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Introduction Introduction Nissim Ezekiel, one of the foremost Indian poets in English, has attracted considerable critical attention from scholars both in Indian and abroad. Also by virtue of his critical evaluation he has brought fame and recognition to a number of promising Indian English poets. This outstanding poet of post-Independence India was born in Bombay on 15th, December 1924, of orthodox Jewish parents. Nissim Ezekiel’s life has been more variegated than that of his parents. He received his early education in an English medium school. At college, and at the University of Bombay. He took his master’s degree in English literature from the Bombay University in 1947. Ezekiel’s profession as a teacher of English literature for a number of years at the Bombay University has influenced his literary personality. Ezekiel passed away on January 12, 2004, and is survived by three children-a son and two daughters. Nissim Ezekiel has published seven anthologies of verse to date: A time to change (1952), Sixty poems (1953), The Third (1959), The Unfinished Man (1960), The Exact Name (1965), Hymns in Darkness and Poster Poems (1976), Latter-Day and psalms (1982). These volumes have taken his critics surprise and belied their adverse predictions about his artistic growth. He was a man of varied tastes and pre-occupations. Ezekiel’s Entire corpus deals with self- exploration and self-affirmation and in his famous poem like. “Enterprise,” “Marriage,” “Philosophy”, “Night of the Scorpion”, “In India”, “Poet, Lover, Birdwatcher”, Casually”, “Island”, “Good-bye Party for Miss Phushpa, T.S.”, “Poem of Separation”, “Very Indian Poem in English”, “The Company I keep”, “Lawn”, “Case Study”, “A Woman Observed”, “Virginal”, “The Railway Clerk”, and “Urban”, etc. “Enterprise”, one of the finest lyrics of Nissim Ezekiel, appeared in The Unfinished Man in 1959. In it the poet generalizes his own feeling of frustration, loss and deprivation in the world. He himself remarked that the lyric was written for “personal the urapathic purposes”. Ezekiel thus sought the psychological relief which results from revealing our troubles and frustrations to an intimate, sympathetic friend. “Enterprise” has become a metaphor for a symbol or an allegory of the human condition on earth. “Enterprise” is a short lyric in six stanzas of five lines each. The poem has a well-marked rhyme-scheme and an in cantatory music all its own. Ezekiel has composed beautiful poems an ordinary human situation’s, and they are remarkable for clarity and simplicity of expression, evocativeness and Suggestiveness, economy and precision. The style is condensed and aphoristic, for example: “Home is where we have to earn our grace”. “Enterprise” is a confessional poem indeed. In “Marriage”, one of his finest lyric, he vividly portrays the two stage of growth in a marriage. The first is the stage of love, joy, honeymoon, ecstasy and illusion, which is invariably followed by frustration and disillusionment. The initial joy and excitement is described as follows. Ezekiel reveals the disillusionment and frustration in married life vividly through biblical allusions. The lover’s fall from their fanciful and romantic paradise is likened to the original fall of Adam and Eve from Eden. The restlessness and violence in married life is compared to the course of cain who murdered his own brother, Abel, and was cursed to move endlessly and restlessly. The poet feels that unlike his, other men’s marriages are going strong. He does intend spoiling their marriage by revealing to them his own disillusionment, frustration and bitter experiences. “Philosophy” is a meditative - reflective poem and it describes the superiority of poetry to philosophy. It is the very first poem in “The Exact name, published in 1965. Ezekiel was a student of philosophy in London where ‘Philosophy’, ‘poverty and poetry’ shared his basement room. In the first stanza of this lyric, the poet states that he has an in born love for philosophy, spontaneously and unconsciously he often goes to philosophy, like a current of air or water. The world of philosophy is a world where all problems and things are expressed by cold lucidity, logic and argumentation. So the poet misses here the warmth of human life and human relationship which occupy a conspicuous place in his poetry. The poet lucidly and succinctly expresses his ideas about philosophy. “Night of the scorpion”, published in The Exact Name, is one of the finest poems of Ezekiel. It has been highly admired as a flawless piece of poetic composition. In it Ezekiel gives to the narrative a tramatic intensity, a beauty of imagery and a musical subtlety, and richness such as Indian poetry in English has rarely, known in its recent history. This poem shows that Ezekiel is a