Polished Plastic

Pattern/Color Grey Base Plate, decorative Reflectance Environment Transparency None

Final Preparation Prepare the model for final presentation as follows : Clear any construction from the model using Edit > Clear Construction. Make sure all the appropriate material properties have been applied to both the model and the context decor. Make sure all the components are on appropriate layers. Create at least 2 viewports; one representing the Top or Front view, the other representing an Isometric view. Create at least 2 viewports showing some detail of a component, for example, the locking mechanism. Create a paper space layout on a landscape sheet and insert the viewports, shown next page. The Isometric viewport must be rendered.

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Session Nine

Create differently shaped viewports if necessary, shown in the illustration below for the rendered views. Draw the shape, then use Workspace > Update viewport boundary to do this. Remove the viewport borders using Viewport > Visible Box. Insert appropriate text labeling.

Save Design Save this drawing for future reference

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Session Nine

Session Summary The following topics were discussed and demonstrated during this session. Please make sure the following topics are understood before proceeding to the next session.

A 2D profile can be revolved about an axis to produce a solid object. A spiral shape can be produced by providing the number of coils and the spiral pitch. By using the Workplane option Show/Hide Workplane Intersections, the planar intersection between the object and the Workplane is displayed. Solid objects which are used to subtract volume from a primary solid are referred to as subtracting units. Objects which are duplicated using tools such as Array are handled in a similar manner to that used in 2D. The result is dependant on the alignment of the Workplane / User CS.

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Session Nine - Practical

Practical Activity Session

Design Brief

Design Brief Checklist : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template. Draw the storm lantern using a different layer for each component, eg: Base, Casing, Lid, Candle, Glass. Use your own measurements to design this object. 3D Objects used in this design include Revolve, Extrusion with draft angle, Fillet Edges and Pressure Load. Dimension the model when finished, showing all relevant dimensions. Create at least 4 views in the paper space layout, presenting each component, then create a viewport with the full assembled model. At least one viewport must show a rendered view. Insert text to label the viewports.

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Session Nine - Practical

Drawing Assistance : There is no ScreenCAM assistance for the practical tasks. Refer to the Practical drawing for this session for dimensional information.

Save Design : Save this drawing for future reference

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Session Ten

Sketch Profiles ...... 263 2D Geometry ...... 264 2D Polyline...... 266 Join Polyline...... 267 Assemble by 3 Points...... 269 Revolve...... 270 Two Sided Extrude ...... 272 3D Circle ...... 273 3D Metrics ...... 275 Auto Workplane by Face...... 277 Artistic Context ...... 279 Session 10 Summary...... 281 Session 10 Practical ...... 282

Session Ten

Task Drawing

Task Worksheet

Activity Overview : During this activity Introducing : The following features will session you will learn about : be introduced during this activity session : Using connected 2D profiles to create solid Join Polyline. objects. Assemble by 3 Points. Assembling 2D objects. Using the same profile to extrude bi-directionally. Revolving a profile. Updating object information using the Selection Info Creating an equidistant above and below Palette. Workplane extrusion.

Information : Take Note : Although there are fewer tasks in this Session, Do not delete the profile. It provides valuable the time taken to do the preparation geometry geometry when creating and assembling should be taken into consideration. components.

Estimated Drawing Time : 50 Mins Estimated Session Duration : 60 Mins

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Session Ten

Sketch Profiles 2D Sketch Profiles form an important part of solid creation. Most 2D profiles can be produced from a polygonal shape, or by combining (adding), separating (subtracting) or creating a new region from intersecting profiles. When a 2D profile is not closed, the resulting solid extrusion will not be filled, however when the 2D profile is closed, a solid object is produced. Arcs and lines which are connected by their vertices can be formed into a single polyline contour using the Join Polyline tool.

In this task :

Creating the correct sketch profile to produce a solid and surface extrusion.

Associated tasks : Creating a Region of intersecting profiles. Using the Join Polyline tool.

Take Note : Use the Join Polyline tool when lines are contiguous but not connected.

2 Hexagons Combined into a Region Extruded to create a solid

When the profile is not closed and extruded, the shape shown right is produced.

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Session Ten

When a closed profile is required which is created from different 2D entities, such as lines and arcs, the Join Polyline tool can be used. Providing the end points of such entities are contiguous, a single contour can be created. In the example below left, the Join Polyline tool was used to connect the outer entities which form the profile. This profile was then extruded to create the object shown below right.

2D Geometry 2D entities will be used to produce the geometry of the finished model. The Polyline tool will then be used to create a profile which will be revolved.

In this task : The 2D drawing, shown above will be produced.

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Session Ten

Before you start : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template for 3D design. Set the view to World Plan. The Workplane is not displayed. Make sure a layer for the model, center lines and dimensions is available.

Draw a vertical and horizontal line to the approximate overall length and height of the model. Use these 2 lines to create the offsets to the measurements shown above. Use the Meet 2 Lines and Shrink/Extend tools to produce the geometry of the drawing, shown below.

Add dimensions to the drawing, then save a copy of this stage of the model in the Blocks palette. The drawing will be used again when the layouts are created in the paper space area.

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Session Ten

2D Polyline

A profile is generally created from connected segments of lines and arcs. All vertices of the connected segments must be coincident.

In this task : A new profile will be created using a polyline.

Before you start : The view is set to World Plan. The current layer is Model. Switch off the Dims and CL layer.

Take Note : The drawing of the 2D profile is not demonstrated in full detail.

Use a different color to the original drawing and draw a 2D polyline over the segments which form the top edge of the profile, shown below. Take care to use the correct snap modes.

Now detach the new polyline from the original geometry. F7 can be used to select the most recently drawn object. Move the profile to a different position in the graphics editor.

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Session Ten

Somewhere in the graphics editor, produce the 2D drawing shown below. Take care to produce the objects on appropriate layers.

Join Polyline

Contiguous line and arc segments can be converted into one continual polyline contour using the Join Polyline tool. The vertex points of contiguous lines and arcs must be coincident.

In this task : A continual polyline contour will be produced from the 2D geometry.

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Session Ten

Before you start : Switch off the Center Line and Dimensions layer. The outline of the model only should be displayed, similar to that shown below.

Select Modify > Join Polyline then select sequentially all the segments of line and arc in the drawing. The outline should change color when the object has been joined, similar to the illustration, right. Make sure the 2D/3D Polyline option is activated, shown above. When all the segments have been selected, right click and select Finish Join Polyline from the local menu. Select the new contour to check that all segments have been joined. The result should be similar to the illustration, below.

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Session Ten

Assemble by 3 Points

This assembly tool can be used to assemble 2D profiles, providing the objects form one continual profile, or are grouped into a compound object. Assembly by 3 points requires at least 1 set of source and destination points.

In this task : The new profile will be assembled onto the previous profile. One set of source and destination points will be given.

Before you start : Increase the zoom so that both profiles are displayed in the graphics editor.

Select Assemble by 3 Points, select the curved profile, then select the vertex shown right as the first source point. Now target the vertex shown below as the first destination point.

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Right click and select Finish from the local menu. The result is shown below.

Take Note : The different colors and thickness of lines in these examples are for illustrative clarity only.

Revolve

A 2D polyline can be used to create a suitable profile which can be revolved about an axis to produce either a solid or surface object.

In this task : The 2D profile will be revolved about an axis of revolution to produce a solid shape.

Before you start : Turn the view to Isometric South East. Display the Workplane.

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Select the Revolve tool and select the first profile, shown right. Select the vertex shown below left as the first point of the revolution axis.

Now hold down the SHIFT key and drag the cursor in a south easterly direction, shown right. Left click to define this point. The result is shown below.

In the illustration, right, the model is displayed without the Form Building edges. The profile is shown in a thicker outline. To display the model without the Form Building Edges, uncheck this option in Options > Display.

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Session Ten

Two Sided Extrude

The Simple Extrude tool can create an above and below Workplane extrusion of a 2D profile. The extrusion of the profile will be equal either side of the Workplane.

In this task : The 2D profile will be used to create a 2 sided extrusion, above and below the Workplane.

Before you start : View is set to Isometric South West. Workplane is displayed. Check the model from the Front view to check that the Workplane and profiles are aligned in the same plane. Return the view to Isometric South West to proceed.

Select Simple Extrude, then select the 2 Sided Extrusion shown above. Select the curved profile, then create a total extrusion of 4. A value of 2 should be input into the Height field so that an equal above and below Workplane extrusion is achieved.

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Take Note : Make sure the extrusion has produced a solid object. If not, use the Join Polyline tool again, making sure the 2D/3D Polyline option is activated.

The result is shown right. Remember to display the model from different viewpoints to check accuracy, similar to that shown below, showing the top and front views.

3D Circle

Frequently, a sketch object such as a circle can be given 3 dimensional properties prior to insertion, thus creating a cylindrical solid object. The position of a sketch object can be projected onto the workplane by means of targeting a snap mode in a parallel plain.

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In this task : A 3D circle will be given 3D properties prior to insertion to create a cylinder. A snap mode in a parallel plain will be used to accurately place this object.

Associated tasks : Using Workplane by Facet to seat the workplane on the working surface. Inserting a horizontal construction line. Applying 3D properties to a circle.

Before you start : Display the Workplane. Workplane is parallel to the object. Turn the view to Isometric South East.

Take Note : Only sketch objects (2D drawing objects) can be placed on the workplane by targeting a point of geometry (snap mode) in a parallel plain.

Insert a Horizontal Construction Line using the end vertex of the profile, shown in bold and by the pointer, right. Using the Workplane by Facet tool, place the workplane on the surface shown outlined right.

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Session Ten

Left click onto the Circle tool, then right click in the graphics editor. Input a value of 4 into the 3D Thickness field. Position the cursor on the vertex shown by the pointer in the previous illustration and left click. The center of the cylinder will automatically be placed on the workplane, referencing this vertex as its center point. TAB to the Radius field and input a value of 2. The results are shown below.

3D Metrics Using the Selection Info Palette The Selection Info Palette provides access to all relevant data related to an object. For example, dimensional properties of an object can be modified in the 3D or Metrics fields and such changes are automatically updated in the model.

In this task : The dimensional properties of the newly drawn cylinder will be viewed.

Before you start : The view is set to Isometric South East. The model is displayed in Wireframe view.

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Select the newly inserted cylinder, shown right. From the pull-down menu, select View > Selection Info. This palette should automatically dock into the same space occupied by the Tools palette at the right edge of the graphics editor. With the cylinder still selected, open this palette and click onto the Properties page. As illustrated below, all dimensional data is displayed and can be updated in the relevant fields. These changes will automatically be updated in the model in the graphics editor. In the illustration below, the fields shown by the pointer indicate the original values which were input to create the 3D circle (cylinder)

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Session Ten

Auto Workplane by Face

The Auto Workplane by Face tool provides a single-instance placement of the workplane on a selected face for the duration of a specific task. At the completion of the task, the workplane is restored to its previous position.

