Program Structure Analysis of the GDR Television 1956 to 1991 259

Siegener Periodicum zur Internationalen____ Empirischen______Literaturwissenschaft

Herausgegeben von Reinhold Viehoff (Halle/Saale)

Jg. 25 (2006), Heft 2

Peter Lang Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften Siegener Periodicum zur Internationalen Empirischen Literaturwissenschaft

SPIEL 25 (2006), H. 2

Popular Culture and Fiction in four decades of East German Television

hrsg. von / ed. by

Uwe Breitenborn (Berlin) & Sascha Trültzsch (Halle) Die Heftbezeichnung SPIEL 25 (2006), H. 2 ist produktionstechnischen Gründen geschuldet und bezieht sich nicht auf das tatsächliche Erscheinungsjahr dieses Bandes, 2009. Dafür bittet die Redaktion um Verständnis. Das Heft wird zitiert: Uwe Breitenborn & Sascha Trültzsch (Hg.), 2009: Populär Culture and Fiction in four decades of East German Television. Frankfurt/Main: Peter Lang. (= special issue SPIEL, 25 (2006), H. 2).

Owing to technical reasons of production, the title SPIEL 25 (2006), H. 2 does not refer to the actual year of publication of this issue. The editorial team asks for the readers’ indulgence. The issue is cited as follows: Uwe Breitenborn & Sascha Trültzsch (Hg.), 2009: Popular Culture and Fiction in four decades of East German Television. Frankfurt/Main: Peter Lang. (= special issue SPIEL, 25 (2006), H. 2). Siegener Periodicum zur Internationalen Empirischen Literaturwissenschaft

Contents / Inhalt SPIEL 25 (2006), H. 2

Uwe Breitenborn (Berlin)/Sascha Trültzsch (Halle) Cold War, Cool Screens? Researching Popular Culture in East German television. A Short Introduction and preface 177

Henning Wrage (Berlin) A Hitchhikers Guide to East German Television and to its Fictional Productions 179

Ulrike Schwab (Halle) Fictional History Broadcasts in the GDR Television and their Concept of „Nation“ 191

Uwe Breitenbom (Berlin) Areas of the Past, Present and Future - Urban Landscapes in Non-fictional East German Entertainment Shows 201

Edward Larkey (Baltimore, Maryland) Popular Music on East German TV: Pop as Propaganda 207

Sascha Trültzsch (Halle) Changing Family Values from Strict Socialist to Bourgeois on East German TV 225

Thomas Wilke (Halle) Turntablerockers behind the Wall: The Early Years of Disco in the GDR between 1970 and 1973 235 Lutz Warnicke (Potsdam-Babelsberg) Sports on Television in the GDR in the 1980s. A Movement between the Political-driven Olympic Boycott 1984 and Growing Popularization 249

Markus Schubert & Hans-Jörg Stiehler (Leipzig) Program Structure Analysis of the GDR Television 1956 to 1991 259

RUBRIC

Anne Bartsch (Halle) Kinder, Medien und Familie Zur Sozialisation von Emotionen in der Mediengesellschaft 273 10.3726/80108_259

SPIEL 25 (2006) H. 2, 259-269

Markus Schubert/Hans-Jörg Stiehler (Leipzig)