typical Indian poet whose interest in the Indian soil and in ordinary human events of day-to-day Indian life superb. “Night of the Scorpion” is a brilliant narrative poem. The protagonist might be the poet himself or an imagined person who speaks in the first person. The mother is stung by a scorpion one rainy night. The mother occupies a prominent place in Indian home. “Poet, Lover, Bird Watcher” in The Exact name is one of Ezekiel’s finest poems. It is “a wonderfully orchestrated poem, the tone becoming impassioned and exultant as the feelings rise to the crescendo.” In this beautiful poem Ezekiel expresses his view on the art of poetry through vivid and beautiful images. In the first stanza Ezekiel strikes a parallel between the poet, the lover and the bird watcher. The poet deftly brings together his two pet themes, poetry and love along with comparatively new found enthusiasm for bird watching. So, the poem had become a wonderfully synthesis of all that Ezekiel has loved best in life. All three - the poet, the lover and the bird-watcher have one thing in common, that is to watch the movement and wait patiently. “Background, casually” appeared in Hymns in Darkness in (1976). It a confessional and autobiographical work. It is an uneven work but a strong current of anger and bitterness, just held in check, gives this autobiographical poem an unusual intensity. This poem is in the tradition of confessional poetry, as written by Robert Lowell in his Life Studies. It also shows Ezekiel as a very Indian poet writing in English and expresses his total commitment to India. The poet dispassionately ponders over his failures and achievements and reveals his love for India. He affirms that he is very much an Indian his roots lie deep in India. In one of his interviews, Ezekiel says, “I regard myself essentially as an Indian poet writing in English. I have strong sense of belonging not only to India, but to the city. “Background, casually” reflects some of Ezekiel’s commitment to well defined attitudes. K.N. Daruwalla remarks, “The first is to stay where is. He seeks his identity in the country and its incongruities. He is basically an urban poet, the city spilling over into his verse not as cosmetic but as an organic growth. His poetry is confessional in the literal sense, in that it is littered with a record of his failures.” Kamala Das was one of the three most important Indian poets, writing English poetry of the present day. Kamala das was born 31 March 1934 at Punnayurkulam in Kerala and death 31 May 2009. The other two poets of th same genre being Nissim Ezekiel and Ramanujan. When Kamala Das Writes Poetry she writes about herself, her deep rooted desire for and search love and emotional inclement and about of lack of success in meeting these intense desire of hers. Hence, and order to understand her poetry we have to have a proper understanding of her life and personality. Kamala Das was born as madhavikutty at punnayurkulam in Malabar in Kerala 1934. It won’t be a hyperbole to say that poetry was in her blood. For both her parents were talented poets, who obviously passed on their poetic talent to their daughter in abundance. Kamala Das is constantly referring to her Dravidian image and her Nair heritage. She was mostly educated at home. As he evident from her fond mention in her poems, ‘A hot noon in Malabar’ and ‘My Grandmother’s house’. Kamala’s Grandmother doted upon the child and shown her with love and affection. Kamala Das remembers her Grandmother with obvious affections nostalgia and yearning she rarely mention her own parents with such intense feelings as she does her Grandmother. Where ever she went, wherever she lived. She always took the fond memories of her adolescent years and the love and tender loving care of her Grandmother. Kamala Das was denied the benefits of regular school, and college education and most of her education was conducted at home. This is a very surprising fact of her life, as both her parents were poets and one would expect such artistic parents to encourage the talent of their daughter. She was married off at the tender age of fifteen years. Now the mother of three children the poetess has settled in Bombay. This has stunted the growth of her own personality. Kamala Das complaints about it in these words. Some beat their drums, others beat their sorry breasts And wailed and writhed in vacant ecstasy. They Were thin in limbs and dry; like half-burnt logs from Funeral pyres, a drought and a rottenness Were in each of them. (“The Dance of the Eunuchs”) She mentioned that people find this idea in the present lines. The poison on the wings of crows leads to the corpse-bearers, the sense of death. “The lady hears from behind the Berdwan Road the cry “Bol Hari Bol” of the corpse-bearers.
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