In this task : A temporary Workplane will be placed on the face of the object shown by the pointer on the next page, right. A hemisphere will be drawn on this face, using a horizontal construction line as a guide.

Associated tasks : Inserting a hemisphere using the Auto Workplane by Face tool.

Before you start : The Workplane is displayed. Activate the Auto Workplane by Face tool. View is set to Isometric South East.

Take Note : The Auto Workplane by Face setting creates a temporary workplane on the current working surface, after which the Workplane is restored to its previous position. This setting can be removed at the end of this task if required. The hemisphere will be inserted in accordance with the User CS. Invert the hemisphere if necessary using the Downward option. Some colors have been changed for illustrative clarity.

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Select the Hemisphere tool, then activate Auto Workplane by Face. Position the cursor on the vertex of the profile shown right. As can be observed, the workplane is automatically seated on the new working surface. Left click to define the center of the hemisphere then tab to the radius field and input 11. The result is shown below.

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Artistic Context Finish the design by adding Filleted Edges to blend the edges onto the outer edges of the profile. In this example, a radius of 1.5 was given. Use Flexible Text, then extrude this above the Workplane to add detail to the model. Add suitable material properties to the model. Create a decorative surface beneath the model and add suitable reflective material properties.

Final Preparation Prepare the model for final presentation as follows :

Clear the construction from the model using Edit > Clear Construction. The 2D profiles can be deleted or saved in the Blocks palette. Make sure all the appropriate material properties have been applied to both the model and the context decor. Create at least 3 viewports; one representing the Top or Front view, the other representing an Isometric view. Insert the 2D geometry from the Blocks palette and create a viewport showing the dimensional measurements of model.

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Create a paper space layout on a landscape sheet and insert the viewports, shown below. The Isometric viewport must be rendered. Remove the viewport borders using Viewport > Visible Box. Insert appropriate text labeling.

Save Design Save this drawing for future reference

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Session Ten

Session Summary The following topics were discussed and demonstrated during this session. Please make sure the following topics are understood before proceeding to the next session.

2D objects, either in the form of lines or arcs can be used to create a profile which can then be extruded or modified to produce a solid object. A sketch object such as a circle can be given 3 dimensional properties prior to insertion, thus creating a solid object. When 2D profiles are used to create a solid, all segments of lines must be contiguous and the end vertices must be coincident. The Join Polyline tool can be used to do this. 2D closed polylines, frequently referred to as profiles can be assembled onto another 2D object using the Assemble by 3 Points option. An above and below Workplane extrusion can be created from the same profile. This creates an equidistant extrusion height and depth from the Workplane. Object information can be viewed and updated using the Selection Info Palette.

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Session Ten- Practical

Practical Activity Session

Design Brief

Design Brief Checklist : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template. Draw the 2D geometry which represents the outer profile and the slot. Draw the inner hexagonal shape using 2 hexagons, one rotated and copied on top of the first. Use 2D Add or Format > Create Region to combine their areas. Make sure all the outer lines and arcs are connected using the Join Polyline tool. Likewise, make sure the arcs which comprise the slot are formed into a continual contour. Dimension the sketch and store in the Blocks palette. You will need to create a viewport of the 2D drawing, fully dimensioned at the end of the task. Extrude the objects to the required heights, then use the Boolean tools to add or subtract material. Apply a Blend to the outer edge of the profile. Dimension the model when finished, showing all relevant height dimensions. Apply suitable material properties and create a decorative surface if required. Create at least 3 views in the paper space layout, one showing the 2D sketch geometry and the dimensions. At least one viewport must show a rendered view. Insert text to label the viewports.

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Drawing Assistance : There is no ScreenCAM assistance for the practical tasks. Refer to the Practical drawing for this session for dimensional information.

Save Design : Save this drawing for future reference

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Loft ...... 285 Branched Lofting ...... 287 Face2Face Lofting ...... 289 Set Workplane by Entity...... 290 The Blocks Palette ...... 292 Sketch Geometry ...... 293 Join Polyline...... 294 Assemble by 3 Points...... 296 Loft ...... 297 Shell Solid...... 299 Cylinder ...... 299 Assemble by Tangents ...... 301 Pressure Load ...... 304 Fillet Edges ...... 305 Assemble by Tangents ...... 306 Artistic Context ...... 309 Final Preparation ...... 311 Session 11 Summary...... 312 Session 11 Practical ...... 313

Session Eleven

Task Drawing

Task Worksheet

Activity Overview : During this Introducing : The following features will activity session you will learn how to : be introduced during this activity session : Create a solid shape by connecting the vertices Loft, Branched and Face2Face Lofting. of profiles on different elevations. Edit Current Workplane. Create user-defined Workplane. Define where the Workplane intersects with a Show/Hide Workplane Intersections. solid. Pressure Load. Apply a uniform pressure load on a surface.

Information : Take Note : The 2D drawing which is produced to create The Blocks palette is used to store components of the profiles for lofting can be stored in the the model whilst other components are being Blocks palette and later inserted into the paper designed. Make use of the Blocks palette at every space layout. opportunity.

Estimated Drawing Time : 50 Minutes Estimated Session Duration : 60 Minutes

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Loft

A solid shape is created when uniquely shaped profiles on different elevations are connected to form a solid object. This is referred to as a Loft. The resulting shape will be drawn on the currently activated layer, irrespective of the layer of the profiles. The 2D profiles are connected using NURB calculations – Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline and the resulting shape can be altered after lofting by modifying the individual profiles. A perpendicular, straight edged loft is created when connecting 2 profiles. When connecting 3 or more profiles, a curved loft is produced. Different solids are produced by selecting the profiles in different sequences. Lofted profiles always produce a 3D Solid. Boolean functions, including the Round Fillet Edges and Shell feature can be performed on Lofts but the properties cannot be changed from Solid to Surfaces. The construction profiles of Lofts can be edited using the Edit tool, but not individual nodes of the resulting surface. Unlike the Prism tool, Lofting can be performed on open or closed Polylines.

In this task : The methods of lofting will be discussed and demonstrated.

Before you start : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template for 3D design. Set the view to any isometric view. 2 or 3 profiles can be drawn on different elevations.

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When creating a loft, 3 profiles, similar to those shown right, should be on different elevations. When selecting the loft sequence from bottom to top, the resulting shape, shown below is produced.

2D profiles, similar to those shown right, which reside on different elevations can be lofted to produce a lofted shape, shown below.

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Branched Lofting

The Branched Lofting tool creates a solid object by creating transitional tubing between objects which form a trunk and a branch.

In this task : A solid object will be created by creating transitional connectivity between objects which form a trunk and two branches.

Before you start : 3 Circle profiles were drawn in different elevations and of different sizes to represent the trunk. 2 Circle profiles were drawn in a different plane and of different sizes to represents to connected branches.

Take Note : This Task is for demonstration purposes only.

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In the illustration below left, the central profiles form the trunk and the side profiles form the branches.

Profiles from Front/Side View Slightly tilted view Isometric View

Trunk and branches lofted, shown right. The trunk profiles were selected from bottom to top, then the branch profiles were included by selecting the smaller profile first. The result is shown below.

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Face2Face Lofting

Produces a transitional connection between the faces of 2 existing solids.

In this task : New profiles will be created, then lofted to produce another solid, shown below middle.

Associated tasks : Using the Loft tool to create a solid of the new profiles shown below left and middle.

Before you start : The trunk and the branch profiles of the previous task were used. The trunk profiles were copied and rotated to a position shown below left. These profiles were lofted to produce the new object shown below middle.

Take Note : This Task is for demonstration purposes only. In the illustration below left, the branch profiles were used to create the new profiles which were lofting in the illustration below middle.

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The Face2Face lofting tool was used to connect the faces shown in bold, in the previous illustration, middle. The result is shown right.

Set Workplane by Entity

The Workplane can be applied to an object by aligning itself to the coordinate system of the selected object.

In this task : A cylinder with a radius of 35 and a length of 145 will be drawn. This object will be rotated and the Workplane will be aligned to this object using the Workplane by Entity tool.

Associated tasks : Drawing a cylinder. Rotating a 3D object. Blending the edges of a face to create a dome using the Fillet Edges tool.

Before you start : View is set to Isometric South East. Display the Workplane.

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Insert a Cylinder into the graphics editor with a radius of 35 and a length of 145, shown right. Select then rotate the cylinder using the Y rotator handle shown below left. TAB to the Rotation X field and input 90. The result is shown below right.

Select the Workplane by Entity tool then left click onto the cylinder. The Workplane should align to this object, shown right. Form Building Edges have been removed for illustrative clarity. Use the Fillet Edges tool with a radius of 35 to create the dome on the face of the object, shown right.

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Using the Blocks Palette The Blocks palette is an invaluable tool when designing components for assembly. Different components can be removed from the graphics editor, but safely stored in the Blocks palette for later assemble. When components are inserted back into the graphics editor from the Blocks palette, they must be returned to their original constituents. Use Format > Explode to do this.

In this task : The hemisphere and the cylindrical extrusion which form the hairdryer casing will be stored in the Blocks palette.

Before you start : Make sure the Blocks palette is open. Use View > Blocks to do this. Block Auto-Naming should be activated. Use Options > Auto Naming > Blocks > Prompt for Name to do this. This will allow specific naming protocols for each component. Model is displayed in Wireframe mode.

Select the cylindrical extrusion, then drag to the Blocks palette, shown right. Input the name 'casing' or similar, shown right. Make sure Insert at current location is unchecked.

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Sketch Geometry Frequently, a detailed 2D drawing is required for the final presentation of the design. It may also be required to produce profiles for 3D solid creation. It is useful to draw and dimension the 2D sketch, then save this in the Blocks palette so that this detail can be inserted into the paper space layout at the end of the design.

In this task : The 2D sketch geometry will be created so that the profiles can be lofted.

Associated tasks : Using the Selector Shell handles to create an elliptical shape from a circle.

Before you start : Set the view to World Plan. Set the Workplane to Plane by World.

Somewhere in the graphics editor, draw an intersecting vertical and horizontal line. Insert 2 concentric circles onto the intersection of these lines, making the radii 30 and 35. Now create offsets from the lines, making the horizontal offsets 8 and the vertical offsets 20, shown right. Use a fillet with a radius of 8 on the intersecting vertical and horizontal lines so that the result is similar to the illustration on the next page, top.

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Select the inner circle and modify the shape to an ellipse using the selector shell handles. The result should be similar to the illustration right.

Take Note : This 2D sketch geometry may be useful at a later stage should modifications to the nozzle be required. All sketch geometry can be stored in the Blocks palette for this purpose. The 2D sketch of the nozzle must remain in the graphics editor at the completion of this task.

Join Polyline

2D objects, either in the form of lines or arcs can be used to create a profile which can then be extruded or modified to produce a solid object. When 2D profiles are used to create a solid, all segments of lines must be contiguous and the end vertices must be coincident. The Join Polyline tool can be used to do this.