Program Structure Analysis of the GDR Television 1956 to 1991

Das Fernsehen der DDR war ein Experimentierfeld auf dem Weg zu einem optimalen, konkurrenz losen Informations- und Unterhaltungsprogramm für ein Massenpublikum. Massenattraktive Pro gramme sind unterhaltende Programme. Im Vergleich zu den Programmen des Westens sendete anfangs das DDR-Fernsehen zu wenig Unterhaltung. Das Publikum wanderte zum Westfernsehen aus der Bundesrepublik ab und umging das Übermaß an Systempropaganda. Die Bevölkerung der DDR überwand allabendlich die deutsch-deutsche Grenze und konsumierte zunehmend das Fern sehprogramm des 'Klassenfeindes'. So entwickeln die ostdeutschen Programmplaner im Lauf der Jahre die Überzeugung, dass das Fernsehen für die Zuschauer ein in den Alltag integriertes Unter haltungsmedium sein muss. Von einem solchen Programm wurden Erziehung, Bildung, Agitation und Propaganda nicht oder nur eingeschränkt erwartet. Frühe Medien- und Kulturkonzepte der DDR (,Erziehung des neuen Menschen') waren somit weit vor dem Ende der DDR gescheitert, wenngleich dieses Scheitern durch die Programmverantwortlichen offiziell nicht eingestanden wurde. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt die programmlichen Entwicklungen des DDR-Femsehens von seinem regulärem Programmstart 1956 bis zu seiner Auflösung 1991 dar. Es wird gezeigt, welche Anteile verschiedene Sendesparten im Gesamtprogramm hatten und wie sich deren Anteile im Lauf der Jahre entwickelten. Was waren die entscheidenden Rahmenbedingungen für die Programment wicklung? Interessante Zusammenhänge zeigen sich u.a. im Umfeld der zwei Programmreformen im DDR-Femsehen 1972 und 1982 und zur Einführung des zweiten Programms und des Farbfern sehens im Jahr 1969. Empirische Grundlage ist eine Analyse der Programmstrukturen über den gesamten Zeitraum der Existenz des DDR-Femsehens. Die Ergebnisse werden zum einen im Kon text der Konkurrenz mit dem bundesdeutschen Fernsehen diskutiert. Sie werden zum anderen eingeordnet in den Entwicklungszyklus eines Fernsehprogramms, in dem die Phasen des Experi ments, der Etablierung, der Diversifikation, der Assimilierung an internationale Entwicklung und der Stagnation unterschieden werden können.______

Introduction

The Second World War had suddenly interrupted the television development in Ger- many. The preparation of the introduction of the television restarted in post-war Germany at the end of the 1940s under the influence of the Cold War and under the management of the respective ‘occupying powers’. The official start of the operations of the television of the German Federal Republic was on the 25th of December 1952 in Hamburg. On the 21st of December 1952 - Stalin’s birthday - the GDR started with the “Femsehzentrum Ber- lin” its own test program. The official start of the program “Deutscher Femsehfunk” (DFF) was on the 3rd of January 1956, the birthday of the president at that time, Wilhelm Pieck. 260 Markus Schubert & Hans-Jörg Stiehler

From the beginning the television in the GDR was subject of control by the state and the leading party (SED). The administrative control was exercised by the national committee for broadcast; the political control was settled in the department of agitation in the central committee (Zentralkomitee) of the SED. All substantial decisions about the development of the program, the employment of the personnel and the development of financial and technical resources were made there. In an early document dated October 1955, which summarises the experiences of the test program, it is said:

*in the GDR the television serves as a political institution like the press and the broadcasting service to strengthen the 'power of the workers and farmers’ and thus peacekeeping and the creation of a unitary, democratic native country. The SED and the government observed the development of the television with the utmost attention, it is to be owed to their large support that the television in the GDR finds increasing distribution.” (Hoff 2002, p. 15)1

This programmatic principle was adapted constantly to the current political conditions. However it could only have chances of success, if it corresponded to two conditions: First of all a television program had to be developed that corresponded to the public needs and therefore possessed a variety of aesthetic forms, how they were developed before in radio, cinema or theatre. Secondly the television program had to compete with the television of the FRG that soon could be received also in the GDR and that at least represented another model of television.2 Both reasons should contribute to the fact that the GDR television oriented itself increasingly in modem, international standards of program structure. The paper represents the program developments of the GDR television from its establishment in 1956 up to its cancellation in 1991. It shows which role the different program sections have played in the entire program and how those have been developed over the years. The crucial basic conditions for the program development are also taken into ac- count. Interesting developments can be seen among other things in the surrounding field of the two program reforms in the GDR television in 1972 and 1982 and during the introduction of a second program and the colour television in 1969.