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In this task : The lines and arcs of the profiles will be connected using Join Polyline.

Before you start : View is set to World Plan. Workplane is set to Plane by World.

Take Note : If the sketch was returned to the graphics editor after a block was created, first Explode the objects. Switch off any unnecessary layer such as 'center lines' or 'dimensions'

Select the Join Polyline tool and sequentially select each segment of the slotted shape, shown right. When each segment has been joined, right click and select Finish Join Polyline from the local menu. Change the color of each 2D object so that the shapes are easily identifiable for this task, similar to the illustration, below.

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Assemble by 3 Points

The Assemble by 3 Points option is useful when moving 2D objects in 3 dimensional space. This feature creates an assembly of objects by defining source and destination points. At least one set of source and destination points are required.

In this task : The 2D objects will be given different elevations so that their profiles can be lofted.

Before you start : Set the view to Isometric South East. Workplane is still set to Plane by World. Set the Coordinate System to Relative. Use Modes > Coord System > Relative to do this. The slotted shape should be one object. If this is not the case, refer to Join Polyline.

Select Assemble by 3 Points then select the slotted shape. At the prompt > select the source point, left click anywhere within the profiles. Remember, when using Relative coordinates, the destination point will always be relative to the source point. Use SHIFT TAB to access the coordinate fields, then input X=0 ; Y = 0 ; Z = 50 to define the destination point. The assembly guideline should indicate a destination point similar to that shown right. If this is correct, select the Finish option.

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The result is shown right. Now repeat this task, this time elevating the elliptical shape to 25 above its original position. The result is shown right and below from different viewpoints.

Loft

The Lofting tool allows uniquely shaped profiles on different elevations to be connected to form a solid object. The resulting shape can be altered after lofting by modifying the individual profiles. The resulting shape will be on the currently activated layer, irrespective of the profiles.

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In this task : The 3 profiles will be connected in an upward direction to create a lofted 3D shape.

Associated tasks : Using the Shell Solid tool to hollow out the nozzle. Creating a Block of the new 3D component.

Before you start : View is set to Isometric South East. Workplane is set to Plane by World. Adjust the zoom magnification so that all 3 profiles are accessible in the graphics editor.

Select the Loft tool, then select the profiles from bottom to top. Right click and select Finish from the local menu. The result should be similar to the illustration, right. Remember to check the model from different viewpoints to check accuracy.

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Shell Solid Use the Shell Solid feature to hollow out the nozzle, using a wall thickness of 1. The top and bottom faces of the solid must be excluded from the shelling function, shown right. The result is shown below.

Make a Block of this object, creating the name 'Nozzle' in the blocks palette. The original must remain in the graphics editor. Hold down the CTRL key and drag to the Blocks palette to retain the original in the graphics editor.

Cylinder

A cylinder is a solid cylindrical shape created by defining the center of the base, the radius and the height.

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In this task : A cylinder will be inserted using the first profile of the loft as its center. The cylinder will be hollowed out, creating a wall thickness of 1.

Associated tasks : Auto Workplane by Face. Shell Solid.

Before you start : View is set to Isometric South East. Activate the Auto Workplane by Face tool. Activate Degenerative Faceting to assist with the placement of the cylinder. Options > ACIS > Degenerative Faceting.

Take Note : When using the Shell Solid tool, a negative value is input when the wall thickness is on the inside of the solid.

Use the center of the first profile of the lofted shaped, shown right to insert a cylinder. Make the cylinder radius = 35. The height is 10. Take care to check whether this is a negative of positive value.

Note : Degenerative Faceting activated for illustrative clarity

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In the illustration, right, the User CS indicates that the height of the cylinder will be a negative value. The result is shown below. Use the same wall thickness of 1 to shell the cylinder, excluding the top and bottom faces. Remember to input a negative value when the wall thickness is to the inside of the solid. The result is shown below.

Note : Part rotated for illustrative clarity

Assemble by Tangents

This assemble tool rotates and aligns objects so that corresponding planar or cylindrical faces can be assembled.

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In this task : The 'Casing' Block will be reinserted into the graphics editor and assembled onto the nozzle.

Associated tasks : Reinserting a part from the Blocks Palette.

Before you start : View is set to Isometric North West, or any similar isometric view. Workplane is set to Plane by World. Deactivate the Form Building Edges so that distinct edges and their associated vertices are displayed.

Take Note : The Assemble by Tangents tool was discussed and demonstrated in Session 6.

Open the Blocks Palette and drag the casing block into the graphics editor, positioning it alongside the nozzle, shown right. Do not explode the block at this stage. Select the Assemble by Tangents tool, then select the bottom face of the shape shown next page, left tile, using the vertex snap mode to target this point.

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Now select the bottom face of the cylinder in the nozzle shown below middle. At the prompt > Specify the destination point, indicate the vertex shown below right.

Indicate the bottom face, using the Select bottom face of cylinder, snap Indicate the vertex shown above as the vertex point shown point not necessary destination point

The result is shown below from different viewpoints.

Note : Object rotated and wireframe displayed Note : Object rotated and rendered for for illustrative clarity. illustrative clarity.

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Pressure Load

Available in TurboCAD Professional only

Facet deforming can be done by applying a uniform pressure load to the surface of a solid.

In this task : A uniform negative pressure load will be applied to the top and bottom facets of the handle.

Associated tasks : Drawing and blending the edges of a 3D box to represent a handle. Blending the edges of the handle.

Before you start : View is set to Isometric South East. Workplane is set to Plane by World. The nozzle and the casing have been assembled. Form Building Edges can be restored at this stage. Auto Workplane by Face can be deactivated.

Somewhere in the graphics editor, draw a 3D box to measurements Length = 70 ; Width = 180 ; Height = 40. Apply a uniform pressure load to the top and bottom surface, shown below.

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Repeat this for the bottom face, using a Gain of 5000. The result is shown right and below from different viewpoints.

Fillet Edges

Select the Fillet Edges tool, make sure the Round option is activated, then input a value of 10 into the radius field. Select the edges shown circled, right, then right click and select Finish from the local menu. The result is shown below from different viewpoints.

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Assemble by Tangents

This assemble tool rotates and aligns objects so that corresponding planar or cylindrical faces can be assembled.

In this task : A point which is on the facet of the deformed box will be assembled onto the casing. Snap modes Nearest on Facet and Center of Extents will be used.

Associated tasks : Assemble by 3 Points.

Before you start : Set the view to Isometric North East. Display the model in wireframe view with the Form Building Edges switched off.

Select the Assemble by Tangents tool, then select the Turn Over option, shown above. Select the flat face of the surface shown right.

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Select the corresponding cylindrical face shown right. Use the midpoint of this face for accuracy. Turn the view to the Right side, then target the 'midpoint' of the cylindrical edge, shown below.

At the prompt, again use the midpoint to correctly align this object. The result is shown below and right from different viewpoints.

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Now use the Assemble by 3 Points tool to assemble the handle into the casing. Use the Nearest on Facet tool to assemble the source to the Center of Extents destination point Rotate the assembled objects so that the orientation is the same as the illustrations below.

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Artistic Context Blend any squared edges around the switch area. Create an switch using the simple extrude and imprint tools. Finish the design by adding flexible text to the switch area. Add suitable material properties to the model. Create a decorative surface beneath the model and add suitable reflective material properties.

Turn the view to World Plan, then use a 2D profile, such as a circle, ellipse or rectangle to create the recess for the switch. A similar technique was used in Session 8. Remember to use Join Polyline if arcs and circles are combined such as the shape in the illustration, right. Use Imprint-Subtract to create a similar shape to that shown below.

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Next, adjust the position of the Workplane, create another 2D profile, and use Imprint-Add to create the shape shown right and below.

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Final Preparation Prepare the model for final presentation as follows : Remove all construction entities from the model space area. Discard profiles or save them to the Blocks palette. Make sure all the appropriate material properties have been applied to both the model and the context decor. Create at least 3 viewports; one representing the Top or Front view, the other representing an Isometric view. Insert the 2D geometry from the Blocks palette and create a viewport showing the dimensional measurements of the nozzle. Create a paper space layout on a landscape sheet and insert the viewports, shown below. The Isometric viewport must be rendered. Remove the viewport borders using Viewport > Visible Box. Insert appropriate text labeling.

Save Design Save this drawing for future reference

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Session Summary The following topics were discussed and demonstrated during this session. Please make sure the following topics are understood before proceeding to the next session.

A solid shape is created when uniquely shaped profiles on different elevations are connected to form a solid object. The Blocks palette is used to store 2D geometry which has been drawn to produce profiles for 3D objects. The Blocks palette is also used to store finished components so that they can be assembled at a later stage. The Join Polyline tool is used to connect sequential line and arc segments to produce a continual contour. 2D Profiles which have been drawn to produce a loft can be moved to different elevations using the Assemble by 3 Points tool. Relative Coordinate Mode is recommended for this task. The Assemble by Tangents tool rotates and aligns objects so that their corresponding planar or cylindrical faces of objects can be assembled. The shape of a facet can be modified by applying a uniform pressure load to the surface. The Imprint tool allows a 2D profile to be swept through a solid, adding or subtracting material from the volume of the solid. The Branched Lofting tool creates a solid object by creating transitional tubing between objects which form a trunk and a branch.

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Session Eleven - Practical

Practical Activity Session

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Design Brief

Design Brief Checklist : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template. Draw 3 profiles for the basket to the measurements shown above left. The first profile was drawn, then the Offset tool was used to create the inner and outer offsets and the Z elevation. Use the Lofting tool to create the casing, then use your own measurements to draw the inner tray. Use Spheres to both create the cut-out segments in the tray and as the egg itself. Dimension the model when finished, showing all relevant dimensions. Create at least 4 views in the paper space layout, presenting each component, then create a viewport with the full assembled model. At least one viewport must show a rendered view. Insert text to label the viewports.

Drawing Assistance : There is no ScreenCAM assistance for the practical tasks. Refer to the Practical drawing for this session for dimensional information.

Save Design : Save this drawing for future reference

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Section ...... 316, 330 Half Sectional View ...... 316 Full Sectional View ...... 317 Section by Workplane...... 317 Section by Closed Polyline ...... 318 Facet Editor ...... 319, 339 Create Hole...... 321 Sketch Profile ...... 323 Revolve...... 324 Create Hole...... 326 Place on Workplane ...... 332 Workplane Intersection...... 333 Offset...... 335 Two Sided Extrude ...... 337 Artistic Context ...... 341 Final Preparation ...... 343 Session Twelve Summary...... 344

Session Twelve

Task Drawing

Task Worksheet

Activity Overview : During this Introducing : The following features will activity session you will learn how to : be introduced during this activity session : Sectioning a solid using the Workplane and Section by Workplane and Closed Polyline a closed polyline. Facet Editor Using the Facet Editor tool to modify the Radial Copy - 3D surface of an object. Place on Workplane Moving objects to the current Workplane. Offset Creating an offset from a contour. Create Holes Inserting holes which automatically subtract material.