1 Into the 1960s, thus also after the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961, the German Unification - under socialistic influence - was a central objective of politics. 2 For many years, West German channels could be received only on 85 percent of the GDR terri tory and the feeding of the ARD and ZDF channels into shared antennae etc. became less and less put under taboo or hampered - see Etzkom/ Stiehler 1998, pp. 271-298. Program Structure Analysis of GDR Television 1956-1990 261

Development of a Coding System for the Recording of the East and West German Television Programming between 1956 and 1991

We made use of what we considered to be the most sensible solution, which is a combi- nation utilising one or several already existing systems of categories together with our own system. Thus, the pre-existing structure of programs is applied in order to achieve an initial rough orientation as a stimulus from the German programming analysis of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Landesmedienanstalten (consortium of the country media insti- tutes). First of all an ‘analytic grid’ is placed over the programs under investigation. This rough categorisation into the pre-existing classifications is followed by the second step of assigning the program to a main category or to a more detailed sub-category. For formal, contextual and practical reasons this process integrated Udo Michael Krüger’s system of the ARD/ZDF programming analysis (see Krüger 1992, 2001a), which was enhanced with programs typical for the GDR. The investigation of GDR television requires that types of programs and content which are not known in the coding system of the West German television are integrated into the system of categories. Krüger’s system was applied first of all since it is designed for the comparison of channels and secondly because it has been utilised since the middle of the 1980s, which means that in the following step of analysis it enables comparisons to be made between GDR and FRG television (at least for the second half of the 1980s). The integration of Krüger’s category system was carried out so as to enable a subsequent mutual transfer- ring of data. The system was derived for the prospective comparisons with respect to the proportions of specific programming categories (programming divisions/ programming functions, form, etc.) while our own system displays features which are characteristic and significant for the development of television in the GDR.

Basis for the Collection of Data and Sampling

It is a problem to collect data from television programs in the past. Unfortunately, there are no continuous video recordings of the GDR television. Initially, the focus of the analysis was the corrected program sequences records, in which no details on the program genre or content could be found despite their containing detailed information on the time of broadcast. The printed television magazine FF-Dabei frequently provided detailed descriptions of the program contents which could be used to determine the coding. Other forms in which the program coding could be reviewed and descriptions of programs could be derived included certain Internet sites, literature and contemporary wit- nesses. In order to select the programming days to be coded from the programming year which is under investigation, a total of six artificial weeks were created by means of a random selection process. For this process every programming year was first divided into six parts of two months each, in order to randomly draw lots to create an artificial week from these periods. In order to ensure that complete weeks were in fact created by this 262 Markus Schubert & Hans-Jörg Stiehler random selection, lots existed for the two month periods (clusters of months), for the days of the week from Monday to Sunday and for the week within the two months (eight weeks). Following a random selection of the cluster of months, the lots for the days of the week were combined with those for the weeks, as represented below, in which only seven of the eight weeks could be assigned to one of the seven days of the week; one week was not selected (labelled *). This process was repeated for all six weeks of a programming year and led to a compilation of a total of six randomly selected artificial weeks for each year in the period from 1956 to 1991.