Information : Take Note : Original profiles, used to draw both the Some freehand drawing is necessary for this pedestal and the chair should be retained task. Consequently, profiles and solids may in the blocks palette. differ in appearance.

Estimated Drawing Time : 50 Minutes Estimated Session Duration : 60 Minutes

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Section

It is frequently necessary to create a section through an object in order to display the interior.

In this task : The methodology of sectioning a solid will be discussed and demonstrated.

Associated tasks : Creating Half and Full Sectional Views.

Before you start : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template for 3D design.

Half Sectional View A half sectional view, shown below right can be obtained from a 3D solid by removing the front quarter.

Original 3D Box Closed polyline creates the section Half sectional view created

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Full Sectional View A full sectional view is shown below.

Section by Workplane

The Workplane can be used to cut a section through a solid shape. The sectional plane is created where the Workplane intersects the solid.

In this task : The method of sectioning an object using the Workplane will be discussed and demonstrated.

Before you start : The view is set to any Isometric View. Workplane is displayed.

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In the examples below, the Workplane has been placed on the sloped face of the solid. The Workplane has been used to create a section of the solid, shown below right.

Outline shows Workplane Workplane shown on the diagonal Section created, shown right intersection

Section by Closed Polyline

Available in TurboCAD Professional only This 3D Modify feature creates a cut section through an object, in a similar manner to the Slice feature. A closed polyline can be drawn to define the sectional plane.

In this task : The method of sectioning an object using a closed polyline will be discussed and demonstrated.

Before you start : The view is set to any Isometric View. Workplane is displayed.

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In the example, right, the closed polyline contour which was used to create a revolution to produce the solid shape, has been used to define the sectional plane of the solid. The section shown below has been removed from the solid as a separate portion.

Facet Editor

Available in TurboCAD Professional only This feature allows the editing of a facet of a solid object by manipulating the selector shell rotator handles. A slope or deflected surface is created by rotating the surface facet. When surfaces have been created from a solid, the Facet Editor can be used to remove an entire face. For more information on converting surfaces into solids, refer to Session 15

In this task : The method of using the Facet Editor will be discussed and demonstrated.

Before you start : View is set to any Isometric view. Workplane is displayed.

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A box measuring 100 x 80 x 50 has been drawn in the graphics editor. The front facet, shown right will be sloped backwards to create a wedge shape. The Reference point of the selector shell, shown below has been moved to the midpoint of the bottom edge and an angle of 45 has been input into the X rotation field. The result is shown below.

The sloped face of the solid has been converted into a surface and the Facet Editor has been used to remove the front face of the solid, shown right.

Curved surfaces can be modified using the Facet Editor. In the example right, the face outlined in bold can be rotated to modify the entire shape of the solid, shown below.

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Create Hole

Available in TurboCAD Professional only This tool allows the creation of a predefined hole which automatically adds or subtracts the hole material from a solid. A point is used to place a single or multiple hole.

In this task : Creating a hole through a solid will be discussed and demonstrated.

Associated tasks : Using a Point to mark the center of the hole. Using the Selection Info Palette to change the dimensions of the hole.

Before you start : View is set to any Isometric view. Workplane is displayed.

Take Note : If the points are selected together as a group, the resulting object will be one part. If the Create Hole procedure is used independently for each hole, 3 parts are created.

A shape similar to the illustration right was used, drawn from a 2D Polygon, then arcs were inserted onto the vertices. Construction circles were used which were then used to position Points. The sketch was extruded to a depth below the workplane.

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The Create Hole tool was used to create simple holes in the solid which subtracted the material from the solid, shown below.

The result is shown right. The Selection Info Palette was then used to select one hole for modification, shown below.

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In the example right, the diameter of the selected hole was reduced by half.

Sketch Profile 2D entities will be used to produce the geometry of the support. The profile can be dimensioned and stored in the blocks palette. This detail can then be incorporated into the paper space layout at the completion of the design.

In this task : The 2D profile will be produced and dimensioned.

Before you start : View is set to Isometric South East. Workplane is set to Plane by World. The illustration, below right, is displayed in top view for illustrative clarity only. The profile can be drawn from any view providing the correct lengths and angles are input.

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Draw the profile shown right using a continual polyline sequence. Make sure the first and last vertex of the sequence are coincident. Dimension the profile, making sure to insert the dimensions onto a designated layer. Drag a copy of the profile with dimensions into the Blocks palette in case modifications are required at a later stage. Leave the original profile in the graphics editor and deactivate the layer on which the dimensions were drawn. The result is shown below.

Revolve

A 2D polyline can be used to create a suitable profile which can be revolved about an axis to produce a solid. If the axis of revolution is offset from the edge of the profile, then the resulting solid will be a cylindrically shaped object, with a hollow interior.

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In this task : A construction line will be offset from the edge of the profile. This will be used as the axis of revolution about which the profile will be revolved.

Associated tasks : Using the Parallel Construction tool to offset the sketch profile.

Before you start : View is set to Isometric South East. Workplane is set to Plane by World.

Create a construction line offset of 30 from the longest edge, shown right. Select the Revolve tool, then select the profile. To define the first point on the revolution axis, select a Nearest snap mode on the construction line, similar in position to that shown right. Position the cursor in the approximate position to that shown right and input N. Now hold down the SHIFT key and drag the cursor along the construction line, similar to the position shown below.

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Left click to define this position. The result is shown right and below.

Take Note : Do not erase the profile or the construction line at this stage. The construction line will be used in the following task.

Create Hole

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In this task : Points will be arrayed on the front surface of the model onto which holes will be inserted. The holes will automatically subtract material from the primary solid.

Associated tasks : Workplane by Facet / Auto Workplane by Face. Inserting a Point. Creating a Radial Copy of the Point.

Before you start : View is set to Isometric South East. Workplane is set to Plane by World. Remove the display of the Form Building Edges for clarity.

Use Workplane by Facet to place the Workplane on the face shown right. Make sure to view the model from different viewpoints to check the position of the Workplane.

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With the view set to Isometric South East, select the Circle tool and position the cursor on the construction line and input N to target the nearest point. Remember : the circle will still be drawn on the Workplane. TAB to the radius field and input a value of 96. The result is shown right and below.

Right click onto the Point tool shown above and set the point size to approximately 15. Right click in the graphics editor and make sure 2D Point is selected. Input the first point on the quadrant point of the circle shown right. Use the Radial Copy tool to create a total of 6 copies of this point, copied and rotated at 60º shown below. Use the center of the newly drawn circle as the center of the array.

The result is shown right.

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Right click onto the Add Hole tool and apply the settings shown right. Left click onto the Add Hole tool and select the planar face upon which the holes should be generated, shown below left. Select the first point, then hold down the SHIFT key to select the additional 5, shown below right. Make sure the point is selected where it intersects the circle.

Select Finish. The result is shown below.

Holes inserted onto points Holes projected onto next face Material subtracted from the primary solid

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Section

A closed polyline or similar contour can be used to section a solid object. The profile of a revolved surface can be used to create a section through a solid.

In this task : The profile which was used to create the revolved feature will be used to section the solid.

Before you start : View is set to Isometric South West. Model is displayed in Wireframe.

In the illustration, right, the profile is clearly displayed. The profile will be used to section the solid. Select the Section tool, then select the Section by Closed Polyline option, shown above. Now select the solid object, then select the profile, shown right.

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A section has been created, shown in the illustration, below.

This section can be detached from the primary solid and displayed separately, shown right and below.

Drag a copy of the section into the Blocks palette for later use.

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Place on Workplane Objects which reside in model space can be placed on the current Workplane using Format > Place on Workplane. The objects alignment will be adjusted in accordance with the Workplane.

In this task : A cylinder will be drawn on the Workplane using the center of the PCD. The circle profile will be moved onto the Workplane using the Format > Place on Workplane feature.

Associated tasks : Inserting a cylinder.

Before you start : Place the Workplane on the face shown below right. Turn the view to either of the Isometric north views.

Take Note : When placing objects from a parallel plane onto the workplane, make sure the Toggle 2D/3D option is deactivated. Right click to and select Toggle 2D/3D to do this.

Make sure the Workplane is seated on the face shown right. Use either Workplane Origin or Workplane by Facet to do this. Now select the circle profile which was used as the center for the small extrusions on the PCD, shown below.

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Select the circle profile, then use Format > Place on Workplane. The circle profile should move to the Workplane shown above right. View the model from different viewpoints to check that the circle is seated on the Workplane, shown right. Now use the center of this circle profile to insert a cylinder with a radius of 29.5 and a height/depth of 250. Remember to check the orientation of the User CS when inputting the height value. In the illustration below, the Z direction, which represents the height/depth of the cylinder, is negative.

Show/Hide Workplane Intersections

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In this task : The plane where the Workplane intersects the solid will be displayed.

Associated tasks : Rotating the Workplane. Drawing a plate using the 3D Box tool.

Before you start :

Rotate the model upwards, shown in the illustration, below right.

Draw a plate on top of the cylinder to the measurements shown in the illustration right. Make sure the Workplane is seated on the top of the cylinder before drawing the plate. The plate can also be drawn separately and assembled onto the top of the cylinder. Now rotate the Workplane using either the Edit Current Workplane or the Workplane by Facet option. If using the Workplane by Facet option, first seat the workplane on a vertical edge of the plate, then use Workplane Origin to move the workplane to the center of the objects extents.

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Make sure the Workplane is perpendicular to the base of the object, shown below right.

Activate Show/Hide Intersections between Workplane & 3D objects, shown top to display where the Workplane intersects with the model, shown right.

Offset

This duplication feature creates multiple parallel offsets from a 2D entity. The offsets can be on a different elevation by using the Z Offset. The vertices of offset contours can be rounded if necessary.

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In this task : A polyline contour will be drawn to represent the edge of the seat. This contour will be offset before being extruded.

Associated tasks : Drawing a polyline contour.

Before you start : The view is set to Right. The Workplane is on the midpoint of the top plate, shown below.

Draw a polyline, similar in shape and proportion to that shown below. Make sure the section shown circled below connects with the side face of the plate.

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Now use Edit > Offset to create an offset of 20 from the new polyline. Use the Polyline tool to connect the end vertices, then use Join Polyline to create one continual contour, shown right and below.

Two Sided Extrude

A 2D profile can be extruded bi-directionally to create an equidistant extrusion about the profile.

In this task : The profile will be extruded to produce an equidistant extrusion of 200. A total extrusion value of 400 will be achieved.

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Before you start :

Any view can be used, but an isometric view is preferable.

Select the Simple Extrude tool, then activate the Two Sided Extrude option, shown above. Input 200 and extrude the profile, shown right. The result is shown right and below.

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Facet Editing

This feature allows the editing of a facet of a solid object by manipulating the selector shell rotator handles. The reference point of the selector shell can be moved to create a convenient pivot for the rotation.

In this task : Two separate curved facets of the extrusion will be modified using the Facet Editor tool.

Before you start : View is set to Isometric South East. Model is displayed in wireframe.

Select the Facet Editor tool, shown above, then select the face shown right. Input D to displace the reference point to the midpoint, shown below.

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Select the appropriate rotator handle and rotate the facet upwards by a few degrees, shown right. The result is shown below.

Repeat this, selecting the face shown right and moving the reference point to the midpoint shown right. Rotate this face through the appropriate axis until a similar result to that shown below is achieved.

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Artistic Context

Create a blend on the edges of the seat to a suitable radius, shown right. In this example, a blend of 5 was used on all the edges. Position the Workplane on the midpoint of the edge shown below.

Use Slice by Workplane to detach the portion of the model below the Workplane, shown right. The result is shown below. Use a Hemisphere or blended edge to create the finish shown below.

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Add suitable material properties to both the pedestal and the seat, shown right. Remove any profiles or store them in the Blocks palette should you wish to modify the design of the chair at a later stage. Remove all construction entities. Prepare a decorative background by using surfaces shown below to represent the floor and walls. Use rectangles, then convert these surfaces to solids using Format > Create Solid from Surface. Add suitable material properties to showcase this design, similar to those

shown below right.

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Final Preparation Prepare the model for final presentation as follows : Clear the construction from the model using Edit > Clear Construction. The 2D profiles can be deleted or saved in the Blocks palette. Make sure all the appropriate material properties have been applied to both the seat, the pedestal and the context decor. Create at least 3 viewports; one representing the Top or Front view, the other representing an Isometric view. Insert the 2D geometry from the Blocks palette and create a viewport showing the dimensional measurements of the pedestal profile. Create a paper space layout on a landscape sheet and insert the viewports, shown below. The Isometric viewport must be rendered. Remove the viewport borders using Viewport > Visible Box. Insert appropriate text labeling.

Save Design Save this drawing for future reference

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Session Summary The following topics were discussed and demonstrated during this session. Please make sure the following topics are understood before proceeding to the next session.

A section can be created through a solid by using the Workplane or by defining a sectioning plane. A closed polyline can also be used to define a sectioning plane through a solid object. The Facet Editor tool allows the editing of a facet of a solid object by manipulating the selector shell rotator handles. A slope or deflected surface is created by rotating the surface facet. Curved facets can also be modified using the Facet Editor tool, and the reference point of the selector shell can be moved to create a specific point of rotation. Extruded objects, such as cylinders can be duplicated in a circular pattern using the Radial Copy tool. A bi-directional extrusion can be created using the Two Sided Extrude option of the Simple Extrude tool. Holes can be created which automatically adds or subtracts the volume of the hole from the material of a solid. Objects not residing on the Workplane can be placed on the current Workplane using Format > Place on Workplane. The alignment of such objects will be adjusted to be in accordance with the current Workplane.

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Sweep ...... 346, 355 Rail Sweep ...... 347 Extrusion Draft Angle ...... 348 Simple Extrude...... 349, 351 3D Boolean...... 350 Taper Extrusion Shape ...... 353 Twist...... 355 Profiles ...... 357, 363 Assembly Tools...... 359 Create Surface from Solid...... 360 Session 13 Summary...... 367

Session Thirteen

Task Drawing

Task Worksheet

Activity Overview : During this activity Introducing : The following features will be session you will learn about : introduced during this activity session : Extrusion and Sweep features : twist and taper. Extrusion Draft Angle. Creating a Surface from a Solid. Rail Sweep. Using the Facet Editor to remove a face. Sweep with Twist. Assembling by Edge. Surface from Solid.

Information : Take Note : Because multiple vertical edges are created in this Some of the profiles in this design are drawn design, Form Building Edges was deactivated for freehand, therefore blend radii must be adjusted most of the Session. according to your own sketch.

Estimated Time : 60 Minutes Estimated Time : 60 Minutes

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Sweep

Sweeps an open or closed 2D profile along a predetermined path defined by another 2D profile. The extruded profile can be tapered or twisted.

In this task : A profile lying in a perpendicular plane to a path will be moved along the profile to create a solid shape.

Before you start : View is set to any Isometric view. A 2D polyline was used to create the path. A 2D polygon was used to create the profile.

In the illustration, below left, the hexagonal profile lies in a perpendicular plane to the profile. When using the Sweep tool, the path is moved to the profile and the profile is forced along the path.

Profile and path Path moved to profile Result

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Rail Sweep

Sweeps an open or closed 2D profile along a predetermined path defined by another 2D profile. The profile and path do not have to lie in the same plane. The extruded profile can be tapered or twisted.

In this task : A profile lying in a parallel plane to a path will be moved along the profile to create a solid shape.

Before you start : View is set to any Isometric view. A 2D polyline was used to create the path. A 2D polygon was used to create the profile. The polygon was rotated as shown in the illustration below left.

Take Note : The profile and path do not have to lie in the same plane.

In the illustration, below left, the hexagonal profile lies in a perpendicular plane to the profile. When using the Rail Sweep tool, the profile is moved to the path and the profile is forced along the path.

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Profile and Path Profile moved to Path Result

Extrusion Draft Angle Available in TurboCAD Professional only A draft angle can be applied to an extruded object to create an extrusion taper. Draft angles can be applied to all extruded profiles, such as a cylinder, polygonal prism, etc.

In this task : A 2D polygonal shape will be drawn, then extruded using an extrusion draft angle.

Before you start : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template for 3D design. Set the view to any Isometric view. The Workplane is displayed and is set to Plane by World.

Somewhere in the graphics editor, insert a construction circle to a radius of 50. This will assist with construction where a central axis is required. Now draw an 8 sided polygon, with a radius of 50. Make sure the polygon is set to segment mode so that the circle is circumscribed about the circle, shown right.

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Select Simple Extrude, right click and select Properties. From the Extrusion Shape page, input -5 into the draft angle field. Click OK when finished. Now select the polygon and extrude upwards by 50. The result is shown right.

Simple Extrude

A 2D profile can be extruded to create an extruded solid object.

In this task : A cylinder will be drawn by creating an above Workplane extrusion of a 2D circle.

Associated tasks : Using Auto Workplane by Face.

Before you start : View is set to any isometric view. Workplane is set to Plane by World.

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Activate the Auto Workplane by Face tool, then using the center of the original construction circle, insert a new circle with a radius of 42, shown right and below.

Now use Simple Extrude to create an above Workplane height of 10, shown right and below. Remember to change the draft angle back to 0.

3D Boolean

This 3D boolean function combines the volume of 2 intersecting or adjoining 3D solids or surfaces.

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In this task : The volumes of the cylinder and the polygonal extrusion will be combined using 3D Add.

Before you start : View is set to any Isometric view. Workplane is displayed and is seated on the top face of the extruded polygon.

Use 3D Add to combine the volumes of the cylinder and the polygonal extrusion, then fillet the edges to a radius of 5 to the radial edge, shown by the pointer, right. Now apply the same blend to the side edges of the extruded polygon. The result is shown below. Change the radius of the blend to 2.5 and blend the top edges of the extruded polygon so the result is similar to the illustration, below right.

Simple Extrude

A 2D profile can be extruded to create an extruded solid object.

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In this task : A cylinder will be created from an extruded 2D circle.

Before you start : The view is set to any isometric view. The model is displayed in wireframe mode. The Workplane is displayed.

Place the Workplane on the top most face of the solid or use Auto Workplane by Face. Using the center of the construction circle to insert a circle, drag the circle radius to the edge of the extruded polygon and use the vertex shown below to define the radius. Now use Simple Extrude with a Draft Angle of 0 to create an above Workplane height of 30.

The result is shown right and below.

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Taper Extrusion Shape

Available in TurboCAD Professional only A draft angle can be applied to an extruded object to create an extrusion taper. Draft angles can be applied to all extruded profiles, such as a cylinder, polygonal prism, etc.

In this task : A 2D polygonal shape will be extruded with a 5º deviation from the perpendicular path.

Before you start : The view is set to any isometric view. The model is displayed in wireframe mode. The Workplane is displayed.

Place the Workplane on the top face of the cylinder, shown right, using Workplane by Facet. Using the center of the original construction circle, insert a 2D polygon, in segment mode, with 8 sides. Turn the view to World Plan, then reference the midpoint of the bottom edge of the polygon, shown below to define the radius.

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Turn the view to an isometric view, then right click onto the Simple Extrude tool and make sure the Draft Angle is set to 5º. Now extrude the new polygon to create an above Workplane height of 65, shown right and below.

Place the Workplane on the top of the extrusion and again insert another polygonal shape to the exact size as the top of the extrusion. Use the center of the construction circle to define the center and the edge of the extrusion to define the radius, shown right. Change the Draft Angle of the extrusion to -75 and extrude this new polygon to a height of 12, shown below.

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Change the Draft Angle of the extrusion to -75 and extrude this new polygon to a height of 12, shown below.

Sweep

Sweeps an open or closed 2D profile along a predetermined path defined by another 2D profile. The extruded profile can be tapered or twisted.

In this task : A 2D polygonal shape will be swept upwards along a path, using a 45º twist.

Associated tasks : Rotating the Workplane. Drawing a 2D line to represent the path of the extrusion. Extruding a profile to create a tapered extrusion.

Before you start : View is set to Isometric South East. Model is displayed in Wireframe, with Form Building Edges deactivated.

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Place the Workplane on the top most surface, shown right. Use Workplane by Facet to do this. Using the center of the construction circle, insert a polygon using the vertex point of the extrusion to define the radius, shown below.

Rotate the Workplane so that the origin is in the center of the newly drawn polygon, shown above. The Workplane should bisect the model. Use the Center of Extents snap mode to seat the origin of the workplane in the center of the new polygon. Right click onto the Simple Extrude tool and select the Extrusion Shape page. Input a value of 45 into the Twist field and an angle of 15 into the draft angle field. Now extrude the top most profile to create an above Workplane height of 20. The result is shown right and below.

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Place a final polygonal shape on the top most profile, to the exact size as the top edge of the extruded shape. Change the draft angle to -80 and use the Simple Extrude tool to extrude the new profile upwards by 20 so that the result is similar to the illustrations right, and below.

Profiles 2D profiles can be drawn using the 3D model as a reference. Profiles which are drawn to produce a solid object, can be dimensioned, then saved in the Blocks palette for later use.

In this task : A profile of the spout will be drawn by using a facet of an extrusion as a reference.

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Before you start : View is set to Front. Workplane is displayed and is set to Plane by Active View. Model is displayed in Wireframe view.

Take Note : A polyline profile, drawn perpendicular to the planar facet, shown by the Workplane right and below, will be drawn. However, the Workplane must be switched to Plane by Active View so that lines drawn parallel to the Workplane can be viewed.

Select the 2D Polyline tool and draw a similar profile to that shown in bold, right.

Take Note : The profile, when viewed from different viewpoints, may appear disconnected from the solid. This is of no concern at this stage and will be correctly assembled at a later stage.