Table 1: Example of the random drawing of lots Year Year 1968 Cluster of 1 st part with two months each 2nd part with two months each etc. months Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Day of the 5 2 4 7 1 * 6 * 3 2 4 6 1 5 7 week

Results

The GDR television started in 1956 with an entertainment-oriented program. Since the beginning of the test program in 1952 all well-known program categories were already represented, whereby it was extensively experimented with all kinds and categories. There was a versatile program in this early phase of GDR television. However due to restricted technical, financial and editorial capacities usually self-produced television plays as well as broadcasts of stage plays dominated the early GDR television. Besides the employment of mobile transmission technique starting from 1955 live-broadcasting developed to a constant characteristic of the early television program. Thus the testing of new broadcasting forms such as live-reportages, foreign reports and correspondence was used in the field of the current-political coverage. First the Deutsche Femsehfunk (DFF) wanted to meet the claims of all Germans and understood itself as a competition program to the Western German television. Like the Western German channels (soc. Westfemsehen) the Eastern German television also wanted to broadcast for all Germans. Audiences in West Berlin and in the FRG were addressed with propaganda broadcasts and socialistic reportages (e.g. Telestudio West, Der schwarze Kanal). Nevertheless the Eastern German television remained on the fringes without large influence in the Federal Republic of Germany. In 1956 approx. five hours of program was broadcasted daily. It was experimented frequently with sections and program slots and therefore a balanced and appealing television program could not be reached. In 1960 the million-border of announced television sets was exceeded, the GDR television had become a mass medium. The large interest of the audience was only satisfied with approx. eleven hours of daily program. Besides the Program Structure Analysis of GDR Television 1956-1990 263

light entertainment programs information portions were added. Education programs were extended; more news and reports as well as consulting services and everyday life information were added. The sport programs had also got fixed program slots and made up now nearly ten percent of the entire program. In order to lead the audience through the program, there were the most program previews and announcements (12 percent) in this time. Besides the increasing development of the medium, the establishment of the Broad- casting network Tntervision’ as an opposite pole to the Western ’Eurovision’ resulted in the expansion of the program offer. This development continued with a structural program reform, which brought the beginning of the evening broadcasts forward from 7 p.m. to 6 p.m. and set the end of broadcast back to 10 p.m. During this time the fixed program slots of the GDR television, which existed partly up to its end and even beyond, were also set up. On Monday after the news an old feature film was broadcasted. On Tuesday a self-produced television play was screened, on Wednesday was sports day. On Thursday feature films and/or thrillers and light entertainment programs dominated the prime time. On Friday a new feature film was broadcast. Saturday was the longest broadcasting day of the week and in the evening large entertainment and music shows were shown. On Sundays the film art - with theatre clas- sics and own productions - took centre stage, (cf. Milncheberg/Hoff 1984) After the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961, which came along with the starting policy of dis- tance and the distortion of the idea of a German Unification, the program was exclusively produced for the East German population - audiences in West Germany should not be addressed directly any longer. To emphasise the advantages of socialism with the help of television and set it into the heads of the audience was most important now. By 1965 the GDR television had developed itself into a medium with its own profile - the experimental phase was replaced by a consolidation phase. The program stabilised and was structured well-balanced with equivalent light entertainment and information portions from the start of broadcasting to the night program. Thereby the broadcasting time was only slightly increased. The number of program units was stronger increased though, which can be interpreted as a dynamic sampling of the program due to shorter broadcasts. Besides a fixed program structure was established, the fluctuations of the individual parts of the program were clearly reduced. The time of the program fillers was also terminated to a large extent. Their portion was reduced to approximatly two percent of the broadcasting time. In 1969 a second channel was introduced. However the introduction of the second channel changed only little in the broadcasting structure of the first channel. Although there were more special broadcasts on the new channel at the beginning, with cultural background for instance, there was not a real contrast program developed over the years. Thus the contents of the second channel were also concentrated particularly on feature films and television plays, information, news and reports as well as sports. The high portion of the category information predominantly developed due to the news program Aktuelle Kamera, which lasted half an hour and was broadcasted in the second channel at the same time. Current reports, political magazines or current political broadcasts, which were known from the first channel, were hardly broadcast in the DFF 2. Though the suc- cessful introduction of the second channel and the colour television were celebrated as an 264 Markus Schubert & Hans-Jörg Stiehler access to the international technological development at the 20th anniversary of the GDR in 1969, the idea of an independent second channel seemed to have been given up fast. In 1972 a program reform took place, with which the program organisation should be improved. It also should be overcome boredom in the program and better meet the needs of the audience. If one regards the actual development of the program structures of the 1970s under these postulates, at first sight most program sections appear to be amazingly resistant to the introduction of the second channel and the program reform in 1972. In the entire period of the 1970s the first channel was determined particularly by feature film and television plays as well as series, which took approximately a quarter of the total broadcasting time. Further large program units were the news and reports and sports. In the early 1980s the television of the GDR was still an experimentation field on the way to an optimal, competitive information and entertainment program for a mass audience, determined by political and economic obligations, audience losses and dissatisfac- tion of the audience with the television offer. In times in which with regard to foreign policy a revivification of the Cold War took place, the political expectation force and the taut control of the television by the party leadership were more strongly than ever before. The armament spiral between the Eastern and the Western block began to turn again threateningly. In the course of deployment of Soviet and American intermediate-range missiles in Europe the east west relations became worse again. At the same time the situation relating to domestic affairs was strained and: The cumulative precarious economic situation of the GDR resulted in a noticeable impairment of the supply situation, although the SED leaders kept propagandising the superiority of the socialistic command economy. Expensive technology imports, complex social benefits and subsidies had resulted in enormous debts. Television was meanwhile an entertaining medium integrated into everyday life, by which education and propaganda were not or only conditionally expected by the majority of the audience. Competition programs from the West, whose taboos were removed since the mid-1970s, were primarily watched for light entertainment in the GDR. There were only individual reactions, but any real strategy against the success of the channels of the German Federal Republic. There was surely a certain res- ignation within the responsible persons after more than 25 years of competition for the audience precisely because the economic and technical superiority of the west set more and more boundaries to the GDR television. The second program reform was an attempt to meet this competition at the end of 1982. It should result in alternatives in the television program. It was also in preparation for the changes, which were imminent for the television of the German Federal Republic in the shape of the dual broadcasting network, and to which the West German programs ARD and ZDF had already adjusted themselves. To that extent the reform was concerned about the own audience, the current competition and in addition also about the conceiv- able future of the present Western competitors and therefore also about the own future utilisation in the later 1980s. The program reform of 1982 contributed thereby more strongly to the assimilation of the GDR television to West German and international trends than earlier program changes. The audience did not want to watch any more broadcasts of special program sections; it wanted higher quality and a better correspond- ing of the individual program items with the entire program. In order to prevent itself from a further audience loss the television of the GDR was postulated to adapt the trend Program Structure Analysis of GDR Television 1956-1990 265