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Use Rigid Extrude to extrude the new profile, making the extrusion value 20, shown right.

Assembly Tools

Several methods are used to assemble components onto the primary solid. For example, the Assemble by Facet tool could be used to align the faces of a solid and the Assemble by Edge tool can be used to define common points and edges.

In this task : The spout will be assembled using common facets and edges.

Before you start :

View is set to Isometric South East.

Take Note : There are several methods of assembling the spout onto the faceted edge of the solid. In the QuickCAM example of this session, the Assemble by Edge and Point method is used.

Select Assemble by Facet, then select the facet of the spout, shown right.

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Now select the facet on the primary solid, shown below left. Right click and select Finish. The result is shown right and below.

Now use either Assemble by 3 Points or Assemble by Edge and Point so that the inner edge of the spout is coincident with the edge of the primary solid, shown right.

Create Surface from Solid

This feature creates a surface object from a 3D solid. This is useful when independent facets of the solid need to be modified without adjusting the original shape of the profile.

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In this task : The planar facet of the spout will be converted to a surface, then removed using the Facet Editor tool.

Associated tasks : Using the Shell Solid tool. Using the Facet Editor Tool. Combining the units using 3D Add. Using the Fillet Edges tool.

Before you start : View is set to any Isometric view. Model is displayed in Wireframe view. Zoom into the area around the spout.

Take Note : When using the Shell Solid tool, a negative thickness will add material to the interior of the solid; a positive thickness will add material to the exterior of the solid.

First create a wall thickness of -1 by shelling the object, removing the faces shown in bold, right, from the shelling function. The result is shown below.

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Turn the view to any appropriate view, then select the object. Now go to Format > Create Surface > From Solid. The Facet Editor tool, shown above, can now be used to remove the inner and outer wall of the back face, shown right. Select the face shown in bold, then use the Delete key to remove. Repeat this for the inner wall so that the result is similar to the illustration, below.

Fillet the edges to create a blend of approximately .75 on the outer edges of the spout, shown right.

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Profiles 2D profiles can be drawn using the Polyline tool to create a sequential contour of lines and arcs. The Edit tool is used to modify the nodes of the contour.

In this task : A 2D polyline will be used to create the outline for the handle.

Before you start : View is set to Front. Workplane is set to Plane by Active View.

Using a similar method to that described earlier in this session, draw a similar contour to that shown right. Use a series of arcs and line segments to create the appropriate curved contour. Use the Edit tool to insert or modify arcs until the required shape is developed. Make sure this is a continual polyline - use Join Polyline if necessary.

Extrude the handle to approximately 20, then use a similar method to that described earlier in this session to correctly assemble the handle onto the primary solid. Use Assemble by Edge and Point and define the midpoint of the corresponding edges, shown right.

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The result is shown below.

Artistic Context Use 3D Add to combine the volumes of associated solids, for example, the 2 lid components shown next page. Create the final blending on the model shown in the illustrations on the next page. Extrude a rectangle through the wall where the spout connects to the primary solid, so that an opening is created for the spout. Perform any necessary shelling to produce a more realistic finished product. Use appropriate material finishes for this design, for example, stainless steel for the body and polished plastic for the handle and lid handle. Create artistic content, such as the decorative surface shown on the next page.

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Create the final blending on the model as follows : Create a blend on the outer edges of the handle, then reduce the blend radius for the inner edges, shown right. Blend the outer edges of the lid, shown below. Use a radius of .5

or less.

Blend the vertical edges and the edges of adjacent faces using a Blend radius of approximately 2, shown

right.

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Final Preparation Prepare the model for final presentation as follows : Remove all construction entities from the model space area. Discard profiles or save them to the Blocks palette. Make sure all the appropriate material properties have been applied to both the model and the context decor. Create at least 3 viewports; one representing the Top or Front view, the other representing an Isometric view. Create a paper space layout on a landscape sheet and insert the viewports, shown below. The Isometric viewport must be rendered. Remove the viewport borders using Viewport > Visible Box. Insert appropriate text labeling.

Save Design

Save this drawing for future reference

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Session Summary The following topics were discussed and demonstrated during this session. Please make sure the following topics are understood before proceeding to the next session.

2D profiles can be drawn using the 3D model as a reference. The Edit tool is used to modify the nodes of the contour. Profiles which are drawn to produce a solid object, can be dimensioned, then saved in the Blocks palette for later use. Extrusions can be created using a draft angle. This will produce a taper which deviates from the perpendicular path. The Assembly tools are used to assemble the final model from the various components. A facet can be removed from a solid by converting it into a surface, then using the Facet Editor tool to remove the required facet. A 3D profile can be swept along a predetermined path defined by another 2D profile. The extruded profile can be tapered or twisted.

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Session Fourteen

Surface from Solid...... 370 Render Modes ...... 371 Wireframe Mode ...... 372 Hidden Line Mode ...... 373 Draft Render Mode ...... 374 Quality Render Mode...... 374 Dashed Hidden Lines ...... 375 Displaying non-renderable objects ...... 376 Lights ...... 377 Ambient Light ...... 378 Point Light ...... 379 Directional Light...... 380 Headlight ...... 381 Spotlight ...... 382 Skylight...... 382 Camera Movements ...... 383 Walk Through ...... 384 Background/Foreground...... 384 Session 14 Summary...... 386 Session Fourteen

Task Drawing

There are no QuickCAMs for this Session as all the Tasks are for information only and are not sequential.

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Task Worksheet

Activity Overview : During this activity Introducing : The following features will session you will learn how to : be introduced during this activity session :

Using the Render modes to display the Render Modes model. Display Hidden Lines as Dashed Shown hidden lines in rendered view. Displaying Non-renderable objects Displaying profiles, construction and Lights. dimensions in rendered view. Camera Properties Using lights to illuminate the model. Camera Objects Using camera and walk through movements to inspect the design. Camera Movement Using background and foreground images to Walk through add context decor. Render Scene Environment

Information : Take Note : The drawing which is created in the first task Multiple solid objects which are rendered with will be used throughout this session to complex light sources make significant demonstrate all the tasks. demands on the computer.

Estimated Drawing Time : 60 Minutes Estimated Session Duration : 60 Minutes

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Surface from Solid

Available in TurboCAD Professional only This feature creates a surface object from a 3D solid. This is useful when independent facets of the solid need to be modified without adjusting the original shape of the profile. A face of a solid can be removed completely using the Facet Editor Tool.

In this task : A 3D box will be drawn, then 3 facets will be removed using the Facet Editor tool.

Before you start : Start a new drawing using an appropriate template for 3D design. Set the view to any Isometric view. Display the Workplane.

Draw a 3D Box which measures approximately 250 x 200 x 150. Select the box, then use Format > Create Surface > From Solid to convert the facets of the box into surfaces. Now use the Facet Editor tool, position it over the face shown right, then delete this face. The result is shown below.

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Repeat this, removing the south west face and top face so that the result is similar to the illustration, right. Now draw a 3D Box, a Hemisphere and a Wedge or any other 3D solid shape inside the box, right, so that the result is similar to the illustration, below.

Take Note : These objects will be used throughout the next few tasks to demonstrate the use of Lights and Camera objects.

Render Modes

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When the Form Building Edges and the ACIS Degenerative Faceting mode is active, objects are displayed similar to the illustration right, when in wireframe mode. This mode is useful when complex assemblies are required, as the edges of the model are distinct.

Wireframe Mode

When objects are displayed in Wireframe mode, shown right, all surface lines and interior lines are displayed, but the object is shown without shading. Open GL rendering type is when all surface, interior and contour lines are displayed providing the Form Building Edges option is activated. All nonrenderable objects such as 2D profiles and dimensions are displayed in wireframe mode and all modifications can take place easily in this mode. When the Form Building Edges and the ACIS Degenerative Faceting mode is active, objects are displayed similar to the illustration below, when in wireframe mode. This mode is useful when complex assemblies are required, as the edges of the model are distinct.

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Hidden Line Mode

When objects are displayed in Hidden Line mode, shown right, the object is displayed as a solid, unrendered object, with all surface lines displayed. Lines which would normally be displayed to illustrate a line hidden from the current view are referred to as hidden lines. Hidden Lines are removed when the objects are viewed in the Hidden Line Mode. Objects are displayed in the manner illustrated right when both the ACIS Degenerative Faceting and Form Building Edges options are deactivated. Objects are displayed in a manner illustrated below when the Form Building Edges option is activated. Diagonal lines across objects are displayed to represent a surface.

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Draft Render Mode

Objects are rendered using draft render to provide instant reference to objects which are solid or with a hollow interior. The draft render tool provides a uniform color over the object so that surface lines, faces and edges can be observed. All surface and contour edges are displayed, but interior and contour lines are removed Minimal light and shadow contrast is provided in this mode. Objects can be modified and manipulated in this mode, depending on the complexity of the model.

Quality Render Mode

When objects are displayed in Quality Rendered Mode, shown right, high quality, photo-realistic imaging is achieved. Qualities such as light, shadow, reflection and texture are all employed when using the Quality Render mode, but complex objects will take time to regenerate due to the calculations made to produce a quality render. For example, in the illustration, right, complex calculations are required to display realistic shadows of objects in relation to other solid objects.

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All surface edges and faces are displayed when using the Quality Render mode, but interior lines and contours are removed. Modifications and manipulations can be done in this mode, however, complex models should preferably be returned to wireframe mode for faster results. In the illustration, right, the camera, which is responsible for the rendered result, is placed in the center of the drawing. This is the default position for the camera, but the south west face is now facing away from the camera, and is therefore, in shade.

Dashed Hidden Lines It is frequently necessary, when designing or assembling objects in the graphics editor, to display hidden lines as dashed. When the Hidden Line render view is used, with both Form Building Edges and Degenerative Facet mode deactivated, the result is similar to the illustration, right. However, the result shown below can be achieved using the Hidden Line render by adjusting the Camera Properties.

Select Camera Properties from the View menu and check the Hidden Line option, shown by the pointer right.

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Now activate the Draw Hidden Lines as Dashed option, shown below.

Now use the Hidden Line render mode to achieve a result similar to the illustration, right. In this example, both the Form Building Edges and the Degenerative Faceting mode were deactivated.

Displaying Non-Renderable objects 2D objects, such as profiles, construction entities and dimensions cannot be rendered under normal conditions. This applies to any rendering mode, from Hidden Line to Quality Rendering. These are referred to as non-renderable objects. It is frequently necessary, however, to view non- renderable objects when designing objects, particularly when reference is required from profiles, construction entities and dimensions. In the example, right, the profile, shown in a bold outline at the base of the object, a construction circle, shown on the top face and a dimension are clearly displayed when viewed in rendered mode. Non-renderable objects can be modified and manipulated in rendered mode, depending on their complexity.

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To produce a result similar to the previous illustration go to View > Camera > Properties and activate the Draft rendering mode. Now check the nonrenderable objects field, shown below.

Lights

Lights are used to increase the luminosity of objects, or to enhance available light and create shadow. Lights are customizable and can be placed in any position to target specific points on objects. Lights are treated as drawing objects that can be manipulated to suit most requirements. They can be deleted when they are no longer required. Object snap modes can be used to place a light source on a specific point of geometry. Lights can be placed on their own layer so that they can be included in conventional layer control methods.

In the example, right, the objects have been rendered using Quality Render mode with the Lights set to default mode. This will allow fast rendering, making only minimal calculations regarding the light, shadow, luminance and transparency of objects. Now examine the difference when a Skylight is placed on the top corner vertex of the wall shown below left.

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When the Skylight is selected, shown below right, its radius can be observed. This radius indicates the range of influence this light source will have on the objects.

By placing a Skylight in the position shown above and using the Quality Render mode, the result should be similar to the illustration, right. Different light types are discussed and demonstrated in the next task.

Ambient Light

Available in TurboCAD Professional only The word ambient means 'surrounding; from all sides.' An ambient light source, therefore, increases the source of available light on all sides of the object, irrespective of the view or camera position. This could be likened to turning up the dimmer switch of an electric light. The output or strength of available ambient light depends on the Power (Watts) and can be increased or decreased as necessary.

TurboCAD 3D Training Guide 378 Session Fourteen

Session Fourteen

Consider the illustrations in the tiles below. In the middle and right tile, the ambient light source is positioned according to the illustration, right. The illumination of the objects, therefore, is increased when the power (watts) is set to a higher value.

No Ambient light Ambient light source power=5 Ambient light source power=10

Point Light

Available in TurboCAD Professional only A Point Light source is placed in a position so that the object is illuminated where its face intersects with the radius of influence. A Point Light source, when placed in a perpendicular plane to an object, will illuminate that surface only, casting parallel faces into shadow. In the following illustrations the Point Light source has been placed on the bottom front corner of the box. Its range can be seen in the illustrations below middle and right.

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Session Fourteen

Point Light source Range when selected Range shown from front view

In the illustrations in the middle and right tile below, the Point light source is placed on the vertex shown above left. The power in both illustrations is set to 2.

No light source Objects illuminated within range Objects behind the range in shade

Directional Light

Available in TurboCAD Professional only A Directional Light provides a light source from a specific point, targeted in a direction perpendicular to its source. The Directional Light channels light in a specific direction, without diminishing its impact.

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Session Fourteen

The illustrations in the tiles below use a directional line source, shown in the left tile, below. The illustration in the middle tile, below, indicates the direction of the beam. The illustration, right, provides a reference of how the objects appear with no light source.

Directional Light source Pointer shows beam direction Result

Headlight

Available in TurboCAD Professional only The headlight is similar to a directional light, but uses the camera position as its focus. The direction of the beam updates when the camera moves.

Light source has updated according Headlight source Viewed from Iso-south east to new view

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Session Fourteen

Spotlight

Available in TurboCAD Professional only The spotlight produces a conical beam, similar to a torch beam, which illuminates the object from a specific direction. In the illustration below left, the source of the spot light is shown circled. The beam has been accurately positioned using Nearest on Facet snap mode.

Spotlight source, shown circled. Conical beam illustrated Result

Skylight

Available in TurboCAD Professional only This is a directional light source which illuminates objects similar to outdoor light. The diffusion on objects illuminated by this light source is done to provide an illusion of sunlight.

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Session Fourteen

The illustration, right, provides a reference of how the objects appear with no light source. The illustration, below left, indicates the skylight source. The illustration below middle illustrates the direction of the beam, targeted at the vertex. The result is shown below right. The Power was set to 100 for this illustration.

Skylight source, shown circled Direction of beam Result

Camera Movements

Available in TurboCAD Professional only

Camera movements produce a counter-direction movement of the object in the graphics editor. This is done so that features on a design can be examined from numerous viewing planes. Standard orthographic and Isometric views will restore any skewed view to normal.

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Session Fourteen

In the illustration, right, the objects are viewed from an isometric south east view. From this view, however, it is not easy to check whether there is any space between the solid objects in the box. By using the camera tools in the turn up and turn right positions, the view can be incrementally rotated and skewed until the space between the objects is visible, shown below.

Use a standard or isometric view to return the view to normal.

Walk Through

The walk through tools are similar to the camera movement tools in that they produce incremental movements according to the position of the cursor.

Background & Foreground The Render Scene Environment tool adds background and foreground context to the design which is displayed when using the Quality Render tool.

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Session Fourteen

Images of backgrounds can be used to produce a photo-realistic finish, such as that shown in the illustration, bottom.

Background : Clouds Foreground : Snow

Category : Images Environment : Outer Space

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Session Fourteen

Session Summary The following topics were discussed and demonstrated during this session. Please make sure the following topics are understood before proceeding to the next session.

Surfaces can be created from the faces of solid objects using Format > Surface from Solid. One or more faces can be removed from a solid after it has been converted to a surface using the Facet Editor tool. The model is viewed as a solid or wireframe shape using the Render tools. When the model is rendered, all surface edges and faces are displayed. Interior lines and contours are hidden. Hidden lines can be viewed in rendered mode using the Camera > Camera Properties >View Hidden Lines as Dashed option. Objects are illuminated by using Lights. Different type of lights are used to enhance light, shadow, reflectance and transparency of an object. Objects can be viewed from unique angles using the Camera Movement tools. These tools allow the object to be turned incrementally through various angles defined by the movement of the cursor. Artistic content in the form of background and foreground content can be used. This is displayed when the object is rendered using the Quality Render tool.

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Session Fourteen - Practical

Practical Activity Session

Design Brief

Design Brief Checklist : Use any of the designs which have been finished during this Training Guide. Apply context decor in the form of a cutaway 3D box, for example, and use the light settings which will create the maximum amount of luminance and shadow. Use any background or foreground material, such as the snow in the illustration, above right. Make sure the context decor is relative to the design. Do not allow the context decor to dominate the finished result. Apply the most photo-realistic qualities possible to your design and make sure the layouts in paper space provide full detail of your product.

Drawing Assistance : There is no ScreenCAM assistance for the practical tasks. Refer to the Practical drawing for this session for dimensional information.

Save Design : Save this drawing for future reference

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New Features in TurboCAD v16

Quick Pull ...... 388 Part Tree...... 389 Extrude to Face...... 390 Thread...... 394 Twisted Extrude ...... 397 Component Wall ...... 399 Adding a New Wall Component ...... 401 Using the Viewing Panel...... 403 Saving the New Component Wall Style...... 404

New Features in TurboCAD v16

What's New in TurboCAD 16

The following are a few new features which have been incorporated into TurboCAD v16 Professional and which are relevant to users of this TurboCAD 3D Training Guide.

For New and Improved 2D features, please refer to the TurboCAD 2D Training Guide.

Quick Pull Insert > 3D Object > Quick Pull This tool allows for the planar extrusion of a face of a solid, either as a quick modeling function, or by a specific extrusion height/depth. Modeling features such as draft angle, fillet blends and chamfers can be applied to the new extruded face. The Part Tree records all extrusions created using Quick Pull tool as an Imprint and allows future modifications to be done using the relevant Part information in the Selection Info Palette.

Draw a 3D box to measurements 100 x 80 x 50, shown right. The face shown shaded will be extruded to an additional outward height of 40.

From the 3D Object menu panel select the Quick Pull tool and select the indicated face, shown right.

TAB to the height field and input a value of 40.

Next, a tapered extrusion of 15º will be applied to the face indicated below, with a new extrusion distance of 40.

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New Features in TurboCAD v16

Select the Quick Pull tool, right click and apply a draft angle of 15º in the Extrude Shape options. Now select the face shown above and extrude to a new outward distance of 40 so that the

result is similar to the illustration, right.

Using the Part Tree to modify a solid

View > Selection Info Palette

In the illustration below, the part has been selected and the information presented in the Selection Info Palette as PartTree components. In this example, the tapered extrusion is shown selected and highlighted. A Fillet with a radius of 5 will now be applied to the top edge of the new tapered extrusion by modifying the data in the Selection Info Palette.

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New Features in TurboCAD v16

Select the tapered extrusion part in the Selection Info palette, shown on the previous page, then select the Fillet option in the Top Blend Type field, shown right. Input a value of 5 to the Top Blend Radius. The result is shown right.

Extrude to Face Insert > 3D Object > Extrude to Face This extrusion tool allows selected faces of solids to be extruded so that they intersect the face of the selected body, either adding or subtracting material during the extrusion. Two faces can be extruded bi-directionally by selecting 2 faces in the same plane.

In this example, a 3D Box to measurements 100 x 80 x 20 has been drawn, then shelled out by creating an inner wall thickness of 2. The top and bottom faces were excluded from the shell function, shown below.

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New Features in TurboCAD v16

A smaller profile has been drawn and placed in the interior of the box and a simple extrusion of 2 has been provided for the smaller profile. The illustrations below indicate clearly the position of the smaller solid in relation to the main solid body.

Side View Front View

The 3D Add function shown above is the default option for the Extrude to Face tool . To extrude the profile shown right so that it intersects with the body of the box and combines (3D Adds) its volume with that of the primary solid, select the Extrude to Face tool from the 3D Object menu. Select the indicated face, then select the box.

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New Features in TurboCAD v16

The result is shown below.

Selecting 2 Faces to Extrude

Two faces in the same plane can be extruded bi-directionally to extrude opposing faces to the body of the solid. In this example, both sides of the smaller extrusion were selected using the SHIFT tool. Both faces were then extruded bi-directionally using the default Add option to combine the volumes of the shapes, shown below.

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New Features in TurboCAD v16

Using the Subtract option In this example, the Subtract option was used to create an extrusion of the face shown right to the body of the primary solid. The result is shown below.

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New Features in TurboCAD v16

Thread Insert > 3D Object > Thread This tool applies a thread to a cylindrical face of an object by defining the pitch and the length of the thread. Internal threads can be created when a cylindrical shape is subtracted from the body of a solid. The Part Tree retains the individual history of both the thread and the cylinder and can be modified by means of the Selection Info Palette.

The Thread tool will apply either a Schematic (diagramatic), Simple or Genuine Thread to a pre-drawn cylinder. In this example, a cylinder with a radius of 10 and a height of 50 is drawn, shown right. Select the Thread tool from the 3D Object menu and select the Simple option, shown above. Input 3 into the Pitch field, then select the top face of the cylinder shown below left.

Next, select the cylindrical body of the cylinder shown above right.

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New Features in TurboCAD v16

Now use the cursor to indicate the approximate threaded length similar to the illustration right. In this example, a threaded length of 30 was used. The result is shown below.

In this example, a thread will be added to the interior of the cylinder shown right. A 3D box of 30 x 20 x 10 was drawn. A cylinder was then drawn from the bottom face of the box to a radius of 5 and a height of 10. The cylinder was then subtracted from the volume of the box. Select the Thread tool and activate the Simple option. Set the Pitch to 2 then select the top planar face of the combined solid, then the interior surface of the cylinder, shown below.