of the West German channels, which filled a large part of their daily broadcasting time with popular game shows, informative magazines and mainstream feature films. As of 1982 drastic changes for the second program were conducted, which led to the fact that the channel was noticed as an alternative to the first program and even to the Western television by the spectators. The retransfer of the news show Aktuelle Kamera from 9 p.m. to 9.30 p.m. had thereby also political reasons, because the central news program was shifted in favour of the light entertainment. Now international feature films and television plays could be shown in the prime time in the usual 90 minutes length also in the second program starting from 8 p.m. Differently from 1972 the program reform of 1982 found a visible assimilation in the program structure. The portion of feature films was increased in both channels, particularly in the evening program, likewise entertainment shows as well as entertaining and serious music broadcasts. The information portions after 7 p.m. were reduced - with exception of the news programs with a fixed program slot - which concerned besides education and science programs mainly the popular consulting services. As of 1983 the evening belonged to the light entertainment also in the second channel. In the 1980’s television also increasingly broadcasted films and series from the non-socialistic countries, which amounted to scarcely a third of the feature film and series volume. The fact that too few program slots for children and young people existed in the GDR television was changed for the first channel with the reform of 1982. The production of fictional and non-fictional children’s programs increased - with a rising tendency until 1985. Altogether the GDR television was far away from broadcasting a full program around the clock. DDR-1 did not increase the total broadcasting time noticeably compared to the 1970s. It still remained on the average with approx. 13 hours per day. Starting from 1985 14 hours of program were broadcast. The second channel started in 1969 with four broadcasting hours daily on the average. At the beginning of the 1980s this value had scarcely doubled itself. The second channel broadcasted eight hours daily program on the average then, whereof approx. three to four hours per day were allotted to education programs. In the last years of the GDR television in 1990/91 the entertainment portions dominated again - particularly at the prime time starting at 7 p.m. Education and information was broadcasted in the morning in both channels. With the German Unification in 1990 and the end of the ‘state television’ the integration of the East German television into the TV system of the German Federal Republic was also implemented. The Deutsche Fem- sehfimk (DFF) was dissolved and later the new national broadcasting corporations MDR and ORB were established. 266 Markus Schubert & Hans-Jörg Stiehler