Now indicate an approximate threaded length, similar to the illustration above right.

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New Features in TurboCAD v16

The result is shown right.

The Selection Info palette is used to modify any component of the new thread. For example, the compound solid has been selected, shown below and each component in the Part Tree retains its original design parameters. Any value can now be updated in the Part Tree fields and such changes will automatically be reflected in each modified component.

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New Features in TurboCAD v16

Twisted Extrude Insert > 3D Object > Twisted Extrude The Twisted Extrusion tool extrudes a profile perpendicular to the workplane to create a solid object, allowing modeling features such as twisting and tapering to be created. This extrusion tool can create a bi-directional above/below workplane extrusion and modeling features such as a twist or taper can be applied at any position along the length of the extrusion. The Selection Info Palette is used to modify the individual modeling features of the extrusion.

In this example, a 2D Polygon is drawn using the following measurement information :

An initial extrusion height of 100 with a twist of 90º starting from the bottom of the extrusion and ending halfway up the extrusion will be produced, similar to the illustration, right. Select the Twisted Extrude tool from the 3D Objects menu, then right

click and apply the following settings :

Next, a draft angle (extrusion taper) of 15º will be applied from the top of the twisted portion (50) to the top of the extrusion (100), similar to the illustration, right.

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New Features in TurboCAD v16

Make sure the Selection Info Palette is activated (Ctrl- Shift-I) then select the extrusion so that the properties are shown in the Selection Info palette, right.

Next, the Selection Info palette will be used to create an extruded rod with a twist midway up the extrusion. The extrusion height will be changed to 90, with the twist starting at 30 and ending at 60. The twist angle will be set to 90º, shown right. The result is shown in the illustrations below.

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New Features in TurboCAD v16

Component Walls

A wall consisting of multiple components can be drawn using the standard Wall tool and using the Style Manager to add additional wall components. All components of walls are modified using the Style Manager and walls with specific components can be saved as a new style.

In this example, 3 components of a standard wall will be created. The standard walls are drawn using the Architectural Wall tool and any conditions can be preset by right clicking onto the tool prior to drawing. In this example, a standard wall width (thickness) of 220 was preset, with a height of 1800. The Style Manager Palette is accessed from the View menu.

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New Features in TurboCAD v16

First draw a small section of wall similar to the illustration right. Open the Styles Manager palette and click onto the Wall Styles > Standard item. This wall consists of 1 component at this stage. Change the name of this first component to Sheet Rock, shown below.

Now input 20 into the width field, unchecking the Plus Wall Width and Edge Offset options, shown right. Input a suitable hatch pattern and pen color, similar to the illustration below. Adjust the hatch pattern scale accordingly.

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New Features in TurboCAD v16

Adding a New Wall Component

First slide the bottom compartment of the Style Manager palette so that the representation of the walls is shown, illustrated right. To add another component to the existing wall structure, input 2 into the Component value field, shown right. Name this wall Insulation, creating a wall width of 150, unchecking the Plus Wall Width but inputting a value of 20 into the Edge Offset field. Apply a suitable Brush Pattern, Scale and Color, similar to the illustration right.

At present, 2 components of the wall have been created, shown right.

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New Features in TurboCAD v16

To add another component, change the value of 2 to 3 and create another wall using the following information :

Wall Name : Bricks Wall Width : 50 Edge Offset : 170 (the total width of the previous 2 components) Uncheck the Plus Wall Width option Create a suitable brickwork pattern and color.

The result should be similar to the illustration right. There should be 3 component walls at this stage, shown in the illustration, below.

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New Features in TurboCAD v16

Using the Viewing Panel The walls can be viewed in the viewing panel of the Styles Manager by right clicking into the viewing panel and selecting a suitable view, similar to the illustration right. The zoom magnification can be increased by targeting the required center of the zoom, and using the left click tool, similar to the illustration below.

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New Features in TurboCAD v16

Saving the New Component Wall Style A Component Wall Style can be saved to the Style Manager for future use by selecting the Create New Style option, shown right. Input a suitable name to store this style for future use. When drawing a new wall with these features, first right click onto the Wall tool in the Architectural menu panel, and select the new Wall Style from the General page.

TurboCAD 3D Training Guide 404 New Features

Index

Introduction ...... 1 2D Add...... 124 2D Boolean...... 123 2D Geometry ...... 264 2D Polyline...... 266 2D Profiles ...... 160 2D Profiles to 3D Objects...... 162 2D Sketch Profiles ...... 99 2D Subtract ...... 125 2D Tools, frequently used ...... 15 2D/3D Selector - depending on Mode ...... 136 2D/3D Selector Settings ...... 30, 135 3D Add...... 141, 169 3D Basics ...... 22 3D Boolean...... 350 3D Box ...... 73, 84 3D Circle ...... 273 3D Design Environment ...... 27 3D Metrics...... 275 3D Mirror Copy ...... 54 3D Model ...... 22 3D Modify ...... 24 3D Object Handling...... 138 3D Objects ...... 23, 71 3D Rotate ...... 139, 190 3D Scene ...... 24 3D Slice Tools ...... 181 3D Subtract ...... 132, 255, 252 3D Thickness...... 47, 53, 129

About this Syllabus Module...... 1 Ambient Light ...... 378 Assemble by 3 Points...... 150, 161, 188, 251, 269, 296 Assemble by Axis...... 156 Assemble by Edge & Point...... 152 Assemble by Facet...... 153 Assemble by Tangents ...... 155, 301, 306 Assembly Axis ...... 157 Assembly Tools...... 359 Audio Assist...... 11 Auto Workplane by Face...... 246, 277

405

Background/Foreground ...... 384 Blocks Palette, the ...... 292 Boolean Facet ...... 24 Branched Lofting ...... 287

CAD fundamentals ...... 15 Camera Movements...... 383 Component Wall ...... 399 Converting Profiles into Objects ...... 52 Coordinate System Icons ...... 36 Create Hole...... 321, 326 Create Surface from Solid...... 360 Create View ...... 65, 95, 114 Cylinder ...... 83, 88, 299

Dashed Hidden Lines ...... 375 Deformable Modeling ...... 211 Design Brief...... 13 Design Cycle, the ...... 13 Design Director, the...... 18 Dimensioning ...... 112 Directional Light ...... 380 Displaying Non-renderable objects ...... 376 Draft Render Mode ...... 374

Extrusion Draft Angle ...... 212, 348 Extrude to Face ...... 390 Extrusion Shape ...... 209 Extrusion Shape, Taper ...... 353 Extrusion Shape, twist ...... 355 Extrude, Twisted ...... 400

Face2Face Lofting ...... 289 Facet Editing ...... 319, 339 Fillet Edges ...... 61, 90, 108, 133, 191, 220, 254, 305 Fit Workplane to Window ...... 42 Flexible Text ...... 230 Foreground Wireframe...... 118 Frequently used 2D Tools ...... 15 Frequently used features...... 15 Functions and Features of Design & Technology ...... 12 Full Sectional View ...... 317

Generic Transform ...... 55, 130 Grid ...... 100, 106

Half Sectional View...... 316 Headlight...... 381 Hemisphere...... 80 Hidden Line Mode...... 373

Imprint ...... 207 Imprint – Add ...... 208, 227 Imprint – Subtract ...... 208, 219 Imprint - Top-Bottom Options ...... 209 Insert Viewport ...... 96, 115 Join Polyline...... 267, 294

406

Join Polyline...... 267, 294

Layout Templates...... 59 Lights ...... 377 Line Length ...... 17 Loft ...... 285. 297 Loft, Branched ...... 287 Loft, Face2Face...... 289

Material Properties ...... 64, 93, 109 Meet 2 Lines ...... 16 Mirror Copy ...... 91, 194

Object Duplication ...... 16 Object Handling...... 16, 249 Object Manipulation ...... 16 Object Modification ...... 16 Offset...... 335

Paper Space layout ...... 66 Parametric Updates ...... 72 Part Tree...... 389 Place on Workplane ...... 332 Plane by Active View...... 43 Plane by World ...... 44 Point Light ...... 379 Polygon...... 166 Polygonal Prism ...... 81, 85 Practical Sessions, the ...... 8 Pressure Load ...... 222, 304 Profile Edit...... 104 Profiles ...... 357, 363 Program & Drawing Settings ...... 27

Quality Render Mode...... 374 QuickCAMs, using the ...... 9 Quick Pull ...... 388

Rail Sweep ...... 347 Render...... 25 Render Modes ...... 371 Rendered Viewport...... 144 Revolve...... 196, 241, 244, 270, 324 Rotated Box ...... 76

Search Page, the...... 6 Section ...... 316, 330 Section by Closed Polyline ...... 318 Section by Workplane...... 317 Section, full ...... 217 Section, half...... 316 Selection Info Palette...... 17, 76, 101, 103, 180 Selector Properties...... 29 Set Assembly Axis...... 157 Set Workplane by Entity ...... 290 Shell Solid ...... 158, 163, 299 Show/Hide Workplane ...... 41

407

Shrink/Extend Line ...... 17 Simple Extrude...... 101, 107, 126, 217, 349, 351 SIMuLATE, about ...... 9 Single Entry Keyboard Equivalents...... 20 Sketch Geometry ...... 293 Sketch Profiles ...... 105, 232, 263 Sketches, Drawings, Model...... 14 Skylight...... 382 Slice by 2 Points ...... 182 Slice by 3 Points ...... 181 Slice by Workplane ...... 182, 186, 216, 229 Snap Modes ...... 20 Spotlight ...... 382 Standard Views...... 25 Standard/Isometric Views...... 32 Student Template, the ...... 15 Surface from Profile...... 200 Surface from Solid...... 370 Sweep ...... 346, 355

Taper Extrusion Shape ...... 353 Task Drawing, the ...... 6 Task Worksheet, the ...... 7 Thread...... 394 Tools Palette, the ...... 19, 28 Torus ...... 179 Torus from Center ...... 183 Torus Spiral Pitch...... 242 Twist...... 355 Twisted Extrude ...... 397 Two Sided Extrude ...... 272, 210, 337

User Coordinate System ...... 38 Using this program...... 4

View, create...... 65, 95, 114 Viewport, insert ...... 115 Viewport layer control...... 116

Wall, Component ...... 399 Adding a New Wall Component ...... 401 Using the Viewing Panel ...... 403 Saving the New Component Wall Style ...... 404 Walk Through...... 384 Wedge ...... 34 Wireframe Mode ...... 372 Workplane by 3 Points ...... 110 Workplane by 3 Points ...... 231 Workplane by Facet ...... 45, 57, 127, 165, 193 Workplane Intersection...... 248, 333 Workplane, fit to window ...... 42 Workplane, plane by active view ...... 43 Workplane, plane by world ...... Workplane, set by entity ...... 290 Workplane, show/hide...... 51 Workplanes ...... 23, 40 World Coordinate System ...... 37

408