Summary

The results of the analysis can be summarised into the following points: 1. First a clear growth of the entire program offer is to be observed. The first growth spurt took place between 1953 and 1960 in the first channel, the second one by the continuous development of the second channel since 1969. Meanwhile the ‘night gap’ remained until 1990. 2. The program of the GDR television possessed very stable program cores. Among those are current information, fictional and non-fictional entertainment and sports. The general tendency corresponds to the results that are known from other countries, in par- ticular from the television of the German Federal Republic, (see Hohlfeld/Gehrke 1995) 3. Information and light entertainment turned out to be specific fields: Interesting in the media-psychological respect are first of all the rather implicit assumptions underlying these programmatic principles: a rather naive ‘persuasion model’ of communication, which did not go beyond stimulus-response-approaches, an almost mystic orientation along the manifest verbal content of ‘media messages’ as the criterion of ‘what is useful for society’ and a lastly cultic understanding of (over-estimated) functions of rituals, taboos and (media) magic. Equally important were the contradictions in which GDR television got entangled thereby. In the sphere of political journalism, TV to a large extent lost contact with reality and with the experience of the audience. TV tried to show, how reality should be, and not, how it was. In this way, it produced an ‘obstinate audience’, which put through its claims to coping with reality in opposition to the GDR media. This occurred in manifold ways: in an extensive rumour and joke communication, in turning to forms of communication with political substitute and compensation functions (as for example in arts, in the church, and in Western media), in selective refusal or sub- versive interpretation of the existing media situation (‘oppositional reading’). In the sphere of entertainment, however, the GDR television tried to follow the international- ized needs of the audience. One result was that increasing numbers of imported films and series were broadcasted, which in relation to GDR reality were of a clearly escapist char- acter. But also home-made films and series to an increasing degree were subjected to taboos and lost in social concreteness. 4. The program reforms, especially those from 1982/83, were the markers of the program development. It represented an attempt, to make a contrast program with the two existing channels since 1969 and in such a way to broadcast competing attractive programs in the prime time on both channels. Thereby two special developments were regis- tered. On the one side a growth of the light entertainment sector was recognised. Not in the structural data, but in detailed analyses it can be shown, that above all content wise reorientation of the light entertainment becomes clear: from advanced culture, instructing forms to popular-culture forms. On the other side a clear internationalisation of the program, substantial in the 1980s, is to be observed. This can be shown particularly regard- ing the fictional entertainment: More feature films and series from foreign countries were broadcasted, and the origin of these products changed into a ‘Western direction’. A clear convergence with the offers of the television of the German Federal Republic occurred at last. Program Structure Analysis of GDR Television 1956-1990 267

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Authors address es:

Hans-Jörg Stiehl er Universität Leipzig Institut für Kommunikations- und Medienwissenschaft. Augustusplatz 11 04109 Leipzig E-mail: [email protected]

Markus Schubert Ahlemannstraße 16 04435 Schkeuditz E-mail: schubert@kontur 21